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THE 

AMERICA    N 

Universal  GEOGRAPHY, 

O    R,       A 

VIEW  OF  THE  PRESENT  STATE 

.     O  E.    A  L  L     T  H  E.,     - .,      .-- 

Empires,  Kingdoms,  States,  and  Repubiica 

IN    THE     KNOWN 

W      O      R      L 

And     of     tj4Je 

tJxN^ITED  STATES  of  AMERICA  in   particular: 

In     two     parts. 

Springs,  Mines  and  Minerals,  Military  Strength, 
Cenftitutions',  Iflands,  HilTory  of  the  War,  and  tho 
fucceeding  Events.— With  a  View  of  the  BHtJ/i,- 
Spanifi,  French,  Foitug^ffc,  and  other  Dominions, 
on  the  Continent,  and  in  the  Well  Indies, 
The  SECOND  PART 
iScfcribes  at  largej  and'  from  tlie  lateft  and  bed 
Authorities,  the  Prefcnt  State,  in  refpca  to  the 
above  mentioned  Particulars,  of  the  EASTERK 
CONTINENT— and  its  inands_ay-dlA,idcd  in^o 
EUROPE,  ASIA,  an^  AFRICA- and  fubdividtol 
into  Empires,  K.ingdoms,  and  Republics. 

AREADDED,     •• 
An  improved  Catalogue  of  N.'^mes  of  Places,  and  their  Geogfaphical  Sit- 
uation,  alphabetically   arranged  —  an   eiilarjied    Chronolog  i  cal  Table   of   i<E- 
Markable  Events,  from  the  Creation  to  i;he  prefencTime — and  a  List  of  Ancient 
and  Modern  Learned  and  Eminent  MEN,"in  America,  as  wel!  as  Europe. 

Tire  whole  comprehending  a  complete  and  improved  System  of  Moderns 
Geography.     Calculated  for  Americans. 

lilujlrated  -with  MA  PS  of  the  Countries  defcribed. 
BY     J  EDI  D  I  AH     MORSE,     a.m. 


The  FIRST  PART 
Trea's  of  Allronomical  Geography,  and  other 
ufcfiil  preliminaries  to  the  ftudy  of  Geography,  in 
an  'enlarged  and  improved  IntroduQion— of  the 
WESTERN,  or.  AMERICAN  CONTINENT— of 
its  Difcovery — its  Aboriginal  Inhabitants,  and 
whence  they  came— its  D'ivifions — but  more  par- 
ticularly of  the  United  Stat.-s  0/ America,  scnetstily 
and  individually  — of  their  Situation,  Dimenfions, 
Civil  Diiifions,  Rivers,  Lakes,  Climate,  Moun- 
tains, Soil,  Produce,  Natural  Hittory,  Commerce, 
Manufactures,  Population,  Charaaer,  Curiolities, 
TO     WHICH 


PiibIiBl)£i3  accowins  to  3[rt  of  aTbnsrefsf* 


P  A  R  T     II. 

Containing  a  Geographical  Description  of  the  Eastern  Continext 
and  Islands. 


PRINTED  AT    BOSTON, 

BY  YOUNG   and  ETHERIDGE, 

FOR  THE  AUTHOP.  AND  THOMAS  AND   ANDREWS. 

Sold  at  the  Bookflore  of  faid  Thomas  and  Andrews,  FaulV's  Statue,  No.  41;,  Nf 
bury  Street,  Boston;  by  (aid  Thomas,  in  VvoHcssTrR;  fn-BitRKY,  P<.0Gi: 
and  Bfrky,  in  Newyork;  by  H.  and  P.  Rice,  in  Phil />  oklphi  a  ;  i 
by  W.  1'.  Yo*0  N  G ,  i n  C  H  A  R  f.  K s T o N . 

r^ccyiciu. 


ADVER'TISEMENT, 


IHIS  SECOND  PART  of  the  AMERICAN 
UNIVERSAL  GEOGRAPHY,  which  the  Author 
has  thought  proper  to  add,  for  the  reafons  mentioned  in 
the  Preface,  is  compiled  principally  from  Chambers* 
Quarto  Dublin  JEdition  of  Guthrie's  Geographical 
Grammar,  which,  it  is  believed,  is  the  befl  Edition  of 
that  valuable  work  which  has  been  publi(hed.  The 
Hilforical  and  lefs  interefting  parts  have  been  omitted, 
to  give  room  for  more  recent  and  important  matters. 
In  the  Account  of  Europe,  Zimmerman's  Political  Sur- 
vey has  been  incorporated,  as  containing  the  moft  com- 
plete and  authentic  information,  on  thofe  interefling 
fubje£i;s  of  which  he  treats.  Various  other  improvements, 
too  numerous  to  particularize,  have  been  introduced, 
from  the  latefl  Geographical  Publications,  State  Pa- 
pers, Travels,  Hiftories,  &c.  &c.  fo  that  it  ought  to  be, 
and  the  Author  hopes  the  Reader  will  find  it  to  be,  the 
befl  General  Account  of  the  Eaftern  Continent  that 
has  yet  appeared  in  America. 


CONTENTS   OF    PART   II. 


EUROPE. 

GPage 

ENERAL  Remarks,  i 

Public  Revenue   and  Land  Forces   of  the  Principal  States   in 

Europe,  j 
^aval  Forces  of  the  different  Powers,  4 
Grand  Divilions,  Situation,  Boundaries,  &c,  of  Europe,  5 
Denmark,  7 
£alt  and  Weft  Greenland,  Iceland,  and  the  Iflands  in  the  At- 
lantic Ocean,  ibid. 
Norway,  14 
Denmark  Proner,  or  Jutland,  si 
Lapland,  30 
Sweden,  35 
Mufcovy,  or  the  Ruffian  Empire  in  Europe  and  Afia,  49 
The  Britifh  Empire,  73 
England,  75 
Scotland,  125 
Ireland,  .149 
IfleofMan.  aBa 
Iflc  of  Wight,  ■'  186 
Scilly  liles,  187 
Jerfey,  Guernfey,  &c,  188 
Germany,  .  189 
Pruflia,  205 
Aullria,  ai3 
Hungary,  219 
Tranfylvania,  Hungary,  Sclavonia,  4cc.  224 
Poland,  227 
Switzerland,  241 
Netherlands,  249 
France,  267 
Spain,  317 
Portugal,  330 
Italy,  346 
Turkey  in  Europe,  ^75 

ASIA. 

Its  Situation,  Boundaries,  Grand  Divifions,  and  Hiftorjj,  384 

Turkey  in  Alia,  387 

Tartaiy  in  Afia,  403 

China,  41* 

Indoftan,  Hindooftan,  or  India  on  this  fidc  the  Qangcs,  425 

India  beyond  the  Ganges,  45Q 

Perfia,  457 

Arabia,  466 

Indian  and  Oriental  Iflands.  475 

AFRICA. 


CONTENTS. 

'"  AFRICA. 

Situation,  Bcupdary,  Grand  Divifions,  &c.  485 

Egypt, '  ■  4.^ 

The  States  of  Barbary,  497 

Africa,  from  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope       506 
African  Iflands,  516 

New  Dikoveries,  ■  [sHJ 

A  new  Geographical  Table,  containing   the   Names   and    Situ- 
ations of  all  the  chief  Places  in  the  known  World,  521 
An  improved  Chronological  Table   of  Remarkable  Events,  Dif- 

coveriesand  Inventions  from  the  Creation  to  the  prefent  Time,  533 
Lift  of   Ancient  and  Modern   Learned  and  Ingenious    Men,    in 
America  as  well  as  Europe,  543' 


DIRECTIONS  to  the  BookbinpeR  for  placing  the  MAPS,  kc. 

PART  I. 

1  The  World,  to  face  Title  Page,  Page 

2  Artificial  Sphere,  Sec.  to  facie                                    31 

3  Northern  and  Middle  States  do.                                    309 

4  Diftrift  of  Maine  do.                                     345 

5  Map  of  Pennlylvania  '^o.                                     469 

6  Map  of  Virginia,  North  Carolina,  &c.  do.                                      532 

7  South  America  do.                                    645 
g  Weft  Indies  do.                                  666 

PART  II, 

I   Europe                                    to  face  Page  f 

«  Afia                                                     do.  3U 

3  Africa                                               do..  485 


PART    II. 


PART      II. 


From  AWEKIC  \  wepafs  to  the  Eajiern  Continent,  in 
the  defcription   of  which  we   begin    with 

EUROPE. 

EUROPE  is  the  leaft  extenfive  quarter  of  the  globe,  containing 
only  about  2,627,574  fquare  miles,*  whereas  the  habitable  parts 
of  the  World  in  the  other  quarters,  are  eftimated  at  36,666,806  fquare 
miles.  Here  the  arts  of  utility  and  ornament,  the  fciences,  both  mili- 
tary and  civil,  have  been  carried  to  the  greateft  pcrfeftion.  If  wc 
except  the  earliefl  ages  of  the  world,  it  is  in  Europe  that  we  find  the 
greateft  variety  of  charafter,  government,  and  manners,  and  from 
whence  we  draw  the  greateft  number  of  fa£ls  and  memorials,  both  for 
our  entertainment  and  inftruftion. 

Two  circumftances  have  had  a  confiderable  tendency  in  giving  Eu- 
rope itsprefent  high  rank  in  the  world.  Firft,  the  happy  temperature 
of  its  climate,  no  part  of  it  lying  within  the  torrid  zone  ;  and,  fecond- 
ly,  the  great  variety  of  its  furface.  The  effeft  of  a  moderate  climate, 
both  on  plants  and  animals,  is  well  known  from  experience.  The 
immenfe  number  of  mountains,  rivers,  feas,  &c.  which  divide  the: 
different  countries  of  Europe  from  each  other,  is  likewife  extremely 
commodious  for  its  inhabitants.  Thefe  natural  boundaries  check  the 
progrefs  of  conqueft,  which  has  always  been  fo  rapid  in  the  cxtenfivc; 
plains  of  Africa  and  the  Eaft  :  The  feas  and  rivers  facilitate  the  intcr- 
courfe  and  commerce  between  different  nations  ;  and  even  the  barren 
rocks  and  mountains  are  more  favourable  for  exciting  human  induftry 
and  invention,  than  the  natural  unfolicitcd  luxuriancy  of  more  fertile 
foils.  There  is  no  part  of  Europe  fo  diverfified  in  its  furface,  fo  inter- 
rupted by  natural  boundaries  and  divifions,  as  Greece  :  And  we  have 
feen  that  it  v%^as  there  the  human  mind  began  to  know  and  to  avail 
itfelfof  its  ftrength,  and  that  many  of  the  arts,  fubfervient  to  utility  or 
pleafure,  were  invented,  or  at  leaft  greatly  improved.  What  Greece 
therefore  is  with  regard  to  Europe,  Europe  itfelf  is  at  prcfent  with 
regard  to  the  reft  of  the  globe.  Tliough  moft  of  the  European  gov- 
ernments are  monarchical,  we  may  difcover,  on  due  examination,  that 
there  are  a  thoufand  little  fp rings  which  check  the  force,  and  foften 
the  rigour  of  monarchy.  In  proportion  to  the  number  and  force  of 
thefe  checks,  the  monarchies  of  Europe,  fuch  as  RulTia,  Spain,  and 
Denmark,  differ  from  one  another,     iicfides  Tticr.archkSj  in  which  one 

man 

♦  According  to  the  ingenious  Zimmerjnann,  in  ^is  ««  Polifical  Survey  of  the  P^cfetjJ  Sute 
of  Europe,"  wherein  he  gives  d.is  as  tlie  medium  ot  the  tiirfercnt  writers  on  this  lubjt<^ 

A 


t  I:     U     R     O     P     E. 

inan  bears  the  cliief  fway,  there  are  in  Europe  arijlocracles  or  govelri^ 
Clients  of  the  nobles,  and  democracies  or  governments  of  the  people. — * 
Venice  is  an  example  of  the  former  :  Holland,  and  fome  flates  of  ItaK* 
and  Switzerland,  afFord  examples  of  the  latter.  Tliere  are,  likewife, 
mixed  governments,  which  cannot  be  afiigned  to  any  one  clafs.  Great 
Britain,  which  partakes  of  all  the  tliree,  is  the  moll  fmgular  inflance 
of  this  kind  we  are  acquainted  with.  The  other  mixed  governments 
in  Europe  are  compofed  only  of  tvvo  of  the  fimple  forms,  fuch  as  Poland, 
fcveral  ilatcs  of  Ital)fy«S:c.  all  which  fhall  be  explained  in  their  proper 
places. 

The  Chriftian  religion  is  eflaVjIiflied  throughout  every  part  of  Eu- 
rope, except  Turkey  ;  but  from  the  various  capacities  of  the  human 
inind,  and  the  different  lights  in  which  fpcculative  opinions  are  apt  to 
cppear,  when  viewed  by  pcrfons  of  different  educations  and  paffions^ 
that  religion  is  divided  into  a  number  of  different  fe£ls,  but  which  may 
t)a  comprehended  under  three  general  denominations  ;  iff,  The  Greek. 
rh'arcli  ;  2d,  The  Roman  Catholic  ;  and  3d,  Proteftantifm  :  Which 
lad  is  again  divided  iiito  Lutheranifm  and  Calvinifm,  fo  called  from 
Luther  and  Calvin,  die  two  diflinguifhcd  reformers  of  the  16th 
century. 

It  may-,  perhaps,  be  an  objeft  of  curiofUy,  to  compare  the  proportions 
of  ground  no-.\- occupied,  and  formerly  difputed,  by  the  Roman  Catho- 
lic and  Proteftant  religions,  v/ith  the  numbers  of  their  adherents.  The 
proportion  of  the  furface  of  the  countries,  in  which  tlie  Proteffant 
Religion  is  effabliflaed,  to  thofe  in  which  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
"jirevails,  is  nearly  as  3  to  4  :  The  number  of  Roman  Catholics,  accord* 
jng  to  the  beff  calculations,  is  about  90,000,000  ;  the  number  of  Prot^ 
eftant-s  only  24,000,000,  which  is  a  proportion  of  nearly  4  to  1.  In 
feddition  to  this  account  of  the  l{,uiopean  religions,  it  may  be  obfcrvcd, 
that  an  inconliderable  number  of  the  ignorant  Laplanders  may,  with 
Vjropriety,  be  called   Pagans. 

The  languages  of  Europe  are  derived  from  the  fix  following  :  The 
Greeks  Latin,  Teutonic  or  old  German,  the  Celtic,  Sclavonic,  and 
Gothic. 

The  greateil  part  of  Europe  being  fituatcd  above  the  45t]i  degree  of 
nortl^ern  latitude,  and  even  its  molt  fouthern  provinces  being  far  dif- 
ta-nt  from  tlie  ton  id  zone,  the  (pecies  of  organized  bodies  are  much  lefs 
^-lumerous  in  Europe  than  in  the  other  parts  of  the  globe.  'J'hus,  for 
inftance.  upon  an  equal  number  of  fquare  miles,  the  number  of  fpecies 
of  quadrupeds  in  Europe,  is  to  the  number  of  them  in  Afia  as  1  to  si-, 
to  that  in  America  as  i  to  •!-,,  and  to  thitt  in  Africa  as  1  to  10,  and  the 
number  of  the  vegetable  fpecies  in  the  other  three  divilions  of  the  globe, 
Ss  greatly  fuperlor  to  that  in  liurope.  But  nature  has  enriched  the 
European  continent  with  every  fpecies  of  minerals,  diamonds  and 
j)latina,  perhaps,  excepted.  Gold,  the  firft  of  metals,  is  not  found  in. 
Europe  as  plentifully  as  in  the  other  continents.  However,  as  the 
European  nations  have  the  ficill  of  making  the  bcft  ule  of  their  natural 
productions,  and  have  taken  care  to  tranfplant  into  their  own  foil  as 
jnany  of  the  foreign  produftions  as  tlieir  nature  will  permit,  Europe, 
upon  the  whole,  mull:  be  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  ricliefl:  parts  of 
the  globcv 

PuBf.fC 


X. 

Great  Britain, 

2. 

Auftria, 

3- 

France, 

4- 

Spain, 

5- 

Ruffia, 

6. 

Turkey, 

7- 

Pruffia, 

8. 

Portugal, 

9- 

Sicily, 

JO. 

Holland, 

J 1. 

Sweden, 

12. 

Venice, 

13- 

Dcnmaik, 

14. 

Eleftorate  of  Saxony, 

»5. 

Eleftorate  of  llanover, 

EUROPE.  9 

Public  Revenue  of  the  PrIxNcii'.'Vl  States  in  Europe, 
£.i>icrL 
14,500;000 

i2,4COj00o(i  12  million  florins) 
1 8.ooo500o(Nccker  ComptcRcndu) 

5.000,000  of  C)lu  Spain  alone. 

5,800.000 

,5,000,000 

3.600,000 

1 5800,000 

1.400.000  medium. 

4,000,000 

1.300,000 

1.000,000 

1,000,000 

IjIOOjOOO 

900,000 

16.  Joint  Eleft. of Palat.&Bavaria,  1,100,000 

17.  Sardinia,  -  -  i.ooo.ooo 

The  preceding  ftatement  in  round  numbers  is  intended  merely  to 
give  the  reader  a  general  idea  of  the  relati\>^e  ftate  of  European  finances. 
It  would,  however,  be  very  improper  to  judge  of  the  power  of  ftates 
merely  by  their  finances,  bccaufe,  in  fomc  countries,  tlie  value  of 
money  is  much  higher  than  in  others  :  Thus,  for  inftance,  tjic  whole 
Rulhan  army  cofts  the  flate  lefs  than  two  millions  of  rubles.  Rulha, 
J)enmark,  England,  Sweden,  and  others,  have  paper  money. 
L.'VND  Forces  of  the  European  States  in  the  Year  1783. 
France,         -  -         -  -         300,000 

Auftria,  _  _  _  282,000 

RuiTia  (450,000  in  all)  in  Europe,         -     290,000 
PrufTia,  -  -  -         -  224,000 

Turkey  (2 10.000  in  all)  but  in  Europe  only  1 70.000 
Spain,  -  -  -  -         60.000  including  militia. 

Denmark,  -  -  -  72,000 

Great  Britain,  -  -  -  58.oooincIudingmilitia, 

Sweden,  -  .  .         50,000 

Sardinia,  -  -  -  40,000 

Holland,  -  -  -  S/j'^oo 

Naples  and  Sicily,  -  -  30,000 

Eleftorate  of  Saxony,  '-  -  26,000 

Portugal,  -  -  -  20.000 

Eleftorate  of  Bavaria  and  tlie  Palatinate,       24.000 
HefTe  Caffel,  15,000 

Hanover,  -  -  £0,000 

Poland.  .  .  _  15,000 

Venice,  -  •  -  8,000 

Wurtemberg,  >  ,  .  6,000 

The  Ecclefiaflical  Eftatc,  *  -         5,000 

Tufcany,  ...  3:O00 

Having  flated  here  tlie  forces  of  the  principal    ftates  only,  pjfTing 
over  a  conliderable  part  of  Germany,  Italy,  and  Switzerland,  w^^  i"'ij' 
As  .  •        -  calculate 


4  EUROPE. 

calculate  the  armies  of  all  the  countries  in  Europe  to  amount  to  2  mill- 
ions of  men  ;  fo  that  fuppofing  140  millions  of  inhabitants  in  Europe, 
no  more  than  ^'^  of  the  whole  population  are  foldiers.  The  prefen: 
military  eftablifhmcnt  of  every  kingdom,  in  a  time  of  general  peace, 
differs  Ibmewhat  from  the  above  ftatement.  France,  Auflria,  and 
Pruflia,  have  by  far  the  mofl  formidable  armies  :  As  to  Ruflia,  the 
immenfc  extent  of  its  provinces  can  never  allow  an  army  of  more 
than  J  20.000,  or  130,000  men  to  aft  againfl  an  enemy  ;  and  as  to  the 
Turkifli  forces,  they  are  at  prefent  much  inferior  to  any  other  well- 
difciplined  army.  The  different  proportions,  in  different  countries, 
between  the  population  and  the  number  of  foldiers,  is  not  unworthy 
of  obfervation.  There  are  in  Germany,  nearly  500,000  foi'liers,  con« 
fequently  -^  of  the  whole  population  are  engaged  in  the  military  pro- 
fefiion  :  In  Italy,  on  the  contrary,  even  fuppofing  the  Handing  armies 
of  that  country  to  amount  to  120,000  men,this  number  makes  only^iy 
of  the  whole  population,  which  amounts  to  16  millions. 

NAVAL      FORCES. 
Number  of  Ships  of  the  Line,  Frigates,  Cutters,  Sloops,  &c, 

1.  England,  -  -  465 

2.  France,  ••  -         -  266 

3.  Spain,  -  -  130 

4.  Holland,  -  *  95 

5.  Sweden,  -         .«  8^ 

6.  Denmark,  -  -  60 

7.  Turkey,  -  -  50  commonly  reckoned  60, 

8.  Ruffia,  -  -  63 

9.  Sardinia,  -  -  32 

10.  Venice,  -  -  30 

11.  Sicily,  -  -  25 

12.  Portugal,  =  ,  24 

Total   1325 

Several  of  thefe  numbers,  taken  from  the  naval  lifts  in  the  year  1783, 
arc  at  prefent  reduced.  This  gives,  however,  fome  idea  of  the  re- 
fpeftive  naval  ftrength  of  the  different  powers  of  Europe.  Some  of 
them,  as  for  inftance,  Denmark,  Sweden,  Sicily,  Portugal,  having  had 
no  war  for  many  years  part,  and  having,  for  that  reai'on,  built  but  a 
fmall  number  of  fhips,  are  capable  of  maintaining  a  much  larger  navy 
than  they  now  have  ;  and  they  would,  undoubtedly,  increafe  their 
naval  forces  very  confiderably  in  cafe  of  a  war. 

The  grcateft  part  of  Europe  is  under  the  influence  of  a  climate, 
which,  being  tempered  with  a  moderate  degree  of  cold,  forms  a  race 
of  men  ftrong,  bold,  aftive  and  ingenious  ;  forced  by  neceffity  to  make 
the  bed  ufe  they  can  of  the  fmaller  fhare  of  vegetable  and  ar:mal  trea!» 
urcs,  which  their  foil  produces.  In  hotter  and  richer  parts  of  the 
globe,  the  profufion  of  fpontancous  natural  produftions,  and  the  heat 
of  the  atmofphere,  relax  the  bodily  and  mental  powers  of  the  inhabit- 
ants, check  their  fpirit  of  enterprife,  and  confine  the  compafs  of 
their  thought.  The  torrid  zone  has  never  been  able,  nor  is  ever  likely, 
to  boafl  of  a  Newton,  a  Ca;far,  or  a  Frederic. 

Grcas 


EUROPE.  5 

Great  ridges  of  mountains,  the  chief  of  which  are  the  Alps,  the  Ap- 
ennines, the  Pyrenean,  the  Carpathian,  Sudctic,  and  Saxon  mountains, 
cfFcft  not  only  a  great  variety  in  the  climate,  but  pour  out  many  large 
and  navigable  rivers,  and  contain  every  fpecies  of  minerals.  It  is  like- 
wife  no  fmall  convenience  and  encouragement  to  commerce,  that  Eu- 
rope is  interfered  by  feveral  feas,  and  that  it  is  contiguous  to  the  At- 
lantic Ocean. 

The  feeming  natural  difadvantages  of  Europe  have,  by  dint  of  the 
ingenuity  and  pcrfeverance  of  the  inhabitants,  given  rife  to  numberlefs 
arts  and  fciences,  which  have  been  carried  to  a  great  degree  of  perfec- 
tion. Afia  and  Africfa,  have  immenfe  dcferts,  fuch  as  are  no  where  to 
be  found  in  Europe  ;  defcrts  of  many  thoufand  fquarc  miics,  and  which 
are  partly  owing  to  natural  and  infuperable  difadvantages  of  fituationj 
partly  to  want  of  induftry,  which  is  at  once  both  caufe  and  efieft  of 
defolation.  America  is  yet  in  its  infancy,  fo  that  the  fciences  of  Eu- 
rope far  excel  thofe  of  the  other  quartersof  the  globe,  excepting  thofc 
parts  into  which  European  knowledge  and  civilization  have  been  tranf- 
planted.  Europe  may  alfo  boaft  of  the  grcateft  number  of  ufeful  in- 
ventions and  inftituti'ms,  to  prcfcrvc  and  to  propagate  acquired  know- 
ledge. It  has,  at  prefeiit,  about  130  univerfitics,  and  an  almofl:  infinite 
number  of  literary  focietics,  or  academics  of  fciences,  arts,  and  lan- 
guages. '  .    .      .  ~ 

The  dates  of  Europe  confidered  with  rcfpeft  to  their  intrinfic  pow- 
er and  influence  abroad,  may  be  divided  into  three  dalles:  I'rancc, 
Great  Britain,  Auflria,  Pruffia,  and  Rulha,  belong  to  the  firft.  Sec- 
ondary powers  are  thofe  of  Turkey,  Spain,  Holland,  Denmark,  Swe- 
den, and  Sardinia  :  The  third  clafs  comprehends  Portugal,  Naples, 
and  Sicilv,  Poland,  the  Joint  Elc£loraie  of  the  Palatinate  and  Bavaria, 
the  Ele^oratc  of  Saxony,  Switzerland  and  Venice.  Por  the  laft 
three  centuries  paft,  the  cabinets  of  Europe,  and  chiefly  that  of  France, 
have  endeavoured  to  keep  up  a  conftant  equilibrium  between  the  dif- 
ferent /fates.  France  and  England  endeavoured  to  prefcrve  the  bal- 
ance of  power  in  the  weft,  PrulFia,  Auftria,  and  Rufiia  that  in  the  ealt 
of  Europe  :  Ruffia  has,  by  its  late  extraordinary  increafe  of  power, 
gained  a  great  afcendency  in  the  north,  after  a  fucccfsful  ftruggle  with 
the  rival  power  of  Sweden. 

GRAND  DIVISIONS  OF  EUROPE. 

THIS  grand  divifion  of  the  earth  is  fituated  between  the  lot-h  de- 
gree weft,  and  the  65th  degree  caft  longitude  from  London  ;  and 
between  the  36th  and  y2d.  degree  of  nortli  latitude.  It  is  bounded  on 
the  north,  by  the  Frozen  Ocean  ;  on  the  eaft,  by  Afia  ;  on  the  fouth, 
by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  which  divides  it  from  Africa  ;  and  on  the 
weft,  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  v.hich  fep' rates  it  from  America  :  Being 
3000  miles  long,  from  Cape  St.  Vincent  in  the  weft,  to  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Oby  in  the  north  eaft  ;  and  2500  broad,  from  north  to  fouth, 
from  the  north  Cape  in  Norway  to  Cape  Cayha  or  Mctapar  in  the  Mo- 
rea,  the  moft  fouthcrn  promontory  ia  Europe.*  It  contains  the  fol- 
lowing kingdoms  and  ftates. 

•  The  reader  is  defired  to  obferve,  Oiat  in  this  part  of  the  work,  in  reckoning  the  extent 
of  countries,  the /i/'^^iy/ and  ^/"cj^i^  parts  liave  been  mentioned.  Creat  allowanccJ  there- 
fore muft  be  made  ii  moll  countries.  Jutlai  d,  for  infttnce,  is  i  J4  miles  where  broxdtft> 
tKough  in  feveral  other  p^rts  it  is  no^  f.itv. 


P      E. 


s|i 


Hi 


-if 


Kingdoms. 

Len.iBth. 

Chief  City. 

Dilh  and  Bearing 
from  London. 

D'lti.  of  Timti 
t'ronri  London.' 

Religions. 

England 
Scotland 
Ireland 

3S0 
300 
28.S 

3or. 

London 

iidinburgh 

Dublin 

Miles. 
»  t  * 
400  N. 
270  N.  W. 

H, 

0 
0 

M. 

»  *  # 

12  aft. 
26  att. 

Luth.Calvinifts,&c 
Calvinifts,  &c. 
Lut.  Gal.  &R.  Ca. 

Noiway 
Denmjric 

1000 

240 

It 

Utrgen 
Copenhagen 

540  N. 
=;oo  N.  E. 

0 
0 

24   bcl 
50  bef. 

Lutherans 
Lutherans 

Sweden 

yco 

5CC 

Stockholm 

750  N.  E. 

1      10  bef. 

1  I therans 

KuHia 

isoc 

HOC 

Petrrlbore 

1140N.  E. 

2 

4  bef. 

Gre(k.Ct,u:cn 

Poland 

7coj     68c 

^\.,(,w 

760  E. 

I     24  bef. 

R.  C.  Lutn.&C^iv. 

K.of  Fr.  Uom. 

609!     350 

Eerlin 

540  E. 

0 

59   bef. 

L-rh.  a;id  Calv. 

Germa„y 

6co;     soc 

V.rnna 

600  E. 

I        5  bef. 

R.C     La   .;.&C^1V. 

Buhernia 

3C0I     z^c 

r':„..^e 

600  £. 

4    bef. 

R.  Cath. 

HolUDd 

'5C 

ICC 

An<lterria,„ 

I  So  E. 

0 

18   bef. 

>-a!vin.lh 

Flanders 

200 

2GC 

'Vullels 

iBoS.  E. 

0 

16   bef. 

R.  C.ir. 

France 

60c 

5" 

Pans 

200  S.  E. 

0 

9  t^er 

R.  C.tt.. 

Spain 

7<-'- 

5<-^f 

Madrid 

800  S. 

0 

17    T 

R.  Cath. 

P>.itugai 

'ioc 

IOC 

Llho,. 

Mern,  Coii. 
&c. 

8i;o  S.  W. 

0 

38  a/t. 

R.  Cath. 

Swuzerlan-i 

26c 

IOC 

420  5.  E. 

0 

28  bef. 

Ualv.  &K.  Cath. 

Several      >  Pie 
ftnall  States  \  &c 

dmont,  Monlcrrat,  Milan 
Turin,    Cafal,    Milan 

,  Parma,  Modenn 
,  Parma,  Modena 

Mantua,  Venice,  Genoa,  Tafcany, 
,  Mantua,  Venice  Genoa,  Florence. 

Poppdoni 

24c 

120 

R^ne 

>iio  -.  E. 

0 

S'3  bef. 

R.   Cath. 

Napls- 

zSc 

I2C 

N,:nles 

0-0   S     E. 

1         0    net- 

!<.  C  .  M. 

Hun^arv 

3CC 

200 

Bo  da 

780  S.  h.. 

I     17  bef. 

R.  C.  A:  Piofitanr- 

Danubiaa  1 
Provinces  S 
L.  Tartary  * 
Greece 

6ct 

38c 

400 

420 

24r 
24c 

f  Conftan- 
1    tinople 
Precop 
Athens 

1320  S.  E. 

1500  E. 
1360  S.  E. 

58  bef. 

24  bef. 
37  bef. 

Mahometans  and 
Greek  Church. 

clufive  of  the 

Britil 

hill 

:s,  Europe 

contains  the 

fol 

owinff  I 

rincipal  iflands: 

Iflands. 


[Chief  Towns 


In  the  Nor- 
thern Ocean 


Baltic  Sea. 


Rugen, 


I  Iceland  ~     1 

rZealund,  Funen,  Alfen,  Fal-  " 
fter,Langland,  Laland,  Fe- 
J     mercn,  Mona,  Bornholm, 
^  Gothland,  Aland 
Ofel,  Dagho,     — 
Ufedom,  WoUin,         — 

Ivica,         — 

Majorca,     —         . 

Mediterrane-J  Minorca,  —         — 

an  Sea.         ^  Corfica,  . — 

j  Sardinia,      — —     —  — 

LSicily     ~         _ 

Adriatic,  or    f  Luficna,  Corfu,  Cephalonia,  \ 

GulfVenice.  \Zant,  Leucadia,  J 

fCandi  a,  Rhodes,  Negropont,"] 

Archloelago,  1     Lcmnos,  Tenedos,  Scyros,  j 

and  Levant  <     ^^ytcl':ne,Scio,  Samos,Pat-  I 

gg^g^  I     mos,  Paros,  Ccrigo,  Santo-  ( 

I     rin,  &c.  being  part  of  an- 

L    cicnt  and  modern  Greece,  j 


Skalholt. 


Ivica, 

Majorca, 
Port  Mahon. 
Baflia, 
Cagliari, 
Palermo, 


Subjea 


Denmark 
Denmark 


Sweden 

Ruffia 

Pruffia 

Spain 

Ditto 

Dittof 

France 

K.ofSard. 

K.of2Sic. 

Venice. 


Turkey, 


*  This  includes  the  Crim  tartary,  now  ceded  to  KuHia,  lor  the  paiticuUrs  of  which,  fee 
Russia.  '^ 

f  Minorca  was  taken  from  Spain  by  General  Stanhopr,  1708,  and  confirmed  to  Great 
Miitain  by  the  Treaty  of  Utrecht  1713,  but  was  befieged  and  taken  by  the  Spaniards,  Feb- 
ruary •  -,  ,782,  and  confirmed  lo  them  by  the  definitive  Treaty  of  Peace,  figned  at  Paris, 
September  3,    1783.  j  '     e^ 


E      N      M 


k; 


I 

vi 
the 


D     E     N     f.r    A     R     K. 
SHALL,  according  to  my  plan,  begin  this  account  of  his  Danifri 
Majefty's  dominions,  with  the  mod   northerly  htuations,   and  di 
de  them  into  four  parts  :   ift,  Eaft  and  Weft  Greenland,  Iceland  an. 
{lands  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 


er  ;  and  4th  his  German  territories. 

The  dimenfions  of  thefe  countries  may  b 


2d,  Norway  ;  3d,  Denmark'  Prop- 
fecn  in  the  followinr!;  table. 


Denmark. 


Square 
Miles. 


^      Clrlcf  Cities. 


Denmark 
Proper. 


Nortli  Jutland, 

South  Jutland, 

or  Slcfwick, 

Zealand, 

Funen, 
Falftar  and 
^  1?  -^  Lanffland, 
^      rcmeren, 
Alfcn, 
Mona, 
^Bornholm, 
In  the  North  Seas,  Iceland  lUand, 
Norway, 
Danifli  Lapland, 
Weftphalia,  Oldenburg, 

Lower  Saxonv,        Stormar, 

Danilh  Holftein, 
Total 


■T5   - 
t^   o 


9,60c 


1=935 
768 

39 
160 

46.000 

71,40c 

2  8, /J  00 

i'2bo 

1000 


63,04 


1  0 

8 

15 

e 

M 

f 

20 

1'. 

135 

'S.: 

y^o 

170 

^A^ 

17'. 

62 

3'-^ 

5- 

3" 

Wyburg. 

Slcf-wvick. 

CoPENHAGEi; 

Odcnfee, 

Kikoping. 

iNaxkaw. 
licrgc. 

Sonderborge. 
Stege. 

Hoilcomby. 
ikalhoU. 
hicvgcn, 
Wavdhuys. 
Oldenburg. 
olGluckftadt. 


The  reader  may  perceive,  that  in  the  preceding  tabic  no  cakulatioji. 
is  made  of  the  dimenfions  of  Eaft  and  Weft  Greenland;  bccaule  la 
faa,  they  are  not  yet  known,  or  known  very  impcrictYly  :  We  ilia.; 
proceed  to  give  the  lateft  accounts  of  them.,  and  from  the  beft  author- 
ities that  have  come  to  our  hands. 

EAST  AN  t>  WEST  GREENLAND,  ICELAND,  AN- D  THE  ISLANDS 

IN   THE  Atlantic  Ocean. 

E  A  S  T     (;  R  E  E  N  L  AND. 

THE  moft  northerly  part  of  his  Danifli  majefty's  dominions  ;  or  a3 
others  call  it,  New  Greenland,  and  the  country  of  i^pitzbergcr 
lies  between  10  and  11    dcg.   E.  long,   and  76   and   80   deg.^  N 
Thouah  it  is  now  claimed  by    Denmark,  it  ccrtaniiy   was  ai 


laU 
fcovcrcd 


bv  Sii  Hugh  Willoughby  in  15,53  ;  and  is  iuppoicd  to  be  a  contnuu.- 
lion  of  Old  Greenland.  It  obtained  the  n.nnc  of  Spitzbcrgen  lu,i.i 
;  height  and  ruggednefs  of  its  rocks.  Few  annnals  or  vcgeiables  aic 
be  found  hererand  the  6^  and  fowl  are  laid  to  toriake  i  he  coaft  u 
uter.  The  Rulhans  of  Archangel  have  formed  wulun  the  laft  3« 
ars,  fettlcmcnts  for  hunting  in  Icvcral  places  of  the  illand  ot  b  1^^^ 
rgcn.     The  Aurora  Borcalis  and  the  uorihcrn  h^hts  ivikacd  i*o* 


8  WEST      GREENLAND. 

the  fnow,  enable  them  to  purfue  the  chace  during  the  long  winter 
nights  of  thcfe  gloomy  regions  ;  and  they  take  a  great  number  of  fea- 
lions  which  ferve  them  for  food.  There  is  a  whale-fifhery,  chiefly 
•profecuted  by  the  Dutch  and  fome  Britifh  veflels,  on  its  coaft.  It 
likewife  contains  two  harbours;  one  called  South  Haven,  and  the 
other  Maurice-Bay  ;  but  the  inland  parts  are  uninhabited. 

WEST    GREENLAND 

LIES  between  the  Meridian  of  London,  and  50  deg.  W,  long,  and 
between  60  and  76  deg.  N.  lat. 
Inhabitants.]     By  the  lateft  accounts  from  the  mi {fionaries  em- 
ployed for  the  converfion  of  the  Greenlanders,   their  whole  number 
does  not  amount  to  above  9,57  ftated  inhabitants  :   M.   Crantz,  how- 
ever, thinks  that  the  roving  fouthlaiiders  of  Greenland  may  amount  to 
about  *rooo-     There  is  a  ^reat  refemhlance  between  the  afpeft,   man- 
jiers,  and  drcfs  of  thoft:' natives,    and  the  Efquimaux  Americans,  from 
\vh'>m  thcv  naturally  differ  but  little,  even  after  all  the  pains  which 
the  Daniih  and  German  milTionaries  have  taken  to  convert  and  civi- 
liz-e  them.      They  are  lov/  of  ilature,  few  exceeding  five  feet  in  height, 
arjd  the  generality  are  not   fo  tall.     The  hair  of  their  heads  is  long, 
ftraight,  and  of  a  black  colour  ;  but  they  have  fcldom  any  beards,  be- 
caufe  it  :s  their  coiif^ant  praftice  to  root   them  out.     They  have  high 
breails  and  broad  fhoulders.  efpecijlly  the  women,  who  are  obliged  to 
carry   great  burdens   from  their  younger  years.     They  are  very   light 
and  nimble  of  foot,  and  can  alfo  ufe  their  hands  with  much  fkill  and 
dexterity.     They  are  not  very  lively  in    their  tempers,  but  they  are 
jgood-humoured,  friendiv,   and   unconcerned  about  futurity.      Their 
moft  agreeable  food  is  the  flefh  of  rcin-decr  ;  but  that  is  now  fcarcc 
among  them,  and  their  befl  provifions  are    fifh,   feals,   and   fea-fowl. 
Their  drink  is  clear  water,  which  {lands  in  the  houfe  in  a  great  cop- 
per-vcffcl,  or  in  a  wooden  tub,  which  is  very  neatly  made  by  them,  or- 
namented with  fifh  bones  and  rings,   and  provided  with  a  pewter  la- 
dle or  dipping  difh.     The  men  make  their  hunting  and  fifhing  imple- 
ments, and  prepare  the  wood-work  of   their  boats  ;    and    the     wom- 
en cover  them  with  (kins.      The  men  hunt  and  fifh,  but  when  they 
have   towed  their  bootv  to  land,   they  trouble   themfelves  no   farther 
about  it  ;  nay,  it  would  be  accounted  beneath    their   dignity  only   to 
draw  the  feal  up  upon  the  fhore.     The  women  are   the  butchers  and 
cooks,  and  alfo  the  curriers  to  drefs  the  pelts,  and  make  clothes,  fhoes, 
and  boots,   out   of  them  ;  fo  that   they  arc  likewife  both  flioemakers 
and  taylors.     The  women  alfo  build  and  repair  the  houfcs  and  tents, 
fo  f'-"  as  relates  to   the  mafonry,  the  men   doing  only   the  carpenter's 
work.     They  live  in  huts  during  their  winter,  which  is'incredibly  fe- 
vere  ;  but  Mr.  Crantz,  who  has  given  us  the  latcfl  and  befl  accounts 
of  this  country,  fays,  that  in  their  longeft  fummer  days  it  is  fo  hot  that 
the  inhabitants  art  obliged  tothrow  off  their  fummer  garments.     They 
have  no  trade,  though  thev  have  a  mofi:  improveable  fifhcry  upon  their 
coafls  ;  but  they  employ  all  the  year  either  in   fifliing  or  hunting,  in 
which  they  are  very  dexterous,  particularly  in  catching  and  killing 
fcals. 

Curiosities.]     The  taking  of  whales  in   the  fcas  of  Greenland, 
among  the  fields  of  ice  that  have  been  iiicrcafing  for  ages,    is  one  of 

the 


ICELAND  9 

the  greateflcuriofitics  in  nature.  Thefe  fields,  or  pieces  of  ice,  arc 
frequently  more  than  a  mile  in  length,  and  upwards  of  lOo  feet  in 
tliicknefs  ;  and  when  they  ate  put  in  motion  by  a  ftorm,  nothing  can 
be  more  terrible  ;  The  Dutch  had  13  fhips  cruflicd  to  pieces  by  them 

in  one  feafon.  ^         ,      ,      r  1  •  1 

There  are  feveral  kinds  of^whales  in  Greenland  ;  iome  white  aad 
others  black.  The  black  fort,  the  grand  bay  whale,  is  in  moft  eftecni» 
on  account  of  his  bulk,  and  the  great  quantity  of  fat  or  blubber  he  af- 
fords, which  turns  to  oil.  His  tongue  is  about  18  feet  long,  inclolcd 
in  long  pieces  of  what  we  call  whale-bone,  which  are  covered  with  a 
kind  of  hair  like  horfe  hair  ;  and  on  each  fide  of  his  tongue  are  250 
pieces  of  this  whale-bone.  As  to  the  bones  of  his  body  they  are  as 
hard  as  an  ox's  bones,  and  of  no  ufe.  There  are  no  teeth  ui  his  mouth ; 
and  he  is  ufually  between  60  and  80  feet  long  ;  very  thick  about  the 
head,  but  grows  lefs  from  thence  to  the  tail. 

When  the  feamen  fee  a  whale  fpout,  the  word  is  immediately  given, 
fall,  fall,  when  every  one  haftens  from  the  fhip  to  his  boat  ;  fix  or  eight 
men  being  appointed  to  a  boat,   and  four  or  five  boats  ufually  belong 

to  one  fhip.  o  •,        1  •         •  t 

When  they  come  near  the  whale,  the  harpooner  ilrikes  him  with 
his  harpoon  (a  barbed  dart)  and  the  monfler,  finding  himfelf  wounded, 
runs  fwiftly  down  into  the  deep,  and  would  carry  the  boat  along  with 
him  if  they  did  not  give  him  line  faft  enough  ;  ancJ  to  prevent  the 
wood  of  the  boat  taking  fire  by  the  violent  rubbing  of  the  rope  on  the 
fide  of  it,  one  wets  it  conftantly  with-amop.  After  the  whale  has 
run  fome  hundred  fathoms  deep,  he  is  forced  to  come  up  for  air,  when 
he  makes  fuch  a  terrible  noife  with  his  fpouting,  that  fome  have  com- 
pared it  to  the  firing  of  cannon.  As  foon  as  he  appears  on  the  furface 
of  the  water,  fome  of  the  harpooners  fix  another  harpoon  in  him, 
whereupon  he  plunges  again  into  the  deep  ;  -and  when  he  comes  up  a 
fecond  time,  they  pierce  him  with  fpears  in  the  vital  parts  till  he  Ipouts 
out  ftreams  of  blood  inftead  of  water,  beating  the  waves  with  his  tail 
and  fins  till  the  fca  is  in  a  foam,  the  boats  continuing  to  follow  him 
fome  leagues,  till  he  has  loa  his  ftrength  ;  and  when  he  is  dying  he 
turns  himfelf  upon  his  back,  and  is  drawn  on  {hore,  or  to  the  fhip  if 
thev  be  at  a  diftance  from  the  land.  There  they  cut  him  in  pieces, 
and  boiling  the  blubber  extrad  the  oil,  if  they  have  conveniencies  on 
fliore  ;  othcrwife  they  barrel  up  tlie  pieces,  and  bring  them  home; 
but  nothing  can  fmell  ftronger  ihan  thefe  fliips  do.  Every  filh  is  com- 
puted to  yield  between  60  and  100  ban  els  of  oil,  of  the  value  of  3I.  or 
4I  a  barrel.  Though  the  Danes  claim  the  country  of  Eaft  and  Weft 
Greenland,  where  thefe  whales  are  taken,  the  Dutch  have  in  a  manner 
monopolized  this  fifhcry.  Of  late  the  Englifii  have  alfo  been  very 
fuccefsful   in  it, 

I     C     E     L     A     N     D. 

THISifiand,  which  receives  its  name  from  the  great  maffes  of  ice 
that  arc  fcen  near  it,  lies  between  63  and  67  deg.  N.  hit.  and  between 
II  and27deg.  W.  long.  It  extends  four  hundred  miles  in  length, 
and  an  hundred  asd  fixtv  m  breadth,  containing  about  46000  fquare 
miles.  In  April,  178-:},  the  inhabitants  of  Iceland  oblerved  lomcthing 
rifen  and  flaaiing  in  the  fca.  to  the  iouth  of  Grinbourg,  at  c'S^'J^f^^^^* 


id  !    c    E    L    A    j^   a 

difhant  from  the  rocks  des  OifcauXj  wliicli  afterwards  was  found  t<5 
be  a  new  liland.  The  facl  is  authentic,  but  its  dimenfions  and  fitua- 
lion  are  not  well  afcertained.  The  information  brought  by  the  lad 
iliip  from  thence,  was,  that  the  Illand  was  flill  increafmg,  and  that 
great  quantities  of  fire  iffucd  from  two  of  its  eminences. 

Population,  Inmiabitants,  Manners,  and  Customs.])  It  ap- 
pears that  a  Norwegian  colony,  among  which  there  were  many  Swedes, 
fettled  in  Iceland  in  the  ninth  century.  They  found  there  inhabitants 
who  were  Chriftians,  and  whom  they  called  Papas.  It  is  faid,  that  the 
Norwegians  alfo  found  among  them  Irifh  books,  bells,  and  crofiers  : 
And  it  is  conje£lured,  that  the  people  who  were  there,  when  the 
Norwegians  arrived  in  the  ifland,  originally  came  from  England  and 
Ireland.  The  inhabitants  long  retained  their  freedom  ;  but  they  were 
at  laft  obliged  to  fubmlt  to  the  kings  ot  Norway,  and  afterwards  became 
fuhjeft,  together  with  Norway,  to  the  kings  of  Denmark.  They  were 
at  firfh  governed  by  an  admiral,  who  was  knt  there  every  year  to  make 
the  nccelTary  regulations  :  But  that  mode  has  now  been  changed  for 
many  years,  and  a  governour  appointed,  who  is  flyled  Sfiftfamtmann^ 
and  who  conftantly  refidcs  in  the  country. 

The  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  Iceland  is  computed  at  about 
6o.ooo,  which  is  by  no  means  adequate  to  the  extent  of  the  country. 
It  has  been  much  more  populous  in  former  times,  but  great  numbers 
have  been  deftroycd  by  contagious  difealbs.  The  plague  carried  off  ma- 
ny thoufands  from  1 4012  to  1 404.  Pvlany  parts  of  Iceland  have  alfo  been 
depopulated  by  famine  :  For  though  the  Icelanders  canndt  in  general 
be  faid  to  be  in  want  of  neceffary  food,  yet  the  country  has  feveral 
times  been  vifited  by  great  famines.  Thefe  have  been  chiefly  occafion- 
ed  by  the  Greenland  floating  ice  ;  which,  when  it  comes  in  great  quan- 
tities, prevents  the  grafs  from  growing,  and  puts  an  entire  flop  to  their 
fifhino-*.  The  fmall  pox  has  likewiie  been  very  fatal  here  ;  for  in  the 
year  1707  and  1708  that  difcafe  defl:royed   16,000  perfons. 

The  Icelanders  in  general  are  middle-fized,  and  well-made,  though 
not  very  fi;rong.  They  are  an  honeft,  hofpitable  well  intentioned  peo- 
ple, moderately  induflrious,  and  very  faithful  and  obliging.  Theft  is 
fclnom  heard  of  among  them.  Their  chief  employment  is  fifliing,  and 
taking  care  of  their  cattle.  On  the  coaflis,  the  men  employ  their  time 
in  filhing  both  winter  and  fummcr  ;  and  the  women  prepare  the  filh, 
and  few  and  fpin.  The  men  alio  prepare  leather,  work  at  feveral^ 
mechanic  trades,  and  fom,e  few  work  in  gold  and  filver.  They  like- 
wife  manufacture  a  toarfe  kind  of  cloth,  which  they  call  Wadmal. — . 
They  have  an  vmcommonly  flrong  attachment  to  their  native  country, 
and  think  thcmfclves  no  where  elfe  fo  happy.  An  Icelander,  there-" 
fore,  fcidom  fettles  in  Copenhagen,  though  the  moft  advantageous 
conditions  fhould  be  offered  him.  Their  difpofitions  are  ferious,  and 
.they  are  much  inclined  to  religion.  They  never  pafs  a  rivejr,  or  any 
other  dangerous  place,  without  previoufly  taking  off  their  hats,  and 
imploring  the  divine  protedion  ;  and  they  are  always  thankful  for 
their  prcfcrvation,  when  they  have  paffcd  the  danger.  When  they 
meet  together,  their  chief  pailime  coniiils  in  reading  their  hiflory. — 
The  m.!{Icr  of  the  houfe  begins,  and  the  reft  continue  in  their  turns 
when  he  is  tired.  They  are  famous  for  playing  at  chefs  ;  and  one  of 
their  paRimes  confifls  in  reciting  verfes.     Sometimes  a  man  and  womaa 

tak^\ 


ICELAND. 


ai 


take  one  another  by  the  hand,  and  by  turns  fing  flanzas,  which  are  a 
kind  of  dialogue,  and  in  which  the  company  occafionally  join  in  cho- 
rus. The  drcfs  of  the  Icelanders  is  not  elegant  or  ornamental,  but  it 
is  neat,  cleanly,  and  fuitcd  to  the  climate.  On  their  fingers  the  women 
wear  fcveral  gold,  filvcr,  or  brafs  rings.  The  poorer  women  drel's 
in  the  coarfe  cloth,  called  wadmal,  and  always  wear  black  :  Thofewho 
are  in  better  circumftanccs  wear  broadcloth,  with  hlver  ornaments, 
gilt.  The  houfes  of  the  Icelanders  are  generally  bad  :  In  fome  places 
they  are  built  of  drift  wood,' and  in  others  tliey  are  raifed  of  lava,  witlt 
mofs  fluffed  between  the  lava.  Their  roofs  are  covered  with  fods  laid 
over  rafters,  or  fometimes  over  ribs  of  whales,  which  are  both  more 
durable  and  more  expcnhve  than  wood.  They  have  not  even  a  chim- 
ney in  their  kitchens,  but  only  lay  their  fuel  on  the  earth,  between 
three  flones  ;  and  the  fmoke  iifues  from  a  fquare  hole  in  the  roof. — 
Their  food  principally  confifls  of  dried  fifh,  lour  butter,  which  they 
confider  as  a  great  dainty,  milk  mixed  with  water  and  whey,  and  a, 
little  meat.  Bread  is  fo  fcarce  among  them,  that  there  is  hardly  any 
peafant  who  eats  it  above  three  or  four  months  in  the  year. 

Religion.]  The  only  religion  tolerated  in  Iceland  is  the  Lutheran. 
The  churches  on  the  eaft,  fouth,  and  weft  quarters  of  the  iiland,  arc 
under  the  jurifdiftion  of  the  bifhop  of  Skalholt,  (the  capital  of  the 
ifland)  and  thofe  of  the  north  quarter  are  fubjcft  to  the  biflrop  of 
Hoolum.  The  ifland  is  divided  into  189  parifhes,  of  which  i2y  be- 
long to  the  fee  of  Skalholt,  and  62  to  that  of  Hoolum.  All  the  minil- 
ters  are  natives  of  Iceland,  and  receive  a  yearly  falary  of  four  or  hvc 
hundred  rix-dollars  from  the  king,  exclulive  of  what  they  have  from 
their  congregations. 

Language.]  The  language  of  Iceland  is  the  fame  as  that  formerly 
fpoken  in  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Norway,  and  has  been  prcfcrved  fo 
pure,  that  any  Icelander  underftands  their  moft  ancient  traditional 
hiftories. 

Learning  and  Learned  Mkn.]  It  is  fald  that  poetry  formerly 
flourifhed  very  much  in  Iceland  ;  and  we  arc  informed  that  Egil  SkaU 
lagrimfon,  Kormak  Ogmundfon,  Glum  Geirfon,  and  Thorlief  Jarlaa 
were  celebrated  as  great  poets.  But  the  art  of  writing  was  not  much 
in  ufe  till  after  the  year  1000  •,  though  the  Runic  charaftcrs  were 
known  in  that  country  before  that  period,  and  moft  probably  brought 
thither  from  Norway.  After  the  reception  of  the  Chriftian  religion, 
the  Latin  charafters  were  immediately  adopted,  as  the  Runic  alphabet, 
which  only  confifts  of  hxteen  letters,  was  found  infufficient.  The 
firft  Icelandic  bifhop,  Ifleif,  founded  a  fchool  at  Skalholt  ;  and  fooii 
after  they  founded  four  other  fchools,  in  which  the  youth  were  in- 
ftrufted  in  the  Latin  tongue,  divinity,  and  fome  parts  of  theoretic  phi- 
iofophy.  And  from  the  introduftion  of  the  Chriftian  religion  here, 
till  the  year  1264,  when  Iceland  became  fubjcft  to  Norwav.  it  was  one 
of  the  few  countries  in  F.urope,  and  the  only  one  itr  the  North,  wherein 
the  fcienccs  were  cultivated  and  held  in  eftccm. 

But  this  period  of  time  fcems  to  have  produced  more  learned  men 
.in  Iceland  than  any  other  period  fmce.  It  appears  from  their  ancicjit 
chronicles,  that  they  had  confiderable  knowledge  in  morality,  philofo- 
phy,  natural  hiftory,  and  aftronomy.  Moft  of  their  works  were  writ- 
ten in  the    nth,    12th,   13th,  and   i^th  centuries  ;  and  Ibmc  cfthem 

liay© 


-;2  ICELAND. 

have  been  printed.  Mr.  Banks,  now  Sir  Jofeph  Banks,  prefcntcc!  on^t 
Jiiindrecl<4;id  fixty-two  Icelandic  manufcripts  to  the  Brit ifh  Mufeum, 
That  gentleman  vifited  Iceland  in  1772,  accompanied  by  Dr.  Solander, 
Dr.  Van  Troil,  and  Dr.  Lind.  Dr.  Van  Troil,  who  publifhed  an  ac- 
count of  their  voyage,  obferves,  that  he  found  more  knowledge  among 
the  lower  clafs  in  Iceland,  than  is  to  be  met  with  in  moft  other  places  ; 
that  many  of  them  could  repeat  the  works  of  fome  of  their  poets  by 
heart  ;  and  that  a  peafant  was  feldom  to  be  found,  who,  befides  being 
well  inftrufted  in  the  principles  of  religion,  was  not  alfo  ac-quainted 
with  the  hiRory  of  his  own  country  ;  which  proceeds  from  the  fre- 
t^uent  reading  of  their  traditional  hiftories,  that  being  one  of  theij 
principal  amufements. 

John  Arcfon,  bilhop  of  Hoolum,  employed  John  Matthieffon,  a  nai- 
tive  of  Sweden,  in  eftablifliing  a  print ing-prefs  in  Iceland,  about 
the  year  1.530  ;  and  the  firft  book  printed  by  him  there  was  the  Bre- 
viarium  Nidarofienfe.  He  alfo  printed  an  ecclefiaftical  manual,  Lu- 
ther's catcchifm,  and  other  books  of  that  kind.  The  Icelandic  code 
of  Jaws  appeared  in  1578,  and  the  Icelandic  bible  in  1.584.  Anew 
privileged  printing-office  has  lately  been  eftablifhed  at  Hrappfey  ia 
this  ifland,  and  at  which  feverai  valuable  books  have  been  printed. 

Mountains,  volcanoes,  and  natural  curiosities.]  Though 
this  ifland  is  fituated  fo  far  to  the  north,  earthquakes  and  volcanoes  are 
more  known  than  in  many  countries  in  much  warmer  climates.  The 
former  have  leveral  times  laid  the  country  almoft  defolate,  particularly 
in  the  years  1734,  J752,  and  1755,  when  fiery  eruptions  broke  out  of 
the  earth,  and  produced  very  fatal  confcquences.  Many  of  the  fnowy 
mountains  have  alio  gradually  become  volcanoes.  Of  thefe  burning 
mountains  Heckla  is  the  befl  known,  efpecially  to  foreigners.  This 
mountain  is  fituated  in  the  fouthern  part  of  the  ifland,  about  four  miles 
from  the  fea-coaft.  and  is  divided  into  three  points  at  the  top,  the  high- 
cfl  ofwhicli  is  that  in  the  middle  ;  and  which  is  computed  to  be  above 
;;ooo  feet  higher  than  the  fea.  Tliis  mountain  has  frequently  fent  forth 
ilames,  and  a  torrent  of  burning  matter.  Its  eruptions  were  particu- 
larly dreadful  in  1693,  when  they  occafioned  terrible  devafkations,  the 
aflies  being  thrcnvn  all  round  the  ifland  to  the  diftance  of  i8o  Englifh 
miles.  The  laft  eruption  of  mount  Heckla  happened  in  1766.  It 
began  on  the  5tli  of  April,  and  continued  to  the  7th  of  September  fol- 
Jnwing.  Flames  proceeded  alfo  from  it  in  December  1771,  and  in 
September  1772  ;  but  no  eruptions  of  lava. 

But  amongft  all  the  curiofities  of  Iceland,  nothing  is  more  worthy  of 
attention  than  tlie  hot  fpouting  M-ater-fprings  with  which  this  ifland 
abounds.  The  hot  fprings  at  Aix-la-Chapelle,  Carlfbad,  Bath,  and 
Switzerland,  and  feyeral  others  found  in  Italy,  are  confldered  as  very 
remarkable  ;  But.  excepting  in  the  lafl:  mentioned  countrv,  the  water 
no  wlicre  becomes  fo  hot  as  to  boil  ;  nor  is  it  any  where  known  to  be 
throv/n  fo  high,  as  the  hot  fpouting  watcr-fprings  in  Iceland.  All 
thofe  v/ater-works  that  have  been  contrived  with  fo  much  art,  and  at 
fo  enormous  an  expenfe,  cannot  by  any  means  be  compared  with  thefe. 
The  watcv-works  at  St.  Cloud,  which  are  thought  the  greatcfl;  among, 
all  the  French  water-works,  caft  up  a  thin  column  eighty  feet  into  the 
air  :  While  fome  fprings  in  Iceland  fpout  columns  of  water,  of  fcvcral 
feet  in  thickncfs.  to  the  height  of  many  fathoms  ;  and,  as  many  affirm, 

of 


N        Dr 


*5 


of  feveral  hundred  feet.  Thefe  fprings  are  of  unequal  degrees  of  licat. 
From  fome,  the  water  flows  gently  as  from  other  fprings,  and  it  is  tlir.ii 
called  a  bath  :.  From  others,  it  fpouts  boiling  water  with  a  great  noife, 
and  it  is  then  called  a  kettle.  Though  the  degree  of  heat  is  unccjual] 
yet  Df.  Van  Troil  fays,  that  he  does  not  remember  ever  to  have  obfcrv- 
cd  it  under  188  of  Fahrenheit's  thermometer.  At  Gcvfer,  Rorvhurn, 
and  Laugarvatn,  he  found  it  at  2i->.  ;  and  in  the  lafl  place,  ia  the 
ground,  at  a  little  hot  current  of  water,  213  degrees.  It  is  very  com- 
mon for  fomc  of  the  fpouting-fprings  to  ccafc,  and  others  to  rife  up  in 
their  ftead.  Frequent  earthquakes,  and  fubterranean  noifes,  heard  at 
the  time,  caufe  great  terror  to  the  people  who  live  in  the  neighbour- 
hood. In  feveral  of  thefe  hot  fprings,  the  inhabitants  who  live  near 
them,  boil  their  viftuals,  only  by  hanging  a  pot  into  whicti  the  ilcfa 
is  put  in  cold  water,  in  the  water  of  the  fpring.  They  alfo  bathe  in 
the  rivulets  that  run  from  them,  which,  by  degrees,  become  luke-warm, 
or  are  cooled  by  their  being  mi,xed  with  rivulets  of  cold  water.  The 
cows  that  drink  of  thefe  fprings  are  faid  to  yield  an  extraordinary  quan- 
tity of  milk  ;  and  it  is  likcwife  efteemed  very  ■whoiefoine  when  drank 
by  the  human  fpecies. 

The  largeft  of  all  the  fpouting-fprings  in  Iceland  is  called  Gcyfcr. 
It  is  about  two  days  journey  from  Heckla,  and  not  far  from  Skalholt, 
In  approaching  towards  it,  a  loud  roaring  noife  is  heard,  like  the  nifli- 
jng  of  a  torrent,  precipitating  itfelf  from  ftupcndous  rocks.  Tlie 
water  here  fpouts  feveral  times  a  day,  but  always  by  flarts,  and  aftci 
certain  intervals.  Some  travellers  have  aflirmcd,  that  it  fpouts  to  the- 
height  of  fixty  fathoms.  The  water  is  thiown  up  much  higher  at  fome 
times  than  at  others  ;  when  Dr.  \'^an  Troil  was  there,  the  utraofl  height 
to  which  it  amounted  was  computed  to  be  qa  feet. 

Bafultine  pillars  are  likewifc  very  common  iu  Iceland,  whiah  are 
fuppofed  to  have  been  produced  by  fubterranean  fires.  The  lower' 
fort  of  people  imagine  thefe  pillars  to  have  been  piled  upon  one  anoth- 
er by  giants,,  who  made  ufe  of  fupernatual  force  to  cffc6l  it,  They 
have  generally  from  three  to  feven  fides,  and  are  from  four  to  fix  fee: 
in  thicknefs,  and  from  twelve  to  fi.xteen  yards  in  length,  without  any 
horizontal  divifions.  In  fome  places  they  are  only  feen  here  and  there 
among  the  lava  in  the  mountains  :  But,  in  lome  other  places,  lliey  ex- 
tend two  or  three  miles  in  length  without  interruption. 

There  arc  immenfe  malTes  of  ice,  by  which  every  year  great  damage 
is  done  to  this  country,  and  which  aiieft  the  climate  of  it  ;  they  ar- 
rive commonly  with  a  N.  W.  or  N.  N.  W.  wind  from  Greenland. — 
The  field-ice  is  of  two  or  three  fathoms  thicknefs,  is  fcparated  byth-:; 
winds,  and  lefs  dreaded  than  tlie  rock  or  mountain-ice,  which  is  often 
feen  fifty  feet  and  more  above  water,  and  is  at  Icaft;  nine  times  the  fame 
depth  below  water.  Thefe  prodigious  maflcs  of  ice  arc  frequently 
left  in  fhual  water,  fixed,'as  it  were,  to  the  ground,  and  in  that  flate 
remain  many  months,  nay,  it  is  faid,  even  years,  undilVolved,  chilling 
all  tifie  ambient  part  of  the  atmofphcrc  for  many  miles  round.  'J  he 
ice  caufed  fo  violent  a  cold  in  1753  ,and  1754,  that  horfes  and  fhcep 
perifhed  on  account  of  it.  A  number  of  bears  arrive  yearly  with  the 
ice,  which  commit  great  ravages,  particnhrly  among  the  fhcep.  Tlie 
Icelanders  attempt  ro  dcftroy  thele  intruders  as  fooa  as  they  get  fight 
of  them  ;  and  fometimcs  they  affemWc  togriher,  and  drive  thcin  back 


H 


K      O      R      W      A      Y. 


to  t'he  ice,  tvitli  which  they  often  float  off  again.  For  want  of  fire- 
arms, they  are  obliged  to  make  ufe  of  fpears  on  thefe  pccafions.  The 
gDvcrnment  entourages  the  natives  to  deftroy  thefe  animals,  by  paying 
a  premium  of  ten  dollars  for  every  bear  that  is  killed.  Their  fkins  are 
alfo  Durchafed  for  the  king,  and  are  not  allowed  to  be  fold  to  any  other 
pcrfon. 

It  is  extraordinary  that  no  wood  grows  fuccefsfuUy  in  Iceland  ;  nay, 
there  arc  very  few  trees  to  be  found  on  the  whole  ifland,  though  there 
arc  certain  proofs  that  wood  formerly  grew  there  in  great  abundance. 
Nor  can  corn  be  cultivated  here  to  any  advantage  ;  though  cabbages, 
parfley,  turnips,  and  peas,  may  be  met  with  in  five  or  fix  gardens, 
*vhich  are  faid  to  be  all  that  are-  in  the  whole  Ifland. 

Trade.]  The  commerce  o^  this  ifland  is  monopolized  by  a  Danifh 
company.  The  foil  upon  the  fea-coaft  is  tolerably  good  for  pafture  ; 
and  thouoh  there  is  not  any  confidcrable  town  in  the  whole  ifland,  the 
Jrclandcrs  liave  feveral  frequented  ports.  Their  exports  confift;  of 
vdried  fifh,  falted  mutton  and  lamb,  beef,  butter,  tallow,  train-oil,  coarfc 
woolen-cloth,  flockings,  gloves,  raw  wool,  flieep-flcins,  lamb-fkins, 
fox-furs  of  various  colours,  cider-down,  and  feathers.  Their  imports 
confift  of  timber,  fifliing-lines  and  hooks,  tobacco,  bread,  horfc-fhocs, 
brandy,  wine,  fait,  linen,  and  a  little  filk  ;  exclufivc  of  fome  necefl"a- 
rics  and  fuperfluities  for  the  more  wealthy. 

Sir.ENrrTH  AND  REVEXUE.]  As  Iccland  afFordsno  bait  for  avarice 
or  ambition,  the  inhabitants  depend  entirely  upon  his  Danifli  majcfty's 
protcftion  ;  and  the  revenue  he  draws  from  the  country  amounts  to 
about  30,000  crov/ns  a  year. 

THE  FARO  OR  FERRO  ISLANDS, 

SO  called  from  their  lying  in  a  clufter,  and  the  inhabitants  ferrying 
from  one  ifland  to  another.  They  are  about  24  in, number,  and  lie 
Vrctween  61  and  63  deg.  W.  long,  from  London.  The  fpacc  Cvf  this 
clufl.er  extends  about  60  miles  in  length,  and  40  in  breadth  300  miles 
to  thewcfl-wardof  Norway  ;  having  Shetland  and  the  Orkneys  on  the 
fouth-caft,  and  Greenland  and  Iccland  upon  the  north  and  north-weft. 
The  trade  and  income  of  tlie  inhabitants,  who  may  be  about  3000  Of 
4000,  add  little  or  nothing  to  the  revenues  of  Denmark. 

NORWAY. 

Name,   boundaries,!  /THHE  natural  fignification  of  Norway  Is, 
AND   EXTCNT.  J     -»-     \.\\t  Norlhem-way.     It  is  bounded  on 

the  fouth  by  the  entrance  into  the  Baltic,  called  the  Scaggerac,  or 
Catcgate  ;  on  the  weft  and  North,  by  the  northern  ocean  ;  and  on 
the  eaft  it  is  divided  from  Sweden  by  a  Ion?  ridge  of  mountains,  call- 
ed at  difi'crent  parts  by  different  names/ as  Filleficld,  Dofrcfield, 
Rundficld,  and  Dourficld.  The  reader  may  confult  the  table  of  di- 
mcnfions  in  Denmark  for  its  extent  ;  but  it  is  a  country  fo  little 
known  to  the  reft  of  Europe,  that  it  is  difficult  to  fix  its  dimenfions 
with  prcciiion. 

Climate.]  The  climate  of  Norway  varies  according  to  its  extent, 
and  its  pofition  towards  tlie  fea.  At  Bergen  the  winter  is  moderate, 
and  the  fea  is  navigable.     The  caftein  parts  of  Norway  are  commonly 


covcrc 


1^      O      R      W      A      V. 


15 


covered  wi'tli  fnow  ;  and  the  cold  generally  fels  in  about  the  middle 
of  Oftobcr,  with  intenfe  fcveiify,  and  continues  to  the  middle  of 
April  ;  the  waters  being  all  that  time  frozen  to  a  confiderable  thick- 
nefs.  In  1719,  7000  Swedes,  who  were  on  their  march  to  attack 
Dronthcim,  pcriflied  in  the  Inow,  on  the  mountains  which  fcparate 
Sweden  from  Norway  ;  and  their  bodies  were  found  in  dilTcrcnt 
poftures.  But  even  froll  and  fnow  have  their  convcnicncies,  as  they 
facilitate  the  conveyance  of  goods  by  land.  As  to  the  more  northerly 
p^rts  of  this  country,  called  Finmark,  the  cold  is  fo  intenfe,  that 
they  are  but  little  known.  At  Bergen,  the  longcft.  day  is  about  11) 
hours,  and  the  fiiorteft  about  fix.  In  fummcr,  the  inliabitants  can 
read  and  write  at  midnight  by  the  light  of  the  fkv  ;  and  in  the  moil 
northerly  parts,  about  midfummer,  the  fun  is  continually  in  view. 
In  thofe  parts,  however,  in  the  middle  of  winter,  there  is  only  a 
faint  glimmering  of  light  at  noon  for  about  an  hour  and  an  half  ;  ow- 
ing to  the  refleflion  of  the  lun's  rays  on  the  mountains.  Nature,  not- 
■withftanding,  has  been  fo  kind  to  the  Norwegians,  that  in  the  midft 
of  their  darknefs,  the  fl<.y  is  ferene,  and  the  moon  and  tlic  aurora 
borealis  fo  bright,  that  they  can  carry  on  their  fiflicry,  and  work  at 
their  feveral  trades  in  open  air.  Sudden  thaws,  and  fnow-falls,  have 
fometimes  dreadful  effefts,  and  deftroy  whole  villages. 

Mountains.]  Norway  is  reckoned  one  of  the  mofl  mountainous 
countries  in  the  world.  It  contains  a  chain  of  unequal  mountains 
running  from  fouth  to  north  :  To  pals  tfiat  of  Hardangcr,  a  man 
muft  travel  about  feventy  Englifh  milrs  ;  and  to  pafs  othcjs,  upwards 
of  fifty.  Dofrefield  is  counted  the  highcft  mountain,  perhaps  in 
Europe.  The  rivers  and  catarafts  which  intcrfeft  thofe  dreadful  preci- 
pices, and  that  are  pafTable  only  by  flight  tottering  wooden  bridges, 
render  travelling  in  this  country  very  terrible  and  dangerous;  though 
the  government  is  at  the  expenfe  of  pro\'iding.  at  different  flages, 
houfcs  accommodated  with  fire,  light,  and  kitchen  furniture.  De- 
tached from  this  vafh  chain,  other  immenfe  mountains  prefent  thcm- 
lelvci  all  over  Norway  ;  fome  of  ihcm  with  rcfervoirs  of  water  on 
the  top  ;  and  the  whole  forming  a  mofi  furprifing  landfcape.  The 
:.£livity  of  the  natives,  in  reco\'ering  their  flicep  and  goats,  when 
penned  up,  through  a  falfe  flep,  in  one  of  thofe  locks,  is  wonderful. 
The  owner  directs  himfelf  to  be  lowered  down  from  the  top  of  the 
mountains,  fitting  on  a  crofs  flick,  tied  to  the  end  of  a  long  rope  ; 
and  when  he  arrives  at  the  place  where  the  creature  Itands,  he  faflens 
it  to  the  fame  cord,  and  it  is  drawn  up  with  himfelf.  The  caverns 
that  are  to  be  met  with  in  thefe  mountains,  are  more  wonderful  than 
thofe,  perhaps,  in  any  other  part  of  the  world,  though  lefs  liable  to 
obfervation.  One  of  them,  called  DoHlcen,  was,  in  1750,  vifited  by 
tv/o  clergymen  ;  who  reported,  that  they  proceeded  in  it  till  they 
lieard  the  fea  dafliing  ovei- their  heads  ;  that  the  paflage  was  as  wide 
and  high  as  an  ordinary  church,  the  fides  perpendicular,  and  the  roof 
vaulted  :  That  they  defccnded  a  flight  of  natural  flairs  ;  but  when 
they  arrived  at  another,  they  durft  not  venture  to  proceed,  hut  re- 
turned ;  and  that  they  confumeii  two  candles  going  and  returning. 

Forests.]  The  chief  wealth  of  Norway  lies  in  its  forcfts,  which 
furnifli  foreigners  with  mafts,  beams,  planks,  and  boards  :  And  fcrve 
bcfide  for  all  domellic  ufcs  ;  partir^ilarlv  iho  conftruftion  of  lioufcs, 

bridges, 


i5  NOR     W      A      Y. 

bridges,  flilps,  and  for  charcoal  to  the  founderies.  The  chief  timber  grovf« 
jnghereare  fir  and  pine,  ehn,afh,  yew,  benrced  (a  very  curious  wood), 
birch,  beech, oak,  eel  or  alder. juniper,  theafpin-trec,  the  comol  or  flow- 
tree,  hafel,  elder,  and  even  ebony  (under  the  mountains  of  Kolen) 
lime  or  linden  tree,  and  willows.  The  fums  which  Norway  receives 
for  timber  are  very  conhderable  ;  but  the  induflry  of  the  inhabit- 
ants is  greatly  adifted  by  the  courfe  of  their  rivers,  and  the  fituation 
of  their  lakes  :  which  afford  them  not  only  the  convcniency  already 
mentioned,  of  floating  down  their  limber,  but  that  of  erefling  faw 
mills,  for  dividing  their  large  beams  into  planks  and  deals.  A  tenth 
of  all  fawed  timber  belongs  to  his  Danifti  Majefty,  and  forms  no  in- 
confidcrable  part  of  his  revenue. 

Stones,  mktals,"[  Norway  contains  quarries  of  excellent  mar- 
AND  Ml  NtRALs.  J"  blc,  as  wcU  as  many  other  kinds  of  ftones  ;  and 
the  magnet  is  found  in  the  iron  mines.  The  amianthus,  or  abeftos,  is 
found  here.  It  is  of  an  incombuftible  nature,  and  when  its  delicate 
fibres  are  woven  into  cloth,  is  cleaned  by  burning.  Befides  this  curi- 
ous mineral,  Norway  produces  cryftals,  granates,  amethyfls,  agate, 
thunder-ftones,  and  eagle-ftones.  Gold  found  in  Norway  has  been 
coined  into  ducats.  His  Danifh  majefty  is  now  working,  to  great  ad- 
vantage, a  filver  mine  at  Konfberg  ;  other  lilver  mines  have  been 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  country  ;  and  one  of  the  many  filver 
maffes  that  have  been  difcovered,  weighing  560  pounds,  is  to  be  feen 
at  the  Royal  Mufeum  at  Copenhagen.  The  lead,  copper,  and  iron 
mines,  are  common  in  this  country  :  One  of  the  copper-mines  at  Ro- 
Taas  is  thought  to  be  the  richeft  in  Europe.  Norway  likewife  pro- 
<iuces  quickfilver,  fulphur,  fait,  and  coal  mines  ;  vitriol,  alum,  and 
various  kinds  of  loam  ;  the  different  manufafturcs  of  which  bring  in- 
a  large  revenue  to  the  crown. 

Rivers  AND  lakes'.)  The  rivers  and  frcfh  water  lakes  in  this 
country  are  well  ftocked  with  fifh,  and  navigable  for  veffels  of  con- 
iiderable  burden.  The  mofl  extraordinary  ciicumftance  attending 
the  lakes  is,  that  fome  of  them  contain  floating  iflands,  formed  by  the 
cohefion  of  roots  of  trees  and  fhrubs  ;  and  though  torn  from  the  main 
land,  bear  herbage  and  trees.  So  late  as  the  year  1702,  the  noble  fam- 
jly-feat  of  Borgc,  near  Fredericftadt,  fuddenly  funk,  with  all  its  tow- 
ers and  battlements  into  an  abyfs  a  hundred  fathoms  in  depth  ;  and 
its  fite  was  inftantly  filled  with  water,  which  formed  a  lake  300  ells 
in  length,  and  about  half  as  broad.  This  melancholy  accident,  by 
which  14  people  and  200  head  of  cattle  perifhcd.  was  occafioned  by 
the  foundation  being  undermined  by  the  waters  of  a  river. 

Uncommon  animals,  T  All  the  animals  that  are  natives  of  Den- 
FOWLS,  AND  FISHES.  J  mark  are  to  be  found  m  Norway,  befides 
the  elk,  the  rein-deer,  the  hare,  the  rabbit,  the  bear,  the  wolf,  the 
lynx,  the  fox,  the  glutton,  the  leming,  the  ermine,  the  martin  and  the 
beaver.  The  elk  is  a  tall,  afh-colourcd  animal,  its  fhape  partaking  at 
once  of  the  horle  and  the  ftag  ;  it  is  harmlefs,  and,  in  the  winter,  fo- 
cial  ;  and  the  flefh  of  it  talles  like  venifon.  The  rein-deer  is  a 
Ipccics  of  flag,  and  will  be  defcribcd  h-^reaftcr. 

The  hares  arc  fmall ;  and  are  faid  to  live  upon  mice  in  the  winter 
time,  and  to  change  their  colour  from  brown  to  white.  The  Norwe- 
gian bears  a,re   ftrong  and  fagacious :  They  are  remarkable   for  not 

hurting 


NORWAY.  %y 

hurting  children  ;  but  their  other  qualities  are  in  common  with  the 
reft  of  their  fpecies  in  northern  countries;  nor  can  we  much  credit 
the  very  extraordinary  fpecimens  of  their  fagacity,  recorded  by  the 
natives  :  They  are  hunted  by  little  dogs  ;  and  fome  prefer  bear  hams 
to  thofe  of  Weltphalia.  The  Norwegian  wolves,  though  fierce,  arc 
{hy  even  of  a  cow  or  goat,  unlefs  impelled  by  hunger  :  The  natives 
are  dexterotis  in  digging  traps  for  them,  in  which  they  are  taken  or 
killed.  The  lynx,  by  fomo  called  the  gcupes,  is  fmaller  than  a  wolf, 
but  as  dangerous  :  They  are  of  the  cat-kind,  and  have  claws  like  ty- 
gers  :  They  dig  under  ground,  and  often  undermine  fheep-fold'^^, 
•where  they  make  dreadful  havock.  The  (kin  of  the  lynx  isbcaiiliiul 
and  valuable  ;  as  is  that  of  the  black  fox.  White  and  red  foxes  arc 
Jikewife  found  in  Norway,  and  partake  of  the  nature  of  that  wily  an- 
imal in  other  countries  ;  they  have  a  particular  way  of  drawing  crabs 
afhore,  by  dipping  their  tails  in  the  water,  which  the  crab  lays  holdof. 
The  glutton,  otherwife  called  the  erven,  orvielfras,  refemblej  adog  j 
with  a  long  body,  thick  legs,  fharp  claws  and  teeth  ;  his  fur,  which  is 
variegated,  is  fo  precious,  that  he  is  fliot  with  blunt  arrows,  to  pre- 
serve the  {kin  unhurt  :  He  ii  bold,  and  fo  ravenous,  that  it  is  faid 
he  will  devour  a  carcafe  larger  than  himfelf.  and  unburthcns  his  flom- 
ach  by  fqueezing  himfelf  between  two  clofc-ftanding  trees  :  When 
taken,  he  has  been  even  known  to  eat  flone  and  mortar.  The  crminf- 
is  a  little  creature,  remarkable  for  its  Ihynefs  and  cleanlincfs.  Their 
fur  forms  a  principal  part  even  of  royal  magnificence.  There  is  littls 
difference  between  the  martin  and  a  large  brown  fprell  cat,  only  its 
head  and  fnout  are  fliarper  ;  it  is  very  fierce,  and  its  bite  dangerous* 
The  beaver  has  been  defcribed  in  our  account  of  the  United  States  of 
America. 

Norway  produces  a  great  variety  of  birds.  The  alks  build  upon. 
rocks  ;  their  numbers  often  darken  the  air,  and  the  noifc  of  their 
wings  is  like  that  of  a  ftorm  ;  their  fize  isthe  bigntfs  of  a  large  duck  z 
They  are  an  aquatic  fowl,  and  their  flelh  is  much  cfleemed.  No 
fewer  than  thirty  different  kinds  of  thrufhes  are  faid  to  refide  in  Nor- 
way ;  with  various  kinds  of  pigeons,  and  feveral  forts  of  beautiful 
wild  ducks.  The  Norwegian  cock-of-the-wood  is  of  a  black  or  dark 
grey  colour,  his  eye  refembling  that  of  a  pheafant;  and  he  is  faid  t.> 
he  the  largeft  of  all  eatable  birds.  In  Norway  are  twP  kinds  of  cables, 
the  land  and  the  fea  ;  the  former  is  fo  llrong,  that  iie  has  been  known. 
to  carry  off  a  child  of  two  years  old  :  The  lea,  or  fifh  eagle,  is  larger 
than  the  other  ;  he  fubfifts  on  aquatic  food  ;  and  fomctimcs  darts  oa 
large  fidies  with  fuch  force,  that,  being  unable  to  free  his  talons  from. 
their  bodies,  he  is  dragged  into  the  water  and  drov/ncd. 

Nature  feems  to  have  adapted  thefc  aerial  inhabitants  for  the  coaft 
of  Norway  ;  and  induftry  has  produced  a  fpecies  cf  mankind  pecu^ 
liarly  fitted  for  making  them  ferviceable  to  the  human  race  :  I'hcfa 
are  the  birdmen,  or  climbers,  v/hoaie  amazingly  dexterous  in  mount- 
ing the  lleepeft  rocks,  and  bringing  away  the  birds  and  their  eggs  r 
The  latter  are  nutritive  food  :  The  ilefh  is  eaten  by  the  pcafants,  who 
generally  relifh  it  ;  while  the  feathers  and  down  form  a  profitable 
commodity.  Even  the  dogs  of  the  farmers,  in  the  nothern  dillii^ts 
arc  trained  up  to  be  alTiftants  to  thefe  birdmen  in  feizing  their  prc\'. 

The  Scandinavian  lakes  and  feas  abound  in  mofl:  kinds  of  fifh  that 

are  found  on  the  fca-coafls  of  Europe.     Stgck-fifh  in  ^reat  numbev^  are 

Ji  ■  caught 


a  N    o    R    w    A    r. 

caught  and  <iiic-i  upon  tlic  rocks  without  faltlng.  Some  fiflies  In  thov* 
feas,  however,  have  their  peculiarities.  The  haac-moren  is  a  fpecici 
of  (hark,  raid  to  be  ten  fathoms  in  length,  and  its  liver  yields  three 
calks  of  train  oil.  The  tuellaflynder  is  a  very  large  turbot',  which  has 
been  known  to  caver  a  man  who  had  fallen  overboard,  to  keep  him 
from  riling.  The  feafon  for  hcrring-filhing  is  announced  to  the  fifher- 
men  by  the  fpouting  of  water  from  the  whales  (of  which  fcven  different 
fpecies  arc  mentioned)  in  following  the  herring  flioals.  The  large 
whale  rcfcmblcs  a  coti,  with  fmal'l  eyes,  a  dark  marble  fkin,  and  white 
belly  :  They  fpout  out  the  water,  which  they  take  in  at  the  mouth 
through  two  holes  or  openings  in  the  head.  They  copulate  like 
land-animals,  (landing  upright  in  the  fea.  A  young  whale,  when  firft 
produced,  is  about  nine  or  ten  feet  long  ;  and  the  female  fometimes 
brings  forth  two  at  a  birth.  The  whale  devours  an  incredible  number 
of  fmall  fifli.  They  however  have  their  revenge  ;  fome  of  them 
fallen  on  his  back,  and  inceffantly  beat  him  ;  others,  with  fharp 
liorns,  or  rather  bones,  on  their  beaks,  fwim  under  his  belly,  and 
fometimes  rip  it  up  ;  fome  arc  provided  with  long  fliarp  teeth,  and 
tear  his  (lefh.  Even  the  aquatic  birds  of  prey  declare  war  againft  him 
when  he  comes  near  the  furface  of  the  water  ;  and  he  has  been  known 
to  be  fo  tortured,  that  he  has  beat  himfelf  to  death  on  the  rocks.  The 
roafts  of  Norway  lyiay  be  faid  to  be  the  native  country  of  herrings. — 
Innumerable  at'e  the  flioals  that  come  from  under  the  ice  at  the  north 
pole  ;  and  about  the  latitude  of  Iceland  divide  themfclves  into  three 
bodies:  One  of  thcfc  fupplics  the  Wellcrn  Illcs  and  coafts  of  Scot- 
lanfl.  another  direfhs  its  courfe  round  the  eaflern  part  of  Great  Britain 
down  the  Channel,  and  the  third  enters  the  Baltic  through  the  Sound. 
They  form  great  part  of  the  food  of  the  common  people  ;  and  the  cod^ 
iin?,'kabeliau,  and  torlk-fi(hes  follow  them,  and  feed  upon  their  fpawn  ; 
and  are  taken  in  prodigious  numbers  in  50  or  60  fathoms  of  water  ; 
thcfe.  cfpecially  their  roes,  and  the  oil  extra6lcd  from  their  livers,  are 
exported  and  fold  to  great  advantage  ;  and  above  150.000  pet>ple  are 
maintained  by  the  herring  and  other  fifliing  on  the  coaft  of  Norway. 
The  fea-devll  is  about  fix:  feet  in  leng'h,  and  is  fo  called  from  its  mon,- 
flrous  appearance  and  voracity.  The  fea-fcorpion  is  likewile  ofa 
jiidcous  form,  its  head  bsing  larger  than  its  whole  body,  which  is  about 
four  feet  in  length  ;  and  its  bite  is  faid  to  be  poifonous. 

The  accounts  of  the  ancients,  concerning  fea-monftcrs,  feemingly 
the  moft  fabulous,  are  rendered  credible  by  the  produftions  of  the 
Norwegian  feas  ;  and  the  fca-fnake,  or  ferpcnt  of  the  ocean,  is  no 
longer  counted  a  chimera.  In  1756,  one  of  them  was  Ihot  by  a  mailer 
of  a  fhip  •,  its  headrefcmbled  that  of  a  horfc  ;  the  mouth  was  large  an  i 
Mack,  as  were  the  eyes,  a  white  mane  hanging  from  its  neck  :  It 
floated  on  tlie  furface  of  the  water,  and  held  its  head  at  leafl  tv/o  feet 
out  of  the  fea  ;  between  the  head  and  neck  were  feven  or  eight  folds, 
which  wcrcvcr^'  thick.;  and  the  length  of  this  ihake  was  more  tlian 
a  hundred  yards,  fome  fay  fathoms.  They  have  a  remarkable  averfion 
to  the  fmeli  of  caitor  ;  for  which  rcafon,  fhip,  boat,  and  bark  mafher,i 
provide  tliemfelves  with  quantities  of  that  drug,  to  prevent  being 
pvcrfet  ;  the  ferpent's  oifaftory  nerves  being  remarkably  cxquifuc. 
The  particularities  related  of  this  animal  v/ould  bo  incredible,    were 

thtv 


N      O      R      W 


1^ 


they  not  attefted  upon  oath.  Egede  (a  very  reputable  author)  fayr, 
that  on  the  6th  day  of  July,  1734,  a  large  and  frightful  fca-monllcr 
raifed  itfelf  fo  high  out  of  the  water,  that  its  head  reached  above  the 
main-top-maft  of  the  (hip  ;  that  it  had  a  long  fharp  fnout,  broad  paws, 
and  fpouted  water  like  a  whale  ;  that  the  body  feemed  to  be  covered 
with  fcales  ;  the  (kin  was  uneven  and  wrinkled,  and  tlie  lower  ])art 
was  formed  like  a  fnakc.  The  body  of  this  monfter  is  faid  to  be  as 
thick  as  a  hogfhead  ;  his  fkin  is  variegated  like  a  tortoifc-flicU  ;  and 
his  excrement,  which  floats  upon  the  furfacc  of  the  water,  is  corrolivc, 
and  blifters  the  hands  of  the  fcaman  if  they  handle  it. 

I  am  under  great  difficulty  in  mentioning  the  kraken,  or  korvcn, 
whofe  exiftence  is  faid  to  be  proved  fo  fhrongly,  as  fecms  to  put  it  out 
of  all  doubt.  I  infert  the  common  defcription,  leaving  everyone  to 
judge  of  its  truth.  Its  bulk  is  faid  to  be  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circum- 
ference ;  and  when  part  of  it  appears  above  the  water,  it  refcmblcs  a 
number  of  fmall  iflands  and  fand-banks,  on  which  fiflies  difport  them- 
felves,  and  fea-weeds  grow  :  Upon  a  farther  emerging,  a  number  of 
pellucid  antennae,  each  about  the  height,  form,  and  hze  of  a  moderate 
mafb,  appear  ;  and  by  their  aftion  and  re-a6lion  he  gathers  his  food,  con- 
fiding of  fmall  fifhes.  When  he  finks,  which  he  does  gradually,  a 
dangerous  fwell  of  the  fca  fucceeds,  and  a  kind  of  whirlpool  is  nat\irallv 
formed  in  the  water.  In  1680,  a  young  kraken  periihed  among  ibu 
rocks  and  cliffs  of  the  parifh  of  Alftahong  :  and  his  death  was  attended 
by  fuch  a  ftench,  that  the  channel  where  it  died  was  impaffablc. — 
"Without  entering  into  any  romantic  theories,  we  may  fafely  fay,  that 
the  exiftence  of  this  fifa  being  proved,  accounts  for  many  of  tbeie  phe- 
nomena of  floating  iilands,  and  tranfitory  appearances  in  the  fea.  that 
have  hitherto  been  held  as  fabulous  by  the  learned,  who  could  have 
no  idea  of  luch  an  animal. 

The  mer-men  and  mer-women  refide  in  the  Norwegian  fcas.  The  mer- 
man is  about  eight  fpans  long,  and  has  fome  refemblance  to  the  human 
fpecies  ;  a  high  forehead,  little  eyes,  a  flat  nofe,  and  large  mouth, 
without  chin  or  ears,  charaftcrize  its  head  ;  its  arms  are  fliort,  but 
without  joints  or  elbows,  and  they  terminate  in  members  refemblii'.g 
a  human  hand,  but  of  the  paw  kind,  and  the  fingers  conneftcd  by  a 
membrane  ;  The  parts  of  generation  indicate  their  fexes  :  Their  under 
parts,  which  remain  in  the  water,  terminate  like  thofe  of  fiflies.  Ihe 
females  have  breads,  at  which  they  fuckle  their  young  ones. 

Curiosities.]  Thofe  of  Norway  are  all  natural  curiohties.  On 
the  coad,  latitude  67.  is  that  dreadful  vortex,  or  whirlpool,  called  by 
navigators  the  navel  of  the  fea,  and  by  fome  Maleftrom,  or  Mofkoedrom. 
The  illandMofkoc,  from  whence  this  dream  derives  its  name,  lies  be- 
tween the  mountain  Heileggen  in  Lofodcn,  and  the  iiland  Ver,  which 
are  about  one  league  didant  ;  and  between  the  ifland  and  coad  on  each 
fide,  the  dream  makes  its  wav.  Between  Mod:oe  and  Lofodeu  it  is 
near  400  fathoms  deep  ;  but  between  Mofkoeand  Vcr.  it  is  fo.  fhallow 
as  not  to  afford  paffage  for  a  fmall  fnip.  When  it  is  flood,  the  dream 
runs  up  the  country. between  Lofoden  and  Molkoe  with  aboidtioug 
rapidity  ;  and  when  it  is  ebb,  returns  to  the  fea  with  a  violence  and 
noife  unequalled  by  tlie  loaded  catarafts.  It  is  heard  at  the  d:dance 
of  many  leagues,  and  forms  a  vortex  or  whirlpool  of  great  depth  and 
extent ;  fo  violent,  that  if  a  fhip  comes  near  ir,  it  li  immediately  drawn 
B  2  inefidibly 


20  NORWAY. 

irrefiftlbly  'u\to  the  -whirl,  and  there  difappears,  being  abforhed  an^ 
carried  down  to  the  bottom  in  a  moment,  where  it  is  dafhcd  to  pieces 
againft  the  rocks  ;  and  juft  at  the  turn  of  ebb  and  flood,  when  the 
water  becomes  ftill  for  about  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  it  rifes  again  in  fcat- 
tered  fragments.  W'hen  it  is  agitated  by  a  florm,  it  has  reached  velfels 
<-t  the  diftancc  of  more  than  a  Norway  mile,  where  the  crews  have 
thought  fhemfelves  in  perfefcl  fccurity.  Perhaps  it  is  hardly  in  the 
power  of  fancy  to  conceive  a  fituation  of  more  horror,  than  that  of 
'  being  thus  driven  forward  bv  the  fudden  violence  of  an  impetuous 
torrent  to  the  vortex  of  a  whirlpool,  of  which  the  noiie  and  turbulence 
ftill  incrcafing  as  it  is  approached,  are  an  earnefk  of  quick  and  inevita- 
ble deflruftion  ;  while  the  wretched  viftims,  in  an  agony  of  defpair 
and  terror,  cry  out  for  that  help  whicli  they  know  to  be  impoffible  ; 
and  fee  before  them  the  dreadful  abyl's  in  which  they  are  about  to  be 
plunged,  and  dafhcd  among  the  rocks  at  the  bottom. 

Even  animals,  which  have  come  too  near  the  vortex,  have  expreffed 
the  utmoft  terror  when  they  find  the  ftream  irrehftible.  Whales  are 
frequently  carried  away  ;  and  the  moment  they  feel  the  force  of  the 
water,  they  ftruggle  againft  it  with  all  their  might,  howling  and  bel- 
lowing in  a  frightful  manner.  The  like  happens  frequently  to  bears, 
who  attempt  to  fwim  to  the  iiland  to  prey  upon  tlie  fhcep. 

It  wa&  the  opinion  of  Kircher,  that  the  Malcfl.rom  is  a  fea  vortex, 
which  attrafts  the  flood  under  the  fliore  of  Norway,  and  difcharges  it 
again  in  the  gulf  of  Bothnia  :  But  this  opinion  is  now  known  to  be 
erroneous,  by  the  return  of  the  fhattcred  fragments  of  whatever  hap- 
pftis  to  be  fucked  dovv-n  by  it.  The  large  fl;ems  of  firs  and  pines  rife 
again  fo  Ihivered  and  fplintered,  that  the  pieces  look  as  if  covered 
with  briftles.  The  whole  phienomena  ai'e  the  eff"e£ls  of  the  violence 
of  the  daily  ebb  and  flow,  occafioned  by  the  contraction  of  the  flream 
in  its  couriCe  between  the  rocks. 

People,  lancuace,  religion', 1  The  Norwegians  are  of  a  mid-. 
AND  CUSTOMS  Ob'  NoRWAY.  /  dlc  charaftcr,  bctwecn  the  fimple 
Greenlanders  and  Icelanders,  and  the  more  poliflicd  Danes.  Their 
rellgion  is  Lutheran  ;  and  they  have  bilhops,  as  thofe  of  Denmark, 
without  temporal  jurifditlion.  Their  viceroy,  like  his  mafter,  is  abfo- 
lute  ;  but  the  farmers  and  com.mou  people  in  Norway  are  much  lefs 
opprcflcd  than  thofe  in   Denmark. 

The  Norwegians  in  general  are  ftrong,  robuft,  and  brave  ;  but  quick 
in  rcfenting  real  or  fuppofed  injuries.  The  women  are  handfomc  and 
courteous  ;  and  the  Norwegian  forms,  both  of  living  and  enjoying 
property,  are  mild,  and  greatly  refembling  the  Saxon  anceftors  of  the 
prefent  Englifli.  Every  inhabitant  is  an  artifan,  and  fupplies  his  fami- 
ly in  all  its  neccflaries  with  his  ov/n  manufafturcs  ;  fo  that  in  Norway 
there  are  few  by  prcfeflion  who  are  hatters,  ihoe-makers,  taylors;  tan- 
ners, weavers,  carpcnreis,  fmiths,  or  joiners.  'Fhe  loweft  Norwegian 
peafant  is  an  artift,  a  gentleman,  and  even  a  poet,_  I'hcv  often  mix 
with  oat-meal,  the  bark  of  the  fir,  majle  into  a  kind  of  flour  ;  being  re- 
duced to  very  extraordinary  fliifts  forlupplying  the  place  of  bread,  or 
farinaceous  food.  The  middle  clals  of  Norwegians  live  in  plenty  ; 
but,  what  is  Angular,  they  are  neither  fond  of  luxury,  nor  do  they 
dread  penury  :  And  tliis  middle  flate  prolongs  their  ages  furprifingly, 

late, 
yc:. 


NORWAY.  2t 

yet,  through  cuftom,  inftcad  of  guarding  againftthe  inclemency  of  the 
weather,  theyourbrave  it  ;  for  theyexpofc  thcnifclvcs  tocoUl,  without 
any  cover  upon  their  brcafts  or  necks.  A  Norwegian  of  a  hundred 
years  of  age  is  not  accounted  pafl  his  labour  :  And  in  1733,  four  cou- 
ples were  married,  and  danced  before  his  Danifli  Majcily  at  Fredeiic- 
ihall,  whofc  ages,  when  joined,  exceeded  800  years. 

The  funeral  ceremonies  of  the  Norwegians  contain  vefliges  of  their 
former  paganifm  :  They  play  on  tlie  violin  at  the  hxad  of  ihc  coffin, 
and  while  the  corpfc  is  carried  to  the  rluirch,  ^^'bich  is  often  done  in 
a  boat.  In  fome  places  the  mourners  a{k  the  dead  pcrfon  why  he  died  ; 
whether  his  wife  and  neighbours  were  kind  to  him,  and  otlicr  iuch 
queflions  ;  frequently  kneeling  down  and  alking  forgivcneis,  if  ever 
they  had  offended  the  deceafed. 

CoMMUKCE.]  We  have  little  to  add  to  this  head,  different  from 
what  fhall  be  obferved  in  our  account  of  Denmark.  The  duties  on 
their  exports,  moll  of  which  have  been  already  recounted,  amount  to 
about  100,000  rix-doUars  a  year. 

Strength  and  revenue.]  By  the  heft  calculations,  Norway  caa 
furnilh  out  14,000  excellent  feamen,  and  above  30. coo  brave  foldiers, 
for  the  ufe  of  their  king.  The  royal  annual  revenue  from  Norway- 
amounts  to  near  200.OC0I.  and  till  his  picfent  majelly's  acceflion,  tlie 
army,  inftiad  of  being  expcnfive,  added  confiderably  to  his  income,  by 
the  fubfidies  it  brought  him  in  from  foreign  princes. 

HisroRV.]  Wc  muff  refer  to  Denmark  likcwifo  for  this  head. — 
The  ancient  Norwegians  certainly  were  a  very  brave  and  powciAil 
people,  and  the  hardic ft  feamen  in  the  world.  If  wc  arc  to  belicrc 
their  hillories,  they  were  no  ffrangcrs  to  America  long  before  it  was 
difcovered  by  Columbus.  Many  cuiloms  of  their  anceftors  arc  yet. 
difcernible  in  Ireland  and  tlic  north  of  Scotland,  where  they  made 
frequent  defcents,  and  fome  fettlcments,  which  arc  generally  confound- 
ed with  thofc  of  the  Danes.  From  their  being  the  molt  turbulent, 
they  arc  become  now  the  moft  loyal  fubjcfts  in  Europe;  which  we 
can  eafily  account  for,  fi-om  the  barbarity  and  tyranny  of  their  kings, 
•when  a  feparate  people.  Since  the  union  of  Calmar,  which  united 
Norway  to  Denmark,  their  hiilcry,  as  well  as  intcrc-'ls,  are  the  Iani'2 
with  that  of  Denmark, 


J)liNMARK  PRorER,  OR  JUTLAND,  exclusive  o?  the  Islands 
IX  THE  BALTIC. 

EXTENT    AND     SITUATION. 
Miles.  Degrees, 

Length   2^0    "1    bpt.^y^.j.„    /    54  and  5^  ^''<^'"«'"'  latitude. 
Breadth  114    j  I      ^  and   xt  Eaff  longitude. 

Boundaries  and  VTT  is  divided  on  the  north  from  Nonvay  by  i)  <- 
DIVISIONS.         S  AScaggcrac  fea  ;  and  from  Sweden  on  the  call,  by 
the  Sound  ;  on  the  fouth  by  Germany  and  the  Baltic  ;  and  the  Ger- 
man fea  divides  it  from   Great  Rritain  on  the  wc!}./ 

Denmark  Proper  is  divided  info  iwo  p;n  ts  :  'J 'lie  peninfiila  of  J-;t- 
land,  anciently  called  Cimhria  C/tCij1-)i-/'.is,Vind  the  iflands  at  the  cniran:  p 
of  the  Baltic,  mentioned  in  the  table.  It  is  rcmarkablf,  that;hough 
all  thefc  together  conftitute  the  kingdom  of  Dcrnnark,  yi;t  not  any  on<^ 
of  them  is  f.'paratcly  called  by  that  u..v.  -.%  ("lim.vi  f.J 


^2  DENMARK. 

Clim.vte."]  The  climate  is  more  temperate  in  this  country,  on  ac- 
r.ount  of  the  vapours  from  the  furrounding  fca,  than  it  is  in  many  more 
foutherly  parts  of  Europe.  Spring  and  autumn  are  feafons  fcarcely 
known  in  Denmark,  on  account  of  the  fudden  tranfitions  from  cold  to 
]\eat,  and  from  heat  to  cold,  which  diftinguifh  the  climate  of  this  king- 
dom. In  all  the  northern  provinces  of  Denmark  the  winters  are  very 
iovere,  fo  that  the  inhabitants  often  pafs  arms  of  thefea  in  fledges  upon 
tlic  ice  ;  and  during  the  winter  all  their  harbours  are  frozen  up. 

Religion'.]  In  Denmark,  as  in  S^veden,  the  eftablifhed  religion 
is  the  Lutheran,  which  was  introduced  in  the  year  153S.  Chrillians 
of  all  other  profeflions,  and  Jews,  are  tolerated.  MifTions  for  the 
.-  onvcrfion  of  pagans  are  eftablifmed  in  the  more  remote  poffeffions  of 
this  crown,  in  l.apland,  Greenland,  and  Tranquebar.  The  Danifh 
clern;y  coniifts  of  bifhops,  provofls,  and  miniflcrs.  The  bifliops,  called 
in  public  afts  fuperintendants,  are  fix  in  number,  of  whom  the  biflrop 
of  Seeland  is  the  firft  in  rank.  All  ecclefiallical  affairs  are  fubjeft  to 
the  regulations  and  the  jurifdiflion  of  the  college  of  Supreme  Infpec- 
Tors  ;  the  provofts  convene  every  fix  months  a  fubordinate  meeting  of 
Tl\e  rniniftcrs  under  their  infpeftiott,  in  which  they  prefide,  and  over 
wliich  they  excrcife  a  jurifdifkion  ;  from  which  an  appeal  lies  to  the 
Supreme  Infpcftors. 

LAN'GUAGii;  AND  LEARNING.]  Thc  language  of  Denmark  is  a  dla» 
left  of  the  Teutonic  ;  but  High  .Dutch  and  French  are  fpoken  at  court  ; 
and  the  nobility  have  lately  made  great  advances  in  the  Englifh,  which 
is  now  publicklv  taught  at  Copenhagen  as  a  necelfary  part  of  educa- 
ti*i.  A  company  of  Englifli  comedians  occafionally  vifit  that  capital, 
where  they  find  tolerable  encouragement.  Denmark  has  two  univer- 
itties,  tliat  of  Copenhagen,  and  tliat  of  Kiel  ;  two  academical  colleges, 
i;t  Soix>c  and  Odenicc  ;  and  thirty-two  other  great  fchools  in  the  prin» 
cipal  towns.  There  is  at  Copenhag'^.n  a  royal  fociety  of  fcienccs  ;  an 
juftorical  focictv  for  the  fludy  of  Northern  hiflory  ;  another  of  Ice- 
landic hiftory  and  literature  ;  an  academy  for  painting  and  architefhure  j 
a  college  of  phylicians  and  fur^eons  ;  and  another  Tocicty  of  fciences 
at  Drontheim.  This  kingdom  fi-iares  with  Sweden  the  praife  of  pro-f 
uiolino;  fcicnces,  by  fending  numbers  of  learned  men,  at  the  public  cx- 
pcnl'c,  to  all  parts  of  the  globe,  in  order  to  make  ufeful  difcoveries. 

Cai'it.m.  J  Copenhai;en  is  the  capital  of  Denmark,  and  the  refi- 
tlcncc  of  the  king.  It  lies  in  N.  Lat.  55°,  41,  and  E.  Lon.  12°^  50, 
iiud  (lands  on  a  low,  TOarHiy  ground,  on  the  margin  of  the  Baltic  fea, 
iind  has  a  beautiful  and  commodious  harbour,  which  admits  only  one 
fiiip  to  eater  it  at  a  time^  but  is  capable  of  containing  5P0.  The  road 
f<,r  the  fliipping  begins  aiaout  two  miles  from  the  town,  and  is  defended 
by  c,o  pieces  of  cannon.  On  the  land  fide  are  fome  lakes  which  fur- 
:iiih  ihc  iithabitants  with  plenty  of  frefli  water.  The  adjacent  coun- 
try  is  plea'TftUt  ;  and  oppofite  the  city  lies  the  ifland  of  Amac,  which  is 
\,ery  fruitful,  and  forms  the  harbour.     It  is  joined  to  tlie  town  by  two 

Thij  city  ia  more  tlian  fix  miles  in  circumference,  and  makes  a  fjic 
-.ppcarancc  at  ?;  difbance.  It  contains  1 1  fquares  and  markets,  nearly 
:  coltrceis,!  royJi  caftlcs,  10  parifh,  and  pother  churches,  fcveral  pala- 
.;js.  betwcfii  4  and  5000  burghers  houfes,  fome  of  which  are  inhabited 
Ly  loormore  faa:?;lies,  and  about  87,000  inhabitants,  Thiscity  is  di- 
vided 


DENMARK.  23 

vided  Into  Old  Copenhagen,  New  Copcnhai^cn,  and  ChrlPiians-Hafcn, 
which  lies  in  the  ille  Amac.  I'he  two  lalt  divifions  being  more  mod- 
ern than  the  lirlt,  are  laid  out  in  broad  llrects,  running  in  a  ftraitline. 
Since  the  lafl;  great  fire,  the  ftreets  of  Old  Copenhagen,  have  been  alter- 
ed for  the  better.  There  are  in  fome  pans  of  the  city,  broad  and  deep 
«anals,  into  which  large  fliipsmay  enter,  and  lade  and  unlade  clofc  to 
the  ware  houfcs. 

Among  the  moft  remarkable  public  buildings  arc  1  ft,  The  preat  War- 
tow  Hofpital  in  the  weft  quarter  of  Old  Copenhagen,  containing  up- 
wards of  300  beds  for  the  Tick  and  poor,  each  of  wiiom  has  his  lodging 
gratis,  and  a  weekly  aUowance  of  lialf  a  rix  dollar.  Clofc  to  this  hol- 
pital  is  afmall  church,  fo  contrived,  that  the  bed-ridden  may  hear  di- 
vine fervice  in  their  beds. — 2d,  The  Orphan  houfc.  which  takes  up  one 
entire  fide  of  the  New-Market,  and  is  a  great  ornament  to  it.  3d,  The 
city  prifon,  which  has  its  particular  church.  4th,  A  large  edifice,  in  tlic 
flrand  quarter  of  the  old  city,  in  the  firft  llory  of  which  is  the  Arfenal  ; 
in  the  iecond  the  king's  library  ;  in  the  third  the  pitturc  gallery,  the 
royal  cabinet  of  curiofities,  and  the  cabinet  of  medals  :  and  in  the 
fourth  the  cabinet  of  models.  Between  ChrifUan-Hafen  and  C'openha- 
gen  is  a  high  pillar,  ereclcd  in  the  middle  of  the  water,  on  which  is  the 
llatue  of  a  naked  woman,  with  a  fwan  on  her  left  fide,  that  extends  its 
neck  behind  her  hack,  and  bringing  its  head  over  her  light  flioulucr, 
puts  its  bill  into  her  mouth. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  city  arc  modlv  Lutherans — the  CalviniHs 
have  a  churcli  to  thcmielves  :  The  Jews  have  their  fynagogucs  ;  and 
the  Roman  Catholics  rcfort  to  the  chapels  of  the  foreign  rninifters  of 
their  religion.  The  magiftracy  of  Copenha£:en  confifls  of  a  prdidcnt, 
three  burgomafters,  and  i'ome  vice-burgomaficrs,  and  common  councd- 
nien. 

Wealth  and  commerce.^  If  the  cold  and  barren  kingdom  of  Nor- 
way did  not  require  large  fupplics  of  corn  from  Denmark,  the  latter 
wouldbe  able  to  export  a  confidcrable  quantity  of  it.  Slefwic.  jutlau'l, 
Seeland,  and  I.eland,  are  very  rich  corn  countries.  Black  cattle,  vw'hich 
is  in  great  abundance,  and  of  great  cxceller.cc  in  thefe  provinces,  is  a 
moH  valuable  article  of  conimercc  with  the  nciglibotuMng  proviiices  of 
Germany  :  Between  Co  and  80.000  head  of  cattle  are  annuallv  iuld. — 
Denmark  is  rather  deficient  in  flieep,  with  which  the  climate  does  nut 
jjgree  fo  well,  'ilie  chief  produce  of  Norwav  is  wood  and  timber  ■, 
the  annvial  exports  of  mafts,  planks,  balks,  and  fir-wood,  amount  ti> 
the  value  of  i. 000. 000  rix-dollars  :  This  trade  is  chiefly  carried  en  b-y 
the  towns  of  Chriftiana,  and  Drontheim  ;  one  dillritl  in  tlie  govern- 
ment of  Drontheim  fupplics  annually  535.000  planks.  Norway  ex- 
porcs  great  variety  of  peltiy,  confifling  of  Ikins  of  bears,  lynxes, 
wolves,  ermine,  grey  fqitirrcls.  and  Icveral  forts  of  foxes,  rein-deer,  elks, 
&c.  The  mines  of  Norway  are  very  valuable  ;  thcr.c  is  but  little  gold 
found,  except  at  Edsfort,  in  the  government  of  Chriftiana.  The  mines 
at  Konfberg  and  Jarllberg  produce  iilvcr  to  the  value  of  300 — 350.000 
rix-dollars  annually  ;  and  thev  employ  upwards  of  40C0  miners  :  Gov- 
ernment, however,  does  not  derive  anv  revenue  Irom  thefe  mines,  the 
cxpenfes  of  which  exceed  the  profits.  Tlic  iron-works  in  this  ki::,;- 
dom  produce  an  annual  profit  of  60.000  rix-dollars.  About  4 — 5coo 
{hip-pound  of  copper   are  exported  ;  the  greatcfl  jr.ir.c  of  this  metal  la 


£4 


N      M      A      R      K. 


at  Roevaa,  in  the  government  of  Drontheim.  The  number  of  miners 
in  Norway  amounts  to  about  8000.  Norway  has  very  valuable  fifheries. 
According  to  Pontoppidan,  upwards  of  100  fpeciesof  fifhes  arc  caught 
:n  thcfe  feas  ;  of  which  the  articles  of  cod,  herrings,  and  whales,  are 
valued  at  near  two  million  of  rix-dollars.  The  fame  author  informs 
us,  that  Norway  exports  large  quantities  of  train  oil.  The  imports  of 
Denmark  confiTt  chiefly  in  corn  ;  as  to  Norway,  only  ,"4,  part  of  it  is 
fit  for  agriculture  ;  befides  corn,  the  articles  of  fait,  flax,  linen,  wool, 
brandy,  Vv-inc,  fruits,  filk,  fpices,  hardwarcj  and  luxuries,  are  imported', 
Norway  being  thinly  peopled,  and  little  acquainted  with  luxury,  and 
poifeffing  the  above-mentioned  valuable  articles  of  exportation,  has, 
upon  the  whole,  the  balance  of  trade  in  its  favour,  which  is  againftthc 
kingdom  of  Denmark.  The  whole  of  the  exports  of  Denmark  and 
llolftein,  amounted  in  1768  to  1,382,681  rix-dollars;  the  imports  to 
5,976,800  r.d.  The  exportr,  of  Norway,  to  1,711,369,  and  tlie  imports 
to  1, 238, £.84  dollars.  (Bufching).  There  are  at  prcfent  two  trading 
'companies,  an  Eaft-India,  and  a  Guinea  and  Weft-India  company,  an 
Infvuance  company,  and  a  paper-bank.  The  paffage  through  the 
Sund,  between  Helfingoer  and  Helfingborg,  is  very  much  frequented  : 
In  I  783,  11,161  fhips  pailed  it ;  the  number  of  fhips  is  at  prefent  more 
than  double  the  number  of  thofe  which  paffed  it  in  L750.  Manufac- 
tures do  not  thrive  in  Denmark  ;  there  are,  however,  feveral  manu- 
factures of  cloth,  hardware,  china,  gloves,  &c.  refineries  of  fugar,  falt- 
petre-works,  &c.  For  the  encouragement  and  convenience  of  inland 
trade,  a  navigable  canal  has  been  drawn  lately  from  Kiel,  through  Hol- 
ftein,  to  the  rivir  iLyder  ;  by  means  of  which  the  Baltic  and  th6 
Ccrman  fea  are  connected.  The  chief  commercial  towns  in  this  king- 
dom are,  Copenhagen,  Flenfburg,  and  Kiel  ;  and  Bergen  and  Dron- 
theim, in  Norway.  Of  late  the  Danes  have  a  commercial  intercOurfe 
^vith  the  United  States  of  America,  whence  they  have  received,  in 
one  year,  from  Oclober  1790,  in  various  commodities,  to  the  amount 
'of  277,273  Dols.   53  Cents. 

Curiosities,  NATURAL  and  ARTii-iciAL.]  Denmark  Proper,  af- 
fords fewer  of  thefe  than  the  other  parts  of  his  Danilh.  majefty's  do- 
minions, if  we  except  the  contents  of  the  Royal  Mufeum  at  Copenha- 
gen, wliich  conhfts  of  a  nvimerous  colle£licn  of  both.  It  contains  fcv- 
rr.il  good  paintings,  and  a  finCcoUeflion  of  coins,  particularly  thofe  of 
^!ie  Confuls  in  the  time  of  tlie  Roman  Republic,  and  of  the  Emperors 
ui'rer  tiie  feat  of  empire  v»'as  divided  into  the  Eafh  and  Weft.  Befides 
artificial  flicletons,  ivory  carvings,  models,  clock-work,  and  a  beautiful 
vabinet  of  ivory  and  ebony,  made  by  a  Danifh  artift,  who  was  blind, 
liere  are  to  be  feen  two  famous  antitjue  drinking  veffels  ;  the  one  of 
gold,  the  other  of  hlver,  and  both  in  the  form  of  a  hunting-horn  :  That 
<A  gold  feems  to  be  of  Pagan  manufaclurc  ;  and  from  the  raifcd  hie- 
roglypliical  figures  on  its  outfide,  it  probably  was  made  ufe  of  in  Vclig- 
.ous  ceremonies  ;  It  is  about  two  feet  nine  inches  long,  weighs  102 
;)uncos,  contains  two  Englifii  pints  and  a  half,  and  was  found  in  the  dio- 
t  efe  of  Ripen,  in  the  year  L630.  The  other,  of  ftlver,  weighs  about  four 
pounds,  and  is  termed  Cornu  Oidenburgicuni  ;  which,  they  fay,  was  pre- 
sented to  Olho  I.  duke  of  Oldenburg,  by  a  ghoft.  This  mufeum  is 
-ikewife  furniflicd  with  a  prodigious  number  of  aftronomical,  optical, 
j.iicl   ni^thcmaticai   inftrumeHts  ;  fomc   Indian  curiohties,  and  a  fet  of 

•fticdals 


D.      E      N"     M      A      R      K.  25 

medals  ancient  and  modern.  Many  curious  aftronomical  inflrumcnts 
are  likewife  placed  in  the  round  tower  at  Copenhagen  ;  which  is  fo 
contrived  that  a  coach  may  drive  to  its  top.  The  village  of  Anakn, 
lying  between  Flenfburg  and  Slefwick,  is  alfo  cfteemcd  a  curiolity.  as 
giving  its  name  to  the  Angles,  or  Anglo-Saxon  inhabitants  of  Great- 
Britain,  and  the  anceflors  of  the  bulk  of  the  modern  Englifli. 

The  greateft  rarities  in  his  Dani'fh  majcfly's  dominions  are  omitted, 
howev(?r,  by  geographers  ;  I  mean  thofe  ancient  infcriptions  upon 
rocks,  that  are  mentioned  by  anticjuaries  and  liifloVians  ;  and  are  ger.cr- 
ally  thought  to  be  the  old  and  original  manner  of  writing,  bcfoi\;  tlni 
ufe  of  paper  of  any  kind,  and  waxen  tables,  was  known.  Thcfc  char- 
afters  are  Runic,  and  fo  imperfc6lly  underftood  by  the  learned  them- 
felves,  that  their  meaning  is  very  uncertain  ;  but  they  are  imagined 
to  be  hiftorical.  Stephanus,  in  his  notes  upon  Saxo-Grammaticus,  has 
exhibited  fpecimens  of  feveral  of  thofe  infcriptions. 

Government. 3  The  ancient  kingsof  De:imark  er<crrifed  a  power 
limited  by  the  very  confiderabic  rights  and  privileges  polfclfed  by  the 
eftates  of  the  kingdom,  via.  the  nobility,  the  clergy  and  the  commons* 
It  was  no  longer  ago  than  the  beginning  of  1661,  that  the  eftates,  an- 
noyed by  diffenfions  among  themfclves,  and  guided  by  leaders  indif- 
ferent to  the  inefliimable  bleffings  of  liberty,  took  the  rafll  ftcp  of  fur- 
rendering  their  native  rights  to  their  monarch.  Since  this  fervile  aft 
of  fubmilfion,  the  kings  of  Denmark  have  been  poffelfedof  an  abfolutd 
2nd  uncontroled  authority,  fubjeft  to  the  conditions  of  their  profeif- 
ing  the  eftablifhed  proteftant  religion,  and  preferving  the  dominions  of 
the  kingdom  undivided.  The  order  of  fucceffion  was  fettled  in  1665, 
by  the  Lex  Regia,  which  renders  women  capable  of  fucceeding  to  the 
throne.  The  law  of  Indigenate,  which  excludes  foreigners, not  natur- 
alized, from  holding  any  employment  of  tnift  or  profit,  was  introduc- 
ed by  the  prefent  king.  Chriftian  V.  publiflied  an  excellent  code  of 
civil  and  criminal  laws,  for  the  ufe  of  the  kingdoms  of  Denmark  and 
Noi"way  ;  Iceland  retaining  its  very  ancient  and  peculiar  cuftomary 
law.  The  Roman  or  civil  la^v  is  not  in  force  in  this  kingdom,  nor  is 
any  regard  paid  to  other  foreign  fyftems  of  law.  Juflice  is  adminifter- 
ed  in  the  feveral  courts  with  great  fairncfs  and  difpatch,  according  to 
the  fnnple  and  excellent  regulations  of  the  code  of  laws.  The  high- 
eft  department  of  adminiftration  is  the  cabinet,  or  fupreme  council, 
compofed,  at  prefent,  of  the  hereditary  prince  and  fix  miniftcrsof  ftate, 
prefidents  of  the  fubordinaie  departments  ;  among  which  that  of  for- 
eign affairs  is  confidered  as  the  moft  honourable.  There  are  two 
chanceries,  one  for  the  Danifli,  and  the  other  for  the  German  lan- 
guage. Each  province  has  a  particular  governour  prcfiding  over  the 
provincial  departments. 

Punishments. ]  The  common  method  of  execution  in  Denmark  is 
beheading  and  hanging  :  In  lomc  cafes,  as  an  aggravation  of  the  pun- 
iflrment  the  hand  is  chopped  off  before  the  other  part  of  the  fcntencc  15 
executed.  For  the  moft  atrocious  crimes,  fuch  as  the  nuuder  of  a  fa- 
ther or  mother,  hufband  or  wife,  and  robbery  upon  the  highway',  the 
malefaftor  is  broken  upon  the  wheel.  But  capital  puniflimcnts  arc 
not  common  in  Denmark  :  And  t!ie  other  principal  modes  ot  punifli- 
iTient  are  branding  in  the  face,  whipping,  condemnation  to  the  raip- 
heul'e,  to  houfcs  of  correflion,  and  to  public  labour  and  iminiionmcnt  ; 

all 


e6  DENMARK. 

nil  which  arc  varied  in  duration  and  vigour,  according  to  the  nature  of 

the  crime. 

FiNANCss.]       Seven  millions  of  dollars.  In    the    year    1769, 

6,2yi.oco  dolhiii. 

J.   Denmark                   -           -                  -  -                  3,106,000 

•-;.  Norway         -                  _             -              .  .              i;6oo.ooo 

3.  Slcfwick  and  llolftein             -              .  ,                1,328,000 

4.  Oldcnburi;,  Dclmenhorft,  and  Ploen  -                   31)0,007 

5.  \\'cft  India  Illands              -                  _         .  .             ^33.000 

The  Ring's  private  ChatcuUe. 

1.  The  cuflom  of  the  Sund  -  -  -  -  700,000 

c.  From  the  town  of  Aitona  -  -  -  18.000 

The  debts  were  in  1770  only  about  1,400,000  dollars,  and  finee  that 
time  they  have  been  fliil  more  dimifhed. 

Army.}  Accord ijig  to  the  new  plan  of  1  785,  which  has  been  al- 
nioft  executed,  the  number  of  the  army  will  be  as  follows  :  I.  Caval- 
ry, 6073  men.  2.  Infantr\',  33,475  men.  3.  For  Norway,  35.715.  To- 
rai  of  the  armv,  75,263. 

The  expenfes  of  the  army  will  amount  to  only  1,663,922  rix-dollars. 
There  is  a  militar\-  fchool  at  Copenhagen. 

Navy, 3     (1770)  Sixty-one  fail,  viz. 

Thirty-one  Ihips  of  the  line. 

Nine  ditto  of  50  g\ins. 

'J'wei'.ty-one  frigates,  befides  fome  (loops,  bombs,  and  fire-fhips.— 
Only  25  fliips  of  tiae  line  and  15  frigates  are  tit  for  fervice.  There 
bp.ve  been  fome  more  built  lately.  There  are  employed  in  the  King's 
ihips  5ooofailois,  be  fides  a  corps  of  marines.  At  Copenhagen  there  is 
.i  naval  academy. 

History.}  Denmark  was  little  known  till  the  vear  714,  when 
Cormo  was  king.  There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  Scandinavians  or 
Cimbri,  and  the  Teutones  (the  inhabitants  of  Denmaik,  Norway,  and 
S^reden)  were  Scvthians  by  tiieir  original.  By  Scythia  may  be  undcr- 
ilood  all  tliofe  noithcrn  countries  of  Europe  and  Afia  (now  inhabited 
by  the  Danes,  Norwegians,  Swedes,  Rufhans,  and  Tartars)  whofe  in- 
■n::hirants  overturned  and  peopled  the  Roman  empire,  and  continued 
fo  iateas  the  13th  century  to  iffue  forth  in  large  bodies,  and  naval  ex- 
peditions, ravaging  the  more  foutliern  and  fertile  kingdoms  of  Europe  ; 
hence  by  Sir  William  Temple,  and  other  liiftorians.  they  are  termed 
the  Tzorthnn  Hive,  the  MoUur  of  Nations,  thi  Stonliou/e  cf  Europe. 

In  the  clcvcntli  century  under  Canute  the  Great,  Denmark  may  be 
faid  to  have  been  in  its  r.cnith  of  gloiy,  as  far  as  extent  of  Dominion 
car.  give  fanfclion  to  the  exprefnon.  Few  very  intercfting  events 
tu  Denmark  preceded  the  yeari3!:>7.  ivhen  Margaret  mounted  that 
t]in>nc  ;  and  partly  by  her  addrcfs,  and  partly  by  hereditary  right,  fnc 
formed  the  union  of  Calmar,  anno  1307,  bv  which  fhe  was  acknowl- 
cd;ed  fovcreign  of  Sweden,  Denmark,  and  Norway.  Sb.e  held  her 
dignity  w'nh  fuch  finnnefs  and  courage,  that  Ihc  was  ju2T;ly  il)led  the 
Scmiramis  of  the  North.  Her  fucceiicrs  being  dcftitute  of  her  great 
cVjaliEcations,  the  union  of  Calmar,  by  which  the  three  kingdoms  were 
in  future  to  be  undirr  one  fovereign.  fell  (o  nothing.  Norway,  how- 
ever, ftill  continued  annexed  to  Denmark.  About  the  year  1448, 
t'.o  crown  of  Denmark  fell  to  Chriflian,   count  of  Oldenburg,   from 

wlioiu 


DENMARK.  27 

Wnom  the  prefent  royal  family  of  Denmark  is  dcfcendcd.  About  the 
year  1536,  the  proteftant  rclii^ion  was  eflablifhcd  in  Denmark,  by  that 
wife  and  politic  prince  ',  hriilian  111. 

Chrifhian  IV.  of  Denmark,  waschofcn  head  of  the  proteflant  league, 
formed  againft  the  houfe  of  AuUria  in  1629,  r::id  died  in  1648.  and 
was  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Frederic  III  ;  who  Avas  pcrfuaded  bv  the 
Dutch,  to  declare  war  againfl  Charles  Guflavus,  king  of  Sweden,  which 
had  almoft  cofh  him  his  crown,  in  1657.  Frederic,  who  was  a  man  of 
great  abilities,  both  civil  and  military,  was  fucceeded  in  1670,  by  his 
unfortunate  fon  Chriftian  V.  who  dUff  1699.  His  fuccelfor  was  the 
brave  and  war-like  Frederic  l\\  who  died  17.30,  having,  tv/o  years  be- 
fore, fcen  his  capital  reduced  to  afaesby  an  accidental  fire.  His  fon  and 
fucceffor  Chriftian  VI.  made  no  other  ufe  of  his  power  and  the  advant- 
ages with  which  he  mounted  the  throne,  than  to  cultivate  peace  with 
all  his  neighbours,  and  to  promote  the  happincls  of  liiifubjcfts  ;  whom 
he  eafcd  of  many  opprelfive  taxes. 

In  1734,  after  guaranteeing  the  Pragmatic  San6l:cn.*  Chriftian  fent 
€ooo  men  to  the  afTiftance  of  the  Emperor,  during  the  difpute  of  the 
fucceffion  to  the  crown  of  Poland.  Though  he  was  pacific,  yet  he  was 
jealous  of  his  rights,  cfoecially  over  Hamburg.  He  obliged  the  Ham- 
burgers to  call  in  the  mediation  of  Pruflia,  to  abolifii  their  bank,  to 
admit  the  coin  of  Denm.ark  as  current,  and  to  pay  him  a  million  of 
fdver  marks.  Chriftian  died  in  1746.  with  the  chtrafter  of  being  the 
father  of  his  people. 

His  fon  and  fuccefTor,  Frederic  \'.had,  in  1743.  married  the  princef? 
Louifa,  daughter  to  his  Britannic  majefty  George  II.  He  improved 
upon  his  father's  plan,  for  the  hapninefs  of  his  people.  Upon  the  death 
of  his  firft  queen,  who  was  mother  to  his  prefent  Danifh  majefty,  he 
married  a  daughter  of  the  duke  of  Brunfviric-Wolfenbuttlc  ;  and  died  in 
1766.  His  fon,  Chriftian  VII.  was  born  the  cgth  of  January,  1749  ; 
and  married  his  prefent  Britannic  nii^jefty'syoungcft  fifler,  the  princels 
Carolina-Matilda.  In  1  768,  he  vifited  England, 'and  travelled  ihrough 
the  principal  fhates  of  Europe  :  And  from  his  return  from  this  tour,  in 
1760.  may  with  proprietv  be  dated  that  memorable  Revolution  which 
took  place  in  the  court  of  Denmark  in  i  772.  An  authentic,  intercfting, 
and  affefting  hiftory  of  this  Re\'olution,  and  of  the  m.elancholy  f<'.t{  s 
of  Queen  Carolina-Matilda,  and  Counts  Strucnfee  and  P>randt,  w  is 
written  by  a  '•  Perfona~e principaUy  iniercjled,"  and  tranflated  from  tli? 
German,  by  B.  H.  Latrobe,  and  printed  for  J.  Stockdale,  178^.  To 
this  valuable  work  the  curious  reader  is  referred. 

In  1 780,  his  Danifli  majeP.y  acceded  to  the  armed  r.cutrality  propf.fed 
by  the  Emprefs  of  Ruiha.  He  appears  at  prefent  to  have  fuch  a  debili- 
ty of  underftanding  as  to  difqualify  him  for  the  proper  management  of 
public  aff'airs.  On  the  16th  of  April,  1784,  another  court  revolution 
took  place.  The  queen-dowagcr's  friends  were  removed,  a  new  coun- 
cil formed  under  the  aufpices  of  the  prince  royal,  feme  of  the  former 
old  members  reftored  to  the  cabinet,  and  no  regard  is  to  be  paid  fnr  the 
future  to  any  inftrument,  unlcfs  iigncd  by  the  king,  and  counterfigntd 
by  the  Prince  Royal.+  Da  n  j  s  :i 

♦  An  aereement  by  which  the  prln.-es  of  r.i.rope  engaged  to  fuppsrt  the  Ilonfe  of  Ai.llria  In 
favourof  the  queen  of  Hungary,  daugfiifr  of  the  emperor  Charles  VI.  wKoIiaino  malr  ilij.-. 
+  Chrirtiin  Vil.  r-:i^Din?  kin?  on^nnurk  and  Norv/ay,   I-  L.  I),  ami  F.  K.  S.  «^.. 
married  to  I'at  prir.ccfs  C.rclina  NJitllui.  oi  HnflatiJ  ;  anJ  ha?  ifTue,  l-r.Jeric   p.mce  to;  .  • 
ofDenniarki  bjrn  J..n.  ^^i,  if  63  ,   Louila  Augulta  princrf^  :^;.  -■■•  ■-">t-'>  >  •  "  ">   '"''• 


a8  DENMARK, 

DANISH    GERMAN     DOMINIONS. 


Holftein,  a  duchy  of  Lower  Saxony,  about  lOO  miles  long  and 
50  broad,  and  a  fruitful  country,  was  formerly  divided  between  the 
kmpi-efs  of  RuUia  (termed  ducal  Holftein)  the  king  of  Denmark 
and  the  imperial  cities  of  Hamburg  and  Lubeck  ;  but  on  the  16th 
x>i  November,  1773,  the  Ducal  Holftein,  with  all  the  rights,  pre- 
rogatives, and  teiritorial  fovereignty,  was  formally  transferred  to 
the  king  of  Denmark,  by  virtue  of  a  treaty  beween  both  courts. 
Ihe  duke  of  Holftein  Gottorj|  is  joint  foverciga  of  great  part  of 
it  now,  with  the  Danifti  monarch.  Kiel  is  the  capital  of  Ducal 
Holftein,  and  is  well  built,  has  a  harbtxir,  and  neat  public  edi- 
fices. The  capital  of  the  Danifti  Holftein  is  Gluckftadt,  a  well  built 
town  and  fortrefs,  but  in  a  marfliy  fttuation  on  the  right  of  the  Elbe, 
j.ud  has  fomc  foreign  commerce. 

Aken»,  a  large,  populous,  and  handfome  town,  of  great  traffic,  is 
•commodioufly  fituated  on  the  Elbe,  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Hamburg, 
it  was  built  profeft'edly  in  that  fituation  by  the  kings  of  Denmark,  that 
^t  might  ftiare  in  the  commerce  of  the  former.  Being  declared  a  free 
port,  and  the  ftaple  of  the  Danifti  Eaft  Jndia  company  ,  the  mer- 
chants alfo  enjoying  liberty  of  confcience,  great  numbers  ftock  to  Al. 
tena  from  all  parts  of  the  North,  and  even  from  Hamburg  itfelf. 

Hamburg,  a  celebrated  imperial  city,  is  fituated  on  the  north  fide 
of  the  river  Elbe,  in  N.lat.  53°  16'and  E.  long.  10''  38  *,  in  the  Duchy 
of  Holftein,  in  his  DanilE  Majcfty's  German  dominions.  It  is 
nearly  circular,  and  fix  miles  in  circumference.  Befides  its  natural 
ittfcngth,  it  is  as  well  fortified  by  art  as  a  place  of  fuch  magnitude  caa 
*ae.  it  has  fix  gates  and  four  entrances  by  water,  two  from  the  Elbe, 
and  two  from  the  Alfter.  The  wall  is  defended,  by  bulwarks,  other 
c>ut  works,  and  a  deep  ditch.  A  line  with  other  works  runs  from  the 
iargeft  bafou  of  the  Alfter  to  the  Elbe,  about  half  a  mile  above  the 
town  :  And  on  the  other  fide  of  the  bafon  belov/  the  t-own,  is  t',?e  Star 
l.eonce,  an  almoft  impregnable  fortification.  The  walls  and  other 
fo-rti  heat  ions  that  lie  open  to  view,  are  planted  with  rows  of  high 
trees  in  fuch  a  manner  that  on  that  ftde  of  the  wall  next  to  Altena,  the 
houfes  cannot  be  feen.  The  number  of  houfes  are  reckoned  at  more 
than  30,000,  and  the  inhabitants  at  1 80,000. 

The  public  buildings  are  but  indifferent.  The  churches  which  are 
ancient  ftrufturcs,  ftand  open  every  day,  and  in  lome  of  them  are 
bookfellers  fliops.  They  have  fix  large  market  places.  Of  the  ma- 
fiy  hofpitals  ia  this  city,  are  the  Hofpital  for  Orphans,  which  has  a  rev- 
'cnue  of  between  £60  and  70,000  a  year.  There  is  a  large  hofpital 
for  poor  travellers  that  fall  iick  ;  another  for  the  relief  of  ancient, 
maimed  and  decayed  feamen,  where  care  is  alfo  taken  of  the  widow, 
and  children  of  liiofe  wh.o  loie  their  lives  in  the  fcrvicc  of  the  pub- 
lic. Another  for  the  poor  old  blind  and  dumb  people;  another  for 
the  veneral  difeafe,  and  a  peil  houfe.  The  prifon  for  malefaftors  is  in 
the  hangman's  houfe.  The  criminal,  after  fentencc,  is  carried  to  an 
tipper  room,  Vvherc  he  is  allowed  a  good  bed,  with  all  comforts  fuited 
to  his  melancholy  condition,  and  is  there  conftantly  attended  by  one: 
of  the  city  Clcigymen.  Among  the  fcveral  convents,  which  are  now 
1  utheran,  one  is  obliged  to  offer  a  glafs  of  wine  to  every  makfaftor, 
tlvdl  k  tarried  by  it  to  the  pUcc  of  execution. 

to 


DENMARK.  ^ 

The  government  of  Hambvirg  Is  vefted  in  the  Senate  and  three  Col- 
leges of  burghers.  The  principal  pcrfons  of  tlie  Republic  have  a  nght 
to  exercifc  every  a£lof  fovcreignty  ;  but  the  management;  of  the  financ- 
es- is  folely  intruded  to  the  burghers.  The  Hambuvghcrs  (thouph  nom- 
inally and  politically  the  fubjefts  of  the  King  of  Denmark,  who  flill 
lay  claim  to  certain  privileges  within  thcwallx  of  the  city)  are  fub- 
jc6l  to  the  general  laws  of  the  Germanic  body,  but  have  neither  feat 
nor  vote  in  tlie  General  Diet  of  the  Empire.  They  pay  to  the  Empe- 
ror, for  their  prote6t;ion,  the  annual  tribute  of  80,000  crowns. 

Hamburgh  from  its  fituation  has  feveral  advantages  for  trade.  Tlic 
fhips  come  to  their  doors  to  lade  and  unlade.  Bcfides  the  Elbe,  which 
enters  the  German  ocean  a  little  below  the  town,  a  canal  is  opened 
into  the  Trave,  for  the.  fake  of  a  communication  with  Lubcc  and  the 
Baltic  Sea.  The  Elbe,  and  the  many  navigable  rivers  tliat  1*311  into  it, 
running  through  the  richeft  and  mod  trading  parts  of  Gcrmanv,  fur- 
nifli  this  city  with  the  produce,  and  manufafturcs  of  upper  and  lower 
Saxony,  Auftria  and  Bohemia.  By  the  Flavel  and  Spree  rivers,  it 
trades  with  the  Eletloratc  of  Brandenburg  ;  and  by  a  canal  from  the 
Spree  and  the  Ader,  its  commerce  is  extended  into  Siieiia,  Moravia, 
and  Poland.  It  has  two  fpacious  harbours,  formed  bv  the  river  Elbe, 
which  runs  through  the  town,  and  84  bridges  are  thrown  over  its  <-a- 
nals.  The  Hamburghers  maintain  12  companies  of  foot,  and  one 
troop  of  dragoons,  behdes  an  artillery  company. 

Lubec,  an  imperial  city,  with  a  good  harbour,  and  once  the  capital 
of  the  Hans  Towns,  and  flill  a  rich  and  populous  place,  is  alfo  in  this 
dutchy,  and  governed  by  its  own  magiflrates.  It  has  20  parifh  church-, 
es,  beiides  a  large  cathedral.  Lutheranifm  is  the  eflablifhcd  religioa 
of  the  whole  Dutchy. 

In  Weftphalia.  the  king  of  Denmark  has  the  counties  of  Oldenburg 
and  DelmcnhurR;, about  2000  fquare  miles,  they  lie  on  the  fouth-fitip  of 
the  Wefer  ;  their  capitals  have  the  lame  name  ;  the  firfl  has  the  rema;r.s 
of  a  fortification,  and  tlie  lad  is  an  open  place.  Oldenburg  gave  a  ti- 
tle to  the  flrd  royal  anceftor  of  his  prefent  Danilln  majcfty.  The 
countr)'  abounds  with  raardies  and  heaths,  but  its  horfcs  are  the  bcft 
in  Germany. 

Danish  POSSESSIONS  IX  THE  OTHER  "1       ASIA.   Settlements  in  Coro« 
PARTS  OF   THE  Gi.OBE.  j  mandcl   20,000  inh.abitanls. 

1.  Tranquebar,  with  the  2.  Fort  of  Danfborg.  3.  The  Nicobar,  or 
Frederick's  Iflands,  north  of  Sumatra.     4.   Some  faftorics  or  lodges. 

AFRICA.  1  Chridiaanfbourg.  2.  Fredenfbourg  (on  the  coad  of 
Guinea.)     3.  Some  faftories,  near  Axim. 

AMERICA.  1.  Greenland,  divided  into  Eaft  or  Old  Greenland, 
and  Weft  Greenland,  a  very  cxtenfive  country,  of  many  thoufand 
fquare  miles,  but  very  thinly  inhabited.  Crantz,  and  after  him  Fab- 
riciiiSj  give  the  bed  dcfcriptlon  of  tliis  country.  2,  The  inlands  of 
St.  Croix,  St.  Thomas,  and  St.  John,  in  the  Weft-Indies.  Here  thr 
Moravian  brethren  have    ufeful  eftabiifluncnts. 

The  whole  of  Denmark  contains  (>S  towns,  22  fmallor  towns,  or 
boroughs,  15  earldoms,  16  baronies,  932cftatcs  of  the  inferior  nobility, 
7000  villages. 

Norway  contains  only  18  towns,  two  earldom?,  and  27  edatcs  of 
the  other  nobilit^'. 

LAP  I    A  N  D. 


^d  LAPLAND, 

LAPLAND. 

THE  liortiient  fituaftion  of  Lapland,  and  thedivifion  of  its  property 
render  it  proper,  that  it  fhould  be  here  defcribed  under  a  diflinfJ: 
head. 

Situation-,  e::te>tt.  division',  and  name.^  The  whole  country 
of  Lapland  extends,  fo  far  as  it  is  known,  from  the  North  Cape  in  71^ 
go'  N.  lat.  to  the  White  Sea,  under  the  arftic  circle.  Part  of  Lapland 
belongs  to  tlic  Danes,  and  is  included  in  the  government  of  Wardhuys  ; 
part  to  the  Swede's,  which  is  by  far  tlie  moil  valuable  ;  and  fome  parts 
intheeaffc,  to  the  Mufcovitcs  or  Ruffians.  It  is  impoffible  to  point 
out  the  dimenfions  of  each.  That  belonging  to  the  Swedes,  may  be 
fecn  in  the  table  of  dimenfions  given  in  the  account  of  Sweden  :  But 
other  accounts  iay,  that  it  is  aoout  100  German  miles  in  length,  and  90 
ill  breadth  ;  it  omprehends  all  the  country  from  the  Baltic,  to  the 
Ti-iou)itains  that  feparate  Norway  from  Sweden.  The  Mufcovite  part 
lies  towards  the  eaft,  between  the  lake  Enarak  and  the  White  Sea. — 
Thofc  parts,  notwithftanding  the  rudcncl's  of  the  country,  are  divided 
into  fmallcr  diftrifts  ;  generally  taking  their  names  from  rivers  :  But, 
uulels  the  Swedilh  part^  which  is  fubjeft  to  a  Prefeft,  the  Laplanders 
can  be  faid  to  be  under  no  regular  government.  The  Swcdifli  Lapland, 
therefore,  is  the  objeft  chiefly  conlidercd  bv  authors  in  defcribing  this 
country.  It  has  been  generally  thought,  that  the  Laplanders  are  the 
dcfccndants  of  Finlanders  driven  out  of  tlieir  own  country,  and  that 
tliey  take  their  name  from  Lappes,  which  fignifics  exiles.  The 
reader,  from  what  has  been  faid  in  the  Introduction,  may  eaiily  con- 
ceive that  in  Lapland,  for  fome  months  in  the  fumincr,  the  fun  neve^' 
fcts  ;  and  during  winter,  it  never  rifes  :  But  the  inhabitants  are  fo  well 
aflifted  by  the  twilight  and  the  aurora  borcalis,  that  they  never  difcon- 
tinuc  their  work  on  account  of  the  darknefs. 

Ci.iMArK.l  Tlie  winters  here,  as  may  eafily  be  concluded,  arc  ex- 
tremely cold.  Drifts  of  fnow  often  threaten  to  bury  the  traveller,  and 
cover  the  ground  four  or  five  feet  deep.  A  thaw  fometimes  takes 
place,  and  then  tlie  froll  that  fucceeds,  prefents  the  Laplander  with  a 
fniooih  level  of  ice,  over  which  he  travels  with  a  rein-deer  in  a  fledge 
with  inconceivable  fwiftnefs.  The  heats  of  fummer  arecxceffive  for 
a  fhort  time  ;  and  the  catarafts,  which  dafh  from  the  mountains,  oftea 
•prefeut  to  the  eye  the  ir.oil  pifturefquc  appearances. 

Mountains,  rivers,  lakes,  and  forests.]  The  reader  muft 
form  in  his  mind  a  vafh  mafs  of  mountains,  irregularly  crowded  together 
to  give  him  an  idea  of  Lapland  :  They  are,  however,  in  fome  interllices, 
feparated  by  rivers  and  Likes,  which  contain  an  incredible  number  of 
illands,  fome  of  which  form  delightful  habitations  ;  and  are  believed 
by  the  natives  to  be  the  terrcflrial  Paradifc  :  Even  rofes  and  other 
ilowevs  grow  wild  on  tlieir  borders  in  the  fummer  ;  though  this  is  but 
a  fhort  gieam.  of  temperature,  for  the  climate  in  general  is  exceffively 
fevere.  Dufky  forefls,  and  noifome,  unhealthy  moraifes,  and  barren 
plains  cover  great  part  of  the  fiat  coubtry,  fo  that  nothing  can  be  more 
uncomfortable  than  the  ftate  of  the  inhabitants. 

Metals  and  minerals.]  Silver  and  gold  mines,  as  well  as  thofe 
of  iron,  copper  and  lead,  have  been  difcovered  and  worked  in  Lap- 
land to  great  advantage  ;  beautiful  cryftals  are  found  here,  as  arc  fome 

amediyfts 


N 


3< 


ametliyfts. and  topazes  ;  alfo  various  forts  of  mineral  ftones,  furprifin?!/ 
polillied  by  the  hand  of  nature  ;  vakiabic  pearls  have  likcwife  been 
ibmcximes  found  in  the  rivers,  but  never  in  the  feas. 

AmIMALS,  quadrupeds,   birds,   FISHKS,  AND    INSUCTS.']        Wc  muft 

refer  to  our  accounts  of  Denmark  and  Norway  for  great  part  of  this 
article,  as  its  contents  are  in  common  with  all  the  three  countries.— 
The  zibclin,  a  creature  refemblin-;  the  marten,  is  a  native  of  Lapland  ; 
and  its  fkin,  whether  black  or  white,  is  f<>  much  efleemcd  that  it  is  fre- 
quently given  as  prefcnts  to  royal  and  diftinguiflied  pcrfonages.  The 
Lapland  hares  grow  white  iz  the  winter;  and  the  country  produces  a 
large  black  cat,  which  attends  the  natives  in  hunting.  By  far  tlie  moll 
remarkable,  however,  of  the  Lapland  animals,  is  the  rein-deer,  which 
nature  fecms  to  have  provided  to  lolace  the  Laplanders  for  the  priva- 
tion of  the  other  comforts  of  life.  This  animal,  the  mofl  ufeful  per- 
haps of  anv  in  the  creation,  relombles  the  ftag,  only  it  fomewhat  droops 
the  head,  and  the  horns  projcft  forward.  All  who  have  dcfcrihcd 
this  animal  have  taken  notice  of  the  cracking  nolfc  that  tliey  make; 
when  they  move  their  legs,  whicli  is  attributed  to  their  feparating  and 
afterwards  bringing  together  the  divifions  of  the  hoof.  The  under  part 
is  entirely  covered  with  hair,  in  the  fame  manner  that  the  claw  of  the 
Ptarmigan  is  with  feathery  bri flics,  wliich  is  almodthe  only  bird  that 
can  endure  the  rigour  of  the  fame  climate.  The  iioof,  however,  is  not 
only  thus  protcfted  ;  the  fame  neceffity  which  obliges  the  Laplanderi; 
to  ufe  fnow  fhoes,  makes  the  extraordinary  width  of  the  rein's  hoof  ta 
be  equally  convenient  in  pafling  over  fnow,  as  it  prevents  tlieir  hnkinc; 
too  deep,  which  they  continually  would,  did  tlie  weight  of  their  body 
reft  only  on  afmall  point.  This  quadruped  halli  therefore  an  inftin^t 
to  ufe  a  h^of  of  fuch  a  form  in  a  ftill  more  advantageous  manner,  by 
feparating  it  when  the  foot  is  to  touch  the  ground  fo  as  to  cover  a 
larger  furface  of  fnow.  The  infbant  however  the  leg  of  the  animal  i'A 
railed,  the  hoof  is  immediately  contraftcd,  and  the  collifion  of  the  part;', 
occafions  the  fnapping  which  is  heard  on  every  motion  of  the  rein, 
and  probably  the  cracking  which  they  perpetually  make,  may  fci  vr 
to  keep  them  together  when  it  is  remarkably  dark. — In  fummfi. 
the  rein-deer  provide  themfclves  witli  leaves  and  grais,  and  in  tl  it- 
winter  they  live  upon  mofs  :  They  have  a  wonderful  fagacitv 
at  finding  it  out,  and  v.'hen  found,  they  fcrape  away  with  their  fee: 
the  fnow  that  covers  it.  The  fcantincfs  of  their  fare  is  inconceivable, 
as  is  the  length  of  the  journies  which  they  can  perform  without  any 
other  fupport.  They  fix  the  rein-deer  to  a  kind  of  (ledge,  fhaped  like 
a  fmall  boat,  in  which  the  traveller,  well  fccured  from  cold,  is  laced 
down,  with  the  reins  in  one  hand,  and  a  kind  of  bludgeon  in  the  othcx, 
to  keep  the  carriage  clear  of  ice  and  fnow.  The  deer,  whofe  harncihru/, 
is  very  fimple,  fcts  out,  and  continues  the  journey  with  prodigious 
I'pecd  ;  and  is  fo  fafe  and  tradable,  that  the  driver  is  at  little  or  no 
trouble  in  dircfting  him.  At  night  they  look  out  for  their  own  prov- 
ender ;  and  their  milk  often  helps  to  fupport  their  niafter.  'I'hcir 
inftinft  in  choofing  tlicir  road,  and  dircfting  their  courfc,  can  only  bo 
accounted  for  by  their  being  well  acquainted  with  the  country  during 
the  fummer  months,  when  tliey  live  in  woods.  Their  flefli  is  a  well 
tafted  food,  whether  freflr  or  dried  :  Their  fkin  forms  excellent  cloth- 
ing both  for  the  bed  and  the  bedy  ;  Their  milk  ami  chrcfe  arc  nutritive 

and 


§'a  L        A        P        L        A        N        D. 

and  pleafant  ;  and  their  inteftines  and  tendons  fupply  their  mafteis 
with  thread  and  cordage.  When  they  run  about  wild  in  the  fields, 
they  may  be  iliot  at  as  other  gnmc.  But  it  is  faid,  that  if  one  is  killed 
in  a  Uock,  the  iurvivors  v>^ill  gore  and  trample  him  to  pieces  ;  there- 
fore fingle  ftragglcrs  are  generally  pitched  upon.  With  all  their  ex- 
cellent qualities,  however,  the  rein-deer  have  their  inconvenicncles. 

It  is  difficult  in  lummer  to  keep  them  from  ftraggling  ;  they  are 
fometimes  buried  in  the  fnow  ;  and  they  frequently  grow  reftive,  to 
the  great  danger  of  the  driver  and  his  carriage.  Their  furprifmg  fpeed 
(for  they  are  faid  to  run  at  tlie  rate  of  200  miles  a  day)  feems  to  be  ow- 
ing to  their  impatience  to  get  rid  of  their  incumbrance.  None  but  a 
Laplander  could  bear  the  uneafy  pofture  in  which  he  is  placed,  wheix 
he  is  coined  in  one  of  thofe  carriages  or  pulkhas  ;  or  would  believe, 
that,  by  whifpcring  the  rein-deer  in  the  ear,  they  know  the  place  of 
their  dellination.  But  after  all  thefe  abatements,  the  satives  would 
have  difficulty  to  fubfifl  without  their  rein-deer,  which  lerve  them  for 
fo  many  purpofes. 

People,  customs  and  manners,]     The  language  of  the  Lapland- 
ers comprehends  fo  many  dialefts,  that  it  is  with  difficulty  they  un- 
derhand eacli  other.      They  have  neither  writing  nor  letters  among 
them,  but  a  number  of  hieroglyphics,  which  they  make  ufe  of  in    their 
Kounes,  a  fort  of  flicks  that  they  call   Piftave,  and  which  ferve  them. 
~  for  an  almanack.     Thefe  hieroglyphica  are  alfo  the  marks  they  ufe  in- 
ftcad  of  iignatures,  even  in  matters  of  law.       MUhonaries,  from   the 
chriftiatiil'ed  parts  of  Scandinavia,  introduced  among  thern  the  Chrift- 
jan    religion  ;  and  they  have  among  them  fome   religious  feminaries, 
iui'lituted  by  the  king  of  Denmark.     The  majority  of  the  Laplanders 
however  may  be  called  pagans.     The  number  and  oddities  of  their  fu- 
perllitions  hkve  induced  the  northern  traders  to  believe,  that  they   arc 
■jlcilled  in  magic  and  divination.     For  this  purpofe  it  is  faid  their  ma- 
gicians, who  are  a  peculiar  fet  of  men,   make  ufe  of  what   they  call  a 
drum,  made  of  the  hollow  trunk  of  a  fir,  pine,  or  birch-tree,  one  end 
of  which  is  covered  with  a  fkin  ;  on  this  they  draw,  with  a  kind   of 
red  C(!ilour,  the  figures  of  their  own   gods,  as  well  as  of  Jefus  Chrift, 
the  apoflles.  tlie  ly,n,  moon,  flars,  birds  and  rivers  ;  on  thefe  they  place 
one  or  tv.-o  brafs  rings,  which,   when  the  drum  is  beaten  with  a  little 
hammer,  dance  over  the  figures  ;  and  according  to  their  progrefs  the 
forccrer  prognoflicates.     Thefe  frantic  operations   are  generally  per- 
formed for  gain  ;  ^nd  the  northern  fhip-maflers  are  fuch  dupes  to  the 
arts  of  thefe  impoflbrs,  that  they  often  buy  from  them  a  magic  cord, 
which  contains  a  number  of  knots,   by  opening  of  which,  accord- 
ing to   the   magician's    direftions,  they   gain  what  wind    they  want. 
This  is  alfo  a  very  common  traffic  on  the  banks  of  the  Red  Sea,  and  is 
managed  witli  great  addrefs  on  the  part  of  the  forcercr,  v/ho  keeps  up 
tlie  price* o^  his  knotted  talifmarf.     The  Laplanders  dill  retain  the  wor- 
ihip  of  many  of  the  Teutonic  gods  ;  but  have  among  them  great  remains 
of  the  druidical  inflitutions.     They  believe  the  tranfmigratioh  of  the 
foul  ;  and  have  feftivals  fet  apart  for  the  worfhip  of  certain  genii,  called 
Jeuhles,  who  they  think  inhabit  the  air,    and  have  great  power  over 
human  atlions  ;  but  being  witliout  form  or  fubflance,   they  affign  to 
them  neither    images  nor  ftatucs. 

Agriculture  is  not  much  attended  to  among  the  I,aplandcrs.     They 
are  chic%  divided  into   Lapland  fifhers,  and  L.v^'laiid  mountaineers. 

Tha 


t       A       P       L       A       N       D.  33 

f  he  former  always  malce  tlieir  habitations  on  the  brink,  or,  in  the 
neighbourhood  of  fome  lake,  from  whence  they  draw  their  fubriilciice. 
The  others  feek  their  fupport  upon  the  mountains,  and  their  environs^ 
They  are  excellent  and  very  induftrious  herdfmen,  and  are  rich  in 
compatifon  to  the  Lapland  fifhcrs.  Some  of  them  pofleis  fix  hundred 
©r  a  thoufand  rein-deer,  and  have  often  money  and  plate  bcfides.  Thev 
mark  every  rein-deeron  the  cars,  and  divide  them  into  claffes  ;  fo  that 
they  can  perceive  whether  any  one  is  ftraycd,  though  they  cannot  count 
to  fo  great  a  number  as  that  to  which  their  flock  often  amounts.  The 
Lapland  fifhers,  who  are  alfo  called  Laplanders  of  the  woods,  bc- 
caufe  in  fummer  they  dwell  upon  the  borders  of  the  lakes,  and  in 
winter  in  the  forefts,  live  by  fifliing  and  hunting,  and  choofe  "their 
fituation  by  its  convenience  for  either.  The  grcatcft  part  of  thrm, 
however,  have  fome  rein-deer.  They  are  a£livc  and  expert  in  the 
chace  :  And  the  introduftion  of  fire-arms  amowg  thsm  has  almoft  en- 
tirely abolifhed  the  ufe  of  the  bow  and  arrow.  Befides  looking  after 
the  rein-deer,  the  fifhery,  and  the  chace,  the  men  employ  thcmfclves 
in  the  conftruftion  of  their  canoes,  which  are   fmall,  light,  and  com- 

Eaft.  They  alfo  make  fledge?,  to  which  they  give  tire  form  of  a  canoe, 
arnefs  for  the  rein  deer,  cups,  bowls,  and  various  other  utenfils, 
which  are  fometimes  neatly  carved,  and  fometimes  ornamented  with 
bones,  hrafs,  or  horn.  The  employment  of  the  women  confifts  in  mak- 
ing nets  for  the  fiflrery,  in  drying  fifli  and  meat,  in  milking  the  rein- 
deer, in  making  cheefe,  and  in  tanning  hides  :  But  it  is  underftood  to 
be  the  bufmefs  of  the  men  to  look  after  the  kitcjien  ;  in  which,  it  is 
faid,  the  women  never  interfere. 

Thtr  Laplanders  live  in  huts  in  the  form  of  tents,  from  twenty-five  to 
thirty  feet  in  diameter,  and  not  much  above  fix  in  height.  They  cov- 
er them  according  to  the  fealbn,  and  the  means  of  the  polfciTor  ;  fome 
with  briars,  bark  of  birch,  and  linen  ;  others  witli  turf,  coarfc  cloth, 
or  felt,  or  the  old  fkins  of  rein-dccr.  The  door  is  of  felt,  made  like 
two  curtains,  which  open  afunder.  A  little  place  furroundcd  with 
ftones  is  made  in  the  middle  of  the  hut  for  fire,  over  which  a  chain  is 
fufpended  to  hang  the  kettle  upon.  In  winter,  at  night,  they  put  their, 
naked  feet  into  a  fur  bag.  The  n'in-deer  fupply  the  Laplanders  with 
the  grcateft:  part  of  their  provifions  ;  the  chace  and  the  fifhery  fupply 
the  reft.  Their  principal  diflies  are  the  flefh  of  the  rein-deer,  and 
pudding  which  they  make  of  their  blood.  But  the  llefh  of  the  bear  is 
v-confidered  by  them  as  their  mofh  delicate  meat.  They  cat  every  kind 
>•'  of  fifh,  even  the  fea  dog  ;  as  well  as  all  forts  of  wild  animals,  not  ex- 
cepting birds  of  prey,  and  carnivorous  animals.  Their  winter  provi- 
fions confifl  chiefly  of  flefh  and  fifn  dried  in  the  open  air,  both  of  which 
they  eat  raw,  and  without  any  fort  of  drelling.  Their  common  drink 
is  water,  fometimes  mixed  with  milk  :  They  make  alfo  broths  and  fifli- 
foups.  Brandy  is' very  fcarce  with  rhem,  but  they  arc  extremely  fond 
of  it.  Whenever  they  are  inclined  to  cat,  the  head  of  tlic  family 
fpreads  a  mat  on  the  ground  ;  and  then  men  and  women  fijuat  round 
^  this  mat,  which  is  covered  with  difhcs.  Every  Laplander  always  car- 
ries about  him  a  knife,  a  fpoon,  and  a  little  cup  for  drinking.  Each 
has  is  poition  fcparately  given  him,  that  no  perfon  may  be  injured  ;  tor 
they  are  great  eaters.  Before  and  after  the  meal  they  make  a  fliort 
prayer:  And,  as  foon  as  they  have  done  eating,  each  gives  the  other 
lii$  haad.  ^'* 

C 


M  I.        A        P        L        A        N        t>: 

In  the  drefs  of  the  Laplandcrs-they  ufe  no  kind  of  linen.  The  men 
wear  clofe  breeches,  reaching  down  to  their  flioes,  which  arc  made  of 
imtanned  fl^in,  pointed,  and  turned  up  before  ;  and  in  winter  they 
■put  a  little  hay  m  them.  Their  doublet  is  made  to  fit  their  fhape,  and 
open  atthebrcaft.  Over  this,  they  wear  a  clofe  coat  with  narrow 
fleeves,  whofc  fl<.irts  reach  down  to  the  lenses,  and  which  is  faftencd 
round  them  by  a  leathern  girdle,  ornamented  with  plates  of  tin  orbrafs. 
To  this  girdle  they  tie  tiicir  knives,  their  inflruments  for  getting  fire, 
their  pipe?)  and  the  reft  their  fmoking  apparatus.  Their  clothes  are 
made  of  fur,  of  leather,  or  of  clotli,  the  clofe  coat  cf  cloth  or  leather, 
always  bordered  with  fur,  or  bindings  of  cloth  of  different  colours. 
Their  caps  ;:re  edged  with  fur,  pointed  at  top,  and  the  four  feams 
adorned  with  lifts  of  a  different  colour  from  that  of  the  cap.  The 
M'omen  wc.ir  breeches,  flioes,  doublets,  and  clofe  coats,  in  the  fame 
manner  as  the  men  ;  but  their  girdle,  at  which  they  carry  likewife  ihe 
implements  for  fmoking  tobacco,  is  commonly  embroidered  with  brafs 
wire.  Tiieir  clofe  coat  has  a  collar,  which  comes  up  fomewhat  higher 
than  that  of  the  men*  Befides  thcfe,  they  wear  handkerchiefs,  and 
little  aprons,  ihade  of  painted  cloth,  rings  on  their  fingers,  and  ear-rings, 
to  which  they  fometimes  hang  chains  of  lilver,  wliicli  pais  two  or  three 
(imes  round  the  neck.  '  They  are  often  drelied  in  caps  folded  after  the 
manner  of  turbans.  Tliey  wear  alfo  caps  fitted  to  the  fhape  of  the 
head  ;  and,  as  tliey  are  muchaddifted  to  finerv,  they  are  all  ornament- 
ed with  the  embroidery  of  biafs  wire,  or  at  leaft  with  lift  of  different 
colours. 

Lapland  is  but  poorly  peopled,  owing  to  the  general  barrennefs  of 
its  foil.  The  whole  number  of  its  inhabitants  may  amount  to  about 
60.000.  Both  men  and  Avomen  are  in  general  confiderably  fhortev 
than  more  fouthern  Europeans.  Maupertuis  mcafured  a  woman,  who 
was  fuck  ling  her  child,  whofe  height  did  not  exceed  four  feet  two  in- 
ches and  a  lialf:  tlicy  make,  however,  a  much  more  agreeable  appear- 
ance than  tl-.c  men.  who  are  often  ill-fliapcd  and  ugly,  and  their  heads 
too  large  for  their  bodies.  Their  women  are  complaifant,  chafte,  often 
well-made,  and  extremely  nervous  ;  which  is  alfo  oblervable  among 
the  men,  although  more  rarely. 

When  a  Laplander  intends  to  marry  a  female,  he,  or  his  friends, 
court  her  father  with  brandy  :  when  with  fome  difficulty,  he  gains  ad- 
mittance to  his  fair  one,  he  offers  her  a  beaver's  tongue,  or  fome  other 
eatable,  which  fhe  rejefts  before  company,  but  accepts  of  in  private. 
Cohabitation  often  precedes  marriage  ;  but  every  admittance  to  the 
fair  one  is  purchafed  from  her  father  by  her  lover  with  a  bottle  of 
brandy,  and  this  prolongs  the  courtfhip  fometimes  for  three  years. 
The  prieft  of  the  parilh  at  laft  celebrates  the  nuptials  ;  but  the  bride- 
groom is  obliged  to  ferve  his  father-in-law  for  four  years  after.  He 
then  carries  his  wife  and  her  fortune  home. 

Commerce.]  Little  can  be  faid  of  the  commerce  of  the  Laplanders. 
Their  cxpor^ts  confift  of  fiih,  rein-deer,  furs,  balkets  and  toys -,  with 
lomc  dried  pikes,  and  chcefes  made  bf  rein-deer  milk.  They  receive 
for  thefe  ri:i-dollars,  woollen  cloths,  linen,  copper,  tin,  flour,  oil,  hides, 
needles,  knives,  fpirituous  liquors,  tobacco,  and  other  neceffaries. — 
Their  mines  are  generally  worked  by  foreigners,  and  produce  no  u\- 
confiderable  profit.     The  LnpUnuers  travel  in  a  kind  of  caravan,  with 

thcii 


w 


N. 


35 


their  families,  to  the  Finland  and  Norway  fairs.  And  the  reader  may 
make  fome  eftimate  of  the  medium  of  commerce  among  them,  when  he 
is  told,  that  fifty  fquirrel  (kins,  or  one  fox  ikin,  and  a  pair  of  Lapland 
fhoes,  produce  one  rix-doUar,  but  no  computation  can  be  made  of  the 
public  revenue,  the  greateft  part  of  which  is  allotted  for  the  mainten- 
ance of  the  clergy.  With  regard  to  the  fccurity  of  their  property,  few 
difputes  happen  ;  and  their  judges  have  no  military  to  enforce  their 
decrees,  the  people  having  a  remarkable  averhon  to  war  ;  and,  fo  far 
as  we  know,  are  never  employed  in  any  army. 


Miles. 
Length    8oQ  "I 
Breadth  500  j^ 

Bou 


Sreadth  500  j/' 

NDARIES.     Y     I 


W         E         D         E 
Extent  and  Situation. 
Decrees 
between 


N. 


"1  50  and  70  North  latitude. 
/  10  and  30  Eaft  longitude. 


'HIS  country  is  bounded  by  the  Baltic  Sea,  the 
Sound,  and  the  Categatc,  or  Scaggcrac,  on  the 
fouth  ;  by  the  impaffable  mountains  of  Norway,  on  the  weft  ;  bv  Da- 
nifh  or  Norwegian  Lapland,  on  the  north  ;  and  by  Mufcovy,  on  the 
eaft.y^ 

DIVISIONS  AND  PossEssiOMs.]     All  authentic  account  of  thcfe  is 
contained  in  the  following  table. 


DIVISIONS,   fOSStSblONS. 

Sq.Milet 

Population. 

Pop'ila.for 
ev.iq.,n,le. 

CHIEF  iovv-:;i. 

Ktmihcrof  Inhal.iii-t^. 

.SWEDEN 

2-;c  ^2? 

3  millions. 

Divided  into  Sweden,  properly  (o  ) 

called,    and   Gothland.       Both  ] 

toRethcr 
^.  SWEDEN  contains  Upland,  Soeder- 

manland,   Wtftmanland,   Nciike 

Dakcarlicn 
3.  GOTHLAND  contains,Oftgothlai.<i. 

Smacland,  Ocland    and    Gott'.and 
Wcft«ottland,Wcrn.eI,.nd,  Da;,l..nti. 

Bohlchn,   Sudgothland,  viz.  Sche- 

nen.Halland,  Blekingctt 

C.  NORDLAND 
D.LAPPLAND,divided  into7diftnas. 

called  Markcn,    viz.   .]>i:inteUnd. 

Lappmark,   Alele,   Umca,    Pitea. 

Lulla.Tornea,  Keini 

E.FINNLAND 

F.  The  Swedim  Part  of  Pomcraaia,  vi? 

Pomerania,  Wand  of  Rucen,  tlr 
Diftritl  of  Wifmar 

G.  In  the  Weft  India,  Sweden  ohtMncc 

in    the   Year    1785,  from   Frincc 
the  inand  ef  £t.  Barthelcir.i 

64,coc 

95.471 

48,7So 
1,44c 

3c 

ijIOC.COC 

150,000 

624,000 
100,550 

33 

lotyeta 

70 

Stockholm,   abr.iit  80,0.10. 

"pfal  Univeif.  and  iccoiid  in  rank. 

Nykoeping. 

Falun,  a  famous  mining   pUct,  7.oor 

Norkioping,  8,150. 

Lynkioping. 

Ctlm.ir,  tradiriR  town. 

Gothenhurg,  u,8oo, 

l.uiid,  univcrfity. 

Kciri:n;borg,  near  flie  Siind. 

CMfrron,  Admiral-.y  feat, 

Abo,   univctfity,  8,750. 

Stralfiind.            lo-Sjo. 
Griefswald,univerlitv. 
ilergen(li!cof  Rut-.nj  l,40t. 
Wifmar,            h.otio. 

The  whole  Kingdom  ri-t  lins  only  io< 
towns,   So.lcn    villages,    and    ',-oc 
tftatcsof  the  noiiility. 

The  face  of  Sweden  is  pretty  fimilar  to  that  of  the  neighbouring 
countries  ;  except  that  it  has  the  advantage  of  them  in  navigable  riv- 
ers. 

Climate  and   seasons.]     The  fame   may   be  faid  v/ith  regard  to 

this  article.       Summer   burlls  from  v/inler  ;  and  vc^'ctatlon   is  mora 

C  2  Ipt-cdy 


3S 


^      W      £      D      E      V. 


fpecdy  tliail  in  foulliern  climates  •,  for  the  fun  is  liere  fo  hot,  as  fome* 
times  to  let  forells  on  fire.  Stoves  aiui  warm  furs  mitigate  the  cold  of 
winter,  which  is  fo  intcnfe  that  tlie  nofci  and  extremities  of  the  in- 
habitants are  fometimcs  mortified  ;  and  in  fuch  cafes,  the  beft  remedy 
that  has  been    found  out,    is   rubbing  the   affefted   part  wth  fnow, 

Ak  riotMTiEs  AN'D  CURIOSITIES,!  A  fcw  Icagucs  from  Gottcn- 
NATi'KAi,  AV!)  ARTif iciAi..  J  buig  tlievc  IS  a  liidcous  prcci- 
pice,  down  whicli  rufiies  a  dreadful  catara£t  of  water  with  fuch  impet- 
uohty,  and  into  fucli  a  depth  of  water,  that  large  mads,  and  other  bod- 
ies of  timber,  that  arc  precipitated  down  it,  difappear,  fomc  forhalf  an 
hour,  and  others  for  an  hour,  before  they-arc  recovered  :  The  bottom  of 
ihls  water  liaj  never  been  found,  though  founded  by  lines  of  feveral 
hundred  fathoms.  A  lemarkable  flimy  lake,  which  fmgcs  things  put 
into  it.  lias  been  founxl  in  tlie  fout hern  part  of  Gothland  :  And  feveral 
])arts  of  Sweden  contain  a  flone,  which  being  of  a  yellow  colour,  in- 
termixed with  feveral  fireaks  of  white,  as  if  compofed  of  gold  and  fil- 
ver,  ;ifrords  fulphur,  vitriol,  alum,  and  minium.  ITie  Swedes  pretend 
thev  have  a  manufoipt  copv  of  a  tranflation  of  the  Gofpcls  into  Goth- 
ic, done  by  a  bifhop  1300  years  ago. 

Seas.]  Their  fcas  are  the  Baltic,  and  the  Gulfs  of  Bothnia  and 
Finland,  which  arc  arms  of  the  Baltic  :  and  on  the  weft  of  Sweden  are 
tne  Catenate  fea,  and  tlie  Sound,  a  ftrait  about  four  miles  oVer,  which 
divides  Sweden  from  Denmark. 

Thcfc  fcas  have  no  tides,  and  are  frozen  up  ufually  four  months  in 
the  year  ;  nor  arc  they  fo  fait  as  the  ocean,  never  mixing  with  it,  be- 
caufcthe  current  fets  always  out  of  the  Baltic  fea  into  the  ocean. 

Ol'adkupedS,  biriis,  a\6  fishes.]  Thefe  differ  little  from  thofc 
already  defcribed  in  Norway  and  Denmark.  The  fifhes  found  in  the 
rivers  and  lakes  of  Sweden,  are  tlie  fame  with  thofe  in  other  northern 
countries,  and  t^kcn  in  great  <juantities.  Their  pikes  particularly  are 
ialtcd  and  pickled  for  exportation.  The  train-oil  of  the  feals,  takert 
iu  the  Gulf  of  Finland,  is  a  confidcra1)le  article -of  exportation. 

IxiiABi  I  AX  r.s,  MANNERS,  AND  CUSTOMS.]  Tlicrc  is  a  gTcat  diverfi- 
iy  of  cluuacfcers  among  the  people  of  Sweden.  Their  peafants  are 
llrong  and  hardy,  and  appear  to  have  no  other  ambition  than  that  of 
fubhilinw  themfelvcs  and' their  families.  The  mercantile  claifes  are 
much  of  the  fame  call  ;  but  great  application  and  pevfcverance  is  dif- 
covrred  among  them  all.  One -could,  hov/cver,  form  no  idea  that  the 
modern  Swedes  arc  the  dcfcendants  of  thofe,  who,  under  Guftavus 
Adolpliw.  .:iid  Cliavlc3  \TI.  cart  led  terror  in  their  names  through  dif- 
tant  toinitrics,  and  [hook  tlie  fovmdations  of  the  greateft  em.pires.  The 
principal  nobility  and  gentry  of  Sweden  ar"  naturally  brave,  polite, 
and  hofpitable  ;  they  have  high  and  warm  notions  of  honour,  and  are 
jealous  of  their  national  interefls.  The  drefs,  e.'iercifcs,  and  diverfions 
of  the  common  people,  arc  aluioil:  the  fame  with  thofe  of  Denmark  : 
The  better  fort  are  infatuated  with  the  French  modes  and  fafl-iions« 
The  women,  pUiUgh.  threfh,  row  upoti  the  water,  fcrve  the  bricklayers, 
carry  burdens,  and  do  all  the  common  drudgeries  in  huHD^ndry. 

Religion'.]  Chriili.nn'ty  was  introduced  here  in  the  ninth  centu- 
ry. The  eftablifhe:!  religion  in  Sweden  is  tJie  Lutheran,  which  the 
foveireign  muft  pro Hr,.  and  is  engaged  to  maintain  in  the  kingd.om, 
C^lvinifts,  RoiTiun  Catholics  and  Jews  arc   tolerated.      'i'he   fuperior 

clergy 


W      E      D      E      N. 


37 


clergy  of  Sweden  have  prcferved  the  dignities  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church  ;  it  is  compofcd  of  the  archbifhop  of  UpTal,  of  14  bifliops,  and 
cf  192  prefulcnts.  The  jurifdiftioti  in  ccclcfiaftical  matters  is  in  the. 
hands  of  igconfiftorics.  The  number  of  llie  inferior  clergy,  compre- 
hending the  mini  fters  of  pariflics,  Sec,  amounts  only  to  138]^.  No 
clergyman  has  the  lead  direction  in  the  affairs  of  {late  ;  but  their  mor- 
als, and  the  fan£lity  of  their  lives,  endear  them  fo  much  to  the  people, 
that  the  government  would  repent  making  them  its  enemies.  1  heir 
churches  are  neat,  and  often  ornamented.  A  body  of  ccclofiaftical 
laws  and  canons  dirccl  their  religious  economy. 

Lanouack,  LEAUNiNG,  A N D  i.i.AK N £ D  Mi-N.  j  The  Swcdifli  lauguagc 
is  a  dialcft  of  the  Teutonic,  and  rcfembles  tinit  of  Denmark.  'Die 
Swedifli  nobility  and  gentry  arc,  in  general,  more  convcrfant  in  polite 
literature  thanthofeof  many  other  more  noutifUing  dates.  They 
have  of  late  exhibited  fome  noble  fpecimens  of  their  munificence  for 
the  improvement  of  literature  ;  -vvitiiciii  their  fending  at  the  cxpcnle  ot 
private  perfons,  that  excellent  and  candid  natural  philofoplicr,  Ilaifel- 
quift,  into  the  callern  countries  for  dircovcries,  where  he  died.  This 
noble  fpirit  is  eminently  encouraged  by  the  royal  iamily  ;  and  her 
Swedifli  maje/ly  purchafed,  at  no  incon.'iderable  expenfe,  for  that 
country,  all  Ilalfelquifl's  colleftion  of  curiofitics.  'I'hat  able  civilian, 
ftatcfman  and  hifl()rian,  Puflendorf,  was  a  native  of  Sweden  ;  and  fo 
was  the  late  celebrated  Linnaus,  who  carried  natural  philofophy,  in 
fome  branches  at  leaft,  particularly  botany,  to  the  highell  pitch. 
The  paihon  of  the  famous  queen  Chriftina  for  literature,  is  well 
known  to  the  public  ;  and  (he  may  be  accounted  a  genius  in  many 
branches  of  knowledge.  Even  in  the  midfl;  of  the  late  diilraftions  of 
Sweden,  the  fine  arts,  particularly  drawing,  fculpture,  and  architecture, 
were  encouraged  and  protected.  Agricultural  learning,  both  in  thco- 
iy  and  praftice,  is  now  carried  to  a  conHdcrablc  height  in  that  king- 
dom ;  and  the  character  given  by  fome  writers,  that  the  Swedes  are  a 
dull,  heavy  people,  litted  only  for  bodily  labovu',  is  in  a  great  meafurc 
owing  to  their  having  no  opportunity  of  exerting  their  talents.  '1  he 
importance  of  Sweden  is  greatly  diminifiied,  fmce  the  unfortunatQ 
wars  of  Chariest  1 1,  by  which  it  loft  its  richeft  provinces.  And  not- 
withftanding  all  the  encouragement  given  to  agriculture,  m.ining  and 
commerce,  the  popidation  is  yet  fo  thin,  and  the  climate  fo  fevere,  that 
this  kingdom  is  not  likely  to  receive  foon  any  cohderable  and  ra})i>l 
additions  of  power.  '1  he  fate  of  the  Icicnces  in  Sivedcn  has  bee:i 
much  more  fortunate.  Good  fchools  are  cUabliflied  in  every  part  of 
the  kingdom  ;  there  are  three  ver}'  ufeful  univerhties  at  Upfal,  l.und 
and  Abo ;  and  the  German  univerfity  of  Gnefswald,  in  the  Province 
of  Poinerania.  At  Stockholm,  Gothenburg,  and  Upfal.  there  arc  royal 
Societies  of  fciences  ;  academies  for  antiquities,  the  licllcs  Icttrcs, 
painting,  and  mufic,  arc  eftabliflicd  in  the  capital,  'Jlicre  is  alfo  a 
particular  and  very  valuable  inftitution  fov  promoting  the  ftudy  of 
Swedifh  geography  and  topograpliy,  called  Landmctcr  college  ;  and 
a  phyfiographical  focicty  at  I.und.  Sweden  has  many  men  of  learn- 
ing, diflinguiftied  for  their  knowledge  of  natural  philofophy,  chemif- 
try,  political  economy,  &c.  The  ancient  connexion  of  this  king- 
dom with  France  has  been  confirmed  by  the  late  king,  who  open- 
ed  forever  a  free  luiibour  to  ihc   Trench  in  confidcratiou  of   the 

illuiid 


-8  SWEDEN. 

ifland  of  St.  Barthelemi,  in  the  Weft-Indies,  ceded  to  him  by  France, 
in  tlic  year  1784.  The  neighbouring  ftatcs  of  Ruffia  and  Denmark  are 
very  attentive  to.  the  motions  of  Sweden,  which  in  former  times  prov- 
ed to  them  an  enemy  of  the  greatcft  confequence. 

V/ealth  AXD  COMMERCE.]  Though  Sweden  is  hy  no  means  fa- 
voured with  refpe6l  to  climate,  though  the  greater  part  of  it  is  barren, 
(the  uncultivated  parts  being  eflimated  at  upwards  of  110,000  fquare 
mllei)  vet 'the  induftry  of  the  inhabitants,  in  arts  and  agriculture,  has 
raifed  Sweden  to  the  rank  of  a  fecondary  European  power.  Howev- 
er, notwithftanding  the  great  encouragement  given  to  agriculture, 
Sweden  is  (till  obliged  to  import  300.000  tons  of  corn,  and  4,535  hogf- 
heads  of  fpjrituous  liquors,  ft  imports,  likewife,  hemp,  flax,  fait,  wine, 
beef,  fdk,  paper,  leather,  and  EsPl  and  Weft-India  goods.  The  exports 
confift chiefly  in  wood  and  minerals.  In  i/St,  Sweden  exported 
27,819  dozen  of  planks,  795  beams,  and  i,258balksof  beech,  95,657 
tons  of  tar,  and  15,868  tons  of  pitch  ;  fome  cod,  upwards  of  150,000 
tons  of  herrings,  of  which  England  bought  for  more  than  i2,oool>. 
fterling  :  blubber  or  train-oil  to  the  value  of  28,468  filver  dol- 
lars.  Of  the   produce   of    the  whale  fifhery,    there  was   exported, 

in  17S1,  606  tons  of  train-oil,  and  68,000  pounds  of  whale- 
borie.  The  moft  valuable  among  the  produftions  of  Sweden  are 
its  minerals,  principally  copper  and  iron.  Gold  is  found  at  Adel- 
fort,  in  the  province  of  Smaeland,  to  the  amount  of  850  ducats  ;  but 
the  expenfes  of  working  this  mine  exceed  the  profits  :  A  fmall  quanti- 
ty of  gold  is  found  in  \A'eftmanland.  The  mines  at  Sala,  in  the  fame 
province,  produce  lilvcrto  the  amount  of  upwards  of  6colb.  there  are 
alfo  fiivcr  mines  in  Dalecarlia  and  Northfinnland.  The  total  amount 
of  the  filver  obtained  from  the  Swedifh  mines,  in  1  774,  was  2,700  lb. 
The  copper  mines  at  Falun  and  Garpenberg,  in  Dalecarlia,  are  very 
rich:  The  exportation  of  copper  docs,  however,  not  exceed  6,000 
{liip-])ound.  Of  the  iron  found  in  Nerike,  Upland,  Dalecarlia,  &c. 
3V.0. 000  Clip-pound  are  exported.  Nolefsthan  450  forges,  hammering 
mills,  and  fmclting  lioufes.  are  employed  in  the  iron  manufafture. — 
Sweden  produces  3,5.000  lies-pound  of  f-dt-petre,  5,500  tons  of  alum; 
and  it  has  likcwlfc  vitriol  and  fulphur  works,  I'he  value  of  the  whole 
of  exported  minerals  amounts  to  2.300,000  German  dollars.  The  ex- 
portation of  wood  is  valued  at  i  million  ;  and  that  of  tar,  pitch,  and 
pot-afli,  at  300. coo  German  dollars.  Sweden  exports  alfo,  peltry,  or  furs 
of  grey  Iquirrcls,  bears, wolves,  foxes,crmine,  martins,  rein-dcer,gluttons, 
&c.  in  great  quantities.  All  tlie  ex  ported  goods  amounted,  in  1  768,  to  up- 
wards of  13  millions,  and  the  imports  to  little  more  than  10  millions  of  fil- 
ver dolhn-s.  The  Swedes  trade  to  all  parts  of  Europe,  tothe  Levante,  the 
^'aft  and  Wcfb-Indies,  to  Africa  and  China.  There  is  a  Swedifh  Eaft- 
Jndia  Company,  v/ho  haveadvanced3  niijlions  of  dollars  to  the  crown, 
and  pay  a  duty  tothekingon  every  voyage  :  There  ishkcwiie  a  Levante- 
Company.  The  bank  of  Sweden  is  aloanand  paper  bank  :  Itsprofitsare 
cftimated  at  between  2and3  millionsofdoUarsannually.  Thecrownow- 
edtothisbank,in  5772,  upwardsof45millionsofiilverdollars.  Thereare 
38  commercial  towns  in  the  kingdom,  among  whom  Stockholm,  Gothen- 
bur(%  and  Marftrand,  are  the  principal.  Sweden  has  endeavoured  to 
avoid  paying  the  difagreeable  duty  in  the  Sound,  by  joining  the  in- 
land lakes  with  the  fca,  by  a  canal  beginning  not  far  from  Stockholm, 
from  the  gulf  of  Bothnia,  and  extending  to  the  German  ocean  near 
Gothenburg  ;  but  the  attempt  has  not  yet  fuccccded. 

Government.^ 


SWEDE     :.-.  3^ 

Government.]  Since  the  memorable  revolution  in  the  year  1772, 
Sweden  may,  wjth  great  propriety,  be  called  a  mpnarchy,  '  The  ion- 
ate  it  is  true,  claims  ftill  foiiic  fiiare  in  the  adminiftration  ;  but  its 
members  are  chofen  by  the  king  himrelf.  On  coming  to  the  throne, 
the  fovereign  engages  to  obf'crvc  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  kingdom: 
He  has  the  abfolute  difpolal  of  the  army,  and  has  the  power  of  calling 
together  as  well  as  of  dilfolving  the  affcmbly  of  the  dates  ;  but  hecan» 
not  impofe  any  new  tax  without  confulting  the  diet,  whofe  confcn^ 
is  necelVury  to  levy  them  from  the  fubjeft.  The  fcnate  is  the  hiohcft 
court  or  council  in  the  kingdom,  and  Is  compofed  of  17  fcnator;  or  fa* 
preme  counfellors.  The  diet  is  formed  by  tke  deputies  of  the  four  el- 
tates,  er  orders  of  the  nation,  viz.  the  order  of  the  nobility,  the  clergy, 
the  citizens  and  the  peafants  ;  each  order  has  its  fpeaker,  who  prefides 
over  the  rcfpeSivc  deputies,  Tlie  fenatc  is  divided  into  two  depart- 
ments ;  one  of  them  has  the  fupreme  infpcftion  over  the  adminiftra- 
tion ofjuftice,  over  the  mines,  being  the  chief  fource  of  the  national 
wealth,  and  the  revifion  of  all  public  accounts:  The  other  depart- 
ment tranfafts  all  other  branches  of  public  and  foreign  bufuiefs.  The 
provinces  are  under  governors,  called  provincial  captains.  Juflice  is 
adminiftered  in  every  town  by  the  civil  magiftrates.  The  whole  king- 
dom is  divided  into  82  diftrifts  of  jurifdittion,  each  of  vhich  has  its 
own  court  of  juftice,  called  Heeradjling  :  In  thefc  counti-v  courts  the 
judge  is  alTifi-ed  by  a  jury  of  twelve  pca.fants.  From  the  dccifions 
o.f  thefc  courts,  their  lies  appeal  to  ii  fv.perior  courts,  called  Lacrmun- 
fing  J  and  from  the  latter  to  four  fupreme  courts  of  judicature,  efbah- 
liflied  at  Stockholm,  Jonkciping,  Abo,  and  WaHi.  The  Roman,  or 
Civil  law,  is  not  in  force  in  Sweden  :  Juftice  is  adminiftered,  without 
the  delays  ufual  in  other  countries,  according  to  the  regulation  of  the 
code  of  laws  publifhed  in  the  year  1736.  Other  departments  for  the 
tranfaftion  of  public  bufinefs  are  t!ie  following  :  The  War  OfRcc,  the 
Exchequer,  the  Court  of  Admiralty,  the  Chancery,  the  Jioard'of 
7Vade,  and  the  Board  of  Mines. 

Finances."!  The  revenue  amounted,  in  1 772,  to  n. 089, 122  filvcr 
dollars,  the  public  expenditure,  to  11,4.66,125  lilvcr  dollars  ;  and  the 
national  debt,  exceeded,  at  that  time,  tlie  fum  of  60  millions.  Since 
tiic  late  revolution,  the  rcxenue  has  been  Incrcafcd,  by  appropriating 
lo  the  crown  the  lucrative  monopoly  in  fpirituous  liquors,  which  is 
valued  at  upwards  of  7  millions  of  filvcr  dollars.  Mr.  Tunbcrg  cfti- 
mates  the  ordinary  revenue,  in  1  784,  at  4  millions  of  rix-dollars.  The 
revenue  accruing  from  the  German  province  of  Pomerania.  amounted, 
in  17B1,  to  23  J, '-187  German  dollars  ;  and,  in  1782,  that  of  Pomerania 
and  Wilmar  to  249,000  German  dollars.  The  chatoullc;  or  piivatc 
purfeof  the  king,  is  eftimutcd  at  ?oo.coo  ri\;dollars. 

Army  and  navy.]  In  1784,  it  conlifted  of  50.421  men.  The 
Swedifh  forces  are  divided  into  national  troops  ;  and  levied  troops, 
who  are  moftly  foreigners  :  The  firft,  being  fupplied  by  the  Swcdifh 
nation,  and  confifting  of  country  people,  who  fervc  only  during  the 
feafon  of  the  reviews,  have  fome  rcfcmblancc  to  a  national  militia  : 
They  are,  however,  much  better  difciplincd  than  militias  commonly  are. 
The  infantry  muft  be  fupplied  and  maintained  by  the  order  of  the  pr::- 
fants,  the  cavalry  by  the  order  of  tlie  nobilitv.  'ihc  levied  troops,  ;noft 
of  whom  are  foreigners,  arc  perpetually  on  duty,  and  receive  continual 
pay.  K\Ti0NAfc 


•<e  SWEDE      N. 


,28  J  ^5,^*5 


Natiokal    Troops 

Infantry. 
0.2  national  regiments  of  dllTerent  ftrength, 
1  battalion  — 

1  . of  Cliaffeurs 

Cavalry 

Horfc  Guards  —  _„  .^  *j505 

The  noble  Guard  (6  companies)  395 

5  regiments         —  —  .^  ....  5,000 

Dragoons,  2  regiments  «__-._  s,ooo 

befides 
1   Efcadr.  of  Dragoons  of  —  =— .  —  400 

I  -.     «-  —  '     300 

1   Comp,      . —  — .  —  100 

Levied,  or  Standikg  Troops. 

I7ifant}y. 

King's  Guards  _  — -  — .  —  2,800 

7  regiment,  fome  of  1,260  men,  fome  of  lefs  —  5;9^o 

Savvoldx  Challeurs  _  —  — «        .  400 

Cavalry, 

Huffars  -.„  _^  --.  goo 

X-iglit  Dragoons  —  — i  200 

ArtiUery. 

5   Brigades  -«  —  —  3,230 

^ (Fortiiicats.)  —  —  8,706 


50j42t 


N    A    V    V. 

25  (hips  of  the  line. 

12 — 14  frigates. 

50  galleys. 

15 — 17.000  Seamen. 
Two  regiments  of  marines,  together  1400  men.     Some  new  fhips  of 
the  line  liave  been  hitclv  built,  fo  as  to  make  up  the  number  of  30. 

Catital.]  Stockholm^  the  capital  of  Sweden,  and  the  refidence 
of  the  king,  is  fituated  in  N.  lat,  59°.  20'.  and  E.  long.  19°,  30'.  760 
miles  N.  E.  from  London.  Standing  at  thejunftionof  the  Baltic  fea, 
and  the  Lake  Tvlaler,  it  has  tlic  con<'cnience  both  of  fait  and  frcfh  wa- 
ter. It  is  built,  partly  on  ijlands  and  partly  on  peninfulas,  and  its  cir- 
cuit is  computed  at  12  miles.  Mod  of  the  ftreets  are  broad,  and  the 
market  places  fpacious.  In  the  quarter  of  the  town  properly  called 
the  city,  are  abo;e  50C0  houfes,  moftof  them  ftanding  on  piles.  They 
are  built  entirely  of  flone,  and  are  four  Or  five  ftories  high  ;  but 
fome  are  covered  with  copper  or  iron  plates,  and  others  with  tiles. 
Tlic  iflands  on  which  this  city  is  built  are  fix,  viz.  Stockholm,  on 
which  among  other  public  buildings,  are  the  new-palace,  the  fenate- 
lioufe,  the  town  houfe  and  the  bank — Ritterholm,  on  which  is  St, 
Francis'  Church,  where  lie  interred,  many  of  the  Swedifli  kings  and 
c'ncens — Schiffsholm,  on  which  is  the  dock  yard — Helgandfholm,  or 
the  illand  of  the  Holy  Ghoft — Ronigfliolm — Landugard-ifland,  on 
which  is  the  king's  orchard,  park  and  orangery,  and  an  orphan  houfe, 
founded  by  Free-Maibns,  in  1750. 

All 


S      W      E      J>      E      M.  ^1 

AH  parts  of  this  city  are  connefted  by  bridges.  It  affords  a  fine 
profped  of  the  Lake  Maler,  on  one  fide,  and  of  the  harbour,  on  the 
other.  The  niamber  of  inhabitants  who  pay  taxes,  is  computed 
at  60,000. 

In  this  city  arc,  a  Board  of  Admirahy,  an  Office  of  tlie  Revcniie, 
a  National  Bank,  with  a  capital  of  £"466.666,13  }  fteding,  a  Cuftoni- 
houfe,  a  Naval-office,  an  Inlurance-ofHcc,  an  Office  where  goods 
manufactured  in  the  kingdom  are  examined,  and  difputcs  bciWcen 
manufafturers  decided — a  commodious  dock,  various  kinds  of  manu- 
faftorics — a  Royal  Academy  of  Sciences,  a  College  of  Phyficians,  a 
Royal  Library,  a  chemical  and  mechanical  'Elabaratory,  an  Academy 
for  Painting  and  Sculpture,  and  others  for  Military  Architefturc  and 
Land  Surveying. 

PuNistf^iENTs.]  The  common  method  of  execution  in  Sweden  is 
beheading  and  hanging  ;  for  murder,  the  hand  of  the  criminal  is  hrfc 
chopped  off,  and  he  is  then  beheaded  and  quartered  ;  women,  after 
beheading,  inftead  of  being  quartered,  are  burned.  No  capital  pun- 
ifhment  is  inflifted  without  the  fentence  being  confirmed  by  the  king. 
Every  prifoner  is  at  liberty  to  petition  the  king,  within  a  month  after 
the  trial.  The  petition  either  complains  of  unjuft  condemnation,  and 
in  fuch  a  cafe  demands  a  revifal  of  the  fentence  :  or  cU'e  prays  for  par- 
don, or  a  mitigation  of  punifliment.  Malefadors  are  never  put  to 
death  except  for  very  atrocious  crimes,  fuch  as,  murder,  houfebreak- 
ing,  robbery  upon  the  highway,  or  repeated  thefts.  Other  crimes, 
many  of  which  in  fome  countries  are  confidered  as  capital,  are  chiefly 
puniflacd  by  whipping,  condemnation  to  live  upon  bread  and  water, 
imprifonment  and  hard  labour,  cither  for  life,  or  for  a  ftatcd  time,  ac- 
cording to  the  nature  of  the  crime.  Criminals  were  tortured  to  ex- 
tort confeffion  till  the  reign  of  the  prefcnt  king  ;  but,  in  1773,  his 
Swedifh  majcfty  abolifhed  this  cruel  and  abfurd  praftice. 

Royal  style.]  The  king's  fryleis  king  of  the  C/Oths  and  Vandals, 
great  prince  of  Finland,  duke  of  Scly>nen,  Pomeran,  &c. 

Ordkrs  of  knighthood,]  Thefe  are,  the  order  of  the  Xorlh 
Star,  confifting  of  24  members  :  the  order  of  r'aja,  and  tlic  order  of 
the  Sword';  the  Lift  created  in  1772. 

History.]  The  Coths,  the  ancient  inhabitants  of  this  co^^jtrv, 
joined  by  the  Normans,  Danes,  Saxons,  Vandals,  &c.  have  had  the 
reputation  of  fubduing  the  Roman  empire,  and  all  the  fouthcrn  nations 
of  Europe.  Tlie  introduftion  of  Chriftianity  by  Anfgarius,  bifliop  of 
Brenem,  in  829,  fecms  toprefent  the  firil  certain  period  of  the  Swed- 
ifh hiftory. 

The  hiftory  of  Sweden,  and  indeed  of  all  the  northern  nations,  even 
during  the  fii  ft  ages  of  Chriftianity,  is  confufcd  and  unintcrefting, 
and  even  doubful  ;  but  fufficicntlv  replete  with  murders,  maftacres, 
and  ravages.-  That  of  Sweden  is  void  of  confiftency,  till  about  the 
middle  of  the  fourteenth  century,  when  it  afiumcs  an  appearance  more 
regular,  and  affords  wherewith  to  rccompenfe  the  attention  of  thofe 
who  choofe  to  make  it  an  obje£l  of  their  ftudies. 

Magnus  Ladulus,  crowned  in  1276,  fecms  to  have  been  the  fiift 
king  of  Sweden  who  purfued  a  regular  fyftem  to  increafc  liis  authori- 
ty ;  and  to  fuccced  in  this,  he  made  the  augmentation  of  the  revenues 
of  the  crown  his  principal  object.     lie  was  one  of  the  ablcft  princes 

wh© 


42  S      WE      D      E      N. 

v.-ho  had  ever' fat  on  thc'Ssvedifh  throne  ;  by  his  art  and  addrefs  he  pre* 
vailed  upon  ihc  convention  of  eftatcs  to  make  very  extraordinary 
grants  to  him  for  the  fupport  of  his  royal  dignity.  The  augmentation 
of  the  revenues  of  the  crown  was  naturally  followed  by  a  proportion- 
able increafc  of  the  regal  power.  The  fucceflbrs  of  Magnus  did  not 
maintain  their  authority  with  equal  ability  ;  and  feveral  commotions 
and  revolutions  followed,  which  threw  the  nation  into  great  diforder 
and  confuiion,  and  the  government  was  for  a  long  time  in  the  moft  un- 
icttled  (late. 

In  the  year  1387,  Margaret,  daughter  of  \''aldemar,  king  of  Den- 
mark, and  widow  of  Huguin,  king  of  Norway,  reigned  in  both  thefe 
kingdoms.  That  princefs,  to  the  ordinary  ambition  of  her  fex,  added 
a  penetration  and  enlargement  of  mind,  which  rendered  her  capable 
or"  condufting  the  greateft  and  moft  complicated  defigns.  She  has 
been  called  the  Semiramis  of  the  North,  becaufe,  like  Semiramis,  (lie 
found  means  to  reduce  by  arms,  or  by  intrigue,  an  immenfe  extent  of 
territory;  and  became  queen  of  Denmark,  Norway,  and  Sweden,  be- 
ing elefted  to  this  laft  in  1394.  She  projeiEled  the  union  of  Calmar,  fo 
famous  in  the  North,  by  wliich  thele  kingdoms  were  for  the  future  to 
remain  under  one  fovereign,  elefted  by  each  kingdom  in  its  turn,  and 
•tvho  flionld  divide  his  refidcnce  between  them  all.  Several  revolu- 
tions enfued  after  the  death  of  Margaret  ;  and  at  length  Chriftian  II. 
the  laft  king  of  Denmark,  who,  by  virtue  of  tlie  treaty  of  Calmar,  was 
alfo  king  of  Sweden,  engaged  in  a  fcheme  to  render  himfelf  entirely 
abfolutc.  The  barbarous  policy  by  which  he  attempted  to  effeft  this 
defign  no  lefs  barbarous,  proved  the  deftruftion  of  himfelf,  and  afford- 
ed an  opportunity  for  changing  the  face  of  affairs  in  Sweden.  In  or- 
der to  cftablifli  his  autliority  in  that  kingdom,  ke  laid  a  plot  for  maffa- 
cring  the  principal  nobility.  This  horrid  defign  was  aftuallv  carried 
into  execution,  November  8,  1520.  Of  all  thofe  who  could  oppofe 
the  defpotic  purpofcs  of  Chriftian,  no  one  remained  in  Sweden,  but 
Guftavus  Vafa,  a  young  prince,' olfcended  of  tlie  ancient  kings  of  that 
country,  and  who  had  already  fignalized  his  arms  againft  the  king  of 
Denmark.  An  immenfe  price  was  laid  on  his  head.  I'he  Danifli 
faldiers  were  lent  in  purfuit  of  him  ;  but  by  his  dexterity  and  addrcfs 
he  eluded  all  their  attempts,  and  eicaped,  under  the  difguife  of  a  pea- 
lant,  to  the  mountains  of  Dalecariia.  This  is  not  the  place  to  relate 
his  dangers  and  fatigues,  how  to  prevent  his  difcovcry  he  wrought  in 
the  brafs-mines,  how  he  was  betrayed  by  thofe  in  whom  he  repofed 
his  confidence,  and  in  fine,  furmounting  a  thoufand  obftacles,  engaged 
the  favagc,  but  warlike  inhabitants  of  Dalecariia,  to  undertake  his 
caufc.  to  oppofe,  and  to  conquer  his  tyrannical  oppreffor.  Sweden,  by 
bis  means,  again  acquired  independence.  The  ancient  nobility  were 
rnoflly  deftroyed.  Guftavus  was  at  the  head  of  a  viftorious  army, 
\vho  admired  his  valour,  and  were  attached  to  his  perfon.  He  was 
created  therefore  firft  adminiftrator,  and  afterwards  king  of  Sweden, 
by  the  univerfal  conlent,  and  with  the  fhouts  of  the  whole  nation. 
His  circumftances  were  muck  more  favourable  than  thofe  of  any  for- 
mer prince  v/ho  had  poffcffcd  this  dignity.  The  mailacrc  of  the  nobles, 
Iiad  rid  him  of  thole  proud  and  haughty  enemies,  who  had  fo  long 
been  the  bane  of  all  regular  government  in  Sweden.  The  clergy,  in- 
deed, were  no  leis  powerful  and  dangerous  ;  but  the  opinions  of  Lu- 

therj, 


W      E      D      E      N. 


43 


er,  which  began  at  this  time  to  prevail  in  the  North,  the  force  with 
which  they  were  fupported,  and  the  credit  which  tlioy  had  acquired 
among  the  Swedes,  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  changing  the  rcUgiinis 
fyftem  of  that  country  ;  and  the  exercife  of  ihe  Roman  Catholic  relig- 
ion was  prohibited  in  the  year  1544,  under  the  fcvcrc{lpci;altics,whicli 
have  never  yet  been  relaxed.  Inflead  of  a  Gothic  ariftocracy,  the 
mofl  turbulent  of  all  governments,  and,  when  impoifoned  by  religious 
tyranny,  of  all  governments  the  mod  wretched,  Sweden,  in  this  man- 
ner, became  a  regular  monarchy.  Some  favourable  effcfts  of  thi<i 
change  were  foon  viiVole  :  Arts  andmanufaclures  were  eftabliflied  and 
improved  ;  navigation  and  commerce  began  to  flourifh  ;  Ittlers  iind 
civility  were  introduced  ;  and  a  kingdom,  known  only  by  name  to  the 
reft  of  Europe,  began  to  be  known  by  its  arms,  and  to  have  a  certain 
weight  in  all  public  treaties  or  deliberations. 

Guftavus  died  in  1559,  ''"'^  ^''^  fucceeded  by  his  fon  Eric,  who  was 
depofcd  1566.  His  brother  John  fucceeded  him,  and  entered  into  a 
ruinous  war  with  Rufha.  John  attempted,  by  the  advice  of  his  queen, 
to  re-cftablifh  the  Catholic  religion  in  Sweden  ;  but,  though  he  made 
flrong  efforts  for  that  purpofe,  and  even  reconciled  himfelf  to  the  pope, 
he  was  oppofed  bv  his  brother  Charles,  and  the  fchcme  proved  incf- 
feftual.  John's  fon  Sigifmund,  was,  however,  chofen  king  of  Poland 
in  1587,  upon  which  he  endeavoured  again  to  rcflore  the  Roman 
Catholic  religion  in  his  dominions  ;  but  he  died  in  159'.:. 

Charles,  brother  to  king  John,  a  ftrenuous  proteftant,  was  chofen 
?,dminillrator  of  Sweden  ;  and  afterwards  crowned  in  159Q.  The 
reign  of  Charles,  through  the  practices  of  Sigifmund,  was  turbulent  ; 
which  gave  the  Danes  encouragement  to  invade  Sweden,  Their  con« 
duft  was  checked  by  the  great  (iuftavus  Adolphus,  though  then  a 
minor,  and  heir  apparent  to  Sweden.  Upon  the  death  of  his  father, 
which  happened  in  161  j,  he  was  declared  of  ?ge  by  the  ftates,  though 
then  only  in  his  eighteenth  year.  Gullavus,  foon  after  his  acceflion, 
found  himfelf  through  the  power  and  intrigues  of  the  Poles,  Ruffians, 
and  Danes,  engaged  in  a  vvar  with  all  his  neighbours,  vmder  infinite 
difadvantages  ;  all  which  he  furmounted.  He  had  almoff  become 
mailer  of  Ruffia  ;  but  the  Ruffians  were  (o  tenacious  of  their  indepen- 
dency, that  his  fcheme  v^as  baffle  J.  In  1617  he  made  a  peace,  under 
the  mediation  of  James  I.  of  England,  by  which  he  recovered  Livonia, 
and  four  towns  in  the  prefecture  of  Xovogorod,  with  a  lum  of  money 
belides. 

The  ideas  of  Guftavus  began  now  to  extend.  He  had  fcen  a  vaft 
deal  of  military  fervice,  andi  he  was  affifted  by  the  couni'cls  of  La 
Gardic,  one  of  the  bcft  generals  and  wifcft  ffatcfmen  of  his  age.  His 
troops,  by  perpetual  war.  had  become  the  heft  difciplined  and  mole 
warlike  in  Europe  :  and  he  carried  his  ambition  farther  tlian  hiOonans 
are  willing  to  acknowledge.  The  princes  of  the  houfe  of  AuILna 
were,  it  is  certain,  earlyjealous  of  his  entcrprifmg  fpirit,  and  fupported 
his  ancient  implacable  enemy  Sigiimund,  whom  Guftavus  defeated. — 
In  1627,  he  formed  tlie  fiege  of  Dantzitk,  in  which  lie  \vas  unfuccc^^- 
ful  ;  but  the.  attempt,  which  was  defeated  only  by  tlic  fudden  rile  of 
the  Viftula,  added  fo  much  to  his  military  charafter,  that  the  proteft- 
ant caufe  placed  him  at  the  head  of  the  confederacy  for  reducing  the 
houfc  of  Auftria.     His  life,  from  that  time,  was  a  continued  chain  ol 

the 


44  S      W      E      D      1^      N. 

the  mofl  rapid  and  wonderful  fucceffes  :  Even  the  mention  of  eacli 
would  exceed  our  bounds.  It  is  fufficient  to  fay,  that  after  taking 
Riga,  and  over-running  Livonia,  he  entered  Poland,  where  he  was 
viftorious  ;  and  from  thence  in  1630,  he  landed  in  Ponnerania,  drove 
the  Germans  Out  of  Mecklenburgh,  defeated  the  famous  count  Tilly 
the  Aullrian  general,  who  was  till  then  thought  invincible  ;  and  over- 
ran Franconia.  Upon  the  defeat  and  death  of  Tilly,  Wallenftein, 
another  Auftiian  general,  of  equal  reputation,  was  appointed  to  com- 
mand again  ft  Guftavus,  who  was  killed  upon  the  plain  of  Lutzen  in 
1632,  after  gaining  a  battle  ;  which,  had  he  furvit^ed,  would  probably 
have  put  a  jxiriod  to  the  Auftrian  greatnefs. 

The  amazing  abilities  of  Guftavus  Adolphus,  both  in  the  cabinet 
and  the  field,  never  appeared  fo  fully  as  after  his  death.  He  left  behind 
him  a  fet  of  generals,  trained  by  himfelf,  who  maintained  the  glory  of 
the  Swedifh  array  with  moft  aftonilhing  valour  and  fuccefs.  His  chan. 
cellor  Oxenftiern,  was  as  confummate  a  politician  as  he  was  a  warrior  j 
ajid  during  the  minority  of  his  daughter  Chriftina,  he  managed  the 
aftairs  of  Sweden  v/ith  fuch  fuccefs,  that  {he  in  a  manner  dictated  the 
peace  of  Weftphalia,  1648,  which  threw  the  affairs  of  Europe  into  a 
new   fyftem. 

Chriftina  was  but  fix  years  of  age  when  her  father  was  killed.  She 
received  a  noble  education  ;  hut  her  fine  genius  took  an  uncommon, 
and  indeed  romantic  turn.  She  invited  to  her  court,  Defcartes,  Sal- 
niafius,  and  other  learned  men.  Being  refolved  not  to  marry,  (he 
rciigned  her  crown  to  her  coufm  Charles  Guftavus,  fon  to  the  duke  of 
Deux-Ponts,  in  1654.  He  died  of  a  fever  in  1660.  His  fon  and  fuc- 
celfor,  Charles  XI.  was  not  five  years  of  age  at  his  father's  death  ;  and 
this  rendered  it  ncccfl'ary  for  his  guardians  to  conclude  a  peace  with 
their  neighbours,  by  which  tlie  Swedes  gave  up  the  iflandof  Bornholm, 
and  Drontheim,  in  Norv,^ay.  All  differences  were  accommodated  at 
the  fame  time  with  RuOia  and  Holland  ;  and  Sweden  continued  to 
jnake  a  very  refpeftable  figure  in  the  affairs  of  Europe. 

Charles  XI.  died  in  1697,  '^"'^  "^"^^  fucceeded  by  his  minor  fon,  the 
famous  Charles  XII.  The  hlftory  of  no  prince  is  better  known  than 
that  of  this  hero.  Soon  after  his  accefhon,  the  kings  of  Denmark  and 
Poland,  and  the  czar  of  Mufcovy,  formed  a  powerful  confederacy 
againft  him,  cncoui-aged  by  the  mean  opinion  they  had  of  his  youtli 
and  abilities.  He  made  head  againft  them  all  ;  and  befieging  Copen- 
liagen,  he  di£lated  the  peace  of  Travendahl  to  his  Danlfli  majefty,  by 
which  the  duke  of  Ilolftein  was  rc-eftablifhej  in  his  dominions.  Tlie 
czar  Peter  was  at  this  time  ravaging  Ingria.  at  the  head  of  80,000  men, 
and  had  belieged  Narva.  The  army  of  Charles  did  not  exceed  20,000 
men  ;  but  fuch  was  his  impatience,  that  he  advanced  at  the  head  of 
8000,  entirely  routed  the  main  body  of  the  Ruffians,  and  raifed  the 
licgc.  Such  were  his  fucceflcs,  and  fo  numerous  his  prifoners,  that 
the  Ruffians  attributed  his  actions  to  necromancy.  Charles  from  thence 
marched  into  Saxony,  where  his  warlike  atchievements  equalled,  if 
they  did  not  excel,  thofe  of  Guftavus  Adolphus.  He  dethroned  Au- 
guftus  king  of  Poland  ;  but  ftained  all  his  laurels,  by  putting  the  brave 
count  Patkul  to  a  death  equally  painful  and  ignominious.  He  raifed 
Staniflaus  to  the  crown  of  Poland  in  1705,  and  his  name  carried  with 
it  Cuch  terror,  that  he  v.-as  courted  b)'  all  the  powers  of  Europe  ;  and 

amon^ 


S      W      E      D      £      AT.  45 

among  others,  by  the  duke  of  Marlborough,  in  the  name  of  queen  Anne, 
amidft  the  full  career  of  her  fucceffcs  againft  France,  His  llubbornncfs 
and  implacable  difpofition,  however,  were  fuch,  that  he  cannot  be  cou- 
iidered  in  a  better  light  than  that  of  an  illuftrious  madman  ;  for  he  loft 
in  the  battle  of  Pultowa,  1709,  which  he  fought  in  his  march  to  de- 
throne the  czar,  more  than  all  he  had  gained  by  his  vittorics.  ili*. 
brave  army  was  ruined,  and  he  wa3  forced  to  t.ike  refuge  among  the 
Turks  at  Bender.  His  aftions  there,  in  attempting  to  defend  himfclf 
with  30©  Swedes  againft  30,000  Turks,  prove  him  to  have  been  worlc. 
than  frantic.  The  Turks  found  it  however  convenient  for  their  affairs 
to  fet  him  at  liberty.  But  his  misfortunes  did  not  cure  his  military 
madnefs  ;  and  after  his  return  to  his  dominions,  he  profecuted  his  re- 
venge againft  Denmark,  till  he  was  killed  by  a  cannon-lhot,  as  it  is 
generally  faid,  at  the  fiege  of  Fredericfliall,  in  Norway,  belonging  to 
the  Danes,  in  1718,  when  he  was  no  more  than  thirty-Iix  years  of  age. 
It  has  been  fuppofed,  that  Charles  was  not  in  reality  killed  by  a  Ibot 
from  the  walls  of  Fredericfnall,  but  that  a  piftol  from  i'ome  nearer 
jband,  from  one  of  thofe  about  him,  gave  the  decifive  blow,  which  put 
an  end  to  the  life  of  this  celebrated  monarch.  This  opinion  is  faid  to 
he  very  prevalent  among  the  beft  informed  pcrfons  in  Sweden,  And 
it  appears,  that  the  Swedes  were  tired  of  a  prince,  under  whom  they 
had  loft  their  richeft  provinces,  \heir  bravell  troops,  and  their  national 
riches  ;  and  who  yet  untamed  by  adverfity,  puifued  an  unfuccelsful 
and  pernicious  war,  nor  would  ever  have  liftened  to  the  voice  of  peace, 
or  confultedthe  internal  tranquillity  of  his  country. 

Charles  XH.  was  fucceeded  by  his  fifter,  tiic  princcfs  Ulrica  F.lco- 
riora,  wife  to  the  hereditary  prince  of  licifc.  Adolphus  Frederic, 
anarried  the  princefs  Ulrica,  fifter  to  the  king  of  Fruftia  ;  :Mid  afc end- 
ed the  Swedifh  throne  in  1751.  He  was  a  prince  of  a  mild  and  gen- 
tle temper,  and  much  harralTed  by  the  cont(i\iding  Swedifli  f.i^lioiis, 
and  found  his  fituation  extremely  troublefome,  in  coniequenceof  (ho 
reftraints  and  oppofition  which  he  met  with  from  the  fenate. — ■• 
He  pafied  the  greateft  part  of  his  reign  very  difagreeably,  and 
was  at  length,  through  the  intrigues  of  the  queen,  brought  over 
to  the  French  party.  He  died  in  February,  1771,  and  was  fucceed- 
ed by  his  fon,  Guftavus  the  Third.  He  poirelled  abilities  greatly 
iuperior  to  thofe  of  his  father,  and  had  much  more  ambition.  He  was 
about  hve  and  twenty  years  of  age  when  he  was  proclaimed  king  of 
Sweden  -,  his  underftanding  had  been  much  cultivated,  he  had  arj 
inhnuating  addrcfs,  and  a  graceful  and  comm.anding  elocution.  Me 
was  at  Paris  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  from  whence  he  wrote  lu 
the  moft  gracious  teims  to  the  fenate,  repeatedly  afi'uring  them  that  he 
defigned  to  govern  according  to  the  laws.  In  confequcnce  of  the 
death  of  his  father,  an  extniordinary  diet  was  called  to  regulate  the 
afiairs  of  the  government,  and  to  fettle  the  form  of  tlie  corona- 
tion oath.  Some  time  after  his  arrival  in  Sweden,  on  the  28th  ot 
March,  1772,  his  majclly  folemnly  iigned,  and  iworc  to  obic-r\i- 
twenty-four  articles,  relative  to  his  futuic  adminiitration  of  gov- 
ernment. This  was  termed  a  capitulation  ;  and  among  the  article* 
were  the  following  ;  "  The  king  promifes  before  God  ro  fup])oit  the 
government  of  the  kingdom  as  then  cftabliflicd  ;  to  maintain  -.liO  nglus 
and  liberties  of  the  flutes,  the  liberties  and   fecur;t\  cf  j!!  h:r-   lubjjtts. 

JIlO 


46  SWEDEN. 

and  to  reign  with  juftice  and  equity  according  to  the  laws  of  tlic  king* 
dom,  the  form  of  the  regency  as  it  was  cftablifhcd  in  the  year  1720, 
and  conformably  to  the  prcfent  aft  of  capitulation.  In  confequencc 
of  the  declaration  of  tlie  Rates,  the  king  Ihiall  regard  any  perfon,  who 
fliall  openly  or  clandeftinely  endeavour  to  introduce  abfoluts  fovcr- 
eigntv,  as  an  enemy  of  the  kingdom,  and  as  a  traitor  to  his  country, 
and  every  peribn  muft  take  an  oath  refpedling  this  matter,  before  he 
can  take  poffcirion  of  any  employment.  With  regard  to  the  affairs  of 
the  cabinet  and  the-fenate,  the  king  promifes  to  follow  the  regulations 
of  the  year  1720  upon  that  head,  which  are  to  be  diVeftcd  always  by  a 
majority  of  votes,  and  never  to  do  any  thing  therein  without,  and 
much  lefs  again  ft,  their  advice.  To  the  end  tliat  the  council  of  ftatc 
may  be  lo  much  the  more  convinced  of  the  inviolable  defigns  of  his 
majcfty,  and  of  his  fincere  love  for  the  good  of  his  people,  he  declares 
them  to  be  entirely  dil'engaged  from  their  oath  of  fidelity,  in  cafe  that 
he  wilfully  afts  contrary  to  his  coronation-oath,  and  to  this  capitula- 
tion. And  la  Illy,  the  king  threatens  any  perfon  v/ith  his  highefh  dif- 
pleafure,  who  lliall  be  fo  inconfiderate  as  to  propofe  to  him  a  greater 
degree  of  power  and  fplcndor  than  is  marked  out  in  this  aft  of  capit- 
ulation, as  his  majsfly  deiircs  only  to  gain  the  affctlion  of  his  faithful 
fubjcfts,  and  to  be  their  powerful  defender  againil  any  attempts  which 
may  be  made  upon  their  lawful  liberties." 

But  fcarccly  had  the  king  taken  thefe  Iblemn  oaths  to  rule  accord- 
ing tothe  then  eftabli  filed  form  of  government,  and  accepted  the  crown 
uy:)on  thefe  conditions,  before  he  formed  the  plan  to  govern  as  he 
thought  proper,  regarding  thefe  oaths  only  as  matters  of  ceremony. 
And  he  made  life  of  every  art,  the  raoft  profound  diffimulation,  and 
the  utmoft  dexterity  and  addrefs,  in  order  to  render  this  hazardous  en- 
'cerprife  fuccefsful.  At  his  firft  arrival  at  Stockholm  he  adopted  ev- 
ery method  which  could-  increafe  his  popularity.  Three  times  a  week 
he  regularly  gave  audience  to  all  who  prefented  themfelves.  Neither 
rank,  fortune,  nor  interell,  were  neceffciry  to  obtain  acccfs  to  him  : 
It  was  fufiicient  to  have  been  injured,  and  to  have  a  legal  caufe  of 
complaint  to  lay  before  him.  He  liflened  to  the  meaneft  of  his  fub- 
jcfts  with  affability,  and  entered  into  the  minuteft  details  that  concern- 
ed them  •,  he  informed  himfelf  of  their  private  affairs,  and  feemed  to 
intereft  himfelf  in  their  happinefs.  This  conduft  made  him  confider- 
ed  as  truly  the  father  of  his  people,  and  the  Swedes  began  to  idolize 
him.  In  the  warmth  of  their  gratitude  thev  forgot  that  motives  of  am- 
bition rraght  have  fome  fhare  in  forming  a  conduft  which  to  them  ap- 
peared to  proceed  from  principles  of  the  pureft  benevolence.  At  the 
fame  time  that  he  laboured  to  render  himfelf  generally  popular,  he  alfo 
endeavoured  to  perfuade  the  leading  men  of  the  kingdom,  that  he  was 
fmcerely  and  inviolably  attached  to  the  conffitution  of  his  country, 
that  he  was  perfeftly  falisfied  with  the  (hare  of  power  the  conftitu- 
tion  had  allotted  to  him,  and  he  took  every  opportunity  to  declare, 
that  he  confidercd  it  as  hisgreateft  glory  to  be  the  firff  citizen  of  a  free 
people.  He  fccmed  intent  onlv  on  banifhing  corruption,  and  promot- 
ing union  ;  he  declared  he  would  be  of  no  party  but  that  of  the  nation  ; 
and  that  he  would  ever  pay  the  mofl  implicit  obedience  to  whatever 
the  diet  flrould  enaft.  Thefe  prcfeiTions  lulled  the  many  into  a  fatal 
iccurity.  thoMgh  they  cre:itcd  fufpicions  among  2  few  of  greater  pene- 
tration. 


W      E      D      E      N. 


47 


frafion,  who  thought  his  majefty  promifed  too  much  to  be  in  carncn:. 
In  the  mean  time,  there  happened  fomc  contentions  between  the  dif- 
ferent orders  of  the  Swedifh  dates  ;  and  no  methods  were  left  untried 
to  foment  thefe  jealoufies.  Emiircaies  were  likewifc  planted  in  cverv 
part  of  the  kingdom,  for  the  purpofc  of  fowing  difcontcnt  among  ihu 
inhabitants,  of  rendering  them  difaiTefted  to  the  eftablifhed  govern- 
mdht,  and  of  exciting  them  to  an  infurrcftion.  At  length,  when  the 
king  found  liis  fcheme  ripe  for  execution,  having  taken  the  propcr 
meafures  for  bringing  a  confidcrable  number  of  the  officers  and  fold- 
iers*  into  his  interelt,  on  the  19th  of  Auguft,  1  772,  he  totally  over- 
turned the  Swedifh  conflitution  of  gnvernmcnt.  In  Icfs  than  an  ho\ir 
he  made  himfelf  mafler  of  all  the  military  force  of  Stockholm.  He 
planted  grenadiers,  with  their  bayonets  fixed,  at  the  door  of  the  coun- 
cil-chamber, in  which  the  fenate  were  alTemblcd,  and  made  all  the 
members  of  it  prifoners.  And  that  no  news  might  be  carried  to  any 
other  part  of  Sweden,  of  the  tranfa6lion  in  which  the  king  was  engag- 
ed, till  the  fcheme  was  completed,  cannon  were  drawn  from  the  arlc- 
nal,  and  planted  at  the  palace,  the  bridges,  and_other  parts  of  the  town, 
and  particularly  at  all  the  avenues  leading  to  it.  Soldiers  flood  over 
thcfe  with  matches  ready  lighted  ;  all  communication  with  the  coun- 
try was  cut  off,  no  one  without  apalTport  from  the  king  being  allowed 
to  leave  the  city.  The  fenators  were  then  confined  in  feparate  apart- 
ments in  the  palace,  and  many  others  who  were  fuppofed  to  be  zeal- 
oufly  attached  to  the  liberties  of  Swedfn,  were  put  under  arreft.  The 
remainder  of  the  day  the  king  employed  in  vifiting  different  quarters 
of  the  town,  in  order  to  receive  oaths  of  fidelity  to  him  from  the  mag- 
iflrates,  the  colleges,  and  city  militia.  Oaths  were  alfo  tendered  the 
next  day  to  the  people  in  general,  to  whom  he  addreffed  a  fpeech, 
which  he  concluded  by  declaring,  that  his  only  intention  was  to  rc- 
flore  tranquillity  to  his  native  countrv,  by  i'upprelTing  licentioufncis, 
overturning  the  ariflocratic  form  of  government,  re'viving  the  old 
Swedifh  liberty,  and  refloring  the  ancient  laws  of  Sweden,  fuch  as 
they  were  before  1680.  "  I  renounce  now,"  faid  he,  "  as  I  have  al- 
ready done,  all  idea  of  the  a^hored  abfolutc  power,  or  what  is  called 
foverdgnty,  efleeming  it  now,  as  before,  my  greatefl  glory  to  be  the  fit  11 
citizen  among  a  truly  free  people."  Heralds  then  went  through  tlic 
different  quartersof  the  town,  to  proclaim  an  aflcmbly  of  the  flates  fur 
the  following  day.  This  proclamation  contained  a  threat,  that  if  any 
member  of  the  diet  flrould  abfcnt  himfelf,  he  fhould  be  confidered  and 
treated  as  a  traitor  to  his  country. 

On  the  morning  of  the  2 1  ft:  of  Augufl,  a  largp  detachment  of  guards 
was  ordered  to  take  pofTeffion  of  the  fquare,  where  the  houfe  of  nobles 
flands.  The  palace  was  invefled  on  all  fides  with  troops,  and  cannon 
were  planted  in  the  court,  faring  the  hall  where  the  ftates  wt-ie  to  be 
affemblcd.     Thcfe  were  not  only  charged,  but  foldicis  flood  ovci  thrm 


*  The  fidelity  which  wns  manifefted  by  a  privat;  foldier  on  this  occifton,  defrrves  rn  be 
recorded.  The  night  preceding  the  revohition.the  kir.e  being  defirousot  vilhing  thcarlenai, 
went  thither,  and  ordered  the  ceiitinel  to  admit  him.  The  latter  refufed.  "  Do  you  know 
who  you  are  fpeaking  to  ?"  faid  the  king.  "Yes,"  replied  the  fo'.ditr,  ••  bjt  I  Iiktwle 
know  my  duty."  T^iJ.  a  very  ju.Icioas  and  well-wvitien  atcoujit  of  this  extraotdirar  rev- 
olution in  Swedtn,  publilhed  by  Charles  Francis  Sheridan,  L.4.  who  was  Jecretary  to  the 
Britilh  envoy  io  Swidt;^,  at  'he  tine  vl  the  revolution  ;  and  u  .-ic.v  fcircur)  i.%  war  .z  Irt- 
Und. 


4S  SWEDE     Nc 

•with  matches  ready  lighted  in  their  hands.  The  fevcral  orders  of  thft 
flateswe.re  here  compelled  to  affembleby  the  king's  orders,  and  thefe 
military  preparations  were  made  in  order  to  affiil  their  deliberations.— 
The  king  being  fcated  on  his  throne,  lurrounded  by  his  guards,  and  a 
numerous  band  ofofBcers,  after  having  addrehed  a  fpecch  to  the  ftat€s, 
he  ordered  a  lecrct.irv  to  read  a  new  formof  government,  which  hevof- 
fered  to  the  ftatcs  for  their  acceptance.  As  they  were  furroundedby 
an  armed  force,  they  thought  proper  to  comply  with  what  was  requir- 
ed of  them.  Tlie  marlhal  of  the  diet,  and  the  fpeakers  of  the  other 
orders,  hgned  tlie  form  of  government  ;  and  the  flates  took  the  oatk 
to  the  king,  whioli  he  dictated  to  them  himfelf.  This  extraordinary 
tranfaftion  was  concluded  in  a  manner  equally  extraordinary.  The 
king  drew  a  book  of  pfalms  from  his  pocket,  and  taking  off  his  crown, 
began  to  ling  Te  Deum,  in  which  lie  was  joined  by  the  affembly.  He 
afterwards  gave  them  tounderftand,  that  he  intended  in  fix  years  time 
again  to  convene  an  affembly  of  the  (bates.  Thus  was  this  great  revo- 
lution completed  without  any  bloodfaed,  in  which  the  Swedes  furren- 
dcred  that  conftitution,  wliich  tlicir  forefathers  had  bequeathed  to 
them  after  the  death  of  Charles  the  Twelfth,  as  a  bulwark  againll  any 
defpotic  attempts  of  their  future  rnonarchs. 

The  Swedes,  at  fome  periods,  have  difcovered  an  ardent  love  of  lib- 
erty ;  at  others,  they  have  ieemed  fitted  only  for  flavery  ;  and  when 
they  were  labouring  to  render  tlnemfclvcs  free,  they  have  wanted  that 
found  political  knowledge,  which  would  have  pointed  out  to  them  the 
proper  methods  for  fccuring  their  future  freedom.  The  moft  capital 
defect  of  the  Swedifh  conftitution  was  the  total  want  of  all  balance  of 
its  parts  :  xVnd  the  divifion  of  the  Swedilh  nation  into  three  dillinft 
dalles  of  iu')bles,  burghers,  and  peafants,  whofe  interefls  were  perpet- 
ually clalhing,  has  been  a  circumllance  very  unfavorable  to  the  liberty 
of  the  Swedes.  The  power  of  their  kings  was  much  rcflrained  ;  but 
no  fufficient  regulations  were  adopted  for  fecuring  the  pcrfonal  free- 
dom of  the  fubjcft.  Thcfe  defetls  in  the  Sv/edifh  conftitution  paved 
tlie  way  for  the  late  revolution  :  But  it  is  notwithflanding  a  juft  fub- 
jcft  of  furprii'e,  that  a  bold  and  hardy  people,  who  had  fo  cautioufly 
limited  the  power  of  their  prince,  fhouldj  at  once,  without  a  flruggle, 
fufl'cr  him  to  proceed  to  fo  great  an  exteniion  of  his  authority.  It  ap- 
jiearSj  however,  that  the  exorbitant  power  which  Guftavus  the  Third 
thus  allumcd,  he  exercifed  with  fome  degree  of  moderation. 

Guflavus,  of  lioKlein-Gottorp,  late  king  of  Sweden,  was  born  in 
1746.  lie  was  married  in  1766,  to  Sophia  Magdalene,  the  princefs- 
royal  of  Denmark,  by  whom  he  had  illue  a  prince,  Gullavus  Adol- 
phus,  born   Nov.  t,  1778. 

Guftavus  III.  the  Swedifli  Monarch,  died, March  29th,  1792,  ^-Etat, 
/^^,  of  the  wounds  he  received  from  Capt.  Aukenftrom,  a  moft  daring 
and  defperate  ailafTm— who  difcharged  the  contents  of  a  piftol  into  his 
body,  on  the  16th  of  March,  at  the  Opera  Houfc.— The  Prince  Royal, 
who  is  but  14  years  old,  and  lias  promiling  abilities,  immediately  on  hi? 
father's  death,  was  proclaimed  King  of  Sweden,  by  the  name  of  Gul- 
tavus  Adolphus  IV.  The  Duke  of  Sudermania,  in  compliance  witli 
liis  late  Majeftv's  will,  was  declared  "fole  regent,"  or  guardian  of  the 
young  King,  till  hr  .ittains  his  majority,  which  is  fixed  at  the  age  of 
eighteen, 

MUSCOVY.. 


RUSSIA;  4cJ 

ilUSCOVy,  OR  THE  RUSSIAN  EMPIRE  in-  EUROPE  and  ASL-U 
Situation  and  Extent. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length  unknown.  \      4       ^  f  23  and  i8o  Eaft  lonj^itude., 

V^^Breadth       1500      J  '  '^  \  4.3.  40' and  72  N.  latitude. 

/^"PfllS  immenfe  Empire  fhretches  from  the  Baltic  fea  and  Svvcden  on 
■  X  the  weft,  to'  Kamtfkatka  and  the  Pacific  Ocean  on  the  call  :  And 
from  the  Frozen  Ocean  on  the  north  to  about  tl:e  44th  degree  of  Itl. 
on  the  fouth,  on  which  fide  it  is  bounded  by  Poland,  Little  Tartarv, 
Turkey,  Georgia,  the  Euxine  and  Cafpian  Seas,  Great  Taftary,  Chi- 
ncfe  Tartary.  and  other  unknown  regions  in  Alia.y' 

The  country  now  comprifcd  under  the  name  or  RufTia  or  the  Ruf- 
fias,  is  of  an  extent  nearly  equal  to  all  the  reft  of  liurope,  and  grcftter 
than  the  Roman  empire  in  the  zenith  of  its  power,  or  the  empire  oF 
Darius  fubdued  by  Alexander,  or  both  put  together. 

Rufliais,  at  prcfent,  divided  into  42  governments,  which  are  com--, 
prehended  again  under  ig  general  governments,  viz, 
A.  European  Part  of  Russia, 
30  Governments. 

TOWNS.     ' 
fPcterftufg.  170,000  Inhab, 

•1,  Government  of  St.  Pctcrfburg,  J  191,000  (1 784) 

divided  znto  7PartsorCirclesi  ,,  *^^'7O0  (Cox«) 

'  I  Narva  5,F)^o 

(_Kronftadt  5,oco 

2.  Gcrvernment  of  \Viburg,dIvid-  J  Wiburg 

cd  into  6  Circles  \  Frit*  kkftiam 

0.  Government  of  Riga,  pro-oerlv  f  h^'^*^  •  ^7'93 

of  Livonia  ^^     '       '1?^'P' 

I  Pernai* 
4.  Government  cf  Rcval,  proper-  f  _       ^ 

lyofEftland  "  (^^^^^  ^^•^^'^ 

{Mo{ko-;v  277.000  (Co.re) 

1  2,550  houfcs,3nd  153:000  inli.''^  • 
itants 
Kolomna 

6.  Government  of  Wolodirncri  4     Wolodimcr 

7.  Pereflaw  Pcrcftau*SalelT:oi 

8.  Government   of    Kaluga,  di-  T  ^  . 
vided  into  I  2  Circles.  {Kaluga 

9.  of  Tula  J  2     Tula  30,620  inhabi 

16.  of  Jaraflav^  12     Jarallaw 

.t2. o^    Nov/ogorod,      15  f  xt^. ^j  /- 

Circles.  -^INov.'ogorod  6,coo 

13,  of  Twer  ij     Twcf  irt.cob 

,.4.  of  Wologda  19  \  Yfu^^"" .  ^'°"^ 

<r>  J   f^  Archangel, 

15.  _- , of  Nifhnei  Nowoqorod  f  xTn,„^-  ,,r  j 

D 


so 


a: 


J  6. 

lo, 
SI. 


Gov.    ofWoroncfti 

■ —  of  'r?.nbo\v 

of  Kurik 

of  Orel 

of  Charcow 


of  Kiew(CofacCoun 
or  the  Ukraine^)  about   : 


million  of  people  1 1 

■ of  TQiernigo  1 1 

of  Xowsgrod  Sewcrfk  1 1 

of  Stnolenfk    (White 


{ 


Woronefli 

Tanbow 

Kurik 

Orel 

Gharcow 

Kicvv 


TOWNS, 


Ruffia) 


26. 

-7- 


Ruflii 


-  cf  Pleflcow 

-  of  Polotzka 

-  of  Mohilow 

-ofEkatarinoflow(New      J^"^' 


Tfhernigo 
Nowogrod  Sewerfic 

<  Smolenfk  4,000 

10  Pleflcow 

1 1  Polotzka 

12  Mohilow 


tawa 
•|  Charfon 
I  Alow 

— of  Tauria  (or  Crimea)    y<  „' ,  , 

\Viu;tka  10     \Via?tka 

B.       ASIATIC       RUSSIA. 
i2   Governments. 

T  O  W  N  S. 
Govern,  of  Caucafia  (Kuban) 


4,00c 


of  Cafan,  divided  ixito 

13  Circles 

•  of  Permia  (Catarinb.^ 


16  C 


rcles 

-  of  Penfa 

-  of  Sinbirfk 

-  of  Saratow 

-  of  Aftrachan 

-  of  Orenburg 

-  of  Ufa 


Tarr»iti 
I  Cafan, 
5  Perm 


,5000 


Ekatarincnbcrg 

7     Penfa 

^  f  Sinbirfk 

"  \  Samara 

9     Saratov/ 

Aftrachan 

r  Orenburg 

j_  Gurjew 

Ufa 

r-T'  1    TH         T^-    T         r  Tobolfk  2000  houfes 

of  lobolfk,  3  Divihous-^   ,     ..  .^ 

'  '■'  \  Jenilcrik 

Irkutzk  1,113 

PirrlpQ    «!  J''»kutzk  600 

Oihotz 


70;000 


of  Ivkut: 


-of  Kolywaia 


_  r  Kolywan 
'  1  Tomfk  2,000 


Tributary  Islands  in  the  Great  South  Sea,  betwec;-;   Ana  and 
America. 

1 .  The  A'l.  E  u  T I A  N  Island  s  . 

2.  The  Andrean  Islands. 

3.  The  Fox  Islands. 

4.  The  K;;iulian  Islands, 


s^ 


vVhole  RUSSIA  fquare  Miles.  Population. 
A  and  B         -     -         4. 880.000  24,000.000 

Pop  u.for  every 
Iquare  Mile. 
5 

\                -         -         1,194,97b 
5       -             -         -     3»%5.024 
f 

20,000,000 
4,ooo,QOo    for    the 
ancient  limits 

20 

I 

L.ivonia          -            -          xb,ooo 
tftronia     -       -          -       6,400 
Crimea           -        -           24.368 

525,300 
200,000 
200,000,  according  to 

I'ome  accounts  only 

60,000 

3^        i 

or  only 
2 

8y  the  Divilion  of  Poland, 
Rullia  acquired             31,000 

i,Poo,ooo 

57 

According  to  the  former  divifion  into  governments,  which  is  prc- 
fcrved  in  moft  of  the  maps,  the  European  part  of  Ruflia  contains  only 
i.ooS.ooo  Iquare  miles. 

The  fuperiority  of  the  European  part  over  the  vaft  but  uncultivated 
provinces  of  Aha,  is  ftriking. 

The  provinces  acquired  by  the  divifion  of  Poland,  are  highly  valua- 
ble to  Rulha,  to  which  the  acquifuion  of  Crimea  is  by  no  means  com- 
para^ile  in  value. 

Thib  immenfe  empire  comprehends  upwards  of  fifty  different  na- 
tions. Thev  mav  be  reduced  to  the  following  claffcs  :  1.  Slavonian 
nations,  viz.  Rultians,  Polanders,  Cofaks.  2.  Lettonian  (in  Livonia.) 
3.  Finnian,  viz.  Laplanders,  Tfliorkis,  Eftonians,  Licffs,  Wotj.iks, 
TchermilTes,  Tfhowalhes,  Permekian,  Wogolian,  Morduines,  Samo- 
jedcs,  Olliaks,  Yuraks.  4.  Tartarian,  viz.  Nogaitz,  Tfhulyms,  Bafli- 
kirians,  Kirgis,  Yakutes,  Bazabins,  &c.  Tartars.  5.  Mongolian,  viz. 
Kalmucs,  Bursts,  Teleuts,  &c.  6.  TunguUan,  Koriakes,  Kamtlkadaly, 
Kurilian,  &c.  7.  Migrated  Europeans  from  every  part  of  Europe, 
chiefly  Germans.  8.  Armenians,  Indians,  Pcrfians.  It  is  fuppofed, 
that  the  number  of  languages  cannot  well  be  lefs  than  the  number  of 
different  nations. 

Climate.]  In  the  fouthern  parts  of  Ruflia,  or  IVIufcovy,  the  lon^- 
eft  day  does  not  exceed  fifteen  hours  and  a  half  ;  whereas,  in  the 
moft  northern,  the  fun  is  feen  in  fummer  two  months  above  the  hori- 
zon. The  reader  from  this  will  naturally  conclude,  that  there  is  in 
Mufcovy  a  vaft  diverfity  of  climate,  and  that  the  extremes  of  heat  and 
cold  are  felt  in  this  vaft  empire. 

The  feverity  of  the  climate,  however,  in  Ruflia  properly  fo  called, 
is  very  great.  Dr.  John  Glen  King,  who  rcfided  eleven  years  iu 
Ruflfia.  obferves,  that  the  cold  in  St.  Peterfburgh,  by  Farcnheii's  fca'c, 
is,  during  the  months  of  December,  January,  and  I'ebruar/,  ufually 
from  8  to  15  or  20  degrees  below  o  ;  that  is,  from  40  to  52  degrees 
below  freezing  point  :  Though  commonly,  in  the  courfe  of  the  winter, 
it  is  for  a  week  or  ten  days  fome  degrees  lower.  The  fame  writer  re- 
marks, that  it  is  almoft  difficult  for  an  inhabitant  of  our  temperate 
tlim?^e  to  have  any  idcA  of  a  cold  fo  great  ;  But  it  may  help  to  give 
fome  notion  of  it  fo  inform  the  reader,  that  when  a  perfon  walks  out 
in  that  fevf re  v.-cathcr,  the  cold  muk^^s  the  ey:s  water,  ard  that  v»^ater 
X>  i  '  freezio'T, 


^  RUSSIA. 

freezing,  hangs  in  ilttlc  icicles  on  the  eye-I»flies.  As  the  comTnofS 
peafants  ufually  wear  their  beards,  you  may  fee  them  hanging  at  the 
chin  like  a  folid  lump  of  ic?.  But,  even  in  that  flate,  the  heard  is 
found  very  ufcful  in  protcfting  the  glands  of  the  throat  :  And  the 
folJiers,  who  do  not  wear  theiv  beards,  are  obliged  to  tie  a  handkerchief 
under  the  chin  to  fupplv  their  pldce.  All  the  parts  of  the  face,  wh^|i 
are  cxpofed,  are  verv  liaMe  to  be  frozen  ;  Though  it  has  often  been 
obferved,  that  tlic  perfon  himfclf  docs  not  know  when  the  freezing; 
begins  ;  but  is  commonly  told  of  it  firft,  by  thofc  who  meet  him,  and 
v/ho  call  out  to  him  to  rub  his  face  with  fnow,  the  ufual  way  to  thaw 
it.  It  is  alfo  remarked,  that  the  part,  which  has  once  been  frozen,  is 
ever  after  mod  liable  to  be  frozen  again.  In  fome  very  fevere  win- 
ters, fparrows,  though  a  hardy  Ipecies  of  birds,  have  been  fcen  quite 
n-umbed  by  the  intenfe  cold,  and  unable  to  fly  :  And  drivers,  when 
futing  on  their  loaded  carriages,  have  fometimes  been  found  frozen  to 
death  in  that  poflurc.  When  the  thermometer  has  flood  at  25  degrees 
below  o,  boiling  wtiter,  thrown  up  into  the  air  by  an  engine,  fo  as  to 
fprcad,  has  fallen  down  perfectly  dry,  formed  into  ice.  A  pint  bottle 
of  common  water  was  found  by  Dr,  King,  frozen  into  a  folid  piece  of 
ice  in  an  hour  and  a  quarter.  A  bottle  of  fhrong  ale  has  alfo  been 
frozen  in  an  hour  and  a  half  :  But  in  this  fubflance  there  was  about  a 
tea-cup  full  in  the  middle  unfrozen,  which  was  as  flrong  and  inflam- 
mable as  brandy  or  fpirits  of  wine.  But  notwithflanding  the  fevcrity 
of  the  cold  in  RutTia,  the  inhabitants  have  fuch  various  means  and 
piovihons  to  guard  againft  it,  that  they  fuffer  much  lefs  from  it  than 
mifht  be  expefted.  The  houfes  of  perfons  in  tolerable  circumftances 
arc  fo  well  protcfted,  both  without  doors  and  within,  that  they  arc 
:teldom  heard  to  complain  of  cold.  The  method  of  warming  the  houfes 
•in  Ruffia  is  by  an  oven  conflruftcd  -with  leveral  flues,  and  the  country 
abounds  witli  Avood.  wh»:ch  is  the  common  fuel.  Thefe  ovens  con- 
fume  a  much  fmaller  quantity  of  wood  than  might  be  imagined,  and  yet 
thev  ferve  ?.t  the  fame-time  for  the  ordinary  people  to  drcis  their  food. 
They  put  a  very  moderate  faggot  into  them,  and  fufxcr  it  to  burn  only 
till  the  thickeii  black  fraoke  is  evaporated  ;  they  then  fliut  dov/n  the 
chimney  to  retain  all  the  rell  of  the  heat  in  the  chamber;  by  this 
method  the  chamber  keeps  its  heat  24  hours,  and  is  commonly  fo  warm, 
they  fit  with  very  little  covering,  efpecially  children,  who  are  ufually 
in  their  fliirts.  Ihe  windows  in  the  huts  of  the  poor  are  very  fmall, 
that  as  little  cold  maybe  admitted  as  poffible  :  In  the  houfes  of  perfons 
of  condition,  the  windows  are  caulked  up  againfl  winter,  and  common- 
ly have  double  glafs  frames.  In  fhort,  they  ean  regulate  the  warmth 
in  their  apartments  by  a  thermometer  with  great  cxaftnefs,  opening, 
or  ihutting  the  flues  to  incrcafc  or  diminifh  the:  heat.  When  the  Ruf- 
fians "O  out,  they  arc  clothed  fo  warmly,  that  they  almoft  bid  defiance 
to  frofl  and  fnow  ;  and  it  is  ohfervabie,  that  the  wind  is  ftldom  violent 
in  the  winter  ;  but  when  there  is  much  wind,  the  cold  is  exceed- 
ingly   piercing. 

One  advantage  which  the  Ruffians  derive  from  the  fcverity  of  their 
climate  i.v,  the  prefrrrving  jirovifions  by  the  frofl.  Good  houfcwives, 
as  foon  as  the  frofl  fets  in  for  the  winter,  about  the  end  of  Oftober, 
'■'ill  their  poultry,  and  keep  them  in  tubs  packed  up  with  a  layer  of 
^ov/ between  them,  and  then,  take  them,  out   for   uic  as  ocrafion  re- 

♦juiies-: 


R      U      S      S      I       A.  53 

Quires  :  By  which  means  they  faVe  the  nourifhmcnt  of  the  animal  for 
ieveral  months.  \^cal  frozen  at  Archangel,  and  biaight  to  relcifljurg, 
is  cfteemtd  the  (iiicfl  they  have;  no,r  can  it  be  djflinguiflicfl  at  the 
table  fiom  vhat  is  fiefli  killed,  being  equally  juicy.  '1  he  markets  in 
Peteifburg  are  by  this  means  fupplicd  m  winter  with  all  manner  of 
pnovilions,  at  a  cheaper  rate  than  would  othcrwifc  be  poflible  ;  and  it 
IS  not  a  little  curious  to  fee  the  vaft  ftacks  of  whole  hogs,  flieep.  fifh, 
and  other  animals,  which  are  piled  up  in  the  markets  for  ialc.  The 
method  of  thawing  frozen  proviiions  in  fvullia,  is  by  immerging  them 
in  cold  v/atcr  :  For  when  the  operation  of  thawing  them  is  eilefted  by 
heat,  it  fccms  to  occaiion  a  violent  fernrcntation.  and  almofl  a  luddcji 
putrefaction  ;  But  when  produced  bv  cold  water,  the  ice  fccms  to  be 
attrafted  out  of  the  body,  and  forms  a  tranfparcut  incruflation  round 
it.  If  a  cabbage,  which  is  thoroughly  frozen,  be  thawed  by  Loid  water, 
it  is  as  frefli  as  if  juft  gathered  out  of  the  garden  ;  but  if  it  be  thawed 
by  fire  or  hot  water,  it  becomes  fo  rancid  and  ftrong  that  it  cannot 
be  eaten.     Vegetation  in  Ruiha  is  very   rapid. 

Wealth  and  Commerce  or  Russia.]  in  (o  vaft  a  traft  of  coun- 
try as  the  empire  of  Ruflia,  fpreading  inidcr  many  degrees  of  latitude, 
watered  by  more  than  eight'rivers,  which  run  through  the  fpace  of  2000 
miles,  and  croUed  by  an  extenfive  chain  of  mountains,  -vvc  may  expcft  to 
find  an  infinite  nuaiber  of  natural  produftions,  thougli  \vc  muR  make 
ibme  allowances  for  the  great  deferts  of  Sibeiia,  and  ilie  many  other 
parts  of  this  immenfe  empire  not  yet  tlioroughly  invefbigatcd  by  natur- 
al hiflorians.  'I'he  fpecies  of  plants  peculiar  to  this  part  of  the  globe, 
which  have  been  already  dilcovered,  amount  to  many  thoulands.  The 
foil  contains  almoft  all  miiicrals,  tin,  platina,  and  fome  femimetals  ex- 
cepted, which  have  not  yet  been  found.  \  et  in  tl;c  mines  of  all  thefe 
largc  pro\-inces  not  half  the  number  of  miners  is  employed,  nor  even 
half  as  many  mines  have  been  explored  as  in  Germany  or  even  in  En- 
gland. Animals  of  every  fpecies  are  here  likewife  in  fuch  abundance, 
that  a  great  quantity  of  them  remain  undefcribcd.  As  to  the  ufcful 
produftions  of  the  animal  kingdom,  RulTia  can  boaft  of  the  grcatefl. 
variety  of  the  finell  furs,  as  it  has  plenty  of  fables,  martins,  ermine, 
black,  white,  blue,  and  red  foxes,  white  and  common  lynxes,  bears, 
wohes,  and  feveral  animals  of  the  fpotted  cat  kind.  It  abounds  like 
wife  in  camels,  horfcs,  afles,  and  cattle  both  wild  and  tame  ;  it  has  in- 
numerable flocks  of  more  than  one  Ipecies  of  hares  and  fquirrels,  wild 
and  tame  fhcep,  wild  goats,  diflerent  forts  of  deer,  rein-deer,  elks,  the 
muik  animal,  the  mulk  beaver,  dilfcrent  antelopes,  &c.  llx  follow- 
ing data  may  give  the  reader  a  general  idea  of  thcii-  value  to  the  coun- 
try. In  I  781,  there  were  exported,  from  the  harbourof  Pcteriburg 
alone,  428,877  fkins  of  hares,  36.904  Hcins  of  grey  Iquirrcls,  1354  *^*" 
bears,  2018  of  ermine,  5639  of  foxes,  300  of  wild  cats,  helidci^lhofe  of 
wolves  and  of  the/«7ijc  (a  bca<itiful  animal  of  the  rat  kind} fxclufivc 
of  the  exportation  of  the  fame  articles  from  y\rchangcl,  Riga,  and  the 
Cafpian  Sea.  In  one  year  there  were  cxpiited  froui  Archangel 
783,000  pud  of  tallow  (a  pud  is  equal  to  40  io.)  8602  pud  of  candles, 
and  102  pud  of  butter.  '  In  i^Hijfrcm  reterrouig  148,  099  pud  of  red 
leather,  10,885  pud  of  leather  for  foles,  530,646  pud  of  candles, 
5C>.ooo  pudof  foap,  27,416  pud  of  ox  hoi.cs,  990  calvc-i'kins.  The 
iiicep  of  fomc  Ruilian  provinces  are  very  prohlable  :o  'brir  owners  ; 
''  '^  th3 


f4  RUSSIA. 

t'(-:e  moH  efteemed  on  account  of  their  wool  and  fl;ins,  are  the  fheep  of 
the  Calmucks  and  Kirgis  Taitars.  Thefe  nations  fell  the  ikins  of  the 
voung,  and  even  of  the  unborn  lambs,  which  are  the  foftefl  in  the 
V'orld,  and  feel  like  fattin.  The  Kirgis  and  Bafhkires  carry  on  a  great 
trade  in  horfcs  and  camels,  the  former  of  which  are  much  valued  5 
there  are  individuals  among  them  who  poffefs  fometimes  2000  horfes. 
The  cattle  of  the  Ukraine  are  reckoned  the  bed  in  Europe.  In  the 
year  1768,  wax  was  exported  to  the  value  of  72,000  rubles  ;  yet  the 
vaft  cuantitv  of  honey,  produced  by  the  wild  bees  of  Aftrachan,  Cafan, 
and  Orenburg. 'is  not  fufficient  for  the  inland  confumption  of  this  arti- 
cle, which  in  Ruffia  is  very  generally  ufed  in  (lead  of  fugar.  Birds  are 
very  plentiful  in  Rufiia  ;  but  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  them 
do  not  feem  to  have  been  fufficiently  attended  to,  as  Ruflia  continues 
to  import  feathers,  goofe-quills,  and  down.  The  fifheries  of  the  Bal- 
tic and  Cafpian  Sea,  of  the  lakes  Onega  and  Ladoga,  are  of  great  im- 
ports nee.  The  different  forts  of  fhurgeon  caught  in  great  plenty  in 
thefe  waters,  viz.  the  common  fturgeon,  the  beluga,  the  fterlid,  &c. 
ferve  not  only  for  food,  but  fupplv  alfo  the  fifh-gum,  of  which  there 
were  exported  3000  pud  from  Peterfburg  in  the  year  1781.  From  the 
fuawn  of  thefe  fiflies  caviar  is  made  ;  one  fingle  beluga  contains  fome- 
times 12c  lb.  of  fpav/n.  The  caviar  is  prepared  in  different  manners, 
and  is  moftly  exported.  The  feals,  walroiTes,  and  cod,  caught  in  the 
RuiTian  fcas,  are  likewifc  very  important  articles. 

Of  the  produftions  of  the  vegetable  kingdom,  the  mod  valuable 
to  Ruflia  are  iJs  immenfe  forHfts  of  fir  trees.  Oaks  and  beeches  do  not 
commonly  grow  to  a  ufeful  lize  beyond  the  6oth  degree  of  noi  th  lati- 
tude. In  1768,  the  value  of  timber  exported  amounted  to 585.000 
ruble",  of  pitch  and  tar  to  82,000  rubles,  potafli  to  37.000  rubles, 
mails  to  5q,oco  rubles.  In  1 760,  an  Englifh  merchant  contrafted  with 
the  RuiTian  government  for  leave  to  export  annually,  fer  the  fpace  of 
go  years,  250.000  large  pieces  of  timber,  10,000  mails,  10.000  fmallcr 
pieces  of  timber,  200,000  planks,  5000  fathom  of  birch-wood,  and 
200,000  fmall  beams.  This  branch  of  trade  is  carried  on  chiefly  by 
the  towns  of  Peterfburg,  Wiburg,  Narva,  Archangel,  and  Kola.  The 
plant  kali,  Saffola  Linnxi,  from  which  alkali,  is  extrafted,  grows  near 
Adrachan  and  Alfow. 

The  European  part  of  the  Ruffian  dominions,  and  chieflv  the  prov- 
ince of  Ivivonia,  is  dilliuguifhed  for  the  quantity  of  corn  of  all  forts  it 
produces.  The  value  of  the  rye  and  wheat  exported  annually  amounts 
to  upwards  of  751,000  rubles.  Tobacco  is  cultivated  in  feveral  parts 
of  Ruflia.  Hemp,  flax,  and  iail- cloth,  Rulha  exports  to  the  amount  of 
tico,ooo  rubles.  In  1768,  Rufiia  received  for  hemp-feed  exported 
O'^-ooo  rubles-^  for  hemp-oil,  commonly  called  hnfeed-oil,  255.000 
rubles  ;  for  flax-feed  433.000  rubles.  Archangel  fent  abroad  in  1777, 
62,043  cwt,  of  flax-feed,  ']i,'j^:^  pud  of  hemp,  105,928  arfcliien  (yards) 
of  linen,  and  32  10  ropes. 

1  he  minenil  llores  of  thi.^  empire  would  be  much  m.ore  x'aluable,  if 
there  was  a  greater  population  and  more  libei'ty  :  Yet  the  gold  mines 
near  Catharineburg  produce  annually  no  lefs  than  240  lb.  of  gold-duft^ 
Ainotig  the  richeft  mines  are  thofe  of  Kolivan,  which  3'ielded  fomc 
years  ago  from  200  to  400  pud  of  filvcr,  but  of  late  from  400  to  800  pud, 
oi"  about  30.000  pounds  of  hlver  ;  every  100  lb,  of  filver  containing 

3  lb. 


RUSSIA.  55 

i^  lb.  of  gold.  The  filvei-  mines  at  the  Sclilangenbcrg,  and  the  copper, 
lead,  and  iron  mines,  (efpecially  thofe  of  the  Altai,  and  of  the  lev  oral 
branches  of  the  Ural,)  produce  great  riches.  The  mines  in  the  neigh- 
bourhood of  Nertlcluu'lk,  near  the  borders  of  China,  yield  annually 
16,000  pounds  of  lilver  and  fome  quick-iilver.  In  1781,  there  was 
exported  from  Peterfburg  3,589,869  fliippound  of  iron,  and  aBo.cco 
fiiippound  of  copper  ;  lead  to  the  value  of  96,000  rubles,  and  fugar  of 
lead  (faccharum  Saturni)  to  the  value  of  6000  rubles.  There  arc  fever- 
al  manufaftures  of  fulpl-iur  in  the  empire  ;  one  of  them,  cilabliflKd 
at  Sernoi  Gorodoc,  near  the  river  Wolga,  produces  1500  pud.  Salt 
abounds  in  RuflTia,  but  as  there  is  not  a  fuiHcient  nuinl)er  of  falt-works, 
a  confidcrable  quantity  of  fait  is  ftill  imported.  Ilinglafs  (mica  mem- 
branacea,  Cronftadt)  is  a  famous  mineral  production  of  RufTia  •,  it  is 
found  in  Siberia, specially  in  t]ic  neighbourhood  of  hkutzk  in  the  Ural 
mountains,  and  in  the  illand  of  Solowczkoi,  in  the  government  of  A.d- 
mihen  ;  the  largeft  and  m.ofl  valuable  plates  arc  found  in  the  province 
of  W'ologda,  3037  pud  of  it  '.verc  exported  from  Peterfburg  in  1779. 
There  are  beiides  many  fortiof  jafper,  marble,  and  granit ;  the  latter  be- 
ing found  in  very  large  mafks,  is  of  great  ufe  in  ornamental  archit-cdure. 

The  whole  of  the  exports  o-f  Ruffia  amounted  in  ^1783  to  near  13 
million  of  rubles  ;  the  imports  did  ngt  nuich  exceed  tlie  fumof  12 
millions.  So  much  has  commerce  been  encouraged  of  late,  tliat  in  the 
cOurfe  of  five  years  tlie  value  of  the  exports  increafed  at  the  rate  cf 
nearly  a  million  each  year.  The  imports  cozififl:  chiefly  of  wine, 
fpices,  fruits,  fine  cloth,  and  otlier  manufafclurcd  commodities  and 
articles  of  luxury.  The  Engliih,  and  next  to  them  the  Dutch,  havu 
tlie  moil  coniidcrablc  fliare  in  the  Ruffian  trade.  The  value  of  the 
exports  from  Ruffia  into  Great-Britain  amounted  in  1  785  to  1,606, 6881. 
the  value  of  the  imports  from  Great-Britain,  &c.  to  233,9981.  ftcrhng. 
.^Cuftom-houfe  Account,  prcfcntcd  to  the  Houfe  of  Commons  i7C;7.) 

The  commerce  of  the  Black  Sea  has  conliderably  increafed  fmce  the 
late  war  with  the  Turks.  The  value  of,  the  imports  in  the  feveral 
harbours  on  the  Black  Sea,  amounted  in  1785  to  806,330  piallers,  the 
piafter  computed  at  40  paras  each,  nearly  equal  to  2.]  1,8^91.  llerling. 
The  exports  from  the  fame  harbours  amount  to  73,5;!  i?  »'"blcs. 

It  is  apparently  owing  to  the  want  of  liands  that  there  arc  at  prcfcnt 
no  more  than  484  manufaaures  in  the  whole  empire.  Some  of  them, 
however,  are  brought  to  a  dec^ree  of  perfeaiun,  which  proves  the 
fkill  and  ingenuity  of  the  nation  :  As  the  manufafture  of  mulquets 
•and  othef  avhis  at  Tula,  which  employs  6000  people,  and  Jupphcs  the 
Rulhan  dominions. 

There  are  fome  ufeful  canals,  viz.  that  of  Ladog.i,  Twer,  ana 
others.  t    «    ,r     •    ■ 

MOUSTAINS,     KIVfKS,  AND    VACE    OF   THE   COUNrrY.J      Kulba   IS  Ul 

general  a  tlat,  level  country,  e>:cept  toward  th.e  north,  where  lie  the 
Zimnopoias  mountains,  ihou'Tht  to  be  the  famous  Montes  Riph:ei  of 
the  ancients,  now  called  tlie  Girdle  of  tlie  Karlh.  On  the  wcfbrn  hde 
of  the  Dnieper  comes  in  part  of  the  Carpathian  mountanis,  and  be- 
tween the  Black  Sea  and  the  Cafpian,  Mount  Caucafus  borders  a 
range  of  vaft  plains  extending  to  the  fea  of  Oral.  And  hp-c  uc  mav 
obfcrvc.  that  from  Peterlbuvg  to  Pckin,  one  iiiall  harcdy  meet  with 
a  mountain  oa  the  road  ihrou-h  Independent  iariary,   and   from  Ic- 

leriuurs 


^o  H      U      S      S      1      A. 

terfbafg  to  tine   north  part  ef  France,  by  the  road  of  Dantaic,   Ham- 
burg, and  Amftc!  dam,  '.ve  fcarcely  can  perceive  the  fmallefl  hili. 

'Ihe  moft  confiderable  rivers  are  the  JVolga,  or  VoLga^  running  eafl; 
and  fouth,  which,  after  traverfmg  the  greateft  part  of  Mufcovy,  and 
■winding  a  courfe  of  3000  Epglifh  miles,  difcharges  itfelf  into  the  Caf- 
pian  Tea  :  It  is  not  only  reckoned  the  largelt,  but  one  of  the  moft  fer- 
tile rivers  of  Europe  :  It  produces  all  kinds  of  fifli  ;  and  fertilizes  all 
the  lands  on  each  fide,  where  groAv  the  richefk  trees,  fruits,  and  vegeta- 
ples  ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  tha^  in  all  this  long  courfe  there  is  not  a 
fini^'le  cataraO:  to  interrupt  the  navigation,  but  the  nearer  it  approaches 
io  its  moath,  multiplies  its  quantity  of  ifles,  as  it  divides  itfelf  into  a 
greater  numbiji-  of  arms  than  any  known  river  in  the  world  :  And  all 
thefe  arms  divide  themfelves  into  others  ftill  lefs,  which  join  and 
ineet  again,  fothat  the  Wolga  difcharges  itfelf  into  the  Cafpian  fea  by 
jnore  than  7.11  mouths.  By  means  of  this  noble  river,  the  city  of  Mol- 
vrow  prcferves  a  communication,  not  only  with  all  the  fouthcrn  parts 
r,f  Ruilia,  but  even  with  Perha,  Georgia,  Tartary,  and  other  countries 
bordering  on  the  Cafpian  fea.  The  Don,  or  Tanais,  divides  the  moft 
Ctsftcrn  part  of  Ruffia  from  Afia  ;  and  in  its  courfe  towards  the  eaft, 
comes  fo  near  the  Wolga,  that  the  late  czar  had  undertaken  to  have 
cut  a  communication  between  tiiem  by  means  of  a  canal  :  This  grand 
projcft,  \iowever,  was  defeated  by  the  irruptions  of  the  Tartars.  This 
river,  excluhve  of  its  turnings  and  windings,  dilcharges  itfelf  into 
the  Palus  Ma^otis,  or  fea  of  Afoph,  about  four  hundred  miles  from  its 
rife.  The;  Bcryftkcncs,  or  Dnieper,  Is  among  tlie  largcft  rivers  in  Eu- 
rope, and  runs  throuijh  Lithuania,  the  country  of  the  Zaporog  Coffacs, 
and  that  of  the  Nagaifch  Tartars,  and  falls  into  the  Euxine,  or  Black 
^H^a,  at  Kinbounje,  near  Oczak<-;w  ;  it  has  thirteen  catarafts  within  a 
fiTjall  diftance.  Tp  thefe  may  be  added  the  two  Dwina^,  one  of  which 
fmptics  itfelf  at  Riga  into  the  Brdtic  ;  the  other  has  its  fource  near 
'Uliiaga,  and  dividuig  itfelf  into  two  branches  near  Archangel,  there 
falls  in;o  the  White  Sea. 

PopuLATjoN,  MANN  liRs,  AKD  cu-^TOMs."]  According  to  the  fore- 
$;oing  tabic,  Ruir;a  contains  24.000.000  inhabitants.  As  her  imperial 
jTiajefty  of  all  ihe  Raffias  poffeiles  many  of  the  countries  from  whence 
xhe  prodigious  fwarins  of  barbarians  who  overthrew  the  Roman  em- 
7ji;-e  ifl'ued,  there  is  the  flrongeft  reafon'to  believe,  that  her  dominions 
siiull  have  been  better  peopled  formerly  than  they  are  at  prcfent  ; — 
twenty-fo'.y  millions,  are  byt  a  thin  population  for  the  immenfe  traft 
of  country  fhe  polTelles.  As  the  like  decrcafc  of  inhabitants  is  obfer- 
yable  in  nianv  other  parts  of  the  globe,  we  are  to  look  for  the  rcafon 
ixi  natural  eaufes,  which  we  cannot  difculs  here. 

The  Ruluans,  properly  fo  called,  are  in  general  a  perfonable  people, 
Jiardv,  vigojous,  and  patient  of  labour,  cfpccially  in  the  field,  to  an 
iucrcdiblc  degree.  Tnciv  complexions  diii'er  little  from  thofe  of  the 
Engll{h  or  Septs  ;  l^ut  the  women  think  that  an  addition  of  red  heigh- 
tens their  beauty,  'fheir  eye-hght  feems  to  be  defetlive,  occafioned, 
probably,  by  the  ihow,  v.hich  for  a  long  time  of  the  year  is  continual- 
ly pvefenc  to  their  eyes.  1  Ivcir  oihcers  and  foldiers  alwuys  polfeied  a 
large  fhare  or  paffivc  valour  ;  but  in  the  late  war  with  the  king  o^ 
Prulha,  thcv  proved  as  aftive  as  any  troops  in  Europe  ;  and  in  the 
late  v/ar  wiih  the  Turks  they  greatly  dJllui^uilhcd  themfelves.     They 

arc 


RUSSIA.  67 

-are  impHchly  fubmimve  to  difcipline,  let  it  be,  over  fo  {"evcrc  ;  they 
endure  extreme  hardfhips  with  great  patience  ;  and  can  content  thcm- 
felves  with  very  hard  tare. 

Before  the  days  of  Teter  the  Great,  the  Ruffians  were  m  general  bar- 
barous, i<Tnoranr,  mean,  and  much  addiaed  to  drun kennels  ;  no  lels 
than  400o'*brandv  fliops  have  been  reckoned  in  Molcow.  .\'ot  only 
the  common  people  but  many  of  the  boVards,  or  nobles,  lived  in  a 
continual  flate  of  idlenefs  and  intoxication;  and  the  moll  complete 
objeas  of  mifcry  and  barbarity  prcfented  themfclves  vi.pon  the  llrects, 
while  the  court  of  Mofcow  was  bv  far  the  moll  fpltndid  ot  any  upon 
the  globe.  The  czar  and  the  grandees  dreifed  after  the  moft  iupcrh 
Afiatic  manner  ;  and  their  maginficence  exceeded  every  idea  that  can 
be  conceived  from  modern  examples.  The  earl  of  Carhllc  in  the  ac 
count  of  his  embaffy,  favs,  that  he  could  fee  nothing  but  g()ld  and  prec- 
ious ftones  in  the  robes  of  the  czar  and  his  courtiers.  1  ne  manutac- 
tures,  however,  of  thofe,  and  all  other  luxuries,  were  carried  on  by 
Italians,  Germans,  and  otlier  foreigners.  Peter  liw  the  bulk  or  his 
fubjeas,  at  his  acceflion  to  the  throne,  little  better  than  beails  ot  bur- 
den to  fupportthc  pomp  of  the  court.  He  forced  his  great  men  to  lay 
afide  their  long  robes,  and  drefs  in  the  European  manner  ;  and  he 
even  obliged  the  laity  to  cut  off  their  beards.  The  RuiTians,  before 
his  days,  had  hardlv  a  fliip  upon  their  coafts.  They  iiad  no  convcni- 
cncies  for  travelling,'  no  pavements  in  their  ftrcets,  no  places  ol  public 
diverfion  ;  ^nd  they  entertained  a  fovereign  contempt  for  all  nnprove- 
rr.entsofthemmd.  At  prcfcnt,  a  French  or  Engl.Pn  gentleman  may 
live  as  comfortably  and  fociably  in  Ruffia,  as  in  moft  other  parts  ol  Eu- 
rope. Their  polite  alfcmblies,  fince  the  acceffion  of  the  prelent  em- 
prefs,  have  been  put  under  proper  regulations  ;  and  few  of  the  an- 
fient  ufages  remain.  It  is,  however,  faid  that  they  are  yet  addided  to 
intemperance.  „  i         ,  . 

The  Ruffians  were  formerly  noted  for  fo  ftiong  an  attachment  to 
their  native  foil,  that  thev  feldom  vifited  foreign  parts.  Ihe  Ru.ua.i 
nobility,  however,  bcfides' thofe  who  are  in  a  public  charaacr,  arc  now 
found  at  every  court  in  Europe.  Her  impeiial  majefty  even  mterefts 
berfelf  in  the  education  of  young  men  of  quality  m  the  knowledge  of 
the  world,  and  foreign  fervices.  r  r     -rr       .„  *i  ^;r 

It  is  faid  that  the  Ruffian  ladies  were  formerly  as  fubmiffive  to  the.r 
hu{bands  in  their  families,  as  the  latter  are  to  their  fupenors  in  the 
field  ;  and  that  they  thought  thcmfelves  lil-treated  if  they  were  not 
often  reminded  of  their  duty  by  the  difcipline  of  a  whip,  manufaaured 
by  themfelves,  which  they  prefented  to  their  hufbands  on  the  day  ot 
their  marriage.  Their  nuptial  ceremonies  are  peculiar  to  themfcl  es  • 
and  formerly  conlifled  of  fome  very  whim^cal  rites,  many  oi  ^^■hu.h 
are  now  difufed.  When  the  parents  are  agreed  upon  a  match,  tho  gla 
the  parties  perhaps  have  never  leen  each  other,  the  bride  'se^^.^'^  "f 
ftark  naked  by  a  certain  number  of  females,  who  are  to  coi  rea  if  ofi  - 
ble,  anv  defeas  they  find  m  her  perfon.  On  her  wcdd.ng-day  Ihe  is 
'crowned  with  a  gailand  of  wormwood  ;  and  after  the  P^  '•j;':^^J^^\^ 
the  nuptial  knot.^his  clerk  or  fexton  throws  a  hai.dtul  ot  hops  "PC)n 
the  head  of  the  bnde,  wHlung  that  H.e  ^^/Y  P^-^^  ^^  V''^"^  ■  ,^,,4 
plant.  She  is  then  led  home,  with  abundance  of  coari.,  ^"^  '^'^^J 
^decent  ceremonies,  wiuch  are  now  wearing  oil  even  amon^  '^^.^^l^^ 


53  RUSSIA. 

ranks  ;  and  tTie  barbarous  treatment  of  wives  by  their  hufljands,  whidi 
extended  even  to  fcourging  or  broiling  tliem  to  death,  is  either  guarded 
againft  by  the  laws  of  the  country,  or  by  particular  ftipulations  in  tke 
marriage  contraft. 

Funerals,]  The  Ruffians  entertain  many  fantaflic  notions  with 
regard  to  the  liate  of  departed  fouls.  After  the  dead  body  is  dreffed, 
a  prieft  is  hired  to  pray  for  his  foul,  to  purify  it  with  incenfe,  and 
to  iprinkle  it  with  lioly  water  while  it  remains  above  ground,  which, 
among  the  better  foit,  it  generally  does  for  eight  or  ten  days.  When 
the  body  is  carried  to-the  grave,  which  is  done  with  many  gefticula- 
tions  of  furrow,  the  priefl  produces  a  ticket,  figned  by  the  bifhop  and 
another  clergyman,  as  the  dcceafcd's  paffport  to  heaven.  When  this 
is  put  into  the  coffin  between  the  fingers  of  the  corpfe,  the  company 
returns  to  the  dcceafcd's  houfe,  where  they  drown  their  forrow  irv 
intoxication  ;  which  lafts,  among  the  better  fort,  with  a  few  intervals, 
for  forty  days.  During  that  time,  a  pneft.  every  day  fays  prayers  over 
the  grave  of  the  deceafed  ;  for  though  the  Ruffians  do  not  believe  in 
purgatory,  vet  they  imagine  that  their  departed  friend  may  be  alhlled 
bv  prayer,  in  his  long  journe)',  to  the  place  of  his  dellination  after 
this  life. 

P';k!shments.]  The  Ruffians  are  remarkable  for  the  feverity, 
b.irbarifm  and  variety  of  their  punilhments,  which  are  both  inflitlsd 
^nd  endured  with  a  wonderful  infenlibility.  Peter  the  Great  ufed  to 
fufpend  the  robbers  upon  the  Wolga,  and  other  parts  of  his  dominions, 
by  iron  hooks  fixed  to  their  ribs,  on  gibbets,  where  they  writhed  them- 
ich'es  to  death,  hundreds,  nay  thoufands,  at  a  time.  The  fingle  and 
double  knout  were  lately   inflifted  upon  ladies,*   as  well  as  men  of 

*AparticuIar  account  of  the  manner  in  which  this  punifhment  was  infiidled  upon  aRuflian 
l^dy,  is  given  in  Moiil".  L'Abbe  Chappe  D'Auteroche's  journey  into  Siberia.  Madame 
Lapouchiu  was  one  of  the  fined  women  belonging  to  the  court  of  tlie  emprefs  Elizabeth, 
snJ  was  intimately  conneded  with  a  foreign  ambaH'ador,  then  engaged  in  a  conl'piracy. 
This  lady,  therefore,  being  fu<^pe£ted  to  be  concerned  in  the  confpiracy,  was  condemned,  by 
the  emprefs  I'-lizabeth,  to  undergo  thr  puniUirnent  of  the  knout.  She  appeared  at  the  place 
of  execution  in  a  genteel  undrefs,  which  contributed  ftill  to  heighten  l.er  beauty.  The 
fwcetnefs  of  her  countenance,  and  her  vivacity,  were  fuch  as  miijht  indicate  indifcretion, 
liut  not  even  the  ihadow  of  guilt ;  although  I  have  been  aifured  by  every  perfoa  of  whom  I 
have  made  inquiry,  that  fhe  was  really  guilty.  Young,  lovely,  admired,  and  fought  for  at 
the  court,  of  which  fne  was  the  life  and  fpirit,  inltead  of  the  number  of  admirers  her  beauty 
ufudliy  drew  after  her,  Ihe  then  faw  herfelf  furrounded  only  by  executioners.  Siie  looked 
on  them  with  ailonithment,  teeming  to  doubt  v.hether  luch  preparations  were  intended  for 
}ier.  Onecfthe  executioners  then  pulled  oft' a  kind  of  cloak  which  covered  her  bofom  ; 
her  modsrty  taking  tlie  alarm,  made  her  (tart  back  a  fev/  fteps  ;  (he  alfo  turned  pale,  and 
burft  into  tears.  Her  clothes  were  foon  after  Itripped  oft",  and  in  a  few  moments  fhe  was 
quite  naked  to  the  wailf,  expofed  to  the  e.iger  looks  of  a  vail  concourfe  of  people  profoundly 
lilent.  One  of  the  executioners  thera  feized  her  by  botii  hands,  and  turning  lialf  round, 
thiew  her  Oil  his  bsck,  bcr.dingforvvardf,  fo  as  to  raife  Iier  a  few  inches  from  the  ground; 
'I'lic  oilier  executioner  then  laid  hold  of  her  delicate  limbs,  with  his  rough  hands  hardened 
at  the  [)'oiif:h,  and,  without  any  rcmoifc,  adjulted  her  on  the  back  of  his  companion,  in  the 
pioperelt  pulturefor  receiving  the  puiiilhment.  Sometimes  he  laid  hij  large  hand  brutally 
iipoi)  her  head,  in  order  to  make  lier  keep  it  down  ;  fometimes,  like  a  butcher  going  to  Hay 
a  lamb,  he  teemed  to  footh.e  her,  as  foon  as  he  had  fixed  her  in  the  moft  favourable  altitude. 
This  executioner  then  took  a  kind  of  whip  called  knout,  made  of  a  long  ftrapof  leather  pre- 
pared for  this  piirpnre  ;  he  then  reneatcJ  a  few  Iteps,  meafuring  the  requifite  diftanre  with 
a  iteady  eye  ;  and  leaping  bnck*aids,  g.ivc  a  ihoke  with  the  end  of  the  whip,  l"o  as  to  carry 
a^vay  a  flip  of  Ikin  tro-n  the  neck  to  the  bottom  of  tlie  back  ;  tlien  flrikjug  his  feet  againft 
the  ground,  he  took  his  aim.  for  applying  a  fecond  blow  parallel  to  tiie  R.imer  ;  fo  that  ia 
a  few  moments  all  the  fkin  of  her  back  was  cut  away  in  fmall  (lips,  molt  of  which  remained 
hanging  to  the  lliift.  Her  loiigi.ie  was  cut  out  immediately  after,  and  ihe  was  direiflly  banifh- 
cdintu  iiibc:ia.     In  1762,  ihe  was  resalkd  from  bauifhrnejit  by  Peter  HI, 

quality 


RUSSIA.  S9 

quality.  Both  of  them  are  excruciating;  but  in  the  double  knout, 
^iic  hands  are  hound,  behind  the  prifoncr's  back,  and  the  cord  being 
fixed  to  a  pulley,  lifts  him  from  the  ground,  with  the  diHocation  of 
both  his  flioulders  ;  and  then  his  hack  is  in  a  manner  fcarified  by  the 
executioner,  with  a  hard  thong,  cut  from  a  wild  afs's  {ki:i.  This  pun- 
ifirmcnt  has  been  fo  often  fatal,  that  a  furgeon  generally  attends  the 
patient,  to  pronounce  the  moment  that  it  flflouUi  ceafe.  It  is  not  al- 
ways the  number  of  the  ftrokcs,  but  the  method  of  applying  them, 
which  occaiions  the  death  of  the  criminal  ;  for  the  executioner  can 
kill  him  in  three  or  four  blows,  bv  Ifriking  liim  upon  the  ribs  ;  though 
perfons  are  fomctimes  recovered,  in  a  few  weeks,  who  have  received 
three  hundred  ftrokes,  moderately  Jnflifted.  The  boring  and  cutting 
out  the  tongue,  are  likewife  praftifed  in  Ruflia  ;  and  even  the  laic 
cmprcfs  Elizabeth,  though  fhc  prohibited  capital  puiu'fhracnts,  was 
forced  to  give  way  to  the  fuppofcd  neceiTity  of  thole  tortures. 

According  to  the  ftrift  letter  oftiielaw,  there  are  no  capital  punifn- 
mcnts  in  Ruilia,  except  in  the  cafe  of  high  trcafon  :  But  when  this 
matter  is  thoroughly  inveftigated,  tliere  is  much  Icfs  humanity  in  i'- 
than  has  been  fuppofed.  For  there  are  many  felons  wlio  die  under 
the  knout,  and  others  die  of  fatigue  in  their  journies  to  Siberia,  and. 
from  the  hardfliips  they  fuffer  in  the  mines  ;  lb  that  there  is  reafon  to 
believe,  that  not  fewer  criminals  fuffer  death  in  Rufiia  than  in  thole 
countries  wherein  capital  puniihments  arc  authorifed  by  the  laws. 

Felons,  after  receiving  the  knout,  and  having  their  cheeks  and  fore- 
heads marked,  are  fometimes  fentenced  for  life  to  the  public  works  at 
CronRadt,  Viflinei  Volofhok,  and  other  places  :  But  the  comrr.oa 
praflice  is  to  fend  them  into  Siberia,  where  they  are  condemned  for 
life  to  the  mines  at  Nerfhink.  There  arc  upon  an  average  from  I'.oo 
to  £O0O  convifts  at  thefe  mines.  The  greareft  part  are  confined  in 
barracks,  excepting  thofe  who  are  married  ;  The  latter  arc  pcrn.itted 
to  build  huts,  near  the  mines,  for  themfelves  and   families. 

Tpavei.ljng.]  Among  the  many  conveniencies  introduced  of  late 
into  Rufha,  that  of  travelling  is  extremely  remarkable,  and  the  ex- 
penfe  very  trifling.  The  Ruffians  perform  the  longcfl  and  moil  in-.- 
comfortable  journies,  with  the  greatefl  facility  and  difpatch.  Like 
their  Scandinavian  and  Lapland  neighbours,  they  travel  in  fledges  made 
of  the  baik  of  the  linden-tree,  lined  witV.  thick  felt,  dvav-'u  by  rein  deer, 
when  the  fnow  is  frozen  hard  enough  to  bear  them.  In  the  internal 
parts  of  RulFia,  horfes  draw  their  fledges  ;  and  the  fledge- way  towards 
February,  becomes  fo  well  beaten,  that  they  ere£t  a  kind  of  coach  upon 
the  fledges,  in  which  they  may  lie  at  full  length,  and  fo  ficep  and  travel 
night  and  day,  wrapped  up  in  good  furs  ;  thus  they  often  perform  a 
journey  of  about  400  miles,  fuch  as  that  betv/ccn  Peterfburg  and  Mof- 
tow,  in  three  days  and  three  nights.  Fler  imperial  majefly,  in  her 
journies,  is  drawn  in  ahoufe  which  contains  a  bed.  a  table,  chairs,  and 
other  convenienc'cs  for  fourpeople,  by  24  pofl-horfcs  i  and  the  houfe 
itfclf  is  fixed  on  a  fledge. 

Ihi-rERENT  KATio.s-s  SUBJECT  TO  Rus-iiA.j  As  the  prcfcHt  fubjc£ts 
of  the  Ruflian  empire,  in  its  moft  extenftvc  fcnfe,  are  the  dcfccnd- 
ants  of  many  different  people,  and  inhabit  prodigious  trafls  of  country, 
fowe  find  among  them  a  vaft.  variety  of  character  and  manners  ;  and 
ihe  great  r^jformations  introduced  of  late  years,  as  well  as  the'difcov- 

crics 


€a  RUSSIA. 

cries  made,  render  former  accounts  to  be  but  little  depended  upon.-^ 
Many  of  the  Tartars,  who  inhabit  large  portions  of  the  Ruffian  domin* 
ions,  now  live  in  fixed  houfes  and  villages,  cultivate  the  land,  and  pay 
tribute  like  other  fubjefts.  Till  lately,  they  were  not  admitted  into 
the  Ruffian  armies  ;  but  they  now  make  excellent  foldiers.  Other 
Ruffian  Tartars  r*tain  their  old  wandering  lives.  Both  iides  of  the 
Wolga  are  inhabited  by  the  Tl'cheremiffes  and  Morduars  ;  a  peaceable 
indullriouspeople.  The  Bafkirs  are  likewife  fixed  inhabitants  of  the 
traft  that  reaches  from  Kafan  to  the  frontiers  of  Sibciia  ;  and  have 
certain  privileges,  of  which  they  are  tenacious.  The  wandering  Kal- 
mucs  occupy  the  reft  of  the  tratl  to  Aftrachan  and  the  frontiers  of  the 
Ufbccs  ;  and  in  confideration  of  certain  prefents  they  receive  from  her 
imperial  majefty,  thcv  ferve  in  her  armies  without  pay,  but  are  apt  to 
plunder  equally  friends  and  foes. 

The  Cojfaks,  who  lately  made  a  figure  in  the  military  hiftory  of  Eu- 
rope, were  originally  Polifh  peafants,  and  ferved  in  the  Ukraine  as  a 
militia  againlt  the  Tartars.  Being  oppreffed  by  their  unfeeling  lords, 
a  part  ot  them  removed  to  the  uncultivated  banks  of  the  Don,  or 
Tanais,  and  there  cftablifhed  a  colony.  They  were  foon  after  joined, 
in  1637,  by  two  other  detachments  of  their  countrymen;  and  they 
reduced  Afoph,  which  they  were  obliged  to  abandon  to  the  Turks, 
after  laying  it  in  afhes.  They  next  put  themfelves  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  Ruffians,  built  Circafka,  on  an  ifland  in  the  Don  ;  and 
their  poffcffions,  which  confifled  of  thirty-nine  towns  on  both  fides 
that  ri'-'cr,  reached  from  Ribna  to  Afoph.  They  there  lived  in  a  fruit- 
ful country,  which  they  took  care  to  cultivate  ;  and  they  were  fo 
wedded  to  their  original  cuftoms,  that  they  were  little  better  than 
nominal  fubjctls  of  ihe  czars,  till  the  time  of  Peter  the  Great.  They 
profcffed  the  Greek  religion  ;  their  inclinations  were  warlike,  and 
they  occafionally  ferved  againft  the  Tartars  and  Turks  on  the  Palus 
JJieotis. 

The  internal  government  of  the  Coffacs  approaclies  very  near  to 
the  idea  wc  foim  of  that  of  the  ancient  Germans,  as  defcribed  by  Taci- 
tus. The  captains  and  officers  of  the  nation  choofe  a  chief,  whom 
they  call  hauptman,  and  he  refides  at  Circafka  ;  but  this  choice  is  con- 
firmed by  the  czar  ;  and  the  hauptman  holds  his  authority  during  life. 
He  a6ls  as  fupcrior  over  the  other  towns  of  the  nation,  each  of  which 
is  formed  into  a  feparate  commonwealth,  governed  by  its  own  hetman, 
•who  is  chofcn  annually.  They  ferve  in  war,  in  confideration  of  their 
enjoying  their  laws  and  liberties.  They  indeed  have  feveral  times 
rebelled,  for  which  they  fuffcred  feverely  under  Peter  the  Great.  But 
the  Ruffian  yoke  was  fo  much  eafier  than  that  of  the  Poles,  that,  in 
1654,  the  Coffacs  of  the  Ukraine  put  themfelves  likewife  under  the 
proleftion  of  Ruifia,  They  complained,  however,  that  their  liberties 
had  been  invaded  ;  and  in  the  war  between  Charles  XII.  and  Peter, 
their  hetman  Mazeppa,  joined  the  former  ;  but  he  found  himfelf 
unable  to  fulfil  the  magnificent  promifes  he  had  made  to  Charles. 
1  le  brought  over,  however,  fomc  of  the  Zaparovian  Coffacs,  who  were 
fettled  about  the  falls  of  the  river  Nieper,  but  moft  of  them  were  cut 
in  pieces. 

The  mien  and  character  of  the  Tartars  of  Kafan,  and  of  thofc  derived 
i;oni  ihcm,  are  very  uniform,  and  may  ferve  for  the  charafteriftic 

inarUs 


RUSSIA,  Ci 

jnarks  of  all  the  Mahometan  Tartars  in  their  neighbourhood.  Vcrr 
few  of  them  are  tall  ;  but  th'ey  are  generally  ftraight  and  well-made, 
have  fmall  faces,  with  frefh  complexions,  and  a  fprightly  and  agreeable 
air.  Tbey  are  haughty  and  jealous  of  tlicir  honour,  but  of  A  very 
moderate  capacity.  They  are  foberand  frugal,  dexterous  at  mechani- 
cal trades,  and  fond  of  neatnefs.  The  Tartarian  women  are  of  a  wholc- 
fome  complexion  rather  than  handfome,  and  of  a  good  conftitution  : 
From  their  earliefl  infancy  they  are  accuRomed  to  labour,  retirement, 
modefly,  and  fubmifTion,  The  Tartars  of  Kafan  take  great  care  of  the; 
education  of  their  children.  They  habituate  their  youth  to  labour,  to 
fobriety,  and  to  a  flrift  obfervance  of  the  manners  of  their  anccftors. 
They  are  taught  to  read  and  write,  aiid  are  inflrufted  in  the  Arabic 
tongue,  and  the  principles  of  their  religion.  Even  the  fmalleft  vilbgo 
has  its  chapel,  fchool,  prieft,  and  fchool  mafler  ;  though  fome  of  thefc 
priefts  and  fchool-maftersare  not  much  fkillcd  in  the  Arabic  language. 
The  beft  Tartarian  academies  in  the  Rufiian  empire  are  thofe  of  Kafan, 
Tobolfk,  and  Aftrachan,  which  are  under  the  dircftion  of  the  Gagouns, 
or  high-priefts.  It  is  not  uncommon  to  find  fmall  collcftions  of  hif- 
torical  anecdotes  in  manufcript,  in  the  huts  of  the  boors  ;  and  their 
merchants,  befides  what  thefe  little. libraries  contain,  are  pretty  cxten- 
iivcly  acquainted  with  the  hiftory  of  ^iheirown  people,  and  that  oftlie 
circumjacent  ftates,  with  the  antiquities  of  each.  Such  as  choofc  to 
make  a  progreCs  in  theology,  enter  thcmfclves  into  the  fchools  of 
Bougharia,  which  are  more  complete  than  the  others. 

The  Tartar  citizens  of  Kafan,  Orenberg,  and  other  governments, 
carry  on  commerce,  exercife  feveral  trades,  and  have  fome  manufac- 
tories. Their  manner  of  dealing  is  chiefly  by  way  of  bartar  :  Coin  is 
very  rarely  feen  among  them,  and  bills  of  exchange  never.  They  are 
not  in  general  very  enterprifing  ;  but,  as  they  extend  their  t.onnex- 
ions  by  partners  and  clerks,  many  of  them  carry  on  a  great  deal  of  bu- 
finefs,  which  their  parfimonious  way  of  life  renders  verv  lucrative. 
At  Kafan  they  make  a  trade  of  preparing  what  is  called  in  England,. 
Morocco  leather.  The  villages  of  thefe  people  comprehend  from  tea 
to  one  hundred  farms.  Thefe  villages  were  at  firflcom])ofcd  of  troops 
of  wandering  fhepherds  ;  but  being  drawn  gradually  clofer  toccthcr 
by  fuccefllve  population,  they  found  themfelves  under  the  neceffity  o'r 
cultivating  the  earth,  and  erecting  fixed  habitations.  They  never 
leave  their  fields  fallow  ;  for  which  reafon  they  ufe  more  manure 
than  the  Ruffians.  They  are  much  attached  to  the  cultivation  of  bees  ;. 
many  of  them  arc  perfcft  mailers  of  this  part  of  rural  economy,  and 
reap  great  profit  from  it.  Mod  of  the  villages  alfo  cotuain  tanners, 
fhoe-makersj  taylors,  dyers,  fmiths,  and  carpenters.  The  laborious  fe- 
males fpin,  and  make  cloth  from  the  Rcece  of  therr  fiocks,  and  thread 
from  hemp  of  their  own  cultivation. 

The  moveables  of  thefe  Tartars  are,  for  the  mod  part,  only  fuch  as 
are  ncceffary  to  the  real  wants  of  life.  Their  catalogue  of  kitchen  and 
table  furniture  is  very  fhort  ;  and  they  have  but  few  utcnfils  of  agri- 
culture and  mechanics.  A  chefl  cr  two,  fome  carpets  and  pieces  of 
felt,  mats  made  of  the  bark  of  trees,  with  which  they  co\er  broad 
benches  that  they  ufe  inftead  of  beds,  with  a  few  chairs  and  tables,  arc 
commonly  all  the  furniture  to  be  feen  in  their  houfes  ;  though  fomr 
of  the  principal  people  have  fluffed  cufhioni  2i:d  pillows  on  their 

iiccping 


frz  R    u     s     s    I     a; 

lleeping  benches.  But  chairs  and  tables  are  only  feen  in  towns',  snd 
even  there,  never  but  in  the  houlcs  of  fuch  as  have  bufinel's  with  for- 
eigners. They  commonly  ojake  four  meals  a  day,  at  which  their 
bench  Icrvcs  them  for  table  and  chairs  ;  for  on  this  they  place  them- 
fclvcs  round  the  difl^.cs,  each  pcrfon  htting  on  his  heels,  after  the  ori- 
ental manner.  They  i.iakc  abluiions,  and  fay  prayers,  at  the  beginning 
Hnd  end  of  all  their  medls.  The  Tartars  of  Kalan,  as  well  as  mofl  of 
the  Mahometan  Tartars,  are  very  polite,  both  atn-Jng.oae  another  and 
towards  ftrangers.  Old  men,  who  have  maintained  good  charafters, 
are  held  in  great  veneration  among  them  :  And  a  grey  beard  is  confid- 
ered  as  naturally  entitling  a  man  to  rcfpcft.  They  are  fond  of  aflcing 
advice  of  their  old  men.  v>?ho  have  always  preference  and  prececence, 
and  are  the  arbitrators  in  all  difputcs. 

The  habitations  and  manner  of  living  of  the  Tartar  citizens  and 
viliagps  of  Aflrachan  are  perfcftly  limilar  to  thofe  of  the  Tartars  of 
Kafau.  In  the  citv  of  Aftrachan  they  have  a  large  magazine  for  voods, 
built  of  bricks,  and  feveral  fhops  upon  arches.  They  carry  on  unim- 
portant commerce  with  the  Armenians,  Perhans,  Indians,  and  Bough- 
a.rians  :  /^nd  their  manufaftorics  of  Morocco  leather,  cottons,  came- 
lotg,  and  f: Iks,  are  in  a  very  thriving  fhate. 

The  Finns  are  of  Afiatic  origin,  and  have  a  clofe  refemblance  to  the 
Laplanders,  only  they  are  more  civilized,  and  better  informed.  They 
live  in  towns  and  villages,  have  fchoois  and  academics,  and  make  fomc 
progrefs  in  the  arts  and  fciences.  They  profefs  the  Lutheran  faith, 
and  uie  the  chrifbian  ?era  in  their  chronology.  They  carry  on  com- 
merce, and  excrcife  mod  of  the  common  trades.  The  boors  are  chief- 
ly employed  in  agriculture,  hunting  and  fdhing.  They  are  great  cat- 
ers, making  live  meals  a  day,  and  are  immoderately  fond  of  l:>randy. 
Thcv  enjoy  a  confiderablc  degree  of  freeucm,  as  the  Ruiiian  govern- 
ment has  continued  to  them  the  enjoyment  of  the  privileges  which 
they  formerly  had  under  the  crown  of  Sweden. 

'Jh;  IVotjaks,  who  are  a  Finnilh  race,  chiefly  inhabit  ihe  province  of 
Viaiik,  in  the  government  of  Kafan.  This  nation  was  one  of  thofc 
who  were  formerly  under  the  protection  of  the  Tartars  ;  but,  hnce  it 
has  been  fubjcftedto  Rufiia,  it  has  preferred  the  quiet  and  fccurity  which 
;;gricullure  affords,  to  the  ambulatory  life  of  herdfmen  and  fhepherds, 
laid  fixed  habitations  to  their  ancient  tents.  The  Wotjaks  are  of  a 
middle  ftaturc,  and  generally  red  haired  •,  they  are  honell,  peaceable, 
and  hoipitablc  ;  but  fupcrllitious,  and  very  credulous.  They  ai-e  af- 
fiduous  in  rural  economy,  neglecting  neither  the  culture  of  bees,  nor 
the  chace  ;  in  the  latter  they  ufe  indifFcrently  the  l-ow  or  fire-arms. 
In  their  Icifuvc  hours  many  of  them  employ  themfelves  in  making  all 
lorts  of  turnery,  fuch  as  cups,  fpoons  and  fhuttles  ;  and  others  varnifh 
all  kirids  of  cups  and  bowls,  'ihe  women  are  employed  in  Icwing,  in 
making  linen,  coaiie  cloths,  and  ornaments  of  embroidery.  Some  of 
the  Wotjaks  are  Ci.riflians,  but  a  great  part  of  them  are  heathens  and 
idolaters;  though  even  thefc  believe  the  doftrinc  of  a  future  flate  oi' 
rewards  and  punifliments. 

Ihe  OJUk'u,  wlio  are  likewife  a  Finnlfh  race,  arc  one  of  the  inon-. 
numerous  nations  of  Siberia.  Before  they  were  in  fubjeftion  to  Ruf- 
lia,  they  were  governed  by  princes  of  their  own  nation,  and  their  de- 
fcendants  .ire  (liil  reputed  noble.     As  thefe  people  divide  themfelvei 

into 


RUSSIA;  Gs 

into  different  flocks  or  tribes,  they  choofc  their  chiefs  from  among  tl:e 
progeny  of  their  ancient  rulers,  Thcfe  maintain  ])cace  and  good  or- 
der, and  fuperinlend  the  payment  of  the  taxes.  They  arc  entirely  un- 
acquainted with  the  ufe  ot  letters,  and  are  extremely  ignorant  ;  they 
can  reckon  as  far  a-s  ten,  but  no  farther,  as  is  the  cafe  with  other  Fin- 
nillr  nations.  Thcfe  people  have  a  hngidar  cuftom,  that  the  daughrcr- 
in-law  never  uncovers  her  face  in  the  prefcnce  <:f  her  , father-in -law  ; 
nor  is  the  fcn-in-law  allowed  to  appear  before  the  mother-in-law  till 
his  wife  has  had  a  child.  They  arc  mod  of  them  idolators  ;  and  one 
of  their  opinions  is,  that  bears  enjoy  after  death  a  happinefs  at  Icafl 
equal  to  that  which  they  expeft  for  themfclvcs.  Whenever  tliey  kill' 
one  of  thcfe  animals,  they  fing  fongs  over  him,  in  which  they  ;ifk  his 
pardon  for  the  ir.jury  they  have  done  him.  '^I  bey  alfo  hang  up  his 
fkin,  to  which  they  fhew  many  civilities,  and  pay  many  fine  compli- 
ments, to  induce  him  not  to  take  vengeance  on  them  in  the  world  of 
fpirits.  Indeed,  it  appears  that  bears  are  in  great  cflimation  among 
all  the  Pagan  nations  of  the  north  and  north-calL 

The  Wogclians  are  rather  below  the'middlc  flaturc,  have  generally 
black  hair,  and  a  fcanty  beard.  They  arc  of  a  gay  difpofition,  honcR, 
laborious,  and  acut-e  ;  but  (lovenly  and  fi-cklc,  and  inclined  to  be  ex- 
tremely pafTionate.  Their  women  are  well  made,  robuft,  civil,  and 
laborious.  1  hey  are  unacquainted  with  the  ufe  of  letters,  as  well  as 
fome  of  their  kindred  nations:  They  do  not  reckon  their  time  by 
years,  though  they  mark  the  months,  and  name  them  after  the  various 
i-cvoiutions  of  nature  which  they  obferve  in  their  forcfts.  Tbey  dii- 
tinguifli  themfclvcs  into  tribes  or  races:  And  a  Wougoul  village  is 
commonly  compofcd  only  of  one  family,  whofe  chief  or  elder  per- 
forms the  fun£lions  of  ftarofte,  or  magiflrale  of  the  village.  Their 
principal  occupation  is  the  chace,  in  which  they  difcover  much  eagcr- 
nefs  and  addrcfs  ;  ufing  indifcriminately  fire-arms,  the  bow,  and  the 
fpear.  They  arc  alfo  fKiiful  in  contriving  traps,  fnares,  and  gins,  and 
all  the  lures  of  game. 

The  Tfchouzoafches  dwell  along  the  two  fides  of  tlie  Wolga,  in  the 
govern'ments  of  Nifchnei-Nowogrod,  Kafan  and  Orenbcrg.  They 
never  live  in  to\vns,  but  affembie  in  fmall  villages,  and  choofe  the  forcfts- 
forlheir  habitations.  They  are  very  fond  of  hunting,  and  jjrocurc  for 
that  purpofe  fcrew-barrel  muri^ets,  which  they  prefer  to  the  bow.  One 
of  their  marriage  ceremonies  is,  that,  on  ihe  wedding  niglit,  the  bride 
is  obliged  to  pull  off  her  hwfband's  boots.  A  late  writer  lays.  "  Among 
the  Tf-chouwafclies  the  huiband  is  mafler  of  the  houfe  ;.he  orders  every 
thing  himfelf ;  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  wife  to  obey  without  reply  :  A 
cuflom  calculated  to  prevent  domeftic  broils.  Accordingly  quarrels 
arc  very  uncommon  in  the  families  of  the  ITchouwiifcb.es." 

The  Kirguifians  have  a  frank  and  picporfcfUng  air,  limilar  to  that 
wliich  charaftcrizcs  the  Tartars  of  Kafan.  They  have  a  fh^rp,  buti.ot 
a  fierce  look,  and  fmaller  eves  tlian  thofe  Tartars.  They  have  good 
natural  fenfe,  and  are  affable,  and  high-fpirited  ;  but  fond  of  their  caie, 
and  voluptuous.  They  dwell  always  in  portable  huts,  wandering 
about  their  dcferts  in  fearch  of  pafturage  for  their  flocks  and  herds, 
which  conflitute  their  principal  occupation.  As  their  com  ies  are  reg- 
ulated by  neceility,  in  fummer  they  travcrfe  the  northern  drfeits,  and 
ID  winter  the  fouthcrn  parts.     It  is  only  when  they  have  jnolhingcIl« 


64  R      U      S      S      I      A* 

to  do  tiiat  they  follow  hunting  and  fifnlng,  and  agriculture  is  atfolutC'^ 
ly  unknown  to  them.  Their  troops  of  cattle  coniijl  of  horfes,  camelsj 
cows,  goats,  and  fhcep,  which  fupply  tisem  both  with  food  and  rai- 
ment. Camels  are  of  great  fcrvicc  to  them  throughout  their  whole 
econoiny,  carry In-g  their  huts  and  furniture  at  every  change  of  ftation, 
*vvhich  they  do  to  the  weight  of  nine  hundred  pounds.  The  Kirgui- 
iians  drefs  in  the  eaftern  manner,  but  their  clothes  are  for  the  moft  part 
better  than  thofe  worn  by  the  other  Tartars.  The  decoration  of  their 
horfes  employs  them  almoft  as  much  as  that  of  their  perfons  ;  thev 
having  generally  elegant  faddles,  handfome  houfings,  and.  ornamentea 
bridles.  They  are  great  eaters  ;  and  they  alfo  fmoke  tobacco  to  excefs. 
Men,  women,  and  children,  all  fmokc,  and  take  fnuff  :  They  keep  the 
latter  in  little  horns  faftcned  to  their  girdles.  The  great  and  wealthy 
live  pcrfcftly  in  the  fame  mannerasthereflof  the  people,andare  diftin- 
guifl'.ed  only  by  the  numerous  train  that  accompanies  them  in  their  cav- 
itlcadcs,  and  the  quantity  of  huts  which  funound  their  quarters,  inhab- 
ited by  their  wives,  cliildrcn  and  fiaves. 

The  Tun^^itjians  form  one  of  the  moft  numerous  nations  of  Siberia* 
They  are  of  a  middle  ftature,  well  made,  and  of  a  good  mien.  Their 
fight  and  hearing  arc  of  a  degree  of  acutenefs  and  delicacy  that  is  al- 
■rv.o\t  incredible  ;  but  their  organs  of  fmcUing  and  feeling  are  confidcr-' 
ably  more  blunt  than  ours.  They  are  acquainted  with  almcft  every 
tree  and  ilone  within  the  circuit  of  their  ufual  perambulations;  and 
thcv  can  even  dcfcribe  a  courfe  of  fome  hundred  miles  by  the  con- 
figurations of  the  trees  and  ftones  they  meet  with,  and  can  enable 
ethers  to  take  the  fame  route  by  fuch  defcriptiOns.  They  alfo  dif- 
cover  the  tracks  of  the  game  by  the  compreffion  of  the  grafs  or  mofsi 
They  learn  foreign  languages  with  eafe,  are  alert  on  horfeback,  good 
hunters  and  dexterous  at  the  bow, 

T\\e  Kainmci  are  a  courageous  tribe,  and  numerous  ;  for  the  moft; 
part  raw-boned  and  ftout.  Their  vifage  is  fo  flat  that  the  fkull  of  S 
Kalmuc  may  ea,hly  bo  known  from  others.  They  have  thick  lips, 'a 
Imall  nofc,  and  a  faort  chin,  their  complexion  a  rcddifli  and  yellowifla 
brown.  The  women  are  of  the  iame  fhape  and  make  with  the  men, 
and  the  fitin  of  their  face  a  wholefome  white  and  red  ;  they  are  lively, 
agreeable,  and  induflrious.  The  fiianding  charafter  of  this  tribe  is, 
rough,  but  lefs  diffolutc  and  bafc  than  they  are  commonly  luppofeJ  to 
be.  They  are  much  attached  to  their  chiefs  or  mafl:ers,  but  their 
jiftive  fpirit,  and  their  improvidence  and  carelCiTnCfs,  make  them 
thicvifli  and  dirty.  In  their  robberies,  they  ufe  more  ftfatagem  than 
violence,  and  as  they  believe  in  the  nofturnal  wandering  of  dead  men's 
fpirits.  thev  arc  Icldom  accompanied  with  murder.  They  are  fuper- 
flitious  about  good  and  bad  days,  and  have  written  laws  which  arc 
founded  on  reafon,  cuftom,  and  the  will  of  the  prince.  Their  code 
is  very  favourable  to  females,  and  never  looks  upon  a  woman  as  the 
author  of  any  crirme.  A  rape  and  adultery  is  punilhed  v;ith  a  mulft 
of  nine  head  of  cattle.  Their  fpecch  is  a  mongrel  diak£l  with  ma;ny 
Tartarian  words,  biit  their  religious  books  are  in  the  Tangut  or  Tibe- 
tan. l"he  fole  pro fefTion  among  them  is  the  breeding  of  cattle  ;  they 
purfue  the  chace  as  an  amufement  ;  their  dwelling  i^s  in  tents,  or 
yourts  of  felt,  whicli  they  call  gar,  and  the  Ruflians  'kibitka,  and  much 
raTemble  the  Kirguifjans,     Their  clothing  is  oriental,  and  their  heads 

are 


P,      U      S      S      I      A.  C-5 

are  cxaQily  Chinefe.  Some  of  their  women  wear  a  large  goluen  rint; 
in  their  noftrils.  Their  principal  food  confifls  of  animals  tame  aiui 
wild,  and  even  their  chiefs  will  feed  upon  Cattle  that  have  died  of 
diflemper  or  age,  and  I'-t  it  ftink  ever  fo  much  ;  fo  that  in  every  hord 
the  flcfh  market  hath  the  appearance  of  a  lay  Hall  of  carrion;  the  v 
eat  likewifcthe  roots  and  plants  oF  their  dcferis.  They  are  great  cat- 
ers, but  can  endure  want  for  a  long  time  without  complaint,  liotli 
fcxes  fmoke  continually.  During  the  fummer  they  keep  to  the  north, 
and  in  the  winter  to  the  fouthern  deferts.  They  fleep  upon  felt  or 
carpeting,  and  cover  themfelves  with  the  fame. 

The  KamtfchadaU:  have  a  lively  imagination,  a  flrong  mefnorV.  and 
a  great  genius  for  imitation.  Their  chief  employments  arc  hunting 
and  fifiiing.  The  chace  furniflics  them  with  fables,  foxes,  and  other 
game.  They  are  very  expert  in  fifhing,  and  ave  well  acquainted  witlt 
the  proper  leafons  for  it.  I'heir  nets  are  made  of  the  ftamina  of  net- 
tles. When  thev  are  not  engaged  in  hunting  and  fii"hing,  they  ibinc- 
time«  employ  themfelves  in  building  huts,  forming  different  woodom 
utenfils,  cutting  wood  for  fuel  aud  building,  and  making  bows  and 
arrows:  But  much  of  their  time  is  paffcd  in  abl'olute  idlcnefs  ;  fat* 
they  are  generally  extremely  indolent.  Poverty  gives  them  no  con- 
cern ;  and  nothing  but  the  calls  of  hunger  can  drive  them  to  thcchacc. 
They  live  in  villages,  conftfting  of  a  few  fmall  houfcs,  and  fituatcd  ia 
general  near  fome  river.  When  a  villag<;  becomes  too  populous,  llicy 
feparate  and  form  a  new  village;  They  eat  and  drink  great  qiianii- 
ties  ;  but  as  what  they  eat  is  always  cold,  their  teeth  arc  very  hr.c^ 
Dogs  are  their  only  domeflic  animals,  and  they  put  a  high  value  upoa 
them.  Some  of  them  travel  in  fmall  carriages  drawn  by  dogs  ;  and  a 
complete  Kamtfchadalian  equipage,  dogs,  harnefs,  and  all,  cofts  ia 
that  country  4I.  los.  or  near  twenty  rubles.  The  Kamlfchadalcs  be- 
lieved the  immortality  of  the  foul,  before  thev  were  prevailed  upon  to 
embrace  the  Chriftian  religion.  Thev  are  fuperditious  to  extrava- 
gance ;  and  extremely  fiagular  and  capricious  in  the  different  enjoy- 
ments of  life,  particularlv  theiir  convivial  entertainments. 

The  manners  of  the  Siberians  were  formerly  lo  barbarous,  that  Peter 
the  Great  thought  he  could  not  inflift  a  greater  punifhmenl  upon  his- 
capital  enemies,  the:  Sv/edes,  than  by  bani{"hing  fhem  to  Siberia.  The 
effeft  was,  thut  the  Swedifh  officers  and  loldicrs  introduced  European 
ufages  and  manufattures  into  the  country,  and  thereby  acquired  a  com- 
fortable living.  In  this  wine  and  forlorn  region,  that  was  fo  long  un- 
known to  Europe,  foinc  new  mines  have  lately  been  di {'covered,  which, 
upon  their  firft  opening,  have  yielded  45,000  pounds  of  fiiic  (ilvcr,  «ind. 
which  is  faid  to  have  been  cbta:ned  with  iitile  diiiiculty  or  expenfc.. 
Bat  Kamtfchatka  is  now  coniidcred  as  the  moH  horrid  place  of  exile 
in  the  vaft  empire  of  Ruflia,  and  here  fome  of  the  grcatcft  criminals 
are  fcnt. 

Religion.]  The  religion  efhabliflied  in  the  RufTian  empire  is  the 
Greek.  The  mofl  effential  point  in  which  their  profefilon  of  faith 
differs  from  that  of  the  Latin  church,  is  the  doftrinC,  that  the  Holy 
Ghoft  proceeds  from  the  Father  only.  The  Greek  church  keeps  Lent 
and  other  davs  of  fafh.  which  are  very  nunierous,  with  the  utmolt 
ftriftncfs  ;  its  liturgy  in  Rufiia  contiiujes  to  be  read  in  the  old  Stlavo- 
man  language  ;  and  its  form  of  woHhip  is  at  Icall  js  ir.uch  o.eiiocidod 
*■,  -.v. '.a 


56  -R      U      S      S      I      A. 

with  rites  as  the  Roman  Catl-.olir.  Saints  are  held  in  veneration^ 
painted  images  of  them,  but  no  ftatues  are  fufFsred  in  the  churches. 
There  is  a  left  of  diiTenters,  v;fho  Call  themfclves  Chviftians  of  the  old 
faith,  but  who  arc  called  apoflatcs  by  the  Orthodox  church  ;  the  differ- 
ences between  them  relate  chiefly  to  ceremonies.  The  church  has 
been  governed  fiiice  the  time  of  Peter  the  Great  by  a  national  council, 
called  the  Holy  Synod,  compoied  of  a  preiident,  two  vice-prefidcnis, 
and  nine  other  members,  ']  he  Ruffian  clergy  confifts  of  three  metro- 
politans, viz.  thofe  of  Kicw  ToboHk,  and  the  new-appointed  metro- 
politan of  Georgia  ;  of  28  biihops,  independent  of  the  metropolitans, » 
and  li(bje6l  only  to  the  authority  of  the  Synod,  who  preildc  over  diocc- 
fes  called  Eparchies,  and  of  protopopes,  popes,  and  deacons.  Mar- 
riaf^e  is  forbid  to  the  airhbifhops  and  biihops,  but  is  allowed  to  the  in- 
ferior clergy.  Theic  are  479  convents  for  men,  and  74  for  women,  con- 
taining about  70000  perfons  ;  the  convents  of  monks  arc  governed 
hy  prelideuts,  called  Arc)iim.indritcs  ;  thol^  of  nuns  by  wo:ncn,  cal- 
led Igmnenias.  Above  goo^ooo  peafants  belong  to  the  cftates  in  pof- 
fefTion  of  the  clergy. 

Bclidesthe  Greek  religion,  all  other  religious  profefTions  are  tolerat- 
ed, and  enjoy  the  free  exerJ'jfe  of  their  worfhip.  Livonia  and  forne 
other  provinces,  which  formerly  bchjnged  to  Sweden,  are  of  the  Lu- 
theran religion.  The  Roman  Cafholics  in  the  Polifli  provinces,  ia 
which  the  order  of  [efui.ts  is  (till  tolerated,  arc  under  the  government 
of  the  Catholic  Arrh'>iulop  of  Mohilow.  The  jews  arc  tolerated  on- 
ly in  or  near  the  Polifli  provinces.  The  Armeiiiaus  have  a  bifliop 
of  their  own,  refiding  at  Aflrachan.  In  the  province  of  Suratow 
theie  are  fevcral  rtourifiifng  fcti'iemc'nts  of  Moravian  bvethreii.  Of 
ilie  Allatic  nations  belongrng  ?o  this  vai'f  empire,  fome  are  Mahome- 
datir.,  others  worfhip  the  Deiai  Lama  of  Tibet,  or  the  great  KutuelUii 
of  the  Calrnucks,  and  others,  as  the  Kamfk.ad3{es  and  KurilianS  have 
•i.  foim  of  Pagan  fuperflition  peculiar  fo  thcmfelves,- 

Languagk.]  The  common  language  of  Rui^ia  is  a  mixture  of  the 
Polifli  and  Sclavonian  ;  their  priefls,  howevei',  and  the  moft  learned' 
of  their  clergy,  make  ufe  of  what  is  called  modern  Greek  ;  and  (it  is 
laid  I  thofe  who  kjiow  that  language  in  its  purttv,  arc  at  no  lofs  for  un- 
derfl.anding  it  in  its  corrupted  if  ate.  'Hk-  Ruflians  liave  thiVtv-hx  let- 
ters, the  forms  of  which  have  a  ftrong  refemblance  to  t!ie  old  Greek 
ali.h.abct. 

Learnint.,  &c.]  Scienrcsand  arts,  introduced  by  Peter  fhcGrcat, 
are  highly  encouraged  by  the  prefcnt  emprefs.  There  are  i'n  Rufha 
three  univerfities,  at  Peterlhurg,  Mofcow,  and  Kiew  ;  the  latter  of 
vhich  is  merely  a  feminary  for  the  clergy  ;  an  academy  of  fcicnces> 
an  academy  of  arts,  and  an  acadcmv  of  the  Ruffian  lang\iage.  I'he 
pr-efent  emprefs  is  aftually  rmploved  in  founding  a  number  of  fchools, 
for  the  education  of  the  lower  clalfes  of  her  iuhjefts,  throughout  the 
befl,  inhabited  parts  of  the  empire  •,  an  inffi:ution  of  the  moff  bencfi- 
<ial  tendency,  which,  if  rightly  executed,  will  entitle  the  great  Catha- 
vine,  more  than  any  of  her  prcdeccnbrs,  to  the  gratitude  of  the  Ruf- 
fian nation. 

GovKRN'MF.N'T.]  The  cmpcror,  Or  atitocr?.torof  RufTia,  (the  pref- 
cnt emprefs  flylcs  hcrfelfautorratrix)  is  abfolutc.  lie  mufl  beef  the 
Greek  church  Ijv  the  ancitni  ciiflotTi  oi"  the  ani^ure.     The  only  written 

tundarsreiitaj 


R      U      S      S 


^7 


'  fundamental  law  exifting  I's  that  of  Peter  tlie  Firfl,  by  which  the  rirht 
of  fucceffionto  the  throne  depends  entirely  on  the  choice  of  the  rcignmg 
monarch.  S.ome  writers,  however,  conllder  the  indivifihiiiiy  of  the 
empire  as  a  fecond  fundamental  law  of  the  monarchy.  The  nobility 
and  gentry  have  no  rights  and  privileges  to  protec:!:  them  againll  tlis 
arbitrary  will  of  the  fovereign,  wlio  has  unlimited  power  over  their 
lives  and  property,  ae  well  as  over  all  the  rcll  of  his  Ruilian  fubjcds. 
Yet  fomc  of  the  conquered  provinces,  as  I-ivonia  and  Kfthonia,  enjbv, 
by  the  peace  of  Nyftadt,  fome  -v-aluable  privileges.  The  CoiTacks  and 
fome  other  Afiatic  nations  are  hkcwife  in  a  ftate  of  lei's  icrvilc  fubjcc- 
tion. 

The  management  of  public  affairs  is  entrufted  to  feveral  depart- 
ments.  At  the  head  of  all  thofe  concerned  in  the  regulation  of  inter- 
nal affairs  (the  fynod  or  ecclefiaftical  convocation  excepted)  is  the 
fenatc,  under  the  prefidency  of  a  chancellor  and  vice-chancellor.  Ihe 
.  fovereign  himfelf  nominates  the  members  of  this  fupreme  court,  which 
is  divided  into  fix  chambers,  four  of  which  arc  at  Peterfburg,  and 
two  at  Mofcow.  The  provinces  are  ruled  by  governors  appointed  by 
the  ibvereign  ;  each  government,  containing  on  an  average  400.000 
fubjefts,  has  tv/o  courts  of  jufhic-e,  one  of  whicli  is  appropriated  to  civ- 
il and  the  other  to  criminal  caule?.  Under  the  control  of  tlic  fenate 
are  the  following  departments  :  The  war  depaitment  ;  the  board  of 
admiralty  ;  the  fupreme  court  of  appeals  at  Mofcow,  of  whicli  tho 
court  of  judicature  at  Peterfburg  is  a  branch  :  The  latter  has  the  con- 
trol of  the  civil  magiftrates  in  the  cities,  and  of  the  court  of  Relief, 
eilablifhed  for  the  benefit  of  thofe  who  have  not  the  means  of  luins; 
for  redrefs  in  the  other  courts.  Prom  all  courts  of  jullicc  there  lies  an. 
appeal  to  tho  fenate.  The  other  departments  arc  :  The  board  of  the 
treafury  ;  the  board  of  commerce  ;  the  board  of  the  miiu;s,  including; 
the  infoeflion  of  the  mint  ;  the  board  of  manufafturcs  ;  the  court  o£ 
exchequer  (or  chamber  of  finances)  •,  the  board  of  revllion  of  all  pub- 
lic accounts  ;  the  fait- revenue  office  ;  the  poft-ofHce  ;  the  medical 
court  ;  the  department  of  police,  and  the  chamber  of  feizures  and  for- 
feitures. 

Finances.]  The  pxiblic  revenue  in  1765  amounted  to  only  20 
millions.  The  prefent  revenue  is  a  very  large  one,  confidcring  thu 
low  priceof  all  the  necelfarics  of  life,  v/hich  are  at  leaft  four  times 
cheaper  than  in  England  ;  The  revenue  commonly  exceeds  the  ex- 
penfe  of  the  government. 

This  fum  is  raifed,  I.  From  a  capitation  tax,  which  at  prefent  has 
been  extended  to  the  provinces  of  Livonia,  FJthonia,  ani  Finnland, 
contrary  to  the  privileges  granted  to  them  by  Peter  the  Great.  The 
produce  of  this  tax  in  1768  was  levcn  millions  of  rubles,  but  it  is 
fince  greatly  increafcd.  2.  From  the  cuftoms,  amounting  to  upwards 
of  three  million  of  rubles,  and  ir.crealing  with  the  extenhon  of  com- 
merce. 3.  From  the  monopoly  invented  in  tlie  crown  of  vending  all 
forts  of  fpirituous  liquors,  which  yields  likcwiie  upwards  of  three 
million  of  rubles.  4.  From  the  fait  works,  which  produce  one  mill- 
ion and  a  half.  5.  From  taxes  on  lands,  on  fales  of  gentlemen's  ef- 
tates,  filheries,  and  licencci  of  public  houfcs.  6,  f  rum  the  profits  of 
the  mint.     7.  From  the  miaes, 

E  3  '^^''- 


gS  RUSSIA. 

The  public  debts  are  computed  to  amount  to  about  40  million  of 
rubles. 

Army.]  The  army  is  generally  calculated  to  amount  to  from  406 
to  450,000  men  ;  according  to  Bufching   they  amounted  in  r772,  to 

r.bcvc  6co.oco. 

Regular  and  Irregular^  ^7^^* 

Men. 

Regular  cavalry  ,  —        56,000 

irregular  cavalry  —  , ».  48,000 

Rciiirncnts  of  infantry  -—  —  ..^  160.000 

Garrifons  —  _,  87.000 

Militia  cavalry  — .  —  26,000 

Artillery  of  t'he  camp  —  8500 

• —    ot  the  garrifons  —  — —         — »  8500 

Train         —  ■—    ■■  3^00 


397,800 


TJie  army  in  1784  amounted  to  368,901,  viz. 

Guards                       —                  7291 

Cavalry                  . 59,662 

Infantry                   •  — —                  149,886 

Artillery .  ■ 29.062 

Garrifons  — .  87,000 

Coffacs,  &c.                   ,  —  36,000 


Total  368,901 

Navy.]  Sixty-three  armed  fhips,  of  which  24  are  of  the  line, 
sOjOOO  failors.  It  has  been  related,  that  (in  1785)  there  were  48  fhips 
of  the  line  at  Cronftadt,  an<  12  fhips  of  the  line  in  the  Black  Sea.  Bf 
other  accounts  the  ftrength  of  the  Ruihan  navy  is  much  lefs  confid- 
erable. 

The  chief  harbours  are,  1.  Cronftadt,  not  far  from  Pcterfburg,  on 
the  gulf  of  Pinnland,  where  there  is  a  fine  dock-yard.  2.  Reval,  in 
the  province  of  Livonia,  on  the  Baltic  Sea.  3.  Archangel,  on  the 
Whfte  Sea.  4.  Chcrfon,  on  the  Black  Sea,  in  the  province  of  Ekatar- 
inoflow.  The  admiraltv  confifts  of  one  high-admiral,  thi'ec  admirals, 
three  vice-admirals,  and  four  countre  admirals. 

The  whole  army  was,  in  the  year  1784,  divided  into  nine  different 
divilions  and  three  corps,  the  Caucafian  that  of  Orenburg  and  of  Si- 
beria. All  the  war  affairs  arc  under  the  war  department  of  Pcterf- 
burg, where  there  is  alfo^ founded  an  academy  for  cadets  and  for  artillei- 
ry.  Tulo,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the  fame  name,  is  famous  for  its 
great  manufafture  of  mull'iets.  The  expenfcs  of  the  whole  army 
amount  only  to  about  two  millions  of  rubles. 

Cities,  towns,  palaces,!  Pcterfburg  naturally  takes  the  lead 
AN'D  OTHER  BUILDINGS.  J  in  this  divifion.  It  lies  at  the  junc- 
tion of  the  Neva  with  the  lake  Ladoga,  already  mentioned,  in  N, 
latitude  59®.  57^  and  E.  long.  31^  ;  but  the  reader  may  have  a  better 
idea  of  its  fituation,  by  being  informed  that  it  flands  on  both  fides  the 
river  Neva,  between  that  lake  and  the  bottom  of  the  Finland  gulf. 
In  the  year  1703,'  this  city  confiftcd  of  a  few  fmall  fifiiing  huts,  on  a 
rpot  lb  marfliy,  that  the  ground  was  formed  iato  nine  iflands  ;  by 

which. 


RUSSIA,  69 

%vhlch,  according  to  Voltaire,  its  principal  quarters  are  {lill  divided. 
\Vithout  entering  into  too  minute  a  defcription  of  this  city,  it  is  fuf- 
ficient  to  fay,  that  it  extends  about  iix  miles  every  way,  and  contains 
every  flrufture  for  magnificence,  the  improvement  of  the  arts,  reve- 
nue, navigation,  v/ar  and  commerce,  that  are  to  be  found  in  the  mod 
celebrated  cities  in  Europe.  There  is  but  one  bridge  over  the  Neva, 
■which  joins  the  Dock  yard  to  Balil'sidand — It  is  conft.rue>ed  with  flat 
bottomed  boats,  whicli  in  the  fpring  arc  hiid  acrofs  the  river,  and  re- 
moved in  autumn  before  the  frod  begins.  Tliere  is  a  convent 
which  dcfervcs  particular  notice,  in  which  '440  young  ladies  are 
educated  at  the  emprefs's  expenfe  ;  200  of  them  of  fupcrior  rank,  .ind 
the  others,  daughters  of  citizens  and  tradcfmen,  who,  after  a  certain 
time  allotted  to  their  education,  quit  the  convent  \vith  improvements 
fuitable  to  their  conditions  of  life,  and  thofe  of  the  lower  clal's  are 
prefented  v/ith  a  fum  of  money  as  a  dowry  if  they  marry,  or  to  pro- 
cure to  themfelves  a  proper  livelihood.  Near  to  this  convent  is  a 
Foundling  Hofpital,  afliftant  to  that  noble  one  eftabliPaed  at  Mofcow, 
and  where  the  mother  may  come  to  be  delivered  privately,  and  then 
after  the  utinoft  attention  to  her,  fhe  leaves  the  child  to  the  ftate,  as  a 
parent  more  capable  of  promoting  its  welfare. 

As  Peterfburg  is  the  emporium  of  Ruflia,  tlie  number  of  foreign 
fliips  trading  to  it  in  the  fummer  time  is  furpriling.  In  winter,  3000 
one-hcrfe  Hedges  are  employed  for  pafTengcrs  i-n  the  ftrccts.  It  is 
Tuppofcd,  that  there  are  170,000  inhabitants  in  this  city;  and  it  is 
ornamented  v/ith  thirtv-five  great  churches  ;.  for  in  it  almofk  every 
fe£l  of  theChriflian  religion  is  tolerated.  Ilalfo  contains  five  palaces, 
fome  of  which  are  fuptrb,  particularly  that  which  is  called  the  New 
Summer  Palace,  near  tlie  Triumphal  Port,  which  is  an  elegant  piece 
of  architefture.  This  magnificent  city  is  defended  on  that  fide  next 
the  fea  by  the  fortrefs  of  Cionftadt  ;  which,  confidering  the  difirculty 
end  danger  of  navigating  a  large  naval  force  tliiough  the  gulf  oi 
Finland,  is  fufiicicnt  to  guard  it  on  that  fide  fiom  the  attempts  of  any 
enemy.  Peteilhurg  is  the  capital  of  the  province  of  Ingria,  one  of 
Peter  the  Great's  conquefts  from  the  Swedes.  All  the  neighbourhood 
of  this  city  is  covered  with  country  houfes  and  gardens. 

The  city  of  Mofcow,  fonmerly  the  capital  of  this  great  empire, 
flands  on  a  pleafant  plain,  in  N.  lat.  5,5'*  40'  E.  long.  38**  1414  miles 
N.  E.  of  London.  The  river  Mofkwa  running  through  it  in  a 
winding  courfe,  and  feveral  eminences,  interfocrfed  with  gardens, 
groves  and  lawns,  ftsrm  mofl  delightful  profpefts.  It  feems  rather  to 
he  a  cultivated  country  than  a  city.  The  ancient  magnificence  of 
this  city  would  be  incredible,  were  it  not  atlcfte(i  by  themofl  unquol- 
tionable  authors  :  But  we  are  to  make  great  allowances  for  the  uncul- 
tivated flateof  the  adjacent  provinces,  which  might  have  made  it  ap- 
pear with  a  greater  lullrc  in  tlie  eyes  of  a  traveller.  Jkdching  fpeaks 
of  it  as  the  largell  city  in  Europe  ;  but  that  can  be  only  meant  as  to 
the  ground  it  Hands  on,  computed  to  be  16  miles  in  circumferen,.e. 
It  is  generally  agreed,  that  Mofcow  contain*  1600  churches,  among 
which  are  II  Cathedrals,  and  271  parifh  churches.  Around  the  ex- 
change, according  to  Bufching.  are  about  6000  fine  ihops,  which  d.l- 
play  a  vaft  parade  of  commerce,  efpecially  to  and  from  Chiria.  No 
city  difilays  a   greater  tontraft  than  Mofcow,  of  magnificence  and 


;o  RUSSIA. 

!,ner.nnefs  in  building.  Tlis  houfes  of  the  inViabjtants  in  general  are 
rnifcrablc  timber  booths  ;  but  their  palaces,  churches,  convents,  and 
other  public  edifices,  are  fpacious  and  lofty.  Tlie  grand  imperial 
palace,  is  mentioned  as  one  of  the  rrioll  fupevb  ftrwftures  in  the  world  : 
it  flands  in  tlie  Kremelin,  one  of  the  interior  circles  of  the  city,  and 
contains  the  old  imperial  palace,  plcafure-houfe,  and  fkables,  a  viftu- 
alling-houfe,  the  palace  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  patriarch, 
nine  catliedrals,  five  convents,  four  parifh  churches,  the  arfcnal, 
with  tlic  public  colleges,  and  other  ofRces.  All  the  churches  in  the 
Kremelin  have  beautiful  fpires,  moR  of  them  gilt,  or  covered  with 
lilver  :  The  architefture  is  in  the  Gothic  taflc  ;  but  the  infides  of  the 
ciiurches  are  riclilv  ornamented  ;  and  the  piQ;ures  of  the  faints  are 
decorated  with  gold,  filver,  and  precious  ftones.  Mention  is  made 
of  tliC  cathedral,  which  has  no  fewer  than  nine  towers,  covered  with 
copper  double  gilt,  and  contains  a  filver  branch  with  foitv-cight 
lights,  faid  to  weigh  2800  pounds.  A  volume  would  fcarcely  fuffice 
TO  recount  the  other  particulars  of  the  magnificence  of  this  city.  Its 
fumptuous  monuments  of  the  great  dukes  and  czars,  the  magazine,  the 
patriarchal  palace,  the  exchequer,  and  chancery,  are  noble  flrnftures. 
The  public  is  not  unacquainted  with  the  barbarous  anecdote,  that  the 
czar  John  Bafilides.  ordered  the  architeft  of  the  church  of  Jerufalcm 
fo  be  deprived  of  his  eye-fight,  that  he  might  never  contrive  its  equal. 
')  he  Rory  is  improbable,  and  might  take  its  rife  from  the  arbitrary  dif- 
pofition  of  that  great  prince.  1  fnall  liave  occafion  hereafter  to  men- 
tion the  great  bell  of  Mofcow.  The  inhabitants  arc  fo  diftraftcdly 
fond  of  bells,  that  they  are  always  tinkling  in  every  quarter.  The 
j(  wcls  and  ornaments  of  an  image  of  the  Virgin  Mary,  in  the  Kreme- 
Jin  church,  and  its  otticv  furniture,  can  be  only  equalled  by  what  is 
Icen  at  the  famous  Holy  Houfe  «)f  I,oretto  in  Italy.  Voltaire  fays, 
that  Fcter,  who  was  attentive  to  every  thing,  did  not  negleft  Mofcow 
at  the  time  he  was  building  Peterfburg  ;  for  he  caufed  it  to  be  paved, 
adorned  it  with  nol)le  edifices,  and  enriched  it  with  mannfaflures. 

The  foundling  Hofpital  at  Mofcow  is  an  excellent  inflitution,  and 
appears  to  be  under  vciy  judicious  regulations.  It  was  founded  by 
tiie  prefcnt  emprels.  and  is  iupi)ovted  by  voluntary  contributions, 
legacies  and  other  charitable  endowments.  It  is  an  immenfe  pile  of 
building,  of  a  quadrangular  Ihape,  and  contains  3000  foundlings  ; 
V.'hen  the  cftabliOnTient  is  completed,  it  is  intended  to  contain  8oco. 
-They  are  taken  great  caie  of;  and  at  the  age  of  fourteen,  they  ha\e 
the  liberty  of  choofing  anv  pat  ticular  branch  of  trade;  and  for  this 
purpofc  there  are  different  fpccies  of  manufaftures  eflabliflied  in  the 
jiofpital.  Wiun  they  have  gone  through  a  certain  apprcnticcfhip,  or 
abo;it  the  age  of  twenty,  tlicy  are  allowed  the  liberty  of  fetting  up  for 
tliemfclves  :  A  finn  of  money  is  be/lowed  upon  each  foundling  for 
that  purpole.  and  they  are  permitted  to  carry  on  trade  in  anv  pait  of 
tlic  Rullian  empire.  Tiiisisavery  confiderable  privilege  in  Ruffia, 
where  the  pealants  are  flavcs,  and  cannot  leave  their  villages  with- 
out the  permiffion  of  their  mafters. 

Nothing  can  be  faid  with  certainty  as  to  the  population  of  Mo{cov. 
Wiien  idvd  Carlille  was  the  Englifli  anibaffador  there,  in  the  reign  of 
Charles  II.  this  cit)^  was  12  miids  in  covnpafs,  and  the  number  of 
Iioul'cs  was  compul'/d  at  40,000.     Voltaire  lays,   that  v,  hen  he  wrrite, 

Mofcow 


R      U      S      S      I      A. 


7t 


Mofcow  was  twenty  roiles  in  circumference,  and  tliat  its  inhabitants 
amounted  to  500,000  :  Later  and  more  avithcntic  accounts  fay,  that 
the  number  of  inhabitants  in  Mofcow  is  about  J  50,000  ;  confining  of 
noble  families,  merchants,  piiefts,  monks,  mechanics,  labourers,  ear- 
ners,  flcdi^e-driv'ers  and  Icrvants,   l>eIonging  to  the  church. 

CuKiosniEs,]     Tills   article   aflbrds   no   great  entertainment,   as 
Ruflia  has  but  lately  been  admitted  into  the  rank  of  civilized  nations. 
She  can,    however,   produce   many    flupenduous  monuments  of  the 
public  fpirit  of  her   (bvercign  5  parlicularh'  the  canals  made  by  Peter 
the  Great,  for  the  benefit  of  commerce.     Siberia  is  full  of  old   fepul- 
chres  of  an    unknown    nation,  whole  inftrumcnts  atid  arms  were  all 
made  of  copper.     In  the  cabinet  of  natural  hillory  at  Peterfburg,  is  a 
ihinoceros  dug  up  on  the  banks  of  the  ti^•cr    V'alui,   with  his  fkiu, 
and  the  hair  upon  it  peifcft.     1  have  already  hinted  at  tlie  pinion  the 
Ruffians  have  for  bell-ringing  ;  and  we  are  told,  that  the  great  bell  of 
Mofcow,    the  largeft  in  the  world,  weighs  443,772  pounds.     It  is  19 
feet  high,   and  23  in  diameter  ;  and  was  cafl  in  tlie    reign  of  tlic  cm- 
prefs  Anne  ;  but  the  beam  on  which  it  hung,  being  burnt,  it  fell,  and 
a  large  pcice  is  broken  out  of  it  ;   fo  that  it  lately  lay  in  a  manner  n!c- 
Icfs.     Mr  Bruce,   in  his   late   Memoirs,   mentions  a  bell  at  Mofcow, 
founded  in  Czar  Boris's  time,  19  feet  high,  23  in  diamctre,  64  in  cir- 
cumference,   and  two  in    thitknefs,   that    weighed  336,000  pounds. 
The   building   of  Peterfburg,  and   railing  it   of  a  f«  iden    from  a  few 
fifliing  huts  to  be  a  populous   and   rich   city,   is   peihaps   a   curiofity 
liardly  to  be  paralleled  fince  the  eicilion  of  tjic    Kgyptian   pyramids. 
The  fame  may  be  faid  of  (he  fortrefs  of  Cronftadt,   in    lac  neighboui- 
hood  of  Peterfburg,  which  is  almoft  impregnable.     This  fortrefs  and 
city  employed,   for   fome   years,  300,000   men,  in   laying  its  foinula- 
tions,   and  driving  piles,   night  and  day  :   a  work   which  no  nionarcii 
in  Europe  (Peter  excepted)  could  have   executed.     The  whole  plan, 
with  a  very  little  alliftancc  from  fome  German  engineers,   v.-as  drawn 
by  his  own   hand.      Equally  wonderful  was  the  navy  wliich  he  laifcd 
to  his  people,  at  the  time  when   they   could   hanlly  be  laid  tc   have 
poffefled  a  fliip  in  any  part  of  tlie  globe.     \'v'hat    is  more  wo'nderful 
than  all,  he  often  wrought  iilpcrfon  in  all  thefe  amazing  works,  with 
the  fame  afliduity  as  if  he  had  been  a  common  labourer. 

General  remarks. J  Ruflia  is  indebted  for  its  prcfent  flnui  ifliing 
ilate  to  tlic  efforts  of  two  great  monarchs.  (uccecdiug  eacJi  other  at  no 
great  diftance  of  time.  Had  the  intermediate  fovcreigns  between  Pe- 
ter the  (ireat  and  Catharine  the  Second,  who  filled  up  the  interval  of 
37  years,  been  capable  of  following  the  fle])S  of  the  firft  of  thcfc  mon- 
archs, who  found,  about  yo  years  ago,  his  native  country  uncivilized 
and  defoiate,  this  riling  empire  would  have  been  much  farther  ad- 
vanced in  wealth  atid  profpcrity.  The  prefent  condition  of  this 
country  requires,  tliat  the  increafe  of  its  population  fliould  be  the 
principal  objeft  of  the  attention  of  government.  It  is  the  obvious 
policy  of  Ruffia  to  avoid  wars,  to  encourage  marriages,  and  to  pro- 
mote agriculture,  manufaftures,  and  commerce.  Though  its  provin- 
ces are  of  an  enormous  extent,  though  its  army  is  the  iargcll  ii\  Eu- 
rope, the  Rufhan  empire  is  not  yet  become  formidable  to  the  other 
great  European  powers.  Its  vafi  (lominion.  j'cojdcd  in  the  more  le- 
mo:e  parts  bv  numerous,  f.ercc,' and  leftlcXs  laibaiians,  contain  is 

:h;'.r-/ 


72  R      U      S      S      I      A, 

tnany  domeflic  enemies,  who,  in  a  great  meafure,  engage  the  attention 
and  occupy  the  power  of  the  ftate.  The  neighbounng  Perfian  and 
Turkifh  dominions,  eafilv  provoked  to  hoftilities.  require  large  bodies 
of  troops  to  guard  the  frontiers,  which  cannot  be  withdrawn  with- 
out endangering  the  fafety  of  the  whole  empire. 

The  prefent  Emprefs  of  Ruifia,  notwithftanding  the  very  unfa- 
vourable circumftances  which  attended  her  taking  poITefrion  of  the 
government  of  that  empire,  has,  fmce  the  commencement  of  her 
reign,  hlled  her  high  flation  with  diftinguifhed  reputation  and  ability. 
She  has  encouraged  learning  and  the  arts,  and  endeavoured  greatly 
to  extend  the  commerce  of  her  fubjtfts  :  Though  the  extreme  defpo- 
tifm  of  the  Rulhan  governmenr  is  a  great  impediment  to  the  pvogrefs 
of  the  arts  and  fciences,  and  to  the  real  profperity  of  this  empire. 
Her  imperial  majefty  ha=,  however,  effefted  many  beneficial  and  im- 
portant regulations  in  the  interior  police  of  her  vaft  empire,  and  par- 
ticulaily  in  the  courts  of  jufticc.  One  of  thefe  is,  the  abolition  of  the 
•ufe  of  torture  ;  and  flic  has  alfo  adopted  an  excellent  plan  for  the 
reformation  of  prifons.  The  new  cade  of  laws,  for  which  (he  hath 
given  lier  infl:ru£lions,  is  yet  wanting  to  give  political  felicity  loan 
oppreiTed  people.  But  one  of  the  mofl  remarkable  tranfaftions  of  her 
reign,  is  her  cfi;abliflimcnt  of  an  armed  neutrality,  for  the  protcftion 
of  the  commerce  of  rations  not  at  war,  from  any  attacks  or  itifults 
from  hcllii^crcnt  powers.  By  the  code  of  maritime  law.  which  her 
iivipcrial  majefty  has  endeavoured  to  enforce,  neutral  fhips  are  to  en- 
](r,  a  free  navigation,  even  from  port  to  port,  and  on  the  coafls  of  bel- 
ligerent powers  :  and  all  efFcfts  belonging  to  the  fubjcfts  of  belligerent 
]  uv.'.n-,  are  looked  upon  to  be  as  free,  on  boaid  fuch  neutral  fhips,  ex- 
cepting onlv  fucli  goods  as  are  cxprefsly  ftipulated  contraband  in  her 
treaty  of  commerce  with  Great  Britain.  It  was  in  1780  that  her  im- 
perial inajefty  invited  tlie  powers  not  at  war  to  accede  to  this  armed 
nciuralitv.  Thofe  who  engaged  in  it  were  to  make  a  common  caufe 
of  it  at  ica,  againft  any  of  the  belligerent  powers  who  fhould  violate, 
with  rcfpeft  to  neutral  nations,  thefe  principles  of  maritime  law. 
The  armed  neutrality  was  acceded  to,  the  fame  ye^r,  by  the  kings  of 
Sweden  and  Denmark,  and  by  the  States- General. 

Catherine  II.  Emprefs  of  all  the  Ruffias.  princcfs  of  Anhalt  Zei'bft, 
was  born  in  '729,  and  afcended  the  throne  in  1762,  upon  the  depofi- 
tion  and  death  of  her  hufband.  She  was  married  to  that  prince 
whilfl  duke  of  Holftein  Gottorp.  in  1745,  by  whom  flie  had  iffue 
Paul  Petrowitz,  great  duke  of  RufTia,  born  in  1754,  who  has  been 
twice  married,  and  by  his  prefent  ducbefs,  the  princefs  of  Wirtem- 
bcra,  has  had  two  Tons,  Alexander  and  Conflantine,  and  a  daughter 
Alcxandrina  PawlconSo 


The 


BRITISH    EMPIRE. 


73 


The  BRITISH     EMPIRE. 

T  A  B  L  E. 


G  KE  AT-B  RiT  A  1  N    and    1  R  E  L  A  iN 

D.               1 

Areas  in  Square  Miles. 

Population. 

I'opulation  for  cnch 
lingle  Sq.  Mile. 

92,294         Kuchin 

According  to  lome  Au- 

^ Guthrie,  or 
'°4.70i     \Templcman 

thors  only    9,000.000 
i'o  others        11.800.000 

"5 

100.Q28      St.  i;cb. 

'Vobably          « 1 ,000;000 

J  00 

A,     GREAT-BRITAIN. 

Extent  and  Divifions. 

Areas  in  Sq.  Miles. 

Population. 

Population 
for  every 

)00   but 

fquarc  Mile 

ong.2"eaft,6°2o/W. 

Kitchin  70,096 

q,300  C 

more  prob.ibly 

at,490—58'>  50/— 
Ke  Shetland   iflands 

St,  U.     79,712 

8,300,000 

'05 

to  above  f<i". 

.  iN  G  i^  A  i\  iJ  and  1 
WALES           i 

54=112 

8.000,000 

5.500,000 
Dr.  1  rice 

8,447,200 
Chalmer 

7,000,000 

129 

the  raoft 

probable 
flatement 

n  England  are  28  Cities,  above  650  Towns,  &  1.586.00c 

)  Dwellings. 

c 

I'.AI.MF  T!. 

i  c  0  r  L  A  N  D 

25,600 

1,300.000 
1,500,000 
according  to 
others 

61 

B.     IRELAND. 

21,216                2.500.00s 

2,161,514  B. 

117 

England  is  divided  into  the  following  40  Counties  or  Shires. 
CHIEF    TOWNS. 

Houfes 
800.000  inhab.       130.OCO 
I,  Middlefex  London         900.000  accord.   &  is  con. 

to  Entick.         flantly  in- 
creafing. 
)  1,000.000  Bufching 
J,  Surrey  Southwark  J     750,000  Wendebo:n 


J     862,500  medium.       3. 


Vi 


BRITISH     EMPIRE, 


3.  Eflex 

4.  Hertfordfl:iirc 

5.  Kent 

6.  Suffex 

7.  BuckingTiamniirc 

8.  Bcdfordfliire 

9.  Huntingdonflure 

10.  Cambridgefliire 

11.  Suffolk 

12.  Norfolk 
53.  Oxfordfhire 
34.  Berkfliire 

15.  Gioucefterfliire 

16.  Worcefterfbirc 
^7.  Mcnmouthdurd 
a  8.  Herefordfliiie 

19.  Shropfliirc 

20.  Staffordlhire 


21.  Warwickfhirc 

£2.  Lcicefterfliire 

23.  DerbyfliiiiC 

24.  Nottinghamfhira 

25.  Lincolnthire 
s6,  Rutlandfhire 


Colchefter,  Harwich 
Hertford 

Canterbury,  Dover 
Chichcftcr,  Winchclfca 
Buckingham 
Bedford 
Huntingdon 
Cambridge,  6000  Ely 
Ipfwich,  Bury,  Newmarket 
Norwich,  Yarmouth 
Oxford 

Reading,  Windfor 
Glouceftcr 
Worcefler,  25,000 
Monmouth 
Hereford 
Shrewfbury 
Stafford,  Lichfield 
f  Warwick,  Coventry  25,000,  Birmlag* 
\      ham  50,000 
Leicefter 
Derby 

Nottingham,  17,000 
Lincoln 
Olceham 
Northampton 
Bath,   Briftol,  go,000 
Salifoury 

Vv'^inchefter,  Portfmouth,  SouthamptOii 
Dorchefler 
Exeter,  Plymouth 
Launcefton 

"i'ork,  Hull,  Halifax,  Leeds 
Chcfter,  14,000 
Durham 
TLancafter,   Man chefter  28,000,  Liver* 
I      pool  40,000 
Appleby 

Ncwcaflle,  40,000 
Carlifle,  Whitehaven 
Wales  contains  7011  fquare  miles,  and  about  300,000  people.  It 
Js  divided  into  12  counties:  Pembrokefhire,  Carmarthenfliire,  Gla- 
morganfliire,  Brecknockfhire,  Cardiganfhire,  Radnorfliire,  Mont- 
gomeryfliire,  Merioncthfliirc,  llinllhire,  Denbighfhire,  Carnarvon^ 
(hire,  Anglcfca. 

ScoiLAxn  is  divided  into  31  fliires  and  two  flewardfhips  ;  18 
counties  belonging  to  South  Scotland,  15  to  North  Scotland.  Their 
names  arc  the  following  :  1.  Midlothian  (or  Edinburg)  2.  Wefl  Lo- 
thian. 3.  Eaft  Lothian.  4.  Merfe  or  Berwick.  5.  Roxborough. 
6.  Selkirk.  7.  Peebles.  8.  Dumfries.  9.  Gallov/ay.  10.  Air. 
11.  Lancrk.  12.  Dumbarton.  113.  Renfrew.  14.  Stirling.  15.  Clac- 
mannan.  16.  Fife.  17.  Kinrofs.  18.  Bute.  19.  Argyle.  20.  Perth, 
ii.  Eovfar,     22.  Ktnki-.rdin,    2,q.  Aberdeen.    24.  Bamff.     25.  Nairne* 

£6.  Elgin, 


27. 

Northampton  fhire 

£3. 

Somerfetfhire 

£9. 

Wiltfhire 

so. 

Hampfhire 

gi. 

Dorfetfhire 

32. 

Devonfhire 

33- 

Cornwall 

34- 

Yorkfliire 

3n' 

Chefhire 

36. 

Durham 

37- 

Lancafhirc 

ss. 

Weftmoreland 

39* 

Northumberland 

40. 

Cumberland 

N      O      L      A      N      D. 


75 


zG.  Elgin.  27.  Invernefs.  28.  Cremartie.  2^.  Rofs.  30.  Sii- 
tlicrland.  31.  Caithncls,  and  the  two  ftewarties  ;  ;^?..  Kirbiid- 
bright,  and  33.  Orkney  and  Shetland  HLmds,  The  chief  towns  are 
Kdmbuvg,  81,865  inhabitants,  Glalgow  30,000,  Perth  11,000,  Aber- 
deen 18,000,   Invernefs  11. o®o,  Dumfries  , '^000. 

Ireland  is  divided  into  four  provinces,  tliofc  of  I.ehifter,  i'p't.er, 
Con-iumght.  dnd  Mn'jjfer.  Leinftcr  contains  the  following  12  coun- 
ties :  1.  Dublin.  2.  Louth.  3.  Wicklov/.  4.  Wexford,  5,  Long- 
ford. 6.  Kaft  Meath.  7.  Weft  Meath.  8.  King's  County. 
C).  Queen's  County.  lo.  Kilkenny,  n.  Kildaro.  J2.  Carlow. 
tUftcr  contains  nine  counties:  13.  Down.  14.  Armagh.  15,  Mo- 
naghan.  16.  Cavan.  17.  Antrim.  18.  Londonderry.  10.  Ty- 
jonc.  20.  Fermanagh.  21,  Doncgall. — To  Connaught  belong  5 
counties:  22.  Leitrim.  23.  Rofconimon.  24.  Mayo.  25.  Siign. 
26.  Galway. — Munfter  contains  6  counties  :  27.  Clare.  28.  Corkc. 
29.  Kerry.  30.  Limerick.  31.  Tippcrary.  32.  Watcrford.  'i  he 
chief  towns  of  this  kingdom  arc  the  following;  Dublin,  the  capital 
of  Ireland,  contains  about  160, coo  inliabitants,  (See  Kutner's  Let- 
ters} Corke  87,000,  Limerick  32.000,  Waterford  and  Gallway. 
BritiJ}i.  PcJftJJiovs  beyond  the  Seau 

1.  In  Europe  the  fortrefs  of  Gibraltar,  on  tlie  coaft  of  Spain,  3,200 
inhabitants. 

2.  In  Africa,  Cabo  Corfe,  on  the  coaft  of  Guinea,  and  fomc  other 
forts  there  and  near  the  Gambia,  and  the  ifland  of  St,  Helena. 

3.  In  Asia  the  cxtenfive  countries  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  part  of 
Orixa:  The  capital  of  Bengal  is  Calcutta,  or  lort  W'illiam,  tiie  rcfi- 
dencc  of  the  governorgcne  ral  of  the  Englifh  Kaft-India  fettlemcnts. 
Thefe  territories  are  computed  to  contain  10.000,000  inhabitants,  and 
to  be  in  extent  near  i-^o,  coo  fquarc  miles.  2.  Large  fetllements  on 
the  coaft  of  Coromandcl,  of  which  Madras  is  the  capital,  containing 
80.000  inhabitants.  3.  The  fettlements  of  Bombay  and  Surat,  on  the 
Malabar  coaft,  and  manv  other  forts  and  faftories  on  the  continent  of 
India,  and  the  Ifiands  of  Sumatra,  Baliv,  Banca. 

4.  In  America  the  extcnlive  pro\inces  of  Canada,  1.  Nova  Scotia  ; 
fettlements  in  Labrador  and  Hudfon's  Bay,  the  iP.ands  of  Newfound- 
Janfi,  Cape-Breton,  and  St.  John.  2.  In  the  ll'c/l- Indies,  the  Pjahama 
3{land.<;.  Bermudas,  Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  St.  Chriftopher's,  Antigua, 
Montfcrat,  Nevis,  Grenada,  and  the  Grenadines,  liavbuda,  Doniin'ca, 
St.  Vincent,  Anguilla.  Thcfc  appendages  to  the  Britifh  Empire,  wo 
fhall  defcribe  more  particularly  in  their  proper  places,  and  fliall  pro- 
ceed to  confidcr  feparately  the  three  grand  divifions  of  the  Britilh  Lm- 
pirCj  England,  Scq-;  land,  and  Ireland. 

ENGL        A        N       Z>. 

'    I^XTtNT       AND       SliT-A-ION. 

Miles.  Degrees 

Length    3801      •  /50  and  .-6  North  htitudc. 

Breadth  300/     ^'-^'•''''^"^     \    2  Eafi  and  6-20  Weft  longitude. 

Climatk.  and  Bo'JNnARiES.]  THE  ]on|rtft  day  in  the  norihcrn 
parts,  contains  ly  hours  30  niinutcs  ;  and  t^ie  fliortcft  in  the  foutbcrn, 
near  8  hours.  It  is  bouncVd  on  the  norlly^  bv  that  part  of  the  iHjnd 
called  bcotUi-.d  :  0  ?  fhc  cult,  by  ine  Gcviki.-i  Ocean  ;  01:  the  weft,  by 


jr6  ENGLAND. 

St.  George's  Chai^^'iel  ;  and  on  the  fouth,  by  the  Englifli  Channel, 
which  parts  it  from  France. 

1  he  infuiar  fituation  of  England,  renders  it  liable  to  a  great  uncer« 
tainty  of  weather,  fo  that  the  inhabitants  on  part  of  the  Tea  coafts  are 
often  vifitcd  by  agues  and  fevers.  On  the  other  hand,  it  prevents  the 
extremes  of  heat  and  cold,  to  which  other  places,  lying  in  the  fame 
degree  of  latitude,  arc  fubjeft  ;  and  it  is,  on  that  account,  friendly  to 
the  longcv'iiy  of  the  inhabitants  in  general,  efpecially  thofe  who  live 
on  a  dry  foil.  To  this  fituation  likewife  is  to  be  afcribed  tliat  perpet- 
ual verdure  for  whicli  England  is  remarkable,  occafraned  by  refrefUing 
fhowers  and  the  warm  vapours  of  the  fea. 

Name  AND  DIVISIONS  ancient  and  modern.]  Antiquaries  are 
divided  with  regard  to  the  etymology  of  the  word  England  j  fume  de- 
rive it  from  a  Celtic  word,  fignifying  a  level  country  ;  others,  and 
with  more  probability,  from  Anglen,  a  province  now  fubjeft  to  his 
Danifli  majcliv,  which  furnifli.ed  a  great  part  of  the  original  Saxon 
.adventurers  into  this  ifland.  In  the  time  of  the  Romans,  the  whole 
xP.and  went  by  the  name  of  Britannia.  The  word  Brit,  according  to 
Mr.  Camden,  fignified  painted  or  ftained  ;  the  ancient  inhabitants 
being  famous  for  painting  their  bodies  ;  Other  antiquaries,  however, 
do  not  agree  in  this  etymology.  The  weftern  traft  of  England,  which 
is  almoft  fei>arated  from  the  reft  by  the  rivers  Severn  and  Dee,  is 
called  Wales,  or  the  land  of  grangers,  becaufe  inhabited  by  the  Bclgic 
Gauls,  v^ho  were  driven  thither  by  the  Romans,  and  were  ftrangers 
to  the  old    natives. 

The  Romans  divided  England  into, 

1.  Britannia  Prima,  which  contained  the  fouthern  parts  of  the 
kingdom. 

2.  Britannia  Secunda,  containing  the  weftern  parts,  comprehend- 
ing Wales  ;    and, 

3.  Maxima  Cacfarienfis,  which  reache;^  from  the  Trent  as  far  north, 
ward  as  the  wall  of  Severus,  between  Newcaftle  and  Carlifle,  and 
fomctimes  as  far  as  that  of  Adrian  in  Scotland,  between  the  Forth 
and    Clyde. 

To  thefe  divifions  fome  add  the  Flavia  Ceefarienfis,  which  they  fup- 
pofe  to  contain  the  midland  counties. 

When  the  Saxons  invaded  England  about  the  year  450,  and  when 
they  were  eftablifhed  in  the  year  582,  their  chief  leaders  appropriated 
to  themfelves,  after  the  manner  of  the  other  northern  conquei^ors,  the 
countries  which  each  had  been  the  moft  inftrumental  in  conquering  ; 
and  the  whole  formed  a  heptarchy,  or  political  republick,  confifting  of 
feven  kingHomr.  But  in  time  of  v/ar,  a  chief  was  chofen  out  of  the 
leven  kings  ;  for  which  reaion  it  has  been  called  a  political  republic^ 
its  conftitution  greatly  relembling  that  of  ancient  Greece. 

Kingdoms  creeled  by  the  Saxons,  iifually  Jliled  the  Saxon  Heptarchy^ 
Kingdoms.  Counties. 

1.  Kent    founded   by  Hengift   in  f  t.- 
^75,  and  ended  in  823.,  V^^"' 

2.  South  Saxons,  founde&l  by  Ella  (  Suffex 
in  4Q1,  and  ended  in  64o.  \  Surrv 

{Norfolk 
Suffolk 
Cambridge 
With  the  Ifle  of  Ely  i,. 


N 


N      D. 


It 


•J,  Mercia,  foun(Jcd  by  Cridda  i 
5823  and  ended  in  874. 


Kingdoms,  Counties. 

("Cornwall 

I  Devon. 

die  in  512,  and  ended  in  xo6o.  ^  \T^'^^^ 
'  Wilts 

Hants 

LBeiks 

Lancafter 

York 

Northumberland,   founded  by  J  Durham 
Tj    .  J       J   J  •  'S  Cumberland 

Ida  m  574,  and  ended  m  792.   ^  ^^,,^^^,,1,,^ 

Northumberland,  and  Scotland  So 
1^     the  Frith  of  Edinburgh 
Eaft-Saxons,founded  byE-rche-  f  EfTex 

win  in  527,  and  ended  in  746.    \  Middlefex,  and  part  of  Hertford 
fThe  other  part  of  Hertford 

Gloucefler 

Hereford 

Worcefter 

Warwick 

Leicefter 

Rutland 

Northampton 

Lincoln 

Huntingdon 

Bedford 

Buckingham. 

Oxford 
}  Stafford 

Derby 

Salop 

Nottingham 
tCheRer. 

We  preferve  thefe  divifions,  as  they  account  for  different  local  cuf- 
toms,  and  many  very  effential  modes  of  inheritance,  which  to  this  day 
prevail  in  England,  and  which  took  their  rife  from  dilfcrcnt  in ft.itu- 
tions  under  the  Saxons.  Since  the  Norm.an  invafion,  England  has 
been  divided  into  counties,  a  certain  number  of  which,  excepting 
Middlefex  and  Chefhirc,  are  comprehended  in  fix  circuits,  or  annual 
progrefs  of  the  judges,  for  adminiflerlng  jufLlce  to  the  fubjefts  who  arc 
at  a  di (lance  from  the  capital.  Thcfc  circuits  are  :  i.  Home  circuit. 
2.  Norfolk  circuit.  3,  Oxford  circuit.  4.  Middland  circuit.  5. 
Weftern  circuit.     6.  Northern  circuit. 

Middlefex  is  not  comprehended  ;  and  Chefiiire  is  left  out  of  tlicfc 
circuns,  becaufe,  being  a  county  palatine,  it  enjoys  municipal  laws 
and  privileges;  The  fame  may  be  fald  of  Wales,  which  is  divided  in- 
to four  circuits.  The  circuits  of  Wales  are:  I.  North-Eaft  circuit. 
2.  North- Weil  circuit.  3.  South.Eaft  ciicuit.  4.  South-Well  cir- 
cuit. 


V 


78  ENGLAND. 

In     KKGLAND. 

40  CoTintics,  which  fend  up  to  parliament  8d  knights,^ 

25   Cities  (Ely  rronc,  London  four.)  50  citizens. 
167  Boroughs,  two  each                                                334  burgefies. 

5   Boroughs  (Abingdon,  Banbury,  Bewdley,  "I  u   ^  „'r  , 

Hioham-Fcrravs,  and  Monmouth, (one  each)  J  ^    u.g  .  t^. 

2  Uinverfitics  4  reprefcntutivej.! 
8  Cinque  ports  Haftings,    Dover,    Sandwich,  1 

Roranev,  Hythe,  &  their  three  dependents,  >  j6  barons. 
Rye,  Winchcll'caj  and  Scaford.)  two  each,    j 
WALES. 

12    Counties  12  knights. 

12  Boroughs  (Pembroke  two,  Merioneth  none)  7  ,  .        _ 

=> ,     ^                          '                               ^  >  1 2  btirgefTes. 

one  each                                                                j  ° 

SCOTLAND. 
Shires 
7  Cities  and  Boroughs 

Total 


f 


Befidcs  the  52  counties  into  which  England  and  Wales  are  divided, 
t" ■.'■re  are  counties  corporate,  confiffcing  Of  certain  diftrifts,  to  which 
the  liberties  and  juriidiclions  peculiar  to  a  county  have  been  granted 
hy  roval  charter.  Tlius  the  city  of  London  is  a  county  diflinft  from 
Middlefex  ;  the  cities  of  York,  Chefter,  Briftol,  Norwich,  Worcefler, 
and  the  towns  of  Kingfton  upon  Hull,  and  Newcaftle  upon  Tyne,  aie 
co'.mties  of  themfelves,  diftinft  from  thofe  in  w'liick  they  lie.  The 
fame  maV  be  faid  of  Berwick  upon  Tweed,  which  lies  in  Scotland, 
and  hatli  within  its  jarii'di£lion  a  fmall  territory  of  two  miles  On  the 
novth-fide  of  the  river. 

Under  the  name  of  a  town,  boroughs  and  cities  are  contained;  for 
every  borougli  or  city  is  a  town,  though  everv  town  is  oot  a  borough 
or  city.  A  borough  is  fo  railed,  becaufe  it  fends  Up  burgeffes  to  paf- 
liamcut  ;  and  this  makes  the  difference  between  a  village  or  town,  and 
a  borough.  Some  boroughs  are  corporate,  and  forne  not  corporate  ; 
and  though  '' •  caved,  as  Out  Sarum,  they  flill  fend  burgeifes  to  parlia-^ 
ment.  A  citv  is  a  corporate  borough,  tliat  hath  had,  or  at  prcfent  hath, 
a  bilhop,  for  if  the  bifhopric  be  diflolved,  yet  the  city  remains.  To 
have  fuburbs  proves  it  to  be  a  city.  Some  cities  are  alfo  counties,  as 
before  mentioned. 

Soil,  air,  seasons,  and  water. ]  The  foil  of  England  and  Wales 
differs  in  each  county,  not  fo  much  from  the  nature  of  the  ground, 
tliough  that  mud  be  admitted  to  occafion  a  very  confiderable  altera- 
tion, as  from  the  progrefs  which  tlie  inhabitants  of  each  country  have 
made  in  the  cultivation  of  lands  and  gardens,  the  draining  of  marihes, 
and  many  other  local  improvements,  which  are  here  carried  to  a  much 
greater  degree  of  perfeftion  than  they  are  perhaps  in  any  other  part  of 
the  world  if  we  except  China.  If  no  unkindly  feafons  happen,  Eng- 
land produces  corn,  not  only  fufficient  to  maintain  her  own  inhabit- 
ants, hut  to  bring  large  fums  of  ready  money  for  her  exports.  No 
nation  exceeds  England  in  the  productions  of  the  garden,  which 
have  come  to  luch  perfeftion,  thut  the  rarell  of  foreign  fruits  have  been 

cultivated 


ENGLAND.  75 

fcuhivated  here  with  fuccefs.  If  any  farther  proof  of  this  flmul  J  bo 
required,  let  it  be  remembered,  that  London  and  its  neighbourhood, 
though  peopled  by  about  1,000,000  inhabitants,  is  plentifully  fupplicd 
with  all  kinds  of  fruits  and  vegetables  from  grounds  within  12  miles 
dillance. 

The  foil  of  Englarvd  feems  to  be  particularly  adapted  for  rearing  tim- 
ber ;  and  the  plantations  of  trees  round  the  houfcs  of  noblemen  and 
gentlemen,  and  even  of  peafants,  are  delightful  and  aftoniflring. 

The  air  in  many  places  is  loaded  with  vapours  wafted  from  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  by  wefterly  winds  ;  but  they  are  ventilated  by  winds  and 
ftorms,  fo  that  in  this  refpeft  England  is  to  foreigners,  and  people  of 
delicate  conftitutions,  more  di.fagreeable  than  unhealthy.  It  cannot, 
however,  be  denied,  that  in  England  the  weather  is  fo  cxceflively  capri- 
cious, and  unfavourable  to  certain  conflitutions,  that  many  of  the  in- 
habitants are  induced  to  fly  to  foreign  countries  for  health. 

The  fpring  begins  fometimes  in  February,  and  fometimes  in  April. 
In  May  the  face  of  the  country  is  often  covered  with  hoary  frofh  in- 
llead  of  blcffoms.  The  beginning  of  June  is  fometimes  as  cold  as  in 
the  middle  of  December,  yet  at  other  times  the  thermometer  rifcs  in 
that  month  as  high  as  it  does  in  Italy.  Even  Auguft  has  its  viciOi- 
tudes  of  heat  and  cold,  and  upon  an  average  September,  and  next  to 
it  Oftober,  are  the  two  moll  agreeable  mcmths  in  the  year.  The  na- 
tives fometimes  experience  all  the  four  Icifons  within  the  compafs  of 
one  day,  cold,  temperate,  hot  and  mild  weather.  The  inconftancy  or 
the  fcafons,  however,  is  not  attended  with  the  efFefts  that  might  be 
naturally  apprehiended.  A  fortnight,  cr  nt  moft  three  weeks,  gcm-ral- 
ly  make  up  the  difference  with  regard  to  the  maturitv  of  the  fruits  of 
the  earth  :  And  it  is  hardly  ever  obferved  that  the  inhabitar.ts  fuflcr 
by  a  hot  fummer.  Even  the  greatefl  irregularity  and  the  mofl  unfa- 
vourable appearances  of  the  feafons,  are  not,  as  in  other  countries,  at- 
tended with  famine,  and  very  feldom  with  fcarcity. 

The  champain  parts  of  England  arc  generally  fupplicd  with  excel- 
lent fprings  and  fountains  of  water  ;  though  a  dilccrning  palate  may 
perceive,  tliat  they  frequently  contain  feme  mineral  impregnation. 
The  conftitutions  of  the  Englifh,  and  the  difeafes  to  which  they  arc 
liable,  have  rendered  them  extremely  inquifitive  after  falubrious  wa- 
ters, for  the  recovery  and  prefcrvation  of  their  health  :  fo  thatEnglaud 
contains  as  many  mineral  wells,  of  known  efficacy,  as  perhaps  anr 
country  in  the  world.  The  mod  celebrated  arc  the  hot  baths  of  Bath 
and  Rriftol  in  Somerfctfliire,  and  of  Buxton  and  Mailock  in  Derby- 
fhire  ;  the  mineral  waters  of  Tunbridge,  Epfom,  Ilarrowgatc,  and 
Scarborough. 

Fack  OF  THE  COUNTRY  AND  MOUNTAINS.]  Thc  induftryof  the 
Englifh  has  in  a  good  degree  fupplicd  the  abfcncc  of  thofc  favours 
which  naturehas  fo  lavifiily  beftowcd  upon  Tome  foreign  climates,  'i'hc 
cultivated  parts  of  England  abour.d  in  thc  mofl  beautiful  fccncs.  Bar- 
ren fpots  are  not  witliout  their  verdure  ;  but  nothing  can  give  us  a  Iiigh- 
cr  idea  of  thc  Englifh  indiiflry,  than  obferving  that  feme  of  thc  plcaf- 
anteft  counties  in  the  kingdom  are  naturally  the  moft  barren,  but  rcii- 
dered  fruitful  by  labour,  l^crhaps  it  may  he  l"afc4y  ;;fnrmcfJ,  that  no 
country  in  Europe  furpaffes  England  in  the  beauty  of  its  profpcfcls,  or 
the  opu4cr.cc  cf  its  inhabitants. 

ThoupJj 


U  ENGLAND^ 

Though  England  is  full  of  delightful  hills  and  rifin*  grounds,  yetf  it 
contains  few  mountains.  The  moft  noted  are  the  peak  in  Derbyfhire, 
and  the  Endle  in  Lancafliire.  Wales,  and  the  northern  parts  may  be 
called  mountainous. 

Rivers  AMD  lakes.]  The  rivers  in  England  add  greatly  to  its 
beautv,  as  well  as  its  opulence.  The  Thames,  a  noble  river,  rifes  on 
the  confines  of  Gloucefterfliire,  a  little  S.  W.  of  Cirencefter,  and  after 
receiving  the  many  tributary  dreams  of  other  rivers,  it  pafTes  to  Ox- 
ford, then  by  Abingdon,  Wolingford,  Reading,  Marlow,  and  Wind- 
for.  Fro-n  thence  to  KingHon,  where  formerly  it  met  the  tide,  which, 
iince  the  building  of  Wcftminfter  bridge,  is  faid  ;|to  flow  no  higher 
than  Richmond  ;  thence  it  flows  to  London,  and  after  dividing  the 
counties  of  Kent  and  Eflex,  it  widens  in  its  progrefs,  till  it  falls  into 
the  feaat  the  Nore,  whence  it  is  navigable  for  lai-ge  fhips  to  London 
bridge  :  For  manv  ages,  there  were  but  two  bridgesover  the  Thames, 
thofe  of  London  and  Kingflon.  Tlie  great  increafe  of  riches,  com- 
merce, and  inland  trade,  is  however  now  multiplying  them,  and  for 
commodioufnefs,  architecture,  and  workmanfliip,  thofe  lately  erefted 
at  Weflminiler  and  Black  Friars,  are  equalled  perhaps  by  none  in  the 
woild. 

The  river  Med  way,  which  rifes  near  Tunbridge,  falls  into  the 
Thames  at  Sheernefs,  and  is  navigable  for  the  largcft  fhips  as  far  as 
Cliatham.  The  Severn,  reckoned  the  fecond  river  for  importance  in 
England,  and  the  firft  for  rapidity,  rifes  at  Plinlimmon-hill  in  North 
\N^ales  ;  becomes  navigable  at  Welch-Pool  ;  and  diieharges  itfelf  into 
the  Briftol  channel,  near  King-road  ;  and  there  lie  the  great  fhips 
which  cannot  get  up  to  Briftol.  The  Trent  rifes  in  the  Moorlands  of 
StaiTordPnire,  and  running  foutheaftby  Newcaftle-under-line,  divides 
that  county  into  two  parts  ;  and  being  joined  by  the  Oufe,  and  feveral 
other  rivers  towards  the  mouth,  obtains  the  name  of  the  Humber,  fall- 
ing into  the  fea  fouth-eaft  of  Hull. 

TJie  other  principal  rivers  in  England,  are  the  Oufe  (a  Gaelic  word 
fignifying  water  in  general)  which  falls  into  the  Humber,  after  receiv- 
ing the  water  of  many  other  rivers.  Another  Oufe  rifes  in  Bucks, 
and  falls  into  the  fea  near  Lynn  in  Norfolk.  The  Tine  runs  from 
weft  to  eaft  through  Northumberland,  and  falls  into  the  German  fea 
at  Tinmouth,  below  Newcaftle.  The  Tees  runs  from  weft  to  eaft,  di- 
viding Durham  from  Yorkfhire,  and  falls  into  the  German  fea  below 
Stockton.  The  Tweed  runs  from  weft  to  eaft  on  the  borders  of  Scot- 
land, and  fulls  into  the  German  fea  at  Berwick.  The  Eden  runs  from 
fouth  to  north  through  Weftmoreland  and  Cumberland,  and  palhng- 
by  Carliile,  falls  into  Solway  Frith  below  that  city.  The  Lower  Avon 
runs  weft  through  Wiltfhire  to  Bath,  and  then  dividing  SomerfLtfhire 
from  Glouccftcrfhire,  runs  to  Briftol,  falling  into  the  mouth  of  the 
Severn  below  that  city.  The  Derwent,  v/hich  runs  from  eaft  to  weft: 
through  Cumberland,  and  paffing  by  Cockermouth,  falls  into  the  Irifti 
fea  a  little  below.  The  Ribble,  which  runs  from  eaft  to  weft  through 
Lancafhirc,  and  pafRng  by  Prefton,  difcharges  itfelf  into  the  Irifli  fea. 
The  I\Ierfey,  whicli  runs  from  thcibuth-eaft  to  the  nortli-wcft  through 
Chefhire,  and  tlien  dividing  Cheftiire  from  Lancafhirc,  paflcsby  Liver- 
pool, and  falls  into  the  Irilh  fea  a  little  bt low  that  town  ;  and  the  Dee 
rifes  in  Wales,  and  divides  Fliulfiiire  from  Chefhire.  falling  into  th*; 
Jrifh  channel  below  Chcftcr.  Tlie 


ENGLAND.  81 

The  lakes  of  England  are  few  ;  though  it  is  plain  from  hiftorv  and 
antiquity,  and  indeed,  in  feme  places  from  the  face  of  the  countrv, 
that  meres  and  fens  have  been  freqlient  in  England,  till  drained  and 
converted  into  arable  land.  The  chief  lakes  remaining,  :ire  Scharrt 
mere,  Wittlefea  mere,  and  Ramfav  mere,  in  tnc  lile  of  £lv,  in  Cam- 
bridgefhire.  All  thefe  meres  in  a  rainy  feafon  are  overflowed,  and  foriri 
a  lake  of  40  or  50  miles  in  circumference.  Winauder  mere  lits  in. 
Weftmoreland,  and  fome  imall  lakes  In  Lancafliirc  go  by  the  name  of 
Derwent  waters. 

Fores  I  S.J  The  firll  Norman  kings  of  England,  partly  for  political 
purpofes,  that  they  might  the  more  cffefiualiy  enflave  their  new  fub- 
jefts,  and  partly  from  the  wantonncfs  of  power,  converted  immcnfr. 
trafts  of  grounds  into  forefts  for  the  benefit  of  hui\ting,  .ind  thefe  were 
governed  by  laws  peculiar  to  thcmfelves  :  So  that  it  was  neced'.iry, 
about  the  timj  of  palling  the  Magna  Charta,  to  form  a  code  of  the  forcft 
laws  ;  and  juftices  in  Eyre,  fo  called  from  their  httmg  in  U">e  open  air, 
were  appointed  to  fee  them  ohfcrvcd.  By  degrees  thofe  vail  trafts 
were  disforeiled  ;  and  the  chief  forefts,  properly  fo  called,  remainini* 
out  of  no  fewer  than  69,  are  thofe  of  \Vindfor,  New  Foreft,  the  I  orclb 
cf  Dean,  and  Sherwood  Foreft. 

Me  PALS  AND  MINERALS.]     Among  thc  minerals,  the   tin  mines  of 
Cornwall  defervedly  take  the  lead.     Thev  were  known  to  the  Greeks 
and  Phoenicians,   the  latter   efpccially,    fome    ages  before   that  of  the 
Chriflian  ^ra  ;  and  fince  the  Englifh  have  found  thc  method  of  m;;nu- 
fafturing  their  tin  into  plates,  and   white  iron,  they    are  of  inm-.cnfc 
benefit  to  the  nation.     An  ore   called  Mundic  is  found  in  the  beds  cf 
tin,  which  was  very  little  regarded  till  about  70   years  ago  ;   Sir  Gil- 
bert Clark,  difcovercd  the  art  of  manufafturing  it,  and  it  is  faid  nov,' 
to  bring  in  150.0601.  a  year,  and  to  equal  in  goodnefs  thc  befl  Spanifh. 
copper,  yielding  a  proportionable    quantity   of  lapis  calaminaris  for 
making   brafs.     Thofs  tin-works  are    under  peculiar  regulations,   by 
what  are  called  the  ftannaiy  laws  ;  and   the  miners   have    parliamcr.ts 
and  privileges  of  their  own,    which  are  in  force  at  this  time.     'I  he 
number  of  Cern.iih  miners  are  faid  to  amount  to  100. 000.     Seme  mincj 
of  copper  have  lately  been  difcovered  in  Wales,  which  are  of  coniidci- 
able  ext  *nt,  yield  great  profit,   and  have  much    reduced  thc  price  of 
that  metal.     Some  gold  has  likewife  been  difcovered  in  Cornwa!!.  and 
-the  Englifh  lead  is  impregnated  with  lilver.      ihe  Englilli  coined  Jilvec 
is  particularly  known  by  rofes,  and  thut  of  Wales  by  that  prince's  cap 
of  feathers.     Devonfhire,  and  other  counties  of  England,    produce 
marble  ;  but  the  befl  kind,  which  refemhles  Egyptian  granite,   is  cx- 
iceffively  hard  to  work.     Quarries  of  frceftone  ate   found    in   many 
places.     In  Northumberland  and  Chcfliire   are    allum  and   fait    j>iis. 
The  Englifli  fullers  eartli  is  of  fuch  coufcqucnce  to  the  clothing  trade, 
that  its  exportation  is  prohibited  under  fevere  pen.ihlcs.      lit  and  fea 
coal  is  found  in  many  counties  of  England  :  but  ttie  city  of  London, 
to  encourage  tlie  nurfcry  of  feamen,  is  chiefly  fupplied  from   the  jiiii 
of  Northumhcrland,  and  the  bifhopric  cf  Durham.     The  cargoes  art: 
fhipped  at  Newcaftlc  and  Sunderland,  and  the  exportation  of  coals  10 
other  countries  is  a  valuable  article. — See  article  U'tal:h  and  Covunarce. 
Vegetable  AND  ANIMAL  PRO- "1       Notiiing  can  be  laid  with     ny 
•  uerioNS  BY  SEA  AND  LAN'Q.      J  Certainty  concerning   the  quanti- 
ties of  wheat,  barlcv,  rye,  peas,  be<vis,  vetches,  oMs,  and  other  gr.da 
P  growing 


3»  ENGLAND. 


of  agriculture  are  now  common  in  England,  and  their  members  are  fo 
T'ublic-fpirited  as  to  print  periodical  accounts  of  their  difcoveries  and 
'  xperirnsnti,  which  ferve  to  fliew  that  agriculture  and  gardening  may 
be  carried  to  a  much  higher  (late  ofperfeftion  than  they  are  in  at  pref- 
eut.  Houey  and  faffron  are  natives  of  England,  The  cyder  of 
I>evon  and  Ilercfordfhire,  when  kept,  and  made  of  proper  apples, 
and  rn  a  par'.icular  manner,  is  often  preferred  by  judicious  palates,  to 
French  wldte  wine.  The  Englifli  have  made  the  different  fruits  of 
the  world  their  own,  fomelimes  by  fimple  culture,  but  often  by  hot 
beds,  and  other  means  o'f  forcing  nature.  The  Englifli  pine-apples  are 
delicious  and  now  plentifid.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  other  natives  of 
the  Eafl  and  Weft  Indies,   Perfta,  and  Turkey. 

Woad  for  dying  is  cultivated  in  Bucks  and  Bcdfordfliire,  as  hemp 
and  flax  are  in  other  counties.  In  nothing,  however,  have  the  Englifh. 
been  more  fucceisful  than  in  the  cultivation  of  clover,  cinquefoil, 
trefoil,   faintfoin,   luccrn,  and  other  meliorating  graifcs  for  the  foil. 

With  rcffard  to  axmmal  productions,  we  ftiall  begin  with  the 
quadrupeds.  Tlic  Englifh  oxen  are  large  and  fat,  b.ut  feme  prefer  for 
tne  table  the  fmaller  breed  of  the  Scotch  and  the  Welch  cattle,  after 
grazIniT  in  Englifii  p  iftures.  The  Englifli  horfes  arc  among  the  bcfk  in 
the  wojld,  whetiier  we  regai'd  their  fpirit,  ftrength,  fwiftnefs,  or  docility. 
Incredible  have  been  the  pains  taken,  by  all  ranks,  for  improving  the 
breed  of  this  favourite  and  noble  animal,  and  the  fuccefs  has  been 
anfwer|Lb)e  j  for  they  nov/  unite  all  the  qualities  and  beauties  of  In- 
dian, i'erfjan,  Arabian,  Spanijh,  and  other  foreign  horfes.  The  irre- 
:;.lLible  fpirit  and  weight  of  the  Englifli  cavalry,  render  them  fuperior 
*o  aliothors  in  war  :  And  an  Englifh  hunter  will  perform  incredible 
iincfs  ill  a  fox  or  ftag  chace.  '  Thofe  whicli  draw  equipages  on  the. 
:Liect^of  Epndon,  are  often  particularly  beautiful.  The. exportation 
cf  horfes  has  of  late  become  a  conhderabb  article  of  commerce.  The 
lirccd  of  adcs  and  mules  begins  likewife  to  be  improved  and  encouraged 
■.1-  Engl:uKl. 

The  ilnglifli  fheep  are  of  two  kinds;  thofe  that  are  valuable  for 
their  ilccce,  and  thofe  that  are  proper  for  the  table.  Theforrner  are 
very  large,  and  their  fleeces  confluute  tlie  original  flaple  commodity 
of  Enorland.  The  large  fat  flieep  are  very  rank  eating.  It  is  thought 
tliat  in  England,  twelve  millions  of  fleeces  are  fliorn  annually,  which, 
at  a  medLuiii  of  23.  a  tleece,  makes  j,2oo,oool.  « 

T1;l*  Englifh  mafliffs  and  bull-dogs  arc  faid  to  be  the  (Irongefl  and 
ficrccfl;  of  the  canine  fpecics  in  the  world. 

W-ith  regard  to  rfcpiiles,  fuch  as  adders,  vipers,  fnako?,  and  worms  ; 
'  :d  inl'c6h,  fuch  as  ants^  g^nats,  wafps,  and  flies,  England  is  pretty 
,.,;jch  upon  a  par  with  the  reft,  of  Europe. 

1  opu  L.-s.  1 1  o.s,    iN'HA]>rr.\N  r,s,   man-"!       For  the  population  of  Eng- 
Ni-.i^.'i,  CUSTOMS,  AND   D I V  E  Rs  I  o  N  s.  J  land  tlicrcader  is  refcncd  to 
riie  Table.    . 

Englirnnien,  in  their  jK'vfop.s  are  generally  well  fizcd,  regularly 
featured,  commonly  fair  latiier  than  otherwife,  and  florid  in  their 
co!Mpiexious.  It  is,  however,  to  be  prefumcd,  that  the  vaft  numbers 
of  foreigners  tliatave  intermingled  and  intermarried  with  the  natives, 
}i:ivc  given  a  call  to  their  perfons  and  complexions  uifFerentfrom  thofe 
of  their  anceflors  150  years  ago.  The  women,  in  their  iliapcs,  fea- 
tures. 


ENGLAND.  6'^ 

tures,  and  complexion,  appear  graceful  and  lovely.  But  bcfide  thsir 
external  graces,  they  are  flill  more  to  be  valued  for  tl\eir  thorou^li 
cleanlinels,  and  all  the  engaging  duties  of  dotncftic  life. 

TheEnglifh  are  remarkable  for  their,  cleanlinefs.  Their  nerves  are 
very  delicate,  and  people  of  both  fexes  are  fometimes  even  moitully 
affcfted  by  imagination.  This  over4"en()bility  has  been  conftdered  ai 
one  of  the  fources  of  ihofe  Angularities,  which  fo  flrongly  charattL-rii; 
the  Englifli  nation.  1  hey  fomcumes  magnify  the  Iliglueft  appearance* 
into  realities,  and  bring  the  mod  diftant  dangers  immediately  home  to 
themfelves  ;  and  yet  when  real  danger  approaches,  no  people  face  it 
with  greater  refulution,  or  coaftancy  of  mind.  A  gronndlefs  para- 
graph in  a  news-paper,  has  been  kmowii  to  aflcft  the  Pcocks,  and  con- 
icquently  public  credit,  to  a  confidorat)lc  degree  ;  ai^d  tli^ir  credulity 
gees  fo  far,  that  Engfand  may  be  termed  the  paradife  of  q^uacks  and 
empirics,  in  all  arts  and  profeliioas.  In  ftiort,  many  of  the  Enulilh. 
feel,  as  if  it  really  exifted,  every  evil  in  mind,  body,  and  cftdtc,^ 
which  they  form  in  their  imagination.  At  particidar  intervals,  ihcy 
are  fenfiblc  of  this  abfurdity,  and  run  into  a  contrary'  extreme,  driv- 
ing to  baniflf  it  by  diflipation,  riot,  intemperance,  and  divcrfions, 
Tiaey  are  fond,  for  the  fame  reafon,  of  clubs  and  convivial  allocia- 
tions  ;  and  when  ihefe  are  kept  within  tlie  bounds  of  temperance  ;ku1 
moderation,  they  prove  the  beft  cures  for  thofe  mental  evils,  wliicli 
are  fo  peculiar  to  the  Englifh,  that  foreigners  have  pronounced  tiieiu 
to  be  national. 

The  fame  obfervations  hold  with  regard  to  the  higher  orders  of  lire, 
which  have  undergone  a  remarkable  change  fince  the  acceflion  oi  ihc 
Houfe  of  Hanover,  efpecially  of  late  yearS.  The  Englifh  nobility 
and  gentry  of  great  fortunes,  nov/  ainmilate  their  manners  to  ttjole 
of  foreigners,  Ayith  whom  they  cultivate  a  more  frequent  intevcourfc 
than  did  their  forefathers.  They  do  not  now  travel  only  as  pupils,  to 
bring  home  "the  vices  of  the  countries  they  vifit,  under  liie  tuition 
perhaps  of  a  defpicable  pedant,  or  family  dependant  ;  but  ihay  travel 
for  the  purpofes  of  fociely,  and  at  the  more  advanced  ages  of  life, 
while  their  judgments  are  mature,  and  their  paflions  regulated.  Ih-S 
has  enlarged  fociety  in  England,  which  foreigners  now  vifit  as  com- 
monly as  Englifhmen  vifited  them,  and  the  eft'efts  of  the  in*ercourle 
become  daily  m.ore  vifiblc,  efpecially  as  it  is  not  now,  as  formerly, 
confined  to  one  fex. 

Such  of  the  Englifli  noblemen  and  gentlemen,  as  do  not  drlke  into 
thofe  high  walks  of  life,  affcd  rather  what  we  call  a  fnug,  ll.an  a 
fplendid  vfay  of  living.  They  fludy  and  underdand  con  eniency  in 
their  houfes,  gardens,  equipages,  and  cdates,  and  thcyfparenoc.dk 
to  purchafe  it.  it  has,  however,  been  obferved,  that  this  turn  ten- 
ders them  lefs  communicative  than  they  ought  to  be  :  But,  on  the 
other  hand,  the  few  connexions  they  form,  aie  fincere,  cheerful,  and 
indilfoluble.  The  like  h::bits  defcend  pretty  faririto  the  lower  ranks, 
and  are  often  difccrnible  among  tradefmen.  This  love  of  inugnefs  and 
tonveniency  may  he  called  the  rvilin.;  palTion  of  the  Englilh  pcopU^ 
and  is  the  ultimate  end  of  all  their  gieat  application,  and  fcvcrc  la- 
hours  and  fatigues.  A  good  cEconomift,  with  a  briikrunof  trade,  is 
generally,  when  turned  of  50,  in  a  condition  to  retire  from  bufmcfs  ; 
that  is  either  to  purchafe  an  edate,  or  to  fettle  his  money  in  the  funds. 
He  then  commonly  rcfides  ia  a  comuortaLlt  houlc  iu  the  country,  of- 
f  2  ^'-'^ 


84 


N      G      L      A      N 


ten  his  native  country,  and  expefts  to  be  treated  on  the  footing  6f  rf 
gep.tleman  ;  but  his  flylc  of  living  is  judicioufly  fuited  to  his  tircum* 
ilanccs. 

Wcndeborn  in  Kis  view  of  England  obferves  that  '•  There  are  ni  n© 
country  fuch  large  contributions  raifed  for  the  fupport  of  the  poor,  ai 
in  F.n<jland  ;  vet' there  is  no  where  (o  great   a  number  of  them  ;   and 
their  condition,  in  corhparifcju  with  the  poor  of  other  countries,    ap- 
pears truly  the  moH  niiferable  :  They  never  feem  to  be  apprehenfive, 
6r  to  think  of  making  any  proviF.on  for  a  time  of  want.     In  Germany 
and  other  northern  countries  of  Europe,   the   poor  keep  always   in 
mind,  that  it  is  cold  in  winter,  and  that   no  harveft  or  fruits  can  be 
reaped  from  the  earth,  while  it  is  covered  with  fnow.      On  this   ac- 
count,  thev  ccniider  in  time  the  warmer  clothing  they  will  then    re- 
quire  and  lay  up  fuch   a  ftore  of  provifions  as  their  circumftanccs  al- 
low, in  order  io* prepare  themfclves  in  the  bed  manner  polhble,    fof 
the  inclemency  of  that  fctfon.     But  in  England,  it  fesms  as  if  the  poor 
and  neceflitous  never  looked  forward,  or  would  not  trouble  themfelveS 
to.think  of  what  maV  happen  to  them  in  future.     They  neither  fore- 
fee  the  Avinter's  cold,  nor  the  fcarcity  of  that  feafon  ;  aftd,  therefore, 
when  it  arrives,  are  the  moft  forlorn  beings  imaginable.     The  lower 
clafs  of  people  have  no  difpofition  to  be  frugal  or  provident  :  When 
trade  becomes   dull,   and  employment  Icanty,   they  who  maintained 
themfelvcs  by   their  labour,   muft  either   beg,  or  obtain  fupport   for 
thcirriclvcs  and  their  familjes,  from  the  parilh.      The   watermen   of 
the  Thames,  whofe  gains  arc  very  fufRcient  for  their  livelihood,  when 
the  river  is  frozen  or  covered  with  fhoals  of  ice,  are  often  fecn  drag- 
rinp  a  boat  or  little  fhip  through  the  ftreets  of  London,    zni  begging 
"alms  of  the  public,     in  thole  counties  and  towns -v/here  manufaftures 
arc  carried  on,  there  is,    for  this  very  reafon,   the  greateft  number  of 
poor;  for  as   loon  as  any  particular  branch  of  them  is  on  the  decline, 
♦he  workmen,  who  were  employed  in  it,  are  tlireatened  with  want, and 
in  danger  of  ftarving.       The  number  of  the   poor   in  fuch   counties, 
raif<:-s  the  poor-rates  very    high,   and   confequently  makes   both  land 
and  lipufes  Icfs  eligible  to  purchafe  ;  for  according  to   the  value   or 
rent  of  houfes,  the  poor  rate3  are  levied  ;   fo  that  the  tenant  of  a  mid- 
dling houfe  of  about  forty  pounds  yearly  rent,  in  a  county  where  four 
fhillings  in  the  pound  are  clemanded  for  the  fupport  of  the  poor,  muft 
pay  a  yearly  tax  of  eight  pounds  for  poor-rates. 

in  Germany,-  there  is  a  great  difference,  as  to  value,  between  the 
drelfcs  of  the  different  ranks  of  people  :  But  in  England,  this  diftinc- 
tiou  holds  in  a  much  fmallcr  degree.  The  clothing  manufaftured  for 
the  poor  and  common  people,  is  in  fmall  proportion  to  tlieir  number  ; 
and  fe\v  or  none  of  them  like  to  wear  it.  Even  in  country  places,  it 
is  but  iillle  ufed  ;  and  in  London  or  the  great  towns,  it  is  feKii)m  or 
never  to  l>e  fecn.  Ail  do  their  beft  to  wear  fine  clothes  ;  and  thole 
■who  cinnot  purchafe  them  new,  buy  the  old  at  fecond-hand,  that  they 
niay  at  lealt  have  the  appearance  of  fuier^'.  Servants  in  general,  live 
nearly  as  v/ell  as  their  mailers  and  miftrcircs  ;  and  when  fervant  men 
or  maids  marry,  they  frequently  begin  the  married  ftatc  with  a  life  of 
more  cxpcnfe,  or  rather  profufion,  than  their  circumflances  will  admit,- 
and  continue  the  fame,  until  children  and  want  force  them  to  apply 
for  biead  to  their  parifti.     The  Englllh  thieves  and  rogues  ufually  iayy 


ENGLAND.  85 

f  we  can  be  but  hanged  at  lad.''  Irt  like  manner,  fervafits  and  others, 
who,  hy  their  extravagance  and  mifmanagcrncnt,  bring  povci  ty  upon 
themlclvcs,  feci  as  little  contrition,  und  fay,  "  the  parilh  muft  maintain 
us."  Sush  inftances,  however,  of  worthlcffnefs  and.  depravity,  render 
the  wealthy  and  induftrious  not  very  willing  to  contribute  to  the  iup- 
port  of  the  poor  ;  And  the  p6or  themfelves  generally  thank,  neitlier 
God  nor  man.  for  the  charity  that  feeds  them. 

The  number  of  tliole  wlio  are  born  poor,  and  of  thofe  who  from  mif- 
fortunc  or  mifco!idu£l  become  fo  in  time,  is  very  great.  The  firft  are 
brought  up  by  charities  ;  the  latter  are  maintained,  and  at  laft  buried 
out  of  the  fame  fund.  No  perfon,  therefore,  need  wonder  that  the 
taxes  which  are  yearly  collected  under  aft  of  parliament  for  the  fupport 
of  the  poor,  Ihould,  in  England  alone,  amount  to  three  millions  fieri- 
ing  ;.*  a  fum  which  muft  appear  altogether  extraordinary,  when  it  is 
coufidered,  that  the  revenues  of  many  kingdoms  do  hardly,  by  half, 
amount  tofo  much.  At  the  fame  time  it  ought  to  be  remembered  that 
jfhe  extremely  neccffitous  poor  only,  are  fupported  by  it  ;  that  the 
flreets  of  London,  notwithftanding  all  this,  are  crowded  with  beggars  ; 
that  the  poor  blind,  led  by  dogs,  beg  charity,  and  that  this  is  tc^ually 
the  cafe,  in  proportion,  in  the  countrv- 

It  is  fuppofed,  that  a  million  of  poor  people  are  maintained  at  the 
public  expenfe  ;  but  I  fhould  think  there  were  a  gveat  many  more  : 
Their  number  increales  every  year.  From  a  very  accurate  calcula- 
tion, made  in  the  year  1680,  it  appears,  that  the  annual  fum,  rcquifite 
to  provide  for  the  poor,  amounted'  to  665,392  pounds  flerling.  In'thu 
year  1764.- it  had  rifen  to  upwards  of  1,200,000  pounds  ;  and,  in  the 
'773'  ^^  exceeded,  as  before-mentioned,  three  millions  ;  buf  even  thi? 
("um  was  not  fufficient  for  the  purpofe. 

People  who  live  on  the  continent,  when  they  fee  a.  traveller  who 
fpeaks  either  good  or  broken  Englifli,  generally  fuppofe  him  to  be  a 
Briton,  whole  pockets  are  lined  plentifully  with  money.  They  ho\Y 
to  him,  and  make  him  pay,  if  an  opportunity  offers,  accordingly.  But 
1  can  affure  my  countrymen,  if  what  1  have  laid  before  has  not  already- 
altered  their  opinion,  that  there  arc  numbers  of  Bi-itifh-born  fubjefts, 
fijch  as  the  inhabitants  of  fome  of  the  weftern  iRands,  v^^ho  are  unac- 
quainted with  any  coin:  nay,  others,  who, perhaps,  (luring  their  whole 
lives,  never  taH-ed  a  morfel  of  bread.  An  old  man  from  one  of  the  Ork- 
neys, arrived  on  the  northern  coaft  of  Scotland,  and  tafting  there  fome 
bread,  which  he  found,  according  to  his  palate,  veiy  delicious,  cried 
out,  "  Oh  !  how  luxurioufly  the  people  live  here  !"  Is  there  any  one, 
even  of  the  poorclt,  in  Gcrmanv,  of  whom  the  lame  could  he  laid,  as 
of  this  old  man,  who,  in  all  probability,  had  gone  through  life  as  hap- 
pily as  many  London  epicures,  and  grown  old,  without  th*fe  diflem- 
pers  that  attend  luxu/y.  He,  according  to  his  way  of  living,  hardly 
flood  a  chance  of  becoming  a  beggar  ;  and  even,  as  fuch,  he  could  not 
be  very  burdenforae  to  his  community. 

lamalmoflof  opinion  with  do6lor  Franklin,  t'lat  this  enormous 
fum,  collefted  ?.nnually  for  the  poor  ir^  England,  increafes  their  num- 
ber as  well  as  their  wretchednels,   and  that,   perhaps,  it  might  be  for 

*    Sir  John  Sinclair,  in  Iiis  hiftory  of  ths  public  revenue  of  tV.e  BritiHi  empire,  pnge  115, 
fpeakingot  the  poor-rate,  lays  it  is  *' a  grievous  burden,  wliich,  uis  luppofcj,  amounts,  at 
ftticat,  to  ^t  leali  three  ir.ill'ioiis  per  arjn." 
^  ^  the 


$G  ENGLAND. 

thebrncfitof  the  nation,  if  poor-rates  were  entirely  abolifhcfl,  zvA 
the  niOribiition  of  charities  left  to  eveiy  man's  own  difcretion." 

The  EnoliOi'  are  r'v.pcs  in  feveral  rcfjicfts.  They  attend  to  projcc- 
trrs,  and  no  fchcme  i>.  fo  rid'.culous  that  will  not  find  abettors  in  Eng- 
land, The\'  liflen  to  the  voice  of  misfortunes  in  trade,  whether  real 
or  oreicnded,  tieferved  or  accidental,  and  gcneroufiy  contribute  to  the 
Jehef  of  the  parties,  foinetimcs  even  by  placing  them  in  a  more  cred- 
itable condition  than  ever  ;  but  they  ol'ien  make  an  oflentatious  dif- 
play  of  their  own  merits,  which  diminifhes  their  value.  There  is  a- 
m^nj^  the  £;eneralKv  of  the  Englifh  of  all  ranks,  an  unpardonable 
prei'eVencc  given  to  wealth,  abov£  mofl  other  confiderations.  Riches, 
belli  inpublick  and  private,  ardibften  thought  to  compenfate  for  the 
abfence  of  slmofb  every  good  quality.  This  offenfive  failing,  arifes 
pirtly  from  the  y:>eopl8  being  fo  much  accuftomed  to  trade  and  com- 
merce, the  great  objcft  of  v/hich  is  gain  ;  and  partly  from  the^demc- 
cratieal  part  of  their  conflitution,  which  makes  the  pofTefuon  of 
nropcvty'a  qualification  for  the  Icgifl.iture,  and  for  almoft  every  other 
fpecies  of  mngiftracy,  government,  honours,  and  diflinftions. 

Men  of  learning,  and  genius,  while  living,  often  meet  not  witli 
fnitiihle  regard  even  from  the  Patrons  of  literature  :  And  it  is  not  un- 
mTii^I  for  thrmi  to  throw  afidethebefl  produftions,  if  they  are  not  ac- 
qyainted  with  tbe  author.  We  fcarcely  have  an  inflance,  even  in  the 
munificent  reign  of  Queen  Anne,  or  of  her  predeccfTors,  •<s'ho  owed 
fo  mucli  to  the  prefs,  of  a  man  of  genius  as  fiich,  being  made  cafy  in 
his  circumftatices.  Mr.  Addifon  had  about  300I.  a  year  of  the  public 
m»:iev  to  alFift  liim  jn  his  travels,  and  Mr.  Pope,  though  a  Roman 
catholic,  was  offered,  but  did  not  accept  of,  the  like  penfioh  from 
Mr.  Craggs,  the  whig  frcretarv  ®f  ftate  ;  and  it  was  remarked,  tViat 
histsry  friend  and  comp;niion  tlic  carl  of  Oxford,  when  folc  minifter, 
cVkj  nothing  for  lun\,  but  bewail  his  misfortune  in  being  a  pripifl:. 

'J'he  unevenncfs  of  the  Englifh  in  their  converfation  is  very  re- 
mm  kable  :  Sometimes  it  is  delicate,  fprightly,  and  replete  with  true 
■<vit  ;  Inmetimes  it  is  folid,  ingenious,  and  argumentative  ;  fometimes 
5t  is  cold  and  phlegmatic,  and  borders  upon  difgufl;,  and  all  in  the 
lame  rcrfon.  They  poffefs  a  great  fliar^  of  courage,  and  make  the 
bed  of  foldiers.  The  Englifh  are  not  rematkable  for  invention, 
tliough  they  are  for  their  improvements  upon  the  inventions  ©f  otli- 
ers.  and  in  the  mechanical  arts  they  excel  perhaps  all  nations  in  the 
\v()ild.  The  intenfe  application  Vvhich  an  Engliflim.an  gives  to  a  fa- 
vourite ftudy  is  incredible.  '  ^ 

All  that  has  been  faid  concerning  the  EngliHi,  is  tc  be  undei  flood 
of  them  in  general,  as  they  are  at  prefent  ;  for  it  is  not  to  be  differn- 
blcd,  that  every  day  produces  flrong  evidence  of  great  alterations  in 
their  manners.  The  great  fortunes  m.ade  during>fhe  late  and  the  pre- 
ceding wars,  the  immenfe  acquifitions  of  territory  by  the  peace  of 
i-^..>.  and  above  all,  the  amazing  increafe  cf  Territorial  as  well  as 
commercial  property  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  introdi:ced  a  fpecics  of  people 
among  the  Englifh.  who  have  become  rich  without  induflry,  and  by 
clim.inifliing  the  value  of  gold  and  nivcr,  have  created  a  new  fy Rem  of 
"Jniances  in  tlie  nation.  The  plaiv^,  frtigal  manners  of  men  of  bufmefs, 
vhich  prevailed  fo  lately  as  the  acdcflion  of  t^e  prefent'  family  to  the 
crown,  are  now  diucgardcd  for  taflelefs  extravagance  in   drefs    and 

equipage, 


ENGLAND.'  87 

•  equipage,  and  the  mofl  expenfive  amufemcnts  and  diverfions,  not  on- 
ly in  the  capital,   but  all  over  the  trading  towns  of  the  kingdom. 

Even  the  cuU.oms  of  the  Englifli  have,  lince  the  .bcgianing  of  this 
century,  undergone  an  almoft  total  alteration.  Their  ancient  hcfpi- 
tality  fubfifts  but  in  few  places  in  the  country,  or  is  revived  only  up- 
on cleftioneering  occafions.  Many  of  their  favourite  diverfions  are 
now  diuifed.  Tiiofe  remainining,  are  operas,  dramatic  exhbitions, 
ridorios,  and  fomclimes  mc-fqucrades  in  or  nea»  London  ;  but  con- 
certs of  mufic,  and  card  and  dancing  afiemblics,  aic  common  iill  over 
tiic  kingdom.  'I  he  barbarous  diverfions  of  bojcin^  and  prize-fightinj;, 
lliough  prohibited,  are  as  frequent  in  England,  as  the  fliews  of  gladi- 
ators were  in  Rome.  The  game  ?.fts  have  taken  froni  the  common 
people  a  great  fund  ^diveriion,  thouj;h  without  anjwering  the  pur- 
pofcsof  the  rich  :  For  tlie  fanners  and  country  people  dellroy  the 
game  in  their  nefl;s,  which  they  dare  not  kill  wilh  the  gun. 

The  people  of  England  love  rather  to  be  neat  llian  fine  in  tlicir  ap- 
parel, Jew  even  of  the  lowcfl  tradcfmen,  on  ^i^i'^days,  carry  about 
them  lefs  than  lol.  in  cloiliirg,  and  even  many  beggars  in  the  flreef»;; 
appear  decent  in  their  drefs.  In  flrorl,  none  but  the  moft.  abandoned 
of  both  fcxes  are  otiiciwife  ;  and  the  appearance  of  an  artifan  or 
manufafturer  on  holidays,  is  commonly  an  indication  of  his  induH-ry. 

Rki.igiok.3  llie  ciiablifhed  religion  in  that  part  of  Grcat-Brit- 
a.in  called  England,  is  the  epifcopal  chuich  of  England,  a  particuL^r 
branch  of  protcftantifm,  which  in  its  liturgy,  and  flill  more  in  its 
government,  differs  from  the  continental  proteftant  churches.  It  bar. 
prcforved  much  more  of  the  ancient  hieriirchy  of  the  Roman  Catholic 
church,  together  with  its  dignities  and  jurifdiftion.  The  king  is  the 
head  of  the  ciiurch,  but  lie  has  no  fpiritual  powers  ;  he  has  the  right 
of  calling  together  and  diifolving  the  convocation,  or  ecclcliuftical 
parliament,  by  which  the  church  was  formerly  governed,  but  v/hich 
has,  for  many  years  paft,  not  been  allowed  to  meet.  England  is  di- 
vided into  l\v •>  ecclefidflical  provinces,  tlvat  of  Canterbury  and  Yoik: 
The  archbilhop  of  Canterbury,  who  is  primate  of  England,  h?s  21 
bilhoprics belonging  to  his  province  ;  and  three  b'.P.ioprics  a-ic  under 
the  arclibifnop  of  "i  ork.  .  AH  thefe  prelates  are  lords  of  parliament, 
in  which  they  reprefent  the  clergy  ;  they  have  their  feat,,  in  the  Iloufc 
of  Lords.  There  is,  bcfides,  the  bifiiop  of  Sodor  and  Man,  belong- v 
'ing  to  the  province  of  Yoik,  v/ho  has  no  feat  in  the  Iloufe  of  Peers. 
The  other  dignitaries  of  tlie  church  are  the  deans  i:nd  prebendaries  t-i 
the  chapters,  archdeacons,  and  rural  deans ;  the  inferior  clergy  con- 
fifl  of  priefls  and  deacons,  who,  according  to  tii'j  church  bcueiiccs 
they  occupy,  are  called  redors,  vicars,  and  curates  of  parifhcs. 

The  reveni^es  of  the  church  of  England  are  huge  ;  the  prefent  vakve 
of  the  fees  and  livings  is  f;ippofed  to  amount  to  3. 000. cool,  flcrling., 
This  income  arifes  cliiefly  from  tlie  tythes,  the  value  of  which  iucreafes 
with  the  improvements  of  lands. 

All  other  denominations  of  Chriftians,  called  Dilfentcrs  and  Jews, 
a.ve  very  liber<:Vy  tolerated.  There  are  many  other  Proteflant  feels  in 
England,  among  whom  the  Unitarians,  Baptifl;s,  (2uakers,  and  i.Ieth- 
odills,  are  the  mofl  confpicuous.  The  nLj,raber  of  Roman  Catholi-cs' 
in  England  is  eflimatcd  at  60.000  ;  they  have  about  550  priefls  ;  foma 
peers  of  the  kingdom,  and  icvcral  other  ancient  and  opulent  families 

bclor.? 


S8  E      N      G      L      A      K      B. 

belong  to  thst  commimfon,  v^liofe  exercife  of  religion  is  under  gentle  re- 
ft tiftiohs  ;  theirnupiber  is  faid  tobe  decreafing.  There  are  about  60. ooo 
Quakers :ind  i2.-opoJe\V!ni  families.  The  numerous  French  and  Ger*- 
man  inhabitants  in  London  form  feveral  Lutheran  and  CalvinifticaJ. 
parifhcs. 

Learning.]  Witji  refpeft  to  the  ftate  of  knowledge  and  fcience, 
l^npland  is  entitled  to  an  eminent  rank  among  the  firft  nations  of  Eu- 
rope. It  muft,  however,  be  owned,  that  its  fuperiority  with  refpe£^ 
to  fcicnccs  was  more  confpicuous  in  the  beginning  of  the  prefent  cen- 
tury than  now  ;  though  it  has,  upon  the  whole,  not  gone  backwards 
:n  the  fclenres,  it  has  not  been  able,  amiclft  the  great  exertions  of  oth- 
er countries,  to  leave  them  behind  at  the  fame  diftance.  England  has 
but  two  tmivcrfitics,  or  rather  collections  of  univerfities,  at  Oxford 
and  Cambridge,  in  which  the  wealth  and  fplendor  of  the  foundations 
is  defcrving  of  admiration,  and  is  a  proof  of  the  eftimation  in  which 
learning  has  always  been  held  in  this  country.  It  cannot  be  denied 
tliat  thefe  univerfities,  thcnigh  gradually  much  reformed,  prefer^e 
{till  too  much  of  thefpiritof  the  age  of  Alfred,  and  that  tliey  have  loft, 
]oi!g  ago,  the  lead  in  fcience  and  national  literature,  which  is  at  pref- 
ent transferred  to  tl-uc  metropolis.  Schools  are  very  numerous  in 
^England  :  Befides  fome  colleges  pf  ancient  foundation,  there  are  many 
private  fchools  and  academies.  As  government  does  not  in  the  lealy 
concern  itfelf  ii^  the  education  of  youth,  any  perfon,  however  qual- 
ified, is  at  liberty  to  open  a  fchool,  a  liberty  which  docs  often  a  great 
<ical  of  mifchief.  The  lov/er  claffes  of  people  are  much  neglefted  in 
their  education,  and  much  more  fo  in  England  than  in  Scotland.  To 
tliis  fourcc  of  corruption  we  muft  trace  the  frequency  of  crimes, 
eo'ially  injurious  to  the  profperity  and  glory  of  this  great  nation  ;  an 
evil  which  ij;  conftantly  increafmg,  and  which  the  horrors  of  New- 
gate and  Botany  Bay  will  not  be  Mc  to  cou.nteraft.  The  zeal  of  ma- 
r-v  wcU-meaning  perfuns,  in  eftablifliing  cliaritable  inllitutions  of  cdu- 
catiiin,  called  Sunday  fchoMls,  is  very  laudable  ;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped 
theie  and  other  charitv  fchools  will  be  improved  into  permanent  and 
efl'cftual  remedies  of  tl-Lcevil  beforementioned, 

London  has.  bcfidcs  the  Royal  Society  of  Sciences,  an  Antiquarian 
Society,  a  Society  for  promoting' Arts  and  Manufaftures,  an  Academy 
of  Painting  and  Sculpture,  a  grand  collection  of  natural  curiofities, 
hooks,  and  ^T•SS.  called  the  Britifh  Mufcum,  Oxford  and  Cambridge 
poffel's  large  libraries;  of  which  the  Bodleian  librarv,  at  Oxford,  is 
the  mofl  celebrated.  England  abo,unds  with  magnificent  feats  of  no- 
blemen and  gentlemen,  adorned  with  excellent  colleelions  of  mlafter- 
picccs  0}  painting,  and  furrounded  by  parks  aqd  gardens,  which, 
hoth  by  nature  and  art,  form  fome  of  thj:  mofl  beautiful  pieces  of 
Iccnerv  in  Europe.  [For ''the  vames  of  the  maft  diJHnguvhed  literary 
characters,  zi'hich  F.jiglatjd  has  produced,  the  redder  is  referred  to  the  Lift 
Cj  Earned  myi  at  the  chfe  of  this  zvorh.\ 

U.vTVf.R.siTits.]  We  have  already  mentioned  the  two  univerfities 
of  Oxford  and  Cambridge,  which  h^te  been  the  fcminaries  of  great 
numbers  of  learned  men  for  mapy  ages,  and  rank  amongft  the  high- 
ci^  literary  inftitutions  in  Europe.  It  is  certain  that  their  magnifi- 
cent buildings,  which  in  fplendour  and  architefture  rival  the  mofl 
fupevH  royal  edifice?,  the  rich  endowments,  the  liberal  ea(e  and  trar.- 
eiuilli'-y  enjoyed  by  thofe  who  inhabit  them,  furpafs  all  the  ideas  which 

foreisinerSs 


ENGLAND.  dg. 

foreigners,  who  vifit  them,  conceive  of  literary  focieties.  So  rcfpefta- 
}p\e  are  they  in  their  foundations,  that  each  Ainivcrfity  fends  two  mem- 
bers to  the  Britifli  parliament,  an(i  their  chancellors  and  officers  have 
ever  a  civil  jurifdiftion  over  their  ftudcnts,  the  hotter  to  fccure  their 
independency.  Their  colleges,  in  their  revenues  and  buildings,  ex- 
ceed thofe  of  many  other  univerfities.  In  Oxford  thejc  are  twenty 
colleges  and  five  halls  ;  The  former  are  very  liberally  endowed,  but  in 
the  latter  the  ftudents  chielly  maintain  themfclves.  The  univcrlitv  is 
of  great  antiquity  :  It  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  a  confiderable  place 
even  in  the  time  of  the  Romans  ;  and  Camden  fays  that  "  wife  avi- 
tiquity  did,  even  in  the  Britiih  age,  confecrate  this  place  to  the  Mules." 
Jt  is  faid  to  have  be'^n  ftyled  an  univeifuy  before  the  time  of  king  Al- 
fred ;  and  the  befc  hiftorians  admit,  that  this  molt  excellent  prince  was 
only  a  rei'lorer  of  learning  here.  Alfred  built  three  colleges  at  Ox- 
ford ;  one  for  divinity,  ano-ther  for  philofcphy,  and  a  third  for  gram- 
jnar. 

The  number  of  officers,  fellows,  and  fcholars.  maintained  at  prcfer.t 
by  the  revenues  of  this  univerfiiy,  is  about  looo,  and  the  number  of 
fuch  fcholars  as  live  at  their  own  charge  is  ufualiy  about  2COO  ;  the 
Vvholc  amounting  to  3000  pcrfons,  bcfides  a  great  number  of  inferior 
officers  and  fervants,  belonging  to  the  feveral  colleges  and  halls.  Here 
are  four  terms  every  year  for  public  exercifcs,  Icftures,  and  difputa- 
tions,  and  fet  days  and  hours  when  the  profeiTors  of  every  faculty  read 
their  Iccbures  ;  and  in  fome  of  the  colleges  are  public  leftures,  to  which 
pll  perfons  are  admitted. 

1  here  are  libraries  belonging  to  the  feveral  colleges,  but  befidcs  thcfc, 
there  are  two  other  public  libraries,  the  univcrfity  library,  and  tlie  Rad- 
cliffe  library.  The  univeriUy  library  is  ufualiy  called  ihe  Eodleian  libra- 
ry, from  Sir  Thomas  Bodley,  its  principal  founder.  It  is  a  large  lofty  flruc- 
ture,  in  the  fo;m  of  a  Roman  H,  and  is  confidercd  as  one' of  the  hneft 
libraries  in  Europe,  from  the  number  and  value  of  its  books.  The  orig- 
inal library  has  been  prodigioufly  increaicd,  by  many  large  and  valua- 
ble colleftions  of  Greek  and  (.)iiental  manufcripts,  as  well  as  other 
choice  and  curious  books.  The  Radcliffe  library  is  a  fumptuous  pile  of 
building  ;  and  was  built  at  the  fole  cxpeni^  of  that  emu:ient  phyilciar, 
Dr.  John  Radcliffe,  who  bequeathed  forty  thouland  pounds  for  this  pur- 
pofe.  The  theatre  at  Oxford  is  alio  a  very  magnificent  ilrufture,  v/hich 
was  erefted  by  Sir  Chriflopher  M'ren,  at  the  expenfe  of  Archbifliop  Shel- 
don. In  this  edifice  arc  held  the  public  afls  of  the  univerfity  ;  and 
when  the  theatre  is  properly  fJlecJ,  the  vice-chancellor  being  icated  in 
the  centre  of  the  fcm.i-circular  part,  the  noblemen  and  doftors  on  his 
right  and  left-hand,  the  proftois  and  curators  in  their  robes,  the  maf- 
ters  of  arts,  bachelors,  and  under-graduates,  in  their  reipc£li\e  habits 
and  place§,  together  with  Ilrangcvs  of  both  fexes,  it  makes  a  rnoft  auguft 
appearance. 

The  whole  number  cf  fellows  in  the  univerfity  of  Cambridge  are  four 
hundred  :  and  fix  hundred  and  fixty-fix  fcholars,  with  about  two  lnm- 
dred  and  thirty-fix  officers  and  fervants  of  various  kinds  who  are  main- 
tained upon  the  foundation.  Thefe,  however,  are  not  all  the  ftudcnts 
of  the  univerfity  ;  there  are  alfo  two  forts  of  fludents  called  pea- 
fioners,  the  greater  and  the  lefs  ;  the  greater  penfioners  are  fons 
of  the  nobility,   and  of  gentlemen  of  large  fortunes,  and   arc   called 

fellow- 


5^  E      N      G      L      A      N      B. 

fcllovz-comTTioners,  becaufc,  though  they  are  fcholars,  they  dine  rvlth  the 
fellows  ;  the  klfcr  penfioners  dine  with  the  fcholarsthat  are  on  the  foui^-» 
dation,  but  live  at  their  own  expenfe.  There  are  alfo  a  confiderable 
iiuraber  of  poor  fcholars,  called  fizars,  who  wait  upon  the  fellows  ancl 
fcholars,  and  the  penfioners  of  both  rar.ks,  by  whom  they  are  in  a  great 
de^  ree  mAintained  :  But  tlie  number  of  penfioners  and  fizars  cannot  be 
arccrtained,  as  it  is  in  a  flate  of  perpetual  fluftuation» 

Tl;e  fenute-houfc  at  Cambridge  is  a  mod  elegant  edifice,  executed  en- 
tirely in  the  Corinthian  order,  and  is  faid  to  have  cod  fixteen  thoufand 
pcunds.  Trinity  college  library  is  alfo  a  very  magnificent  flrufture, 
and  in  Corpys  Chrifti  college  library  is  a  valuable  coUeftion  of  ancient 
manufcripts,  Vvhich  were  preferved  at  the  difiblution  of  the  monafteries, 
and  given  to  this  college  by  archbifhop  Parker. 

AxTiouiTiEs  AND  CURIOSITIES  ■)  Thc  antiquJtics  of  England  arc ' 
NATURAL  AND  ARxniciAL.  J  either Britifli,  Roman,  Saxon,  Da-» 
nifh,  and  Anglo-Normanic  ;  but  thefe,  excepting  the  Roman,  throw 
no  great  light  upon  ancient  hiitory.  The  chief  Britifh  antiquities  are 
thofe  circles  of  Hones,  particularly  that  called  Stonehenge,  in  Wiltfhirc, 
which  probabJy  were  places  of  v/orlhip  in  thc  times  of  the  Druids, 
bionchenpe  is,  defcribed  as  a  regular  circular  flrufture.  The  body  o£ 
the  work  confifts  of  two  circles  and  two  ovals,  which  are  thus  cornpo- 
fcd  :  The  upright  flones  are  placed  at  three  feet  and  a  half  diftancc 
from  each  other,  and  joined  at  the  top  by  over-thw^art  flones,  with  ten-» 
ens  fitted  to  the  monifes  in  the  uprights,  for  keeping  them  in  their  due 
pofition.  Seme  of  thefe  flones  are  vaftly  large,  meafaring  tv/o  yards 
in  breadth,  one  in  thicknefs,  and  above  feven  in  height  ;^others  are  lefs 
in  proportion.  The  uprights  are  wrought  a  little  with  the  chifel,  and 
fometimes  tapered  ;  but  the  tranfomes,  or  over-thwart  flones,  a.i-e  quite 
plain.  The  outfide  circle  is  near  one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  di- 
amcler;  between  which  and  the  next  circle  there  is  a  walk  of  three 
hundred  feet  in  circumference,  which  has  a  furprifiug  and  awful  effeft 
upon  the  beholders. 

Monuments  of  the  fame  kind  are  to  be  met  with  in  Cumberland,  Ox- 
fordfhii-e.  Cornwall,  and  other  parts  of  England,  as  well  as  Scotland,  and 
the  ifles. 

TiTC  Rorran  antiquities  in  England,  confifl.  chiefly  of  altars  and  mon« 
umcntal  infcriptions,  which  inilruft  us  as  to  the  legioinary  Rations  of 
the  Romans  in  Britain,  andthenam.es  of  fome  of  their  commanders. 
The  Roman  military  ways  give  us  the  highefl;  idea  of  the  civil  as  well 
as  military  policy  of  thofe  conquerors.  Their  veftiges  are  numerous. 
The  remains  of  many  Roman  camps  are  difcernible  all  over  England  ; 
one  particularly  very  little  defaced,  near  Dorchefler  in  Dorfetfhire, 
where  alfo  is  a  Roman  ampliithcatre.  The  private  cabinets  of  noble- 
men and  gentlemen,  as  well  as  thc  public  repofitories,  contain  a  vaft 
number  of  Roman  arms,  coins,  fibula?,  trinkets,  and  the  like,  which 
have  been  found  in  England  ;  but  the  moft  amazing  monument  of  thc 
Roman  pov/cr  in  Erj'gland,  is  the  pra^tenture,  or  wall  of  Severus.  com- 
monly called  the  1  icls  v.'all,  running  through  Northumberland  and  Cum- 
berland ;  begin ing  at  Tinmuuth,  and  ending  at  Solway  Frith,  being 
about  eighty  miles  in  lenoih.  The  wall  at  firft  confifted  only  of  {lakes 
?.nd  turf,  with  a  dilch  ;  but  Severus  built  it  with  flone  forts,  and  tui*- 
jcis  at  proper  dillances,  fo  that  each  might  have  a  fpeedy  communicla- 

tioa 


N      G      L      A      N 


^1 


i"on  with  t'hc  otiiar.  and  it  Vv-as  attended  all  along  ky  a  deep  jclitdi.  or 
Vallum,  to  tl;e  nrarth.  and  a  militarv  higHv/ay  to  ihc  Touth.  Thisprodig- 
jous  work,  however,  was  better  calculated  to  ftvikc  the  beets  and  Pitlis 
with  terror,  than  to  give  any  rcdi  fecurity  to  the  Roman  poircfTions. 
In  fome  places,  the  wall,  the  vallum,  and  the  road,  are  plainly  difcerni- 
blc  ;  and  the  lancr  fcrvcs  as  a  fovirdation  Tor  a  niodern  work  of  the 
fame  kind  c.  rried  on  at  the  publick  expcnle. 

The  Saxon  antiqmrics  in  linghmd  ci  nfift.  cheifly  in  ecclefiaftical  edi- 
fice;., and  places  of  ilrengtb.  The  c  ahedral  of  W  inchcRcr  fervcd  as 
the  burying-pUce  of  leveral  Saxon  kings,  whofc  bones  were  colhfted 
together  by  bifhop  I'ox,  in  fix  large  v.coden  chefts.  T'xe  Hvitifh  Mu- 
fcum  contains  fevcral  ftrikin.o;  original  Ipecimens  of  their  learning. 
Many  Saxon  charafters,  figned  by  the  king  and  his  nobles,  with  a  plain 
crofs  inftcad  of  ihiir  names,  are  flill  to  be  met  with.  'J'he  writing  i."; 
ne.it  and  legible,  and  was  ahvays  performed  by  a  clergvman,  who  affix- 
ed the  name  and  quality  of  every  donor,  or  witncfs,  to  his-refpeftive 
euofs. 

All  England  is  full  of  Anglo-Normanic  monuments  fo  called  bccaufc, 
though  the  princes  under  whom  they  were  raifed  were  of  Normaa 
origin,  yet  the  expenfe  was  defrayed  by  Englifhmen,  with  Englifli 
money.  Yorkminifter  and  Weflm.inifter  hall  and  al^bev,  arc  perhaps 
tlie  finefh  ipccimens  to  be  found  in  Europe,  of  that  Gothic  n^^nncr 
Vv-hicli  prevailed  in  building,  before  the  recovery  of  the  Greek  and  Ro- 
man architefturc.  All  the  cathedrals,  and  old  churches  in  the  king- 
dom, are  more  or  lefs  in  the  fame  tafle,  if  we  except  St,  Paul's, 

The  natural  curiofities  of  England  are  fo  various,  that  we  can  touch 
upon  t'hem  only  in  general  ;  as  tliere  is  no  end  of  defcribing  the  fevcr- 
al medicinal  waters  and  Iprings  which  are  to  be  found  in  every  part  of 
the  country.  They  have  been  analyfd  with  great  accuracy  aiid  care 
by  feveral  learned  naturalifts,  who,  as  their  interefis  or  inclinations  led. 
them,  have  not  been  fparing  in  recommending  their  falubrious  qualities. 
The  moll  remarkable  of  thefe  wells  have  been  divided  into  thofe 
for  bathing  and  thefe  for  purging.  The  chief  of  the  former  lie  irl 
isomerfetfhire  ;  and  the  Bath  waters  are  famous  through  all  the  world 
both  for  drinking  and  bathing,  Spaws  of  the  fame  kind  arc  found  at 
Scarborough,  and  other  parts  of  Yorkfhire  ;  at  Tunbridge  in  Kent; 
Epfom  and  Dulwich  in  Surry,  and  at  Aflion  and  Iflington  in  Middle- 
fcx.  There  aUb  are  m.any  i-emarkablc  fprings,  whereof  fome  are  im- 
pregnated either  with  fait,  as  that  at  Droitwich  in  "VVorccflerfhire  ;  or 
fulphur,  as  the  famous  \vell  of  Wigan  in  I.ancafnirc  :  or  bituminous 
matter,  as  that  at  Pilch  ford  in  Shrt^pfliire.  Others  have  a  petrifying 
quality,  as  that  near  Lutterworth  in  Leicefberfhire  ;  and  a  dropping 
well  in  the  weft-riding  of  YoTkfnirc.  And  finally,  iomc  ebb  and  flow, 
RS  thofe  of  the  Peak  in  Derbyfhire,  and  Laywe'-l  near  1  brbay,  whofc 
■waters  rife  and  fall  feveral  times  in  an  hour.  To  thefe  we  mav  add  ihat 
remarkable  fountain  near  Richard's  caflle  in  Herefordfnrre.  commonly 
called  Bonewcll,  which  is  generally  full  of  fmall  bones,  like  thofe  of 
frogs  or  fifh,  though  often  cleared  out.  At  Anclifl,  near  Wigan  in 
Lancafliire,  is  the  famous  burning  well  ;  the  water  is  cold,  neither  has 
it  any  fm.cll  ;  yet  there  is  fo  ftrong  a  vapour  of  fulphm-  iffuing  out  with 
the  fircam,  that  upon  appjlying  a  light  to  it,  the  top  of  the  water  is  cov- 
ered with  a  ila-ne,  like  tliat  ot  burning  fpirits,  which  laRs  feveral  houns, 

and 


52  ENGLAND. 

and  emits  fo  Scree  a  heat  that  meat  may  he  boiled  over  it.     The  flui4 
itlelf  will  not  burn  when  taken  out  of  the  well.* 

Derbyfhire  is  cglcbrated  for  many  natural  curiofities.  The  Maitj 
Tor,  or  Mother  Tower,  is  faid  to  be  continually  mouldering  away,  but 
never  diminiflies.  The  Elden  Hole,  about  four  miles  from  the  fame 
place  :  This  is  a  chafm  in  the  fide  of  a  mountain,  near  feven  yards  wide, 
and  fourteen  long,  diminifhing  in  extent  within  the  rock,  but  of  what 
depth  is  not  known.  A  plummet  once  drew  884  yards  of  line  after  ij, 
whereof  the  lail  80  were  wet,  without  finding  a  bottom.  The  entrance  of 
Poole's  hole  near  Buxton,  for  feveral  paces,  is  very  low,  but  foon  opens 
into  a  very  lofty  vault,  like  the  infide  of  a  Gothic  cathedral.  The  height 
is  ccrtainiv  very  great,  yet  much  fhort  of  what  fome  have  aflerted,  who 
reckon  it  a  quarter  of  a  mile  perpecidicular,  though  in  length  it  exceeds 
that  dimenfion  ;  a  current  of  water,  which  runs  along  the  middle,  adds, 
by  its  founding  ftrcam,  re-echoed  on  all  fides,  very  much  to  the  afton- 
■iihmcnt  of  all  who  vifit  this  vafl  concave.  The  drops  of  water  which 
hang  from  the  roof,  and  on-  the  fides  have  an  amufmg  effeft  ;  for  they 
not  only  refleft  immberlefs  rays  from  the  candles  carried  by  the  guides, 
but,  as  they  are  of  a  petrifying  quality,  thev  harden  in  feveral  places  in- 
to various  forms,  which,  with  the  help  of  a  ftrong  imagination,  may 
pafs  for  lions,  fonts,  organs,  and  the  like.  The  entrance  into  that  nat- 
ural wonder  at  Caftlcton,  which  is  from  itshideoufnefs  named  the  Dev- 
il's Arfe,  is  wide  at  firfl,  and  upwards  of  thirty  feet  perpendicular.  Sev- 
jsral  (Cottagers  dwell  under  it,  who  feem  in  a  great  meafure  to  fubfifl  by 
guiding  ilrangers  into  the  cavern,  which  is  eroded  by  four  ftreams  of 
water,  and  then  is  thought  impailable.  The  vault,  in  feveral  places, 
makes  a  noble  appearance,  and  is  particularly  beautiful  by  being  cheq- 
uered witli  various  coloured  ftonts. 

Some  foots  of  England  are  faid  to  have  a  petrifying  quality.  We  are 
told,  that  near  Whitby  in  Yorkfhire  are  found  certain  ftones,  refemb- 
ling  the  folds  and  wreaths  of  a  ferpent  ;  alfo  other  flones  of  feveral 
lizcs,  and  fo  exactly  round,  as  if  artificially  made  for  cannon  balls, 
which  being  broken,  do  comr«only  contain  the  form  and  likenefs  of 
ferpents,  wreathed  in  circles,  but  generally  without  heads.  In  fome 
])arts  of  Glouceflerfliire,  ftones  are  found,  refembling  cockles,  oyflers, 
and  other  teftaccous  marine  animals.  Thofe  curipfities,  however,  arQ 
often  magnified  by  ignorance  and  credulity. 

Cities,  towns,  forts,  and  other  "I       This  head  is  fo  very  exten-? 
EDiriciiis,  PUBLIC  AND  i-RivATE.    J  five,  that  we  can  only  touch 
ijpon  ohjefts  that  may  afiifl  in  giving  the  reader  fome  idea  of  its  iixi' 
portance,  grandeur,  or  utility. 

London, +  the  metropolis  of  the  BHtifii  empire,  naturally  takes  the 
lead  in  iliis  divifion.  It  appears  to  have  been  founded  between  the 
reigns  of  J\il)us  (^ajfar  and  Nero,  but  by  whom  is  uncertain  ;  for  we 
arc  told  by  Tacitus,  that  it   was  a  place  of  great  trade   in  Nero's  time, 

and 

*  This  extraordinary  heat  has  been  found  to  proceed  from  a  vein  of  coals,  which  has  been 
fince  dug  from  under  this  well  ;  at  which  time  the  uncommon  warmth  ceafed. 

f  London  is  iitunted  in  51°  5  1'  nonh  latitude,  400  miles  fouth  of  Edinburgh^  and  270 
fouth-eaft  of  Dublin  ;  180  Kiileswett  of  AmfterJam,  210  north-weft  of  Paris,  500  fouthwelt 
of  Copenhagen,  60G  north-welt  of  Vienna,  790  louth-weft  ofStoclcUolni,  800  north-eaft  of 
Madrid,  820  nortfi-weft  of  Rome,  850  north-eart  of  l^ifbon,  1360  north- weft  of  Conllaiiti- 
nople,  and  1414  fouth-weft  of  Mofcow. 


i!      M      G      L      A      N      D. 


91 


Snd  foon  after  became  the  capital  of  the  iflancl.  It  was  firft  walled 
about  with  hewn  ftones,  and  Britifh  bricks,  by  Conftantine  the  Great, 
and  the  walls  formed  an  oblong  fquare,  in  compafs  about  three  miles, 
^ith  feven  principal  gates.  The  fame  emperor  made  it  a  bifhop's 
fee  ;  for  it  appears  that  the  bilhops  of  London  and  York,  and  another 
Englifh  bifliop  were  at  the  couiwril  of  Aries,  in  the  year  314  :  He  alfo 
fettled  a  mint  in  it,  as  is  plain  from  fome  of  his  coins. 

London  in  its  large  fenle,  including  Weftminifter,  Southwark,  and 
part  of  Middlefex,  is  a  city  of  a  very  furprifing  extent,  of  prodigious 
wealth,  and  of  the  moft  extenfive  trade.  This  city,  when  con fidered 
with  all  its  advantages,  is  now  what  ancient  Rome  once  was  ;  the  feat 
of  liberty,  the  ehcourager  of  arts,  and  the  admiration  of  the  whole 
world.  London  is  the  centre  of  trade  ;  it  has  an  intimate  connexion 
with  all  the  counties  in  the  kingdom  ;  it  is  the  grand  mart  of  the  na- 
tion, to  which  all  parts  fend  their  commodities,  from  whence  they  arc 
again  fent  back  into  every  town  in  the  nation,  and  to  every  part  of  the 
world.  From  hence  innumerable  carriages  by  land  and  water  are  con- 
llantly  employed  ;  and  from  hence  arifes  that  circulation  in  the  nation- 
al body,  which  renders  every  part  healthful,  vigorous,  and  in  a  prol- 
perous  condition  ;  a  circulation  that  is  equally  beneficial  to  the  head, 
and  the  moft  diftant  members.  Merchants  are  here  as  rich  as  noble- 
men ;  witnefs  their  incredible  loans  to  government ;  and  there  is  no 
place  in  the  world  where  trie  fhops  of  tradefmen  make  fuch  a  noble  and 
elegant  appearance,  or  are  better  flocked. 

It  is  fituated  on  the  banks  of  the  Thames,  a  river,  winch  though  not 
the  largeft,  is  the  riciieft  and  moft  commodious  for  commerce  in  the 
world.  It  being  continually  filled  v/ith  fleets,  failing  to  or  from  the 
moft  diftant  climates  ;  and  its  banks  <;xtend  from  London-bridge  to 
Blackwall,  ahnoft  one  continued  great  magazine  of  naval  ftorcs,  con- 
taining three  large  wet  docks,  32  dry  docks,  and  33  yards  for  the  build- 
ing of  fhips,  for  the  ufe  of  the  merchants,  befidcs  the  places  allotted 
for  the  building  of  boats  and  lighters  ;  and  the  king's  yards  lower 
down  the  river  for  the  building  of  m.en  of  war.  As  this  city  is  about 
fixty  miles  diftant  from  the  fea,  it  enjoys  by  means  of  this  beauiifitl 
river,  all  the  benefits  of  navigation,  v/ithout  the  danger  of  being  iur- 
priled  by  foreign  fleets,  or  of  being  annoyed  bv»the  moift  vapours  of 
the  fea.  It  rifes  regularly  from  the  water-fide,  and  extending  iifelf  on 
both  fides  along  its  banks,  reaches  a  prodigious  lengtii  from  eaft  to  weft, 
in  a  kind  of  amphitheatre  towards  the  north,  and  is  continued  for  near 
'JO  miles  on  all  fides,  in  a  fuccefhon  of  magnificent  villas,  and  popu- 
lous villages,  the  country  feats  of  gentlemen  and  tradefmen  ;  whither 
the  latter  retire  for  the  benefit  of  freih  air,  and  t-o  relax  their  minds  from 
the  hurry  of  bufinefs.  I'he  regard  paid  by  the  legiibture  to  the  prop- 
er.ty  of  the  fubjeft,  has  hitherto  prevented  any  bounds  being  fixed  fi;r 
its  extenfion. 

The  irregular  form  of  this  city  makes  it  difficult  to  afcertain  its  ex- 
tent. However,  its  length  from  eaft  to  weft,  is  generally  allowed  to  be 
above  feven  miles  from  Ifvdepark  corner  to  Poplar,  and  its  breadth  m 
fome  places  three,  in  others  two  ;  and  in  others  again  not  mucli  above 
half  a  mile.  Hence  the  circum.forence  of  the  whole  is  almoft  1 8  miles  ; 
or  according  to  a  modern  meafuremcnt,  the  extent  of  continued  build- 
ings, is  35  miles  two  furlongs  and  39  roods.     But  it  is  much  Caiier  to 

form 


54  ENGLAND. 

form  an  LJea  of  the  large  extent  of  a  citjf/o  irregularly  built,  by  t?ie 
number  of  ihe  people,  who  are  computed  to  be  near  a  million  ;  and 
froi-n  the  number  of  edifices  devoted  to  the  fervicc  of  religion. 

Of  thcle,  belides  .St,  Paul's  cathedral,  and  the  collegiate  church  at 
Wcftminifter,  here  are  102  parilh  churohes,  and  69  chapels  of  the  eftab- 
lifbed  reii'Tion  ;  21  French  protellant  chapels;  ll  cliapels  belonging 
to  the  Germans,  Dutch,  Dunes,  &c.  26  independent  meetings,  34prelby- 
tcrian  meetings  ;  -o  baptift  meetings;  19  Roman  Catholic  chapels, 
and  niectiiK;  lioidcs  for  the  iife  of  foreign  ambaffadors.  and  people  of 
various  iVtts  ;  and  3  Jews  fynagogues.  So  that  there  are  305  places 
devoted  to  ieii<rious  worlbip,  in  tlie  compaisof  this  vail  pile  of  build- 
ings, withoui  reckoning  the  21  out-parifhes  ufually  included  in  the 
bills  of  mort-ility,  and  a  great  number  of  melhodiil  tabernacles. 
>  There  are  alfo  in  and  near  this  city  lOO  alms-houfes,  about  20  hofpit- 
aU  and  infirmaries,  3  colleges,  10  public  prifons,  15  iitCa  markets;  1 
maikft  for  live  cattle,  2  pther  markets  more  particularly  for  herbs; 
and  ;>3  other  markets  for  corn,  coals,  hay,  &c.  15  inns  of  court,  27 
public  fquares,  beiides  thofe  w.ithin  fmgle  .buildings  as  the  Temple. &c. 
3  bridocb,  49  halls  for  companies,  8  public  fchools.  called  free-fchools  ; 
and  131  charilyfchools  which  provide  education  for  5034  poor  child- 
ren ;  207  inns,  447  taverns,  551  coffee  houfes,  5975  alehouies  ;  1000 
hackney-coaches  ;  400  ditto  chairs  ;  7000  ftreets,  lanes,  courts,  and 
allevs,  and  150000  dwelhng-houfes,  containing,  as  has  been  ahead/ 
c'ofcrved.  about  1,000  000  inhabitants,  who,  according  to  a  late  eili- 
mate,  confume  annually  liie  following  articles  of  proviiions.* 

Black  CatTle  '    —  —  —  92,244 

Sheep  and  L^ambs  —  —  —  711,123 

Calves  —  —    *  —  —  104,760 

Swine  —  —  —  186,932 

•     Pi^.s  —  —  —  —  52;00O 

Poultry,  and  wild  fowl  innumerable 

Mackarel  iolfl  at  Billingfgate  —  — ■  14;740.003 

Oyllers,  buflaels  —  —  —  ''■^5^53'^ 

Small  boats  with  cod,  haddock,  whiting,  &c.over"1 

and  above  tlioie  brought  by  land-can iage,    and  I  ^:39^ 

great  quantities  ©f  river  and  falt-riih  J 

BuUcr,  pounds  weight,  about         — -  —  i6_ooo.ooo 

Cheefe,  ditto,  about  ■ —  —  —  20.000.000 

Gallons  of  milk  —  —  ■ —  7,000,000 

Barrels  of  ftroug  beer  —  —  1.172,494 

Barrels  of  imall  beer  —  —  — .  79^:']S5 

Tons  of  foreign  wines  —  —  30.044 

'Gallons  of  rum,  brandy,  andotherdiPLllled  waters,  above  11.000.000 
I'ounds  weight  of  candles,  above         —  —  ij  .000,000 

I,ondon  Bridge  comlfts  of  20  arches,  and  is  900  feet  long,  60  high 
and  74  fcit  broad.  Lwndon  Bridge  was  firft  built  of  timber,  iibout  the 
year  554,  by  a  College  of  Priefts — It  was  repaired  or  new-built  in 
1163.      The   floac   bridge  was  begun  by   king  ilenry,  in  1 176,  and 

finifhcd 

•  "  The  population  of  London  has  been  greatly  over-ratcd,  and  is  Kct  yet  csaflly  deter, 
mined  ;,  but  it  i*  probable  that  the  iclitSents  111  Loiidoa,  Weainintlcr,  Souihwariv  and  ail  die 
out  pdtiltics,  Uii  Ihoi-t  ofdosjoco  louls." 

a::  !:m's  » '  Jirghnd  Dclir.Qy.cd.  ■•'     FubltJInd  inijU. 


E      1^      G      L      A      N      D,  95 

finiflie<l  by  Icing  John,  in  1209.  The  architc£l  was  Peter  of  Cole- 
church,  a  prieft. 

Weftminftcrbridge  is  reckoned  one  of  the  moft  complete  and  ele- 
gant itruftures  of  the  kind  in  the  known  world.  It  is  built  entirely 
of  flone,  and  extended  over  the  river  at  a  place  where  it  is  1,223  ^^^^ 
broad  ;  which  is  above  300  feet  broader  than  at  London  bridge.  On 
each  fide  is  a  fine  balkuftrade  of  ftone  with  places  of  fhelter  from  the 
rain.  The  width  of  the  bridge  is  44  feet,  having  on  each  fide  a  fine 
foot-way  forpalfengers.  It  conliils  of  14  piers,  and  13  large,  and  two 
fmall  arches,  all  femi-circular,  that  in  the  centre  being  76  feet  wide, 
and  the  reft  decresfing  four  feet  each  from  the  other  ;  fo  that  the  two 
leaft  arches  of  the  13  great  ones,  are  each  52  feet.  It  is  computed  that 
the  value  of  40.000I.  in  ftone,  and  other  materials,  is  always  underwa- 
ter. This  magnificent  ftrufture  was  begun  in  1738,  and  finifhed  in 
17,50.  at  the  expenfe  of  389,000!.  defrayed  by  the  Parliament. 

Black-friars-bridge,  lituated  near  the  centre  of  the  city,  built  accord- 
ing to  a  plan  of  Mr.  Robert  Mylnc,  is  a  light  elegant  ftrufture.  It  has 
but  9  arches,  which  are  very  large,  and  of  an  eliptical  form.  The  cen- 
tre arch  i«  100  feet  wide — the  others  decrcafe  in  regular  gradation.  It 
has  an  open  bailuftrade  at  the  top,  and  a  foot  way  on  each  fide,  with 
room  for  three  carriagog  a  breafh  in  the  middle.  It  has  alfo  receiTesou 
the  fides  for  foot  paffengers,  each  fupported  by  two  lofty  Ionic  col- 
umi:s.  This  bridge  was  begun  in  1760,  and  finiflied  in  1770,  at  the 
expenfe  of  152, S.iol.  to  be  difcharged  by  a  toll  upon  the  paffengers. 
It  is  htuated  almoft  at  an  equal  diftance  between  thofe  of  W'cflminfter 
and  London,  commands  a  view  of  the  Thames  from  the  latter  to 
Whitehall,  and  difcovers  the  majefly  of  St.  Paul's  in  a  very  flriking 
manner. 

The  cathedral  of  St.  Paul's  is  the  mofl  capacious,  magnifcent,  and 
regular  Proteftant  church  in  the  world.  The  length  within  is  500 
feet ;  and  its  height,  from  the  marble  pavement  to  the  crofs,  on  the  top 
of  the  cupola,  is  340.  li  is  built  of  Porfland  flone,  according  to  the 
Greek  and  Roman  orders,  in  the  form  of  a  crofs,  after  the  model  of 
St.  Peter's  at  Rome,  to  which,  in  fome  refpefts  it  is  fuperior.  St. 
Paul's  church  is  the  principal  work  of  Sir  Chriftopher  Wren,  and 
undoubtedly  the  only  worl;  of  the  fame  magnitude  that  ever  was  com- 
pleted by  one  man.  He  lived  to  a  great  age,  and  finiflied  the  build- 
ing 37  years  after  hehimfclf  laid  the  firft  (lone.  It  takes  up  fix  acres 
of  ground,  though  the  whole  length  of  this  church  meafures  no  more 
than  the  width  of  St.  Peter's,  liie  expenfe  of  rebuilding  it  after  the 
fn  c  of  London,  was  defrayed  by  a  duty  on  coals,  and  is  computed  at  a 
millior,  ftcvling. 

\Ven minder-abbey,  or  the  collegiate  church  of  V/cflminfter,  is  a 
Hjnerable  pile  of  building,  in  the  Gothic  tafle.  It  wa;?  firfi;  built  by 
Edward  the  Confeflor  ;  king  Ilcnry  III.  rebuilt  it  from  the  ground, 
and  Henry  VII.  added  a  fine  chapel  to  the  eaft  eiid  of  it  ;  this  is  the 
repofitory  of  the  dcceafedBirtifii  kings  and  nobility  :  and  here  areslib 
monuments  erefted  to  the  meTnory  of  many  great  and  illuftrious  per- 
fonagcs,  commanders  by  fea  and  land,  philofophers,  poets,  &c.  In  llie 
reign  of  queen  .A.nnc,  4000!.  a  year  out  of  the  coal  duty,  was  granted 
by  parliament  for  keeping  it  in  repair.  ' 

The  Banquetting-houfe  at  Whitehall,  is  bu^  a  very  fmall  part  of  a 
noble  pahcc,  dcfigncd  by  Inigo  Jones,  for  the  royal  rchdence,  and  as 

it 


^  E      N      G      L      A      N      D> 

it  now  (lands,  under  all  its  difndvantagcs,  its  fymmetry,  and  o«iamentS 
aie  in  the  highefl  flile  and  execution  of  architefture. 

Weftminfter-hall,  rhough  on  the  outfide  it  ma?:es  a  mean,  and  no  very 
advantaL';coLis  appearance,  is  a  nohle  Gothic  building,  and  is  faid  to  be 
thelargcft  room  in  the  world,  whoferoof  is  not  fupported  with  pillars, 
it  being  200  feet  long,  and  70  broad.  Its  roof  is  the  finei^  of  its  kind 
that  can  be  feea.  Here  arc  h^«'d  'he  coronation  feafls  of  our  kings  and 
queens  ;  alfo  the  courts  of  chancery,  king's-bench,  and  common-pleas, 
and  above  flairs,  that  of  the  exchequer. 

That  beautiful  column,  called  the  Monument,  erefled  at  the  charge 
of  the  citv,  to  perpetuate  the  memory  of  its  being  deftroyed  by  fire,  is 
juftly  worthy  of  notice.  This  column,  which  is  of  the  Doric  orderj 
exceeds  all  the  obehfks  and  pillars  of  the  ancients,  it  being  202  feet: 
hifh,  with  a  fl/iir-cafs  in  the  middle  to  afcend  to  the  balcony,  which  is 
alx>ui  ■^o  feet  fhort  of  the  top,  from  whence  there  are  other  fleps,  made 
for  pcrfons  to  look  out  at  the  top  of  all,  which  is  fafhioned  like  ari 
urn,  with  a  flame  i'Tuing  from  it.  On  the  bafe  of  the  monument,  next 
the  flrect,  thedeftruftion  of  the  city,  and  the  relief  given  to  the  fuffer- 
ers  bv  Charles  II.  and  his  brother,  is  emblematically  reprefented  in 
bafs  relief.  The  north  and  touth  fides  of  the  bafe  have  C-ich  a  Latin 
infcription,  the  one  dcfcri-bing  its  dreadful  defoLition,*  and  the  other 
its  fplcndid  refurrctlion  ;  and  on  tlie  ealt  lide  is  an  infcription,  fliew- 
ing  when  the  pillar  was  begun  and  fiiiilhed.  The  charge  of  erefting 
thismonument,  which  was  begun  by  Sir  Chriftopher  Wren,  in  1671, 
and  finifliedby  him  in  1677,  amounted  to  upwards  of  13,000!. 

The  Royal  Exchange  is  a  large  noble  building,  and  is  faid  to  have 
cofl  above  80.000I. 

The  terrace  in  the  Ad^lphi  is  a  verv  fine  piece  of  architefture,  and 
has  Uid  open  one  of  the  finefl  profpefts  in  the  world. 

We  might  here  give  a  dcfcription  of  the  Tower, +  Bank  of  England, 
the   new    Ticafury,  the  Admiraliy-OfEce,    and  the    Horfe-Guards  at 

Whitehall, 

•  Which  may  be  thus  rendered  :  '*  Ira  the  year  of  Chrift,  1666,  S°pt.  2.  eaflward 
froTi  hfnce,  a',  the  dinince  nf  20a  feer  (the  height  of  this  column)  a  terrible  fire  broke 
out  about  midnight  5  which,  driven  on  by  a  high  wind,  not  only  wafte(i  the  adjacent  parts, 
but  a_ifi>  very  remote  places,  with  incredible  cracklinf!  ml  fury.  Itconfumed  ijg  churches, 
the  city  yates,  Guildhall,  many  public  ftruiftures,  hoffiitils,  fchools,  libraries,  a  vaft  num- 
ber of  ifjt-!y  edifices,  lyooo  tlwcli  n>;-hoiifes,  and  4C0  ftreets.  Of  the  26  wards  it  utterly 
<t?ihoye.!  15,  anJ  left  eight  others  fhatt^red  and  half  burnt.  The  luins  of  the  city  were 
436  acres,  trom  the  Tower  by  the  Thames  lide  to  the  Temple  cliurch  ;  and  from  the 
hoith-e;(ii  alont;  the  wall  to  Holbom-brldge.  To  ch.:  eftates  and  fortun.-s  of  the  citizens 
it  was  niercllefs,  but  to  their  liv&s  verv  favourable,  that  it  might  in  ^il  things  refemble 
the  Ja.1l  conflagration  of  the  woiid.  The  deftrudlion  v/as  fudden  ;  for  in  a  fmajl  fp  =  ce  of 
lifire  the  city  was  d-i-n  iiioft  fl.url  (hing,  and  reduced  to  nothing.  Three  day?  after,  whea 
this  fatal  fire  had  b.'rilc-.l  all  human  counfels  and  endeavours,  in  the  opinion  of  all,  it  ftop- 
perf,  as  it  were  by  a  command  from  hr-aven,  and  was  on  every  fide   extlnguiflied," 

■f  in  examining  the  curiofities  of  the  Tower  of  London,  it  will  be  proper  to  begin  wi'h 
thofeon  the  ourfide  the  principal  giue;  the  fj.ft  thinj^  a  (tranger  ufjally  goes  to  vifit  is 
the  wi:d  bea.ls  }  which,  from  their  lltuation,  firft  prefent  tkemfelves  :  For  having  entered 
theou-er  gate,  and  palVeJ  what  is  called  the  fpur-guard,  t'he  keeper's  houfe  prcfents  itfelf 
before  you,  which  is  known  by  a  painted  lion  on  the  wall,  and  another  over  the  door  whicf\ 
Ifesds  to  their  dens.  Hy  ringing  a  bell,  and  paying  fix  pence  each  perfon,  you  may  eafiiy 
gam  a  Imittance. 

The  next  place  worthy  of  obfervation  is  the  Mint,  which  comprehends  near  one-third 
jjf  the  Tower,  and  contains  houfes  for  all  the  officers  bi-longing  to  the  coinage.  On  p;ifr- 
ing  the  pri,-;cipal  gate  you  fee  the  White  Tower,  built  by  William  the  Conquerer.  This 
IS  a  jarge,  fqjire,  irrc,...Ur  Oooc  baildin^^,  fnuate.i  almoll  in  the  centre,  no  one  fide  an~ 
twenng  toa:jothsr,  aur  a.ay  of  iis  wauh  towers,  of  which,  there  are  fuur  at  the  top,  bullc 

alike. 


N      G      L      A      N      D. 


97 


Vv/'hitehall,  the  ManHon-Koufe  ©f  the  lord  mayor,  the  Cuftom-hcufe 
Excife-ofEcc,  India-houfe,  and  a  vaft  number  of  other  public  buildings, 
befides  Montague-houfe,*  in  Bloomfbury,  with  a  number  of  others  of 
the  nobility  and  gentry  ;  but  thefc  would  be  fufficient  to  fill  a  large 
volume. 

This  great  and  populous  city  is  happily  fupplied  with  abundance  of 
frefh  water  from  the  Thames  and  the  New  River  ;  which  is  not  only 
of  inconceivable  ferviceto  every  family,  but  by  means  of  fire  plugs  ev- 
ery where  difperfed,  the  keys  of  which  are  depofited  with  the  pari fli 

officers, 

alikf.  One  of  thefe  towers  is  now  converted  into  an  obfervatory.  In  the  firft  ft^ry  are 
two  noble  rooms,  one  of  which  is  a  fmall  armoury  for  the  fsa-feivice,  it  having  various 
forts  of  arms,  very  curioufly  laid  up,  for  above  10,000  feamen.  In  the  other  room  are 
many  clofetsand  prefles,  all  filled  with  warlike  engines  and  inftnjments  of  death.  Over 
thfs  are  two  other  floors-,  one  principally  filled  with  arms  5  the  other  with  arms  and  other 
warlike  inftruments,  as  fpades,  fhovels,  picliaxes,  and  chevaux  de  trize.  In  the  upper 
flory,  are  kept  match,  fliecp  fkins,  tanned  hides,  &c.  and  in  a  little  room,  called  Julius 
Csefar's  chapel,  are  depofited  fome  records,  containing  perhaps  the  ancient  uTages  and 
euftoms  of  the  place.  In  this  building  are  alfo  preferved  the  models  of  the  new-invented 
engines  of  deftru<flion,  that  have  from  tinr.e  to  time  been  prefented  to  the  government.— 
Near  the  foulh-weft  angle  of  the  White  Tower,  is  the  Spanirti  armoury,  in  which  are 
depofited  the  fpoils  of  what  was  vainly  called  the  Invincible  Armada  ;  in  order  to  perpet- 
uate, to  lateft  pofterity,  the  memory  of  that  (ignal  vi£^ory,  obtained  by  the  Englilh  over 
the  whole  naval  power  of  Spain,  in  the  reign  of  Philip  II. 

Vou  are  now  come  to  the  grand  ftore-houfe,  a  nobis  building  to  the  northward  of  the 
White-Tower,  that  extends  245  feet  in  Isngth,  and  60  in  breadth.  On  the  left  fide  of  the 
uppermoft  landing  place  is  the  workfhop,  in  which  are  conflantly  employed  about  14  fur- 
bilTiers,  in  cleaning,  repairing,  and  new-placing  the  arms.  On  entering  the  .irmoury,  you. 
fee  what  they  call  a  wildernel^s  of  arms,  fo  artfully  difpofed,  that  at  one  view  you  behold 
arms  for  near  So, 000  men,  all  bright,  and  fit  for  fervice  ;  a  fight  which  it  is  impofiible  to 
behold  wirhout  alloniftment ;  and  befi  !e  thole  expofed  to  view,  there  were,  before  the  lata 
war,  i6chefls  fhiit  up,  pach  chelt  holding  about  i.ooo  mulkets.  The  arms  were  original- 
ly difpofed  by  Mr.  Harris,  who  contrived  to  place  them  in  this  beautiful  order,  both  here 
and  in  the  guard  chamber  of  Hampton-court.  He  was  a  common  gunfmith  j  but  after 
he  had  performed  this  work,  which  is  the  admiration  of  people  of  all  nations,  he  was  al- 
lowed a  penfipn  from  the  crown  fur  his  ingenuity. 

You  now  come  to  the  line  of  kings,  which  your  condm?^or  begins  by  reverfing  the  ord6P 
of  chronology  ;   fo  that  in  following  them  we  muft  place  the  laft  firft. 

In  a  dark,  ftrong  fione  room,  about  20  yards  to  the  eaftward  of  the  grand  ftore-houfe, 
or  new-armoury,  the  crown  jewels  are  depofited. 

The  record  office  confifts  of  three  rooms,  one  above  another,  and  a  large  round  room, 
where  the  rolls  are  kept. 

•  TheBritifh  Mufeum  is  depofited  in  Montague-houfe.  Sir  Hans  Sloane,  bart.  (wh» 
diedin  1753)  may  not  improperly  be  called  the  founder  of  the  Britilh  Mufeum;  for  ita 
being  eftabliflied  by  parliament,  was  only  in  confequence  of  his  leaving  by  will  his  noble 
colleftion  of  natural  hiftory,  his  large  library,  and  his  numerous  curiolicies,  which  coft- 
him  50,0001.  to  the  ufe  of  the  public,  on  condition  that  the  parliament  would  pay  20,ocoL 
to  his  executors.  To  this  colleftion  were  added  the  Cottonian  library,  the  Harleian  manu- 
fcripts  colleftfd  by  the  Oxford  family,  and  purchafed  likewife  by  the  parliament,  and  a 
CoUeftion  of  books  given  by  the  late  major  Edwards.  His  late  majpfty,  in  confide/ation  of 
its  great  ufefuinefs,  was  gracioufiy  pleafed  to  add  thereto  the  royal  libraries  of  books  and 
manufcripts  collefted  by  the  feveral  kings  ofEngland. 

The  Sloanian  coUeflion  confifts  of  an  amazing  number  of  curiofities ;  among  which 
are,  the  library,  including  books  of  drawings,  manufciipts,  and  prm  s,  amoun[ing  to 
about  50,000  volumes.  Medals,  and  coins,  ancient  and  modern  20^000.  Cameos  and 
Intaglios,  about  700.  Seals  268.  Veffels,  &c.  of  agate,  jalper,  &c.  542.  Antiquities 
1,125.  Precious  ftones,  agates, Jafper,  &;c.  2,256,  Mttals,  mineral;,  ores,  &c.  2,72c, 
Cryftal,  fpars,  &c.  1,864.  FoflTils,  flints,  ftones,  1,275.  Earths,  fands,  falts,  1,035. 
Bitumens,  fulphurs,  ambers,  &c.  359.  Talcs,  mica,  &c.  ^SS.  Corals,  fi)un(;<.-s,  Arc 
1,421.  Teftacea,  or  ftiells,  &c.  5,843.  Echini,  echinitae,  &c.  659.  Afterirei  trochi',  entro- 
chi,  &c.  2At.  Cruftaceae,  crabs,  lobfters,  Ice.  363.  Steilje  mJiinae,  ftar-fiflies,  &c.  173. 
Fiftj,  and  their  parts,  &c.  1,555.  Birds,  and  th^ir  parts,  eggs,  and  nefts,  of  diffrrent 
fpecies,  1,172.  Quadrupeds",  ic.  1,826.  Vipers,  ferpents,  &c.  521.  lnfrds,&c.  5,439, 
Vegetables,  11,506.  Hortus  ficcus,  or  volumes  of  dried  plants,  334.  Humani,  as  calcu- 
li, anatomical  preparations,  756.  Micellaneoui  things,  natiiral,  2,098.  Mathematical 
inftrumeots,  55.     A  catalogue  of  all  the  above  it  writica  in  »  number  of  lar^e  volumes. 

G 


_o  .-:      N      G      L      A      K      D, 

ofRcers,  t'n-  city  is  in  a  great  meafure  fecurcd  from"  the  fprcarJing  t>? 
fire  ;  for  thefe  plu^s  are  no  fooner  opened  than  there  are  vafV  qjanti- 
tics  of  water  to  fupply  tlie  engines. 

This  plenty  of  water  has  been  attended  with  another  advantage,  it 
has  giv^en  rile  to  fevcral  companies,  who  infure  houfes  and  goods  frorn 
fire.  The  premium  is  fmall,  and  the  recovery  in  cafe  of  lofs,  iseafy  and 
certain.  Every  one  of  thcfe  officers  keep  a  fet  of  men  in  pav.  who  arc 
r>--adv  at  all  hours  to  give  their  afTiftdncQ  in  cafe  of  fire  ;  and  who  arc 
on  all  occafions  extremely  bold,  dexterous,  and  diligent. 

Before  the  conflagration  in  1666,  London  was  totally  inelegant,  in- 
convenient, and  unhealthy,  of  which  latter  miifari'.me  many  mtlan- 
cholv  proofs  are  authenticated  in  hiftory,  and  which,  without  doubt, 
•proceeded  from  the  narrownefs  of  the  ftreets,  and  the  unjccountable 
projeftions  of  the  buildings,  that  confined  the  putrid  air,  and  joined 
with  other  circumftances,  fuch  as  the  want  of  water,  rendered  the  city 
feldom  free  frc-M  pefluenlial  devaftation.  The  fire  which  confumed 
the  greatefl  part  of  the  city,  dreadful  as  it  was  to  the  inhabitants  of 
that  time,  was  produftive  of  confequenees,  which  made  ample  amends 
f  r  the  loffes  fuftained  by  individuals  ;  a  new  city  arofe  on  the  ruins 
of  the  old  ;  but  though  more  regular,  open,  convenient,  and  healthful 
than  the  former,  yet  it  isever  tobe  lamented  (fuch  was  the  infatuation 
of  thofe  times]  that  the  magnificent,  elegant,  and  ufcful  plan  of  the 
great  Sir  ChriPtoplier  V/rcn.  was  totally  difregarded  and  fjcrificed  to 
the  mean  and  felfifli  views  of  private  property.  Views  which  did  ir- 
reparable injury  to  the  citizens  themfelves.  and  to  the  nation  in  general  ; 
for  had  that  great  arciiitec^'s  plan  been  followed,  what  has  often  been 
alferted,  mull  have  been  the  rcfult  ;  the  metropolis  of  this  kingdom 
would  incontellably  have  been  the  mod  magnifitent  and  elegant  city 
in  tlie  world. 

In  fine,  London  unites  in  itfelf  all  the  benefits  arifing  from  naviga- 
tion and  commerce,  with  thofe  of  a  metropolis  at  which  all  the  public 
hufincfs  of  a  great  nation  is  tranfa£led  ;  and  is  at  the  fame  time  the 
mercantile  and  political  head  of  the  whole  Empire,  it  is  aKo  the  feat 
of  many  confidcrr^ble  mannfaftures.  The  moft  i.mportant  of  its  pecu- 
liar manufaftures  is  the  filk  weaving,  eftablifhed  in  Spital-fields  by 
refugees  from  France.  A  variety  of  works  in  gold,  filver,  and  jewelry  ; 
the  engraving  of  prints  ;  the  making  of  optical  and  mathe.Tiatical  inflru* 
iTicnts,  are  likcwife  principally  or  folely  executed  here,  and  fome  of 
them  in  greater  perfe6lion,  than  in  any  other  country.  The  porter 
brewery,  a  bufinefs  of  very  great  extent,  is  alfo  chiefly  carried  on  in 
Lotidon.  To  its  port  are  likcwile  confined  forne  branches  of  foreign 
commerce,  as  the  vaft  Eafl-India  trade,  and  that  to  Turkey  and 
Hudfon's  Bay. 

Briflol  citv,  in  Somerfetdiire,  is  fituated  at  the  confujx  of  the  river 
Avon,  with  the  fmall  flream  o-f  the  Froom,  at  the  diflance  of  about 
10  miles  from  the  place  where  the  Avon  empties  into  the  Severn's 
mouth,  in  point  of  wealth,  trade  and  population  has  long  been  reckon- 
cd.fecond  to  London,  within  this  kingdom.  The  great  trade  of  Briftol 
is  lupparted  by  its  extenfivc  inland  com.munications  with  the  Severn 
and  all  its  branches,  the  Avon,  the  Wye,  and  various  other  flieamr.. 
Hence  it  enjoys  t!\e  export  and  import  traffic  of  a  large  part  of  the 
kinB|dona,  and  is  enabicd  to  find  a  maiket  for  a  great  variety  of  its  own 

manufafluves^ 


ENGLAND.  99 

tnanufaftures,  fuch  as  glafs  xvare,  hard  foap,  hats.  Irather,  white  lead, 
gjn  powder,  earthen  ware.  &c.  The  reining  of  fugar,  winch  they 
im.iort  from  the  Weft-Indies,  is  one  of  the  principal  manuf  :6t.ircs  of 
Er-ilol.  They  have  70  or  80  fhips  conftintlv  employed  in  the  Well- 
lai'd  trade.  The  city  is  compaftly  huilt  ;  but  is  now  extendiag  itfclf, 
like  other  lar*ecitie.s,  into  itsfuburbs,  by  new  and  more  airv  Itreets. 

The  city  of  York  has  always  been  coufiJerc-l  as  the  capital  of  iha 
north,  and  in  point  of  rank,  as  the  f:cond  in  the  kim^dom.  Its  minifler 
or  cathedraljs  one  of  the  mofl  elegant  gochic  ftrufljresin  the  kingdom. 
From  its  top  is  feen  a  vaft  extent  of  country.  This  cily  has  a  ftone 
bridge,  wuh  five  arches  over  the  river  Oufe.  Though  in  wealth  and 
populoufnefs,  this  city  falls  behind  frivoral  newer  trading  towns,  it  flill 
lupports  a  confiderable  degree  of  confequence,  and  is  inhabited  by 
many  genteel  families.     It  is  in  the  county  of  Yorklhire. 

Exeter,  the  capital  of  Dcvonfhire,  is  the  principal  city  for  fize  and 
confequence  in  the  weft  of  Engi^ind,  and  the  feat  of  an  extenhve  for- 
eign and  domeftic  commerce.  The  trade  of  Exeter  confifts  principally 
in  the  cxoortation  of  coarfe  woollen  goods  n-janufaft  ircd  in  the  coun- 
ties of  Devon,  Cornwall,  and  part  of  Someifet.  Thefe  are  fold  as  the/ 
come  from  the. l-)om,  to  the  merchants  at  Exeter,  who  ptocure  them  to 
be  m-ll-d,  dyed  and  finifhed,  and  then  export  them.  Th;fe  eocds 
xonfift  chietlv  of  articles  little  confumed  in  England,  as  rirug-rets, 
duroys,  longells,  and  ferges.  The  markets  for  them  i:re  firft  Italy, 
then  Spain,  Germany,  Holland,  Portugal,  and  lately  France.  The 
aver-jge  annual  value  exported  is  reckoned  3t  £.foo.cco  ftorlinr. 
Bcfides  which /".  10 i.ooo  worth  of  longells  are  purchufc'd  by  the  E^.ft- 
India  company.  For  making  thefe  woollens,  about  40OO  bags  :f  wool 
aie  imported  from    Kent. 

Gloncefter,  the  capir.d  o^  Glouccfterfhire,  ftandson  a  pleafant  hill, 
and  has  lately  been  mich  improved.  Its  four  principal  ftrccts  have 
been  much  admired  for  the  regularity  of  their  jw.ftion  in  the  cetJtre 
of  the  town.  A  nin-manufaftury  affords  tire  principal  employment  to 
the  inhabitants  of  this  ritv.  It  has  alio  feveral  Glafs  houles.  'i'lie  liv- 
er Severn  wafhes  it  on  one  fide,  by  which  it  carries  on  a  confiderable 
traffic. 

Birmingham,  is  fituatod  in  the  north  weftern  part  of  Warwickflitre, 
and  IS  noted  for  its  vaft  variety  of  ufeful  and  ornamental  articles.,  f;.ch 
as  metal  buttons,  buckles,  plated  goods  of  all  kinds,  japanned  and  pa- 
per Wire,  and  other  hard  ware  mancfaflures  ;  in  co:  f  quence  06 
which  it  has  rifcn  to  be  faperior  in  populo  ifnt-fsto  ar.y  (  thci  of  ihenod- 
ern  trading  towns  in  Englnnd.  and  has  fjUeil  the  furrcun  ling  country 
with  its  induftriou.s  inhabitants.  It  is  pizntifully  fupplied  with  coals 
by  means  of  a  canal  to  W'edncfbury  in  bt..rt"or'Jfl-iire  ;  ap.d  it  has  a  com- 
munication with  the  great  trunk  from  the  'i  rem  to  the  ftevtrji,  bv 
inf*ans  of  a  branch  pafling  by  \Vft|verhamptor'.  TU«i  i->irnungluiTa 
^oods  are  difperfed  about  thckingdum,  but  chicJlv  feiit  to  Loudon,  by 
lard  carriage,  Thev  are  exported  in  great  q  ia.-ititics  to  foreign  col;:.- 
tries,  where,  in  point  of  chcapucfs  and  fiiow  united,  they  arc  uiirivi-l- 
cd  ;  fo  *hat  Birmingham  has  beco.me,  according  to  the  c.mphatical  cx- 
preftion  of  a  great  Orator,  thQ-tof-JJiop  of  Europe. 

Poole,   in   Dorfetfhire,    is  fituated  en  a  perjr.fula.  rrojciflir.g  ;.-.to  « 

Capacious  bay,  branching  into  many  creeks,  .vid  furr:;:-.^  ievcrai  ilbr.ds, 

G  2  '  'ihe 


,60  E     N     G     L     A     rr     D; 

The  Karbour  admits  veflels  of  moderate  fize  only,  but  for  them  it  is  yc^ 
ry  ferure.  Poole  rofe  to  fome  confequence  feveral  centuries  ago.  when 
the  ancient  town  of  Wareham  fell  into  decay.  It  now  ranks  high 
nmong  the  fcaports  of  England,  and  its  trade  and  population  are  rapid- 
ly increafmg.  The  principal  branch  of  bufinels  here,  is  the  New- 
foundland f.rucry,  to  which  it  fends  annually  a  large  number  of  velTels, 
%vhich  carry  out  provifions  and  commodities,  and  bring  back  cargoes 
of  fifh,  caught  on  the  great  cod  banks,  which  are  carried  to  Spain,  Por- 
tugal and  Italy.  This  port  has  alfo  a  large  importation  of  deals  from 
i^orwav  and  a  general  commerce  to  America,  and  various  parts  of  Eu- 
rope. Great  quantities  of  corn  are  fent  from  it  in  coafters,  and  it  im- 
Dorts  Ncv.caftle  coal  for  all  the  eaftcrn  part  of  the  country.  Near  the 
mouth  of  Poole  harbour  lies  an  Qyfter  bank,  upon  which  are  employ- 
ed, during  the  feafon,  a  number  of  fmacks,  which  carry  away  vafl 
auantit-ies  of  them,  to  be  fattened  in  the  Effex  and  Thames  Creek  for 
the  LoTjdon  market. 

Burton,  upon  the  river  Trent,  at  the  head  of  its  navigation,  in 
Staftordfhire,  is  noted  for  the  excellence  of  its  malt  liquor,  great 
quantities  of  which  are  fent  down  the  river  to  Hull,  and  thence  ex- 
ported to  other  parts  of  the  kingdom  and  abroad.  The  longed  bridge 
in  England  is  that  over  the  Trent  at  this  place,  built  by  Barnard,  Ab- 
bot of  Burton,  in  the  I2th  century.  It  is  all  of  fquared  free-flonr, 
and  1545  feet  long,  confifting  of  34  arches.  This,  however,  comes 
far  fhort  of  the  wooden  bridge  over  the  Drave,  a  river  of  Germany, 
vvhieh,  according  to  Dr.  Brown,  is  5  miles  long. 

Dover,  in  the  county  of  Kent,  formerly  a  place  of  the  greateft  im- 
porcancc,  and  accounted  the  key  of  the  ifland,  is  at  prefent  known 
chiefly  as  the  flation  of  the  French  and  Flemifli  pacq,uets,  and  the 
fhorteil  paifage  to  the  continent.  The  diftance  from  Dover  to  Calais 
is  but  27  miles  ;  and  in  the  narroweR  part  of  the  firaits  the  two  lands 
are  only  2t  miles  apart.-  The  harbour  of  Dover  is  formed  by  a  gap  in 
the  cliffs,  which  are  here  of  fublime  height,  though  fomewhat  exagge- 
rated in  the  moft  picturefque  dcfcription  of  Shakefpearc.  Dover  is 
the  principal  of  thofe  ancient  port  towns,  called  Cinque  ports,  former- 
ly of  great  confequence,  now  become  almoft  inlignificant.  The 
country  Inland  fiom  Dover,  conhfts  chiefly  of  open  downs,  excellent 
for  the  feeding  of  fheep. 

The  city  of  Bath  took  its  name  from  fome  natural  hot  baths,  for 
the  medicinal  waters  of  which  this  place  has  been  long  celebrated, 
c.nd  much  frequented.  The  feafons  for  drinking,  the  Bathwaters  are 
the  fpring  and  autumn  :  The  fpring  feafon  begins  with  April,  and 
ends  with  June  ;  the  autumn  feafon  begins  with  Septem.ber,  and  lafls 
till  December,  and  fome  patients  remain  here  all  the  v;inter.  In  the 
fpring,  this  place  is  mod  fiequented  for  health,  and  in  the  autumn 
f«>r  pleafure,  when  at  lead  two-thirds  of  the  company,  cotifvding 
rhietly  of  perfons  of  rank  and  fortune,  come  to  partake  of  the 
amufcmcnts  of  the  place.  In  fome  feafons  there  have  been  no  lefs 
than  8000  perfons  at  Bath,  befides  its  inhabitants.  Some  of  the 
buildings  lately  erefted  here  are  cxtremelyelegant,  particularly  Queen's 
Square,  the  North  and  South  Parade,  the  Royal  Forum,  and  the 
Circus. 

No  nation  in  the  world  can  (hew  fuch  dock-yards,  and  all  conve- 
;iicnrirs  for  thp  c9nftruftion  »nd  repair  of  the  royal  navy  at  Portfmouth 

(the 


ENGLAND.  loi 

{\he  mofl  regular  fortification  in  England)  Plymouth  (by  far  the  beft 
iock-yard)  Chatham,  Woolwich,  and  Dcptford.  The  royal  hofpital 
at  Greenwich,  for  fupcrannuated  feamen.  is  fcarcely  exceeded  by  any 
royal  palace  for  its  magnificence  and  expenfe. 

Wealth,  commerce,  revenue  and  \  Thetwodivifions  of  Creat- 
NAViGATiON  Of  G R eat-Br iTAi N.  /Britain,  England  and  Scot- 
land, differ  exceedingly  with  refpcft  to  their  natural  fertility  and  to 
the  wealth  of  tlieir  inhabit3nts.  South-Britain,  or  England,  abounds 
■with  all  the  ufcful  produftions  of  thofe  countries  of  Europe  which 
are  lituated  in  the  fame  climate  with  it,  wine,  filk,  and  fome  wild  ani- 
mals excepted.  The  genius  and  induftry  of  the  inhabitants  have  in- 
creafed  and  improved  many  of  the  natural  produftions  to  a  degree 
which  leaves  the  eflbrta  of  all  neighbouring  nations  at  a  diftancc. 
Agriculture,  the  art  of  gardening,  the  cultivation  of  ail  thoic  plants 
wliich  are  molt  ufeful  for  feeding  cattle  as  well  as  breeding  horfcs  and 
fheep,  are  carried  in  England  to  an  aftonilhinr  height.  Of  about 
42,000,000  acres,  which  England  contains,  only  8,500,000  produce 
corn  ;  the  reft  is  either  covered  with  wood,  or  laid  out  in  meadows, 
gardens,  parks,  &c.  and  a  conliderable  part  is  ftill  wafte  land.  Yet 
out  of  the  crops  obtained  from  the  fifth  part  of  the  lands,  there  have 
been  exported,  during  the  fpace  of  five  years,  from  1745  to  1750, 
quar.tities  of  corn  to  the  value  of  7,600.000!.  ftcrlir.g.  About  tlio 
year  1766  it  was  found,  that  the  exportation  of  corn  was  carried  too 
far,  and  proved  prejudicial  to  the  country;  it  was  confcquently  en- 
tirely prohibited,  and  the  importation  of  corn  permitted.  The  net 
produce  of  the  Englifli  corn-land  is  eftimatcd  by  Mr.  Young  at 
9,ooo,oool.  (lerling  ;  the  rents  of  paflure-ground,  meadows,  woods, 
commons,  &c.  at  7.000  oool.  the  number  of  people  engaged  in  and 
maintained  by  farming  is  Hated  by  him  to  amount  to  2,800000  per- 
fons.  Among  the  other  ufeful  plants,  hops,  fatfron,  wood,  and 
madder,  are  become  very  important  articles  of  commeice.  Malt- 
liquor  and  c\der  are  brought  in  England  to  a  veiy  high  degree  of 
perfeclion,  and  render  wine  a  fuperfluity  ;  yet  luxury  deems  the  lattev 
effentially  necefiary. 

The  counties  of  Chefliire,  Lancafiiire,  Yoikfhiie,  Leiceflerfliire, 
Derbyfhire,  Norfolk,  Suffolk,  Kent,  Glouceflerniire,  and  Somer- 
feifhire,  are  moll  diftinguiflied  for  their  excellent  cattle.  The  city  of 
Chefter  exports  annual! v  22,000  tons  of  cheefe,  i^.qqo  of  v.'hich  are 
fent  to  London.  One  of  the  greatcll  fources  of  the  riches  of  England 
is  wool,  the  great  ftaple  commoditv  of  this  countrv.  Tlie  flock  of 
the  beft  fort  of  the  piefcnt  Englifli  fheep  came  over  fiom  Spain  ;  Ed- 
ward the  IVih  had  3000  Spanifli  fliecp  brought  over,  which  he  Or- 
dered to  be  dillributed  among  the  fevcral  pariflics  of  E.ngland  ;  an<l 
ever  fince  that  time,  great  care  has  been  taken  to  continue  and  to  im- 
prove the  breed  :  There  are  inftanccs,  that  a  fingle  ram,  of  extraordi- 
nary beauty  and  ftrengtli,  has  l)een  purchafed  with  ico  guineas.  The 
counties  of  Herefordlhirc,  Gloucefterfhiie,  Somerfcifhire,  Hampfliire, 
Dorfetfliire,  Derbyfhire,  LeiccHerniiie,  Lincolnfhire,  Durham,  and 
the  Eaft-riding  of  Yorkfliirc,  arc  molt  famous  for  their  large  i;nd  ex- 
cellent flocks.  At  the  beginning  of  the  prefent  century,  the  number 
of  Iheep  was  computed  to  amount  to  12  millions,  and  there  is  no 
dpubt  but  iliat  this  number  has  been  greatly  incrcaicd  fince  that  time. 


,02  ENGLAND. 

In  tVie  years  T7^«J,  1770.  and  1771,  the  value  of  the  woollens  ex» 
pot  I -rl  from  Ens;lHn<i  amounted  to  upwards  of  10,500.000!.  fterlinirj 
excl'ifi\-c'of  the  woollens  of  Yorkfcire.  the  value  of  wh  ch.  in  the 
fame  pt-ri'd  of  time,  amounted  to  u]vards  of  3.000.000I  flerling. 
The  Engl'fh  hoifcs,  the  breed  of  which  as  before  oKferved,  has  been 
snuch  iiTiprnvcd  bv  Arabian,  Spaniih,  and  Harbarv  horfes,  are  famous 
all  over  Eaioi^e  for  iheir  beauty  and  fwiftnefs.  The  befl:  racehoifes 
run  8?.i  teet  in  one  fecond,  or  nearly  an  Englifh  mile'-in  one  minute. 

l>ou:;i-(  neither  gold  nor  fdver  is  found  in  the  Engl'fli  mines,  or 
onlv  in  quantities  too  inngnificant  to  be  mentioned,  yet  the  other 
ynineiaU  arc  great  fources  of  wealth.  Copper,  tin,  lead,  and  ron,  are 
found  in  great  abundance,  and  the  nrft  two  m.atals  of  the  vcrv  beft 
G'.talitv.  1  he  copper  annually  obtained  from  the  mines  of  Cornwall 
is  enrmatcd  at  4000  tons  ;  the  number  of  Cornifli  miners  is  faid  to  a- 
TTomit  to  80  000  people.  The  tin  of  Cornwall  is  valued  at  200.000K 
f'.eilii;^  annually.  Northumberland,  Durham,  Lancafhire,  Cumber- 
land.  Shroffhire.  Staffbrdfhire,  Wales,  and  Devovifliire.  produce 
large  qnan"ities  of  iron,  which  is,  however,  of  an  infer'or  quality 
totheiioi  of  Sweden,  Stiria,  Carinthia,  and  Ruflia  •,  it  is  therefore 
TiccGir:ry  to'mpoit  from  thrfe  countries  upwards  of  ?5  coo  tons,  for 
the  ma'-ijfdftures  of  finer  tools  and  hardware.  1  he  moil  imy.oriant 
ri;:)nufaftures  of  the  latter  fort  ate  at  Sheffield,  where  it  is  fuppofed 
'jr^"ards  of  0,000  workmen  are  employed  by  about  foo  owners  and 
tranufaclure'5.  One  company  of  iron  mdnuf.;fturers  in  Shtopftiire 
v.fe  every  d,ty  ■■00  tons  of  coals  in  t!  c'r  woiks.  In  Great-Britain 
there  is  madi?^'ery  year  aq — 6p,ooo  tons  of  pig-ircn,  and  no — 30;00Q 
tons  of  bar- iron. 

i-  n:;land  poiriiTes  a  very  great  tre.ifure  in  its  inexhauflible  coal  mines, 
•^vhici  are  wo-kcd  chiefly  in  the  northern  counties,  from  whence  they 
are  convevcd  by  fea  and  by  the  inland  canals  to  every  other  part  of 
thckingriom.  The  mines  of  Northumbct land  alone  fend  every  year 
•upwarHsof  600000  chaldron  of  coals  to  Loudon,  and  jrooveflel* 
are  em])loved  ni  Carrying  them  to  that  harbour,  along  tlie  eafcerr,  ccaft 
of  Enc;lan' ,  THis  trade  and  na\-igation  is  one  of  the  great  nurferies 
of  feimen,  and,  in  that  refpeft,  of  the  utmofl,  imponarice  to  the 
commercf  and  prefervation  of  the  empire. 

Manufaftures  in  England  have  been  carried  to  higher  perfeftion 
than  in  anv  other  country.  An  enumeration  of  them  would  compre- 
licnd  almoft  every  contrivance  of  mechanifm  in  its  moft  improved 
il  ite.  v/hich  ever  vas  invented  by  the  ingenuity  of  any  age  or  coun- 
try for  the  convenience  and  ufe  of  man.  Their'  furpriling  perfcftioiv 
Tvjft  be  accounted  for  Irom  many  circumfl-ances,  which  liO  where  co- 
incided fo  happily  to  promote  their  progrcfs  as  they  do  in  this  ifland. 
3t  feems  they  are  nearly  equally  indebted  to  the  national  chaTi.a.cr.  to 
the  lunation  of  the  country,  and  the  excellence  of  its  conflitufion, 
iVothmg  could  be  more  favourable  to  the  progrefs  of  the  mechanical 
arts,  than  the  Zn^lifn  reflexion  and  perfeverance,  and  the  cxclufive 
attention  they  are  able  to  beAow  on  favourite  purfuits.  often  with 
the  negleft  of  every  other  concern,  and  their  enterprifing  fpirit,  not 
<iefponiling  under  the  bad  fuccefs  of  firfl:  trials,  animated  by  the  prcf- 
pe6lof  ample  rewards,  and  by  the  certainty  of  enjoving  the  gloi\' 
aiidthe  fruits  of  their  labours.     The  infular  fituation  of  England 

taught 


ENGLAND.  103 

tsugTit  its  InliaMtants  to.eonfiderthe  furrounding  ocean  as  \ht  bulwark 
of  their  fafety,  the  theatre  of  their  power,  and  the  fource  of  tlicir 
wealth.  Navigation  with  its  appendages,  diftant  acquifuioiis  and 
colon'zatjjn,  ijave  an  aftoiiifliing  extent  to  commerce,  and  an  air  of 
granileur  and  importance  to  the  occupations  of  a  merchant,  which 
ilcttteicd  ambition  as  well  as  the  love  of  gain.  The  nieic  natural  pro^ 
duftions  of  the  country  were  iniuffiticnt  for  fo  large  a  market  •,  it 
was  deficient  in  articles  of  luxury  and  the  precious  metals.  Nianu- 
fafturing  induftry  wa:,  therefore  called  lortli,  in  order  to  fupply  mate- 
rials for  commerce  ;  and  every  new  invention  of  mechanical  genius 
found  liberal  fupport  and  encouragement  from  the  great  nurr.ber  of 
people  who  had  acquired  wealth.  The  Englilh  government,  favoiir- 
able  to  liberty  and  to  every  cxeition  of  genius,  lids  provided  by  wile 
and  equitable  laws  for  the  fccure  enjoyment  of  property  acquired  by 
ingenuity  and  labour,  and  has  removed  cbflacles  to  mdufiry,  by  pro- 
hibiting the  im[.oilaiion  of  fuch  articles  from  abioad  v/hich  could  be 
manufafiured  at  home.  Next  to  the  woollen  manulaftosy,  that  of  cot- 
ton is  the  mod  conijderablc,  as  it  is  reckoned  to  cmj.loy  in  the  north- 
ern and  midale  counties  not  lefs  than  coOjOOO  perions,  women  and 
children  included. 

Among  the  advantages  the  Britifh  iilands  arc  poITcfTed  of.  with 
re  fp  etc  to  navigation,  the  following  are  v;orthy  of  attention:  'i  he 
great  extent  ot  the  coafts,  the  fealine  of  which,  including  both 
Creat-britain  and  Ireland,  cx'cnds  near  3800  miles,  whereas  the  fea- 
codU  of  trance  has  but  1000  miles;  the  neighbourhood  to  the  conti- 
nent ;  the  number  of  excellent  hai'bours  ;  the  numbtr  of  navigable 
canals  which  forma  communication  between  the  fea-porison  the  cuilern 
and  weftern  coafts  of  Kngland. 

The  conflant  increafe  of  this  immenfe  commerce  is  afionifhing.  In 
the  years  1783  and  178.^,  the  firips  cleared  outwards,  amounting  to 
950  000  tons,  exceed  the  number  of  tons  of  the  fliips  employed  24 
vpars  ago  (17(0)  bv  upwaids  of  ^00.000  tons,  'ihe  value  of  liic  car- 
goes expoited  in  J784,  amounted  to  upwards  of  15,000.0001,  ilcvl  ng  ; 
and  the  net  cufloms  paid  for  them  into  the  Exchcqucf  v.'ere  upwavus 
of  3,ooO;OOol.  fterling  ;  and  even  this  fum  was  exceeded  the  ioUov.-- 
ing  year,   1785,  by  upwards  of  z.oco.oool. 

The  balance  of  trade  in  favour  of  England  is  eft'mated  by  fome  au- 
thors at  3,000  oool.  flerling.  Far  more  conlideruble  is  the  inhnid 
trade,  valued  i>t  upwards  of  42,000. oool, llerl. — As  the  quantity  ot  cir- 
culating fpecie  may  in  feme  ire  ifure  indicate  the  extent  of  commerce, 
we  may  judg-  of  the  increafe  of  the  latter,  by  compaiing  the  fums 
which  the  three  laft  monarchs  found  neccffary  to  coin.  By  George  I. 
8,725,921!.  fterling  were  coined.  In  the  long  reign  of  Ueorge  ii, 
1  i,gb^.t^yG\.  flerling,  and  in  the  fiift  24  years  of  his  prefrnt  majelly's 
reign,  the  fums  coined  amounted  to  03.080,274!.  ilerling. 

'Jhe  coafting  trade  is  laid  to  give  cmproymcnt  to  about  ioo,coo 
people  ;  but  this  number  fccms  to  be  exaggerated.  YcL  lome  branch- 
es of  the  tifheries  require  a  great  number  of  hands.  About  io,oco 
people  arc  employed  in  the  oyfler-fifhery  along  the  coafts  of  England. 
On  the  coafts  cf' Scotland  great  fifheries  are  carried  on;  there  have 
been  fometimes  upwards  of  300  vciTcls  employed  in  the  herring-hfne- 
ry.  About  40,000  tons  of  herrings  are  annually  imported  into  the 
pert  of  Yarmouth  by  1100  v^^lTcls  .■■  the   whole    a:)uual   auuiiUty  or 


104  ENGLAND, 

falt-herrings  and  cured  pilchards  amounts  to  150,000  tons.  From 
Newfoundland  there  have  been  carried  to  foreign  markets  591,276 
quintals  of  fifh  in  1785;  this  fifliery  is  another  great  nurfery  of  fea- 
nen.  The  Englifh  whale-fifhery  on  the  coafts  of  Greenland  em- 
ploys more  fhips  thaa  are  fent  thither  for  the  fame  purpofe  by  the 
Dutch. 

By  far  the  moft  important  part  of  foreign  commerce  is  carried  on  by 
privileged  trading  companies,  anoong  which  the  Eaft-India  Company 
is  the  mofh  diflinguifhed,  by  i(»  very  brilliant  and  extraordinary  fuc- 
ccfs,  and  by  its  influence  on  the  general  interefts  of  the  whole  em- 
pire. It  dates  its  origin  from  the  time  of  queen  Elizabeth  ;  its  prog- 
rcfs  was  for  a  long  time  gradual  and  difputed  by  a  rival  company, 
with  Vv'hich  it  was  at  length  incorporated,  and  obtained  the  fanftion 
of  parlijment  for  an  exclulive  trade  to  the  Eaft- Indies  and  China, 
for  a  limited  number  of  years,  in  conlideration  of  a  large  fum  ad- 
vanced to  the  public.  Thefe  privileges  were  afterwards  renewed. 
Within  thefe  lad  thirty  years  the  company  has  made  vaft  territorial 
acquilitions  in  India,  v/hich  increafed  in  an  extraordinary  manner 
the  trade,  power,  and  importance  of  this  company.  Its  trade  em- 
ploys 110  {hips  and  about  8000  men;  the  articles  exported  to  A  fia 
confi ft  in  woollens  of  all  forts,  bullion,  hardware,  lead,  and  quick- 
lilver  ;  the  imports  in  gold,  diamonds,  raw  filk,  fpices,  tea,  falt- 
pctrc,  arrack,  and  China  porcelaine.  The  revenues  of  the  company 
arc  laid  to  amount  to  upwards  of  3.000,000!.  fterling  annually  ;  but 
the  expenfe  of  governing  and  defending  their  acquifitions  ;  the  wars 
in  which  they  are  often  involved,  and  the  peculations  of  their  fer- 
vants.  have  been  very  great  drawbacks  upon  their  profits.  The  af- 
fairs of  the  Eaft-India  Company  are  under  the  management  of  24  di- 
redors,  refidiog  in  England,  and  chofen  by  the  court  of  proprietors 
of  Eaft-India  ftock.  1  he  direftors  formerly  appointed  their  fervants 
iibvoad ;  but  tlie  conduft  of  thefe  fervants,  and  the  large  dominions 
acquired  by  the  company,  covering  upwards  of  2bo,ooo  fquare  miles, 
and  containing  30  millions  of  inhabitants,  rendered  an  alteration  in 
the  coiiftitution  of  this  great  commercial  body,  and  the  interference 
of  government  in  its  affairs,  neceftary.  An  aft  of  parliament,  pafled 
in  177,3.  ainong  other  regulations,  gave  the  prefidency  of  Bengal  a 
fiipcriorily  over  the  other  prehdencies  in  India,  vefted  the  right  of 
nominating  a  governor-general  in  tlie  crown,  and  eftablifhed  a  court 
of  juftice  in  India.  Yet  this  regulation  was  found  infufficient  to  an- 
iwer  the  intended  purpofes,  and  to  reprefs  the  enormous  abufes  com- 
mitted by  the  company's  fervants.  After  the  failure  of  Mr.  Fox's 
plan  for  the  government  of  the  Eaft-India  Company  in  1783,  an  aft 
of  parliament  paffcd  in  3784,  which  eftablifl-ied  a  board  of  control 
in  England,  to  be  nominated  by  the  crown,  which  was  calculated  to 
conncft  the  civil  and  military  government  in  India  with  that  over  the 
wliole  cmpir:,  to  fuperintend  the  regulations  and  orders  made  by 
the  directors  of  the  company,  and  to  call  the  conduft  of  its  fervants  to 
account.  I'iinc  mull  llicw,  whether  the  piovihons  of  Mr.  Pitt's  bill 
will  be  an  adequate  cure  of  the  evils  which  have  affcfted  the  prolperity 
and  flabilityof  this  extraordinary  commercial  fociety. 

Th.c  Levant  Company  is  at  prefcnt  of  no  great  confequence,  a?  the 
trade  to  the  Levant  has  been  laid  open,  and  as  the  !■  reach  have  acquired 
a  great  lupcriority  in  the  commerce  of  the  Mediterranean, 

#^  The 


N      G 


N      D. 


=»5 


The  South-Sea  Company  is  only  nominally  a  commercial  company  ; 
it  is  rather  an  incorporated  fociety  of  flockholders,  to  whom  govern- 
ment is  indebted.  Its  affairs  are  managed  by  a  governour,  two  fub- 
governours,  and  one  arrd  twenty  direftors. 

The  Hudfon's-Bay  Company  carries  on  an  extenfive  trade  in  peltry 
with  very  confiderable  profits  :  But  in  all  probability  its  intcrcfts  will 
be  materially  affcfted  by  the  reparation  of  the  American  colonics  from 
Great-Britain,  and  by  the  late  commercial  fchemes  of  the  French  in 
the  Pacific  Ocean,  efpeciallv  between  Kamtflcatka  and  North-America. 
The  Bank  of  England  was  incorporated  in  1694  ;  this  company 
daals,  by  the  i'anftion  of  parliament,  in  bills  of  exchange,  it  buys  and 
fells  bullion,  and  manages  government  annuities  paid  at  its  office.  The 
credit  of  this  company  is  the  moft  extenfive  of  any  company  in  Europe. 
It  i^  one  of  the  principal  creditors  of  the  nation  ;  and  the  value  of  the 
{hares  in  its  flock  runs  very  high.  There  are  befides  eight  infurance 
companies  in  England, 

State  of  the  Trade  of  England  at  different  periods  zvitk  the  fever  at  Nations 
of  the  World,     [^Extraded  from  Playf air's  Talus.'] 


I  R  E  L  A 
Years     Imports 

270.000 
300.000 

340,000 
475,coo 
660,000 
870,000  ; 

,230..000 


1700 
1710 
1720 
1730 
J740 
»750 
1760 
3770 


J780  1,470,000  1,8 


N  D. 
Exports 
240,000 
270,000 
370,000 
600.000 
760,000 
95®, 000 
,450,000 
.870,000 
90.000 


Baltic  &  the  Eaft  Country. 


1710 
1720 
1730 
J  740 
1750 
1760 
X770 
1780 

I 
Years 
1700 
1710 
1720 
i730 
1740 
1750 
17^0 
1770 
>78o 


Imports 
136,000 
130.000 
188,000 
198,000 
230.000 
2^0,000 

£  1 0;^000 

220,000 
280,000 

U  S  S  I 

Imports 

109,000 

140,000 

195,000 

235,000 

33.5-00O 

^40,000 

570,000 

890,000 

,i85.c«o 


Exports 

110.000 

85,000 

86,000 

118,000 

133.000 

154.000 

175.000 

135.000 

70,000 

A. 

Exports 

135,000 

100.000 

50,000 

46,ooo 

75.C00 

85,000 

98,000 

133,000 

c.qOjCce 


Guern.  Jerf.  &  Aid. 
Imports     Exports 


30,000 
25,000 

20.000 

18,000 
39-OO0 
55000 
57,000 
51,000 

6l;000 


9,000 
25,000 
27,000 
45'000 
50,000 
40,000 
50  000 
46,000 
64.000 

Dcnm.  &  Norway. 
Imports     Exports 


GERMAN  Y. 

Imports  Exports 

575,000  995:000 

610.000  895.000 

620,000  ljOOO,000 

680,000  1.105,000 

700,000  1,155,000 

715,000  1,405,000 
705,000 
680,000 
670,000 


i,bi5,0oo 
1,820,000 
1,240,000 


70,000 

35^000 

81.000 

£9,000 

96,000 

76,000 

97,000 

65.000 

93.000 

67,000 

C,0  000 

79,000 

79.010 

115.0CO 

85, coo 

163,000 

93.000 

185,000 

GREENLAND. 

imports 

Exports 

i:oo 

100 

2.000 

50 

2,800 

10,000 

200 

1 6,000 

?  0 

22,000 

<o 

38,003 

70 

S  W  EDEN. 


Imports 

197,000 
160,000 
154,000 
183,000 
iSd.ooo 
196,000 
21  2.0C0 
209,000 
198,000 


Exports 

57,000 
46,000 
35.000 
29.000 
3  3.  coo 
30,000 
25. coo 
57'00o 

95:00O 


H  O  L  L  A  N  D. 

Imports        Exports 

570,000  2,150,000 

510,000  2,IOO,OCO 

590,000  1,920.000 

510,000  1,840,000 

420.000  2,200,000 

370, OCO  1,Q30,.C00 

400,000  1,810,000 

480000  1,780,000 

4(,o,coo  1,570,000 


1C5 


X     N     G     L     A     I^     a 


State  ot  th£  T% 

FLAND£RS. 

Years  Ij-po  ts     Exp'^its 

J  700  7.C00        £0000 

3710  20  ceo      I,- 0000 

17  o  .-,t,oco      2/5  ceo 

J7''0  iv^  ,  :00   270  000  ] 

17  O  1  ■O,'-'  O    2'.,0  000 

1-0  7c  000  3  •  -  .000  I 

3  71'  O  70  000    /I  O  O'O  I 

-  7"o  »7  3Coa     8  o  000 

17S0  P.25.O00  1,050000 
SPAIN  &C\NA'MES. 

Years  Impoiti     Exports 

1700  2?5.0CO        2"O000 

17  o  ,80000     300000 

170  4?C.'  00        ,565  000 

i7,':o  /580C00     6,fo  000 

S7J0  j'.-oooo      ^  CO  600 

i7'.o  90.000      /^oo  coo 

^70  52,c.OOO  i,tcoooo  j 

I  --'o  510  000  '  ,0  O  --00 

iy'(^o  40  coo     Stoooo 

T  U  R  K  E  Y. 

Trars  Irpoits     Exports 

5700  :/.o.oco      J  70. Of  O 

■:7io  587. coo      1   5,000 

s ;  o  90 r:  coo     2  o  000 

1 /30  270000      185,000 

T7,;o  187. coo        J,e,c.OCO 

27  o  1,5';. ceo      ico.ooc 


ADE    OF    EkGLAND    CoNTINUEP, 


>7'o   137.000 


>,3.coo 


1770   !'.'.()  000  89. coo 

1780   142,000  109,010 

W  E  S  T  I  N  D  I  E  S. 

Yepirs     Imports     Exports 

1:0a     5?o  000  CO    coo 

1710      70  000  33-  ,000 

17  o  1.0  0  000  .^3-000 

1730   1,21  o  oco  ^£0  0  o 

17.0    I,?(Of.O0  51;,. CO 

170    l./^  O.'  00  770  OCo 

J7'-0     0.0      ceo  Ebr,  CO<) 

17-0  ■•  9  c  ccc  i,iro  ooo  I 

J7B0    2,^*0^000  l,220,CCO 


FRANCE.    1 

Port  jgal  &  Maaeira, 

Imoorts 

Exports 

imports 

Exports 

coco 

30006 

25©, 000 

6300  0 

50  coo 

75<oo 

275,000 

700,010 

tjc.CCO 

375.000 

35oeoo 

8.. 0000 

51  COO 

25',  000 

3'^5'Ooo 

1,07c, 000 

57.0^0 

303.000 

34c, ooo 

1,140.000 

3  ■  .000 

285,000 

35<^,ooo 

1,200,000 

.'^s.ooo 

275.0^0 

300  0^0 

1,110,000 

?o  000 

J  65.000 

360,000 

680,000 

4,^^,000 

i55.<^«0 

370,000 

590,000 

STRAIGHTS. 

Venice  and  Italy, 

Imports 

Experts 

Imports 

Exports 

2,000 

2,^0  000 

22,000 

15.500 

25,000 

3POOOO 

32,200 

I7>500 

70000 

475000 

46,500 

18,000 

135  000 

625.000 

59,500 

Mooo 

^0,000 

675,000 

50,000 

J  4,300 

80  oco 

535-OW 

56,000 

i8,50O 

tOOOQ 

425,00© 

64,000 

50,000 

2O.C0O 

50000 

71,000 

72,500 

300 

8^,o&o 

J5  60O 

815OOQ 

APR 

I  C  A. 

EAST-JNDIES. 

Imports 

Exports 

Imports 

Exports 

14  '  03 

11,000 

440.000 

J  40,000 

1^  OJO 

-,  ,000  • 

5Q5.O00 

95,  00 

30  000 

12,000 

880  000 

J20.C0O 

50.000 

iS.ooo 

965,000 

145  OCO 

32.000 

15.000 

970,000 

360  000 

r  7,000 

16.CCO 

930,000 

700  0  JO 

43.COO 

30. 000 

1,005,000 

880  .000 

53  oco 

48,000 

1,515,000 

1.330,000 

73^000 

SSOOQ 

r,550,ooo 

840,000 

Spanifi^W.  Indies. 

BERMUDA. 

Imports 

Exports 

Imports 

_  Exports 
600 

500 

600 
1,900 

3.;. coo 

8.i.cco 

1  ,OOQ 
3.000 

37,000 

83,000 

1.500 

2,200 

J  2,000 

r  1,000 

800 

Jt5oo 

i,6co 

7,  "CO 

j    ^3.000 

1. 000 

i,8co 

IQQCQ 

j    26,000 

3000 

1,700 

13,000 

1    28,000 

7,oco 

i370o 

J5',O0Q 

SlATflt 


ENGLAND, 
State  or  thb  Trade  or  England  Contikvet). 


J07 


/ll  North  America. 


SCO. coo 


Vcars    Imports 
1700     280  000 

3;o.0C0 

5   0000 

6;;o  000 

7  Bo  000 

80000 

9-0.0001,7,-0000 
1770  i,^So  000^,550000 
j^Jso    3oojOooij3o5>ooo 


U.  S.  of  America. 


Kxpons  impoiis 


2,t 


30.000 


1710 
1720 
1730 
t7<o 
J  750 
lyfo 


Exports. 
2^0. oco 
280  000 
4>o  coo 
5^*0  000 
7^0  000 

no. GOO 
<)40;000  1,610  000 
900,000  1,660  000 
540,000  IjO^OjOOO 


250  000310,000 

3^00001^50,000 

500  000  5PO  000 
6;o  000700  000 
930  000  760.CCO 


ALL  AMERICA. 
Years    Impoits    Exports 

770  1,480.000  ^.Sb^^coo 
1771  1,430:000  /, (-30,000 

772  1,445,000  3,6co.oco 

1773  i»4^5000  25/165. oco 

1774  ij^SS-ooo  3,8.;c.ooo 

1775  2,065.000     985. ceo 

1776  845.000  >, 190,000 
230.C00  1, 880. coo 

265,000  1>1£0  OCO 

205. coo  1.370,000 
300. OCO  i;8c5.-ooo 
385.C00  i.S-lS'Coo 
295,000     905'<^o«> 


'777 
1778 

»779 
1780 
1781 
1782 


ToTAi  Trade  with  ali,  the  World. 


Years  Imports  Exports  Balance 
1700  4,550,000   6.300,0001,950,00c 

J7IO    4,900,000     7,000,000  2, ICOjOO 

>7-o  5«360»ooo  8,6oo,oo(7  3.350,occ 
J  730  7,500,'  00  10,900/003,400,000 
1 740  7,550,0c®  12,000,0004,450,000 
17.50  7,250,000  Ti, 650, f"co 5,400,000 
J  760  1 0.3  0,000  1^1,250,000  3, q5C,®cc 
1 77O  £  1 ,850.000  1 6,300,000  4 ,650,00c 

178010,750,000  I2,^-©.000  l,6^Oj00C 


Years     Imports     Exports     Balance 
771  12, 800, OCO  17,150.0004-350.000 
^77^^  13:300,000  16,150,0002,850,000 

1773  11,400,000  i4,75C,cco3-350'000 

1774  i3,250,roo  i5,9ro,coo  2,650,000 

1775  i3.5AO,oco  15,^00,000  1,650.000 

1776  1 1.780,000  13.700,0002,000,000 

177711,850,    CO   12, 650,0000,800. OCO 
1778  10,250,000  1  1,550,000  1.300. COO 

177910,650,000  12,650,0002,'  00.000 
178010,750,000  12,550,000  i,8co,coo 

1781  11,900,000  iO:55o..oco  1,350. OCO 

1782  9,500,00®  12,350:000  2, 8£O,0CO 

Wefliall  conclude  this  article,  with  the  following  comparative  view 
of  {hipping,  which  till  a  beirer  table  can  be  fovmtd,  may  have  its  ufcs. 
If  the  (hipping  of  Europe  be  divided  into  twenty  parts,  then, 
Great-Britain,  'Sec.  is  computed  to  have  •""  *  *""         ^ 

TliG  L^nited  Provinces  -.—  —,.,>_  6 

Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Ruflia  —  -.^2 

The  trading  cities  of  Germany,  and  the  Aullrian  Netherlands  1 

Frncc         —  —  —  —  —  —  s 

Spain  and  Portugal  «_._,--.-_  -r 

ItaK-,  and  the  reil  of  Europe  -~  ..^  -_  j 

In  a  pamphlet,  entitled  "  A  brief  examination  into  the  increafe  of 
the  revenue,  commerce  and  na\igat'ion  cf  Great-Britain,"  (puLlifhed 
I702)— Arr.ong  other  caufes  which  have  cor.tributcd  to  the  profperity 
of  the  nation  fii.ce  the  peace  of  1  783,  the  writer  mentions  r^n  Aft  for 
audiriiig  public  i.ccour.'s.  "  Lolies  to  an  immerle  .-.mount."  he  ob- 
krvej-.  'had  been  fuflained  hy  the  pubh'c,  from  peifons  to  whom 
leige  fums  of  rroney  had  been  ilfLicd,  and  who  had  not  rrr.dcrcd  any 
account  ;*    A  very  lar(;e  proportion  of  them  had  never  been  called 

upon  ; 

*    The  fate    crrr  m'.flir.r.frs  of   the  Public   Accoi"-t?  (»3te,  in   their  Sth  Repor',  rha: 

£.    I26.cco,00O,  ;n"L.e.-  ,-f)  various  Public    Accc^untants  in  l6  vears,   to  Ocli'bct  17SC,  ex- 

c'.ofjV'  o'  tie  ufifrtrleoDfbt  ot  I-  rH  H^AUno,  vrre  unaccourited  tor  ;— and  in  their  rotK 

Rcpoit,  thai  between  17^.6  and  1733  thecc  weie  (64  rerfont,  Sob.«rcour.tants  t"rAnTiy 


toS  ENGLAND. 

upon  ;  the  few  who  were,  with  thofe  who  voluntarily  tendered  them* 
felves,  paflTed  their  accounts  for  millions,  before  a  deputy  or  clerk,  ap. 
pointed  by  an  auditor,  who  always  confidered  his  own  office  as  a 
finecure.  To  remedy  this  evil,  an  aft  was  pafled  in  1785,  for  better 
examining  and  auditing  the  public  accounts  of  the  kingdom  ;  fince 
which,  they  have  been  examined  with  attention  and  fcrupulous  exaft- 
nefs.t  The  elTefts  of  this  law  will  not,  however,  be  felt  in  its  full 
extent,  till  a  period,  which  it  is  to  be  hoped  is  a  very  diftant  one,  when 
we  may  have  the  misfortune  to  be  again  embarked  in  a  war.  Sums 
beyond  all  belief  to  perfons  not  experienced  in  fuch  matters,  would 
have  been  faved,  if  fuch  an  inflitution  had  been  provided  previous  to 
the  two  laft  wars." 

"  It  muft  be  in  the  recolleftion  of  every  one,"  continues  this  writer, 
*'  hov/  univcrfal  a  perfaafion  prevailed,  that  the  feparation  of  the  Ame- 
rican Colonies  from  Great-Britain  would  be  felt  as  a  great  and  fevere 
wound,  injuring  our  refources,  and  lefTening 'our  navigation.  We 
cannot,  therefore,  but  contemplate  with  fome  degree  of  pleafure  on  the 
elfefts  produced  by  the  meafures  before  alluded  to,  and  by  various 
other  caufes  which  have  contributed  to  the  general  profperity  of  the 
country.  To  compare  the  revenue  at  different  periods,  before  and 
fince  the  feparation,  would  not  alone  be  admitted  as  a  criterion,  when 
new  taxes  have  been  fince  added  to  a  large  amount  ;  although  it  is  no 
equivocal  proof  of  the  energy  of  the  country,  that,  under  an  immenfe 
accumulation  of  debt  ani  taxes,  it  has  been  able  to  elfeft  moft  fucceff. 
fully  what  was  never  b^re  attempted,  the  gradual  and  certain  reduc- 
tion of  the  debt. 

A  more  direft  argument  will  however  arife  from  an  inquiry  into  the 
ilate  of  our  navigation  and  commerce  during  the  years  of  our  greatefl 
•  profperity  in  the  lafk  ];)cace,  and  at  this  time.  In  this  inquiry  there 
occurs  fome  difHculty  as  to  the  navigation  ;  it  is  to  be  lamented,  that 
previous  to  1786,  no  fhips  were  regiflered  in  Great-Britain,  except 
thofe  which  traded  to  the  Plantations  ;  Entries  of  fhips  outwards  were' 
till  then  made  very  loofely  ;  there  was  no  fort  of  check  on  the  maflev 
or  owner,  who  invariably  reprefented  the  vcifels  of  a  lefs  burthen  than 
the  real  tonnage,  to  lave  the  payment  of  light  duties  and  other  charges  ; 
notwithftanding  which,  a  tolerable  judgment  may  be  formed  of  the 
increafe  of  our  navigation,  by  comparing  the  numbers  of  the  fliips 
"  cleared  out  at  the  different  periods,  having  in  view  that,  previous  to 
the  feparation  of  the  Colonies  fiom  Great-Britain,  all  American  fhip- 
ping  was  deemed  Britifh,  and  that  the  Hze  of  our  fhips  is  now  larger 
thiin  at  that   time.  Number 

Services,  who  remained  accountable  to  the  Public  for  the  fum  of  )C'38>933'92°  ;— cf  the 
Jatcer,  117  have  rendered  Accourkts  to  the  new  Board  of  Corr.miiijuners  tur  taking  and 
flaring  che  Public  Account.-,  to  the  amount  of  upwards  of  ^T.  31,000,0005  befides  all  th; 
Accountants  in  ihe  ordinary  courfj.  — It  is  not  however  meant  to.  fugged,  that  by  tnucii 
tiie  greater  part  of  the  Totals  ftated  by  the  late  Commiffioners  fur  Public  Accounts, 
though  not  accounted  for,  were  not  in  a  great  proportion  properly  expended  j  the  Fa6t 
pfbubiy  is,  that  rhey  were  fo  :  But  on  the  o'her  hand  it  is  highly  iniproper,  that  the 
whole  /hould  not  have  undergone  a  regular  Inveftigation  in  due  time;  and  i<  is  inconteft • 
ably  true,  that,  large  fums  have  been  lull  to  the  Public,  from  the  Parties,  who  failed  to 
account  for  the  fame,  having  in  fome  inftances  become  infolvent  ;  and  in  others,  from 
their  property  having  defcended  in  a  manner  not  now  to  be  traced,  which  in  moft  of  the 
Cafis  would  render  jny  Attempt,  at  this  time,  to  recover  the  balances  due,  perfedly  def- 
perate, 

f  Sums  amounting  in  the  whole  to  ^.  761,000  have  been  re-paid  into  the  Exchequer  bj; 
Accountants,  or  tl-.eir  Reprefentatives,  between  January  5,  17S4,  and  Januarys,  179:, 
ariljng  from  ibe  Inveftigation  of  thenewBoaid  of  Accounts,  and  of  tiie  Comptrollers  uf 
Army  Accounts;  including  foir.e  Balances  re-paid  by  Agents  in  confrauci;ce  o!  3  ^.X'.fX 
Eiaini;!3'.ion  SfaJc  by  th:sc  GeiukrzKn  ai>r.oiiUtfd  f.r  tha:  PurpL-fst 


ENGLAND. 


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113 


NATIONALDEBT.]TheNati05-!- 

al  Debt  of  Great-Britain  in  1 755, 

previous  to  the  French  War  was  £'72,285,000;  the Interefl£*.2,65.^,oco 

In  January  1776,  before  the 
American  War  it  was  Z'.123,96j,oco;      ditto      £^.4,411,000 

In  1786.  till  which  time  the 
whole  Debt  of  the  laft  War  was 
not  funded,  it  was  £''239)»54,0(SO  ;*    ditto     /'.9,275,roo 

No  permanent  provifionhad  ever  been  made  fot  the  progrenive  and 
certain  red  iftion  of  this  immenfe  Debt,  until  1786-- when  Parliament 
had  the  wifiom  and  the  firmnefs  opafsan  Aft  for  veiling  un:i]ienablv, 
in  Commiflioners,  the  fum  of  one  million  annually  ;  in  which  Aft 
every  poflible  precaution  was  taken  that  could  be  deviled  for  prevent- 
ing the  furplus  from  being  diverted  at  any  future  time,  and  Jor  carrying 
to  the  account  of  the  Commilfioners  for  the  purpolcs  of  the  Aft,  the 
intereft  of  fuch  ftock  as  fhoild  be  pmchufjd.  and  I'ach  tern.  O'jrv  an- 
nuities as  fhould  fall  in.  Under  the  provifiows  of  this  Aft,  Ei^ht 
Million!  Two  Hundred  Thoufand  Pounds  oi  the  capital  of  the  debt  has 
been  purchafed  -.t  and  the  amount  uf  the  annual  faoi,  iipw  applicable 
for  the  reduftion  of  it  is  T.  1,360,000, 


•  Exclulive  of  a  capital  of  ;^.  1,991,000  granted  by  Parliament  to  Loyalifts,  as  a  campenfi- 
tion   or  lofs  ot  property  in  America 

+  And  Lo)  alil>s  lebcntures  have  been  fatisfied  to  the  amouai  of,^,  636, aoo, which  may  be 
casfuiered  as  a  further  redu£t;oa  of  Uie  debt  ta  that  amouat. 


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What 


ENGLAND,  u^ 

What  has  been  the  total  improvement  of  the  Revenue  from  the  year 

1783  to  the  prefent  time,  will  appear  from  the  following  flaiement  ; 

Produce  of  all  the  PERMANENT  TAXES. 

From  5th  January  1783  to  5th  January  1784         -         *IO,»94,259 

178410       -         -       17S5         -  10,856,906 

178510       -         -       1786         -         +12, 10.^,, 798 

178610     -       -     1787       -       :i:i  1,867,055 
178710     -       -     1788       -         12,923,134 

1788  to      -         -       1789        -  13,007,642 

178910    -      -     1790      -       iS'^aS'O^'S 
179010    -      -     1791      -      1114,072,978 

I791  to       -         -       1792         -  14,132,000 

From  the  above  it  appears,  that  the  revenue  has  almoft  gradually 
rifen,  in  the  courfc  of  the  lafl  nine  years,  from  £.10,194,259  to 
£.14,132,000. 

Government.]  The  government  of  Greaf-Britain  may  be  called 
a  limited  monarchy.  It  is  a  combination  of  a  monarchical  and 
popular  government.  The  king  has,  or  at  leafl:  is  underftood  to  have, 
only  the  executive  power  ;  the  legiflative  is  fhared  by  him  and  thq 
parliament,  or  more  properly  fpeaking,  by  the  people.  Notv/ithftand- 
ing  the  limitations  of  vegal  power  provided  by  the  eonflitution,  the 
ja-erogative  of  the  king  is  ftill  very  great,  in  confequence  of  pof- 
jfeiling  the  executive  power  of  the  ftate,  he  appoints  his  privy  council 
and  his  minifters,  by  whom  the  national  bufmefs  is  to  be  carried  on  ; 
he  has  the  right  of  calling  together  and  dilfolving  the  parliament  ;  he 
can  withhold  his  affent  from  any  bill  v/hich  has  paffed  both  houfcs, 
and  by  that  means  prevent  it  from  pafling  into  a  law  ;  his  perfon  is 
facred  and  inviolable;  he  cannot,  in  the  eye  of  the  law,  do  wrong, 
but  the  blame  of  his  meafures  falls  always  on  his  minifters  and  adviT- 
ers  ;  he  nominates  all  the  great  officers  of  the  ftate  and  church  ;  he 
confers  honours,  dignities,  and  titles,  efpecially  that  of  the  pieerage  ; 
he  pardons  criminals  ;  he  is  the  fupreme  commander  of  the  army  and 
navy,  and  the  head  of  the  church.  His  income  is  very  ample,  amount- 
ing annually  to  900.000I.  ftcrling. 

The  crown  is  hereditary  ;  both  male  and  female  defcendants  are 
capable  of  fucceffion.  By  a  fundamental  law  the  king  muft  profefs 
the  Proteftant  religion. 

The  legiflative  power  belongs  to  the  king  and  parliament,  or  the 
gteat  fenate  of  the  nation.  This  parliament  iscompofed  of  the  peers 
and  commons,  and  divided  into  two  affemblies,  called  the  Houl'e  of 
Lords  and  the  Houfe  of  Commons.  The  HOufe  of  Lords  is  compo- 
fed,  1.  Of  the  temporal  peers,  Or  the  hereditary  nobihty  of  the 
kingdom  of  England,  diftinguiflied  by  the  different  rjiiiks  of  dukes,' 

marquifcs, 

*  The  adlual  ptymentj  into  tlie  Exchequer  in  this  year  wer?;C.^2-?,o;3  left  than  thi«  fum  ; 
4ut  it  is  added  here,  as  duties  of  culloms  to  that  amount,  due  by  the  tjitlulia  Company', 
were  poltponed 

t  Deducing  ^  401,1 18  duties  of  cuftomt!  paid  by  the  gdft  JnJja  Companj  within  thi? 
year,  which  bccjme  due  in  a  former  one. 

^  Dedudin?;^.  522,500  of  ditto. 
-£.233,098  01  cuiloiii  duties  due  by  the  E:ift'  tndii  Company  had  been  fuTfended  in  i7?2. 

(j  From  thi5  fum  fhould  be  dedufted  ^.  193,000,  beingihe  amouat  of  a  5jd  VVeeiilyf-y- 
ment,  whic.^i  weald  leave  the  produte  ot  the  jear^.  13,879,000. 

H 


M4'  ENGLAND* 

marquifes,  earb,  vifcounts,  and  barOns  ;  wHo  have  by  birth-right  dr 
creation,  a  feat  in  the  Houic  of  Lords,  and  are  hereditary  couniellors 
of  the  king.  a.  Of  the  fpiritual  lords,  or  the  two  archbifhops  and 
24  bifhops  of  England,  \vho  have  feats  in  the  hOufe  by  virtue  of  their 
ti^nities.  3.  Of  16  Scotclr  peers,  the  reprefentatives  of  the  peerage 
cf  Scotland.  The  Houfe  of  Commons  is  compofed  of  fuch  pcrfons 
of  fortune  and  intcreft,  as  are  chofen  reprefentatives  for  the  fcveral 
counties,  cities  and  boroughs  of  the  kingdom.  The  number  of  thefe 
reprelentatives  is  558,  chofen  in  the  following  manner  ; 
For  the  40  counties  of  England,  two  members  for  each  Bo 

Tor  the  12  counties  of  Wales,  one  for  eaah           —  —  la 

For  the  counties  o-f  Scotland  —  —         _^       gr> 


For  the  cities  m  England 


50 


For  the  boroughs  in  England  —  —         —  —     239 


For  the  two  univerfities 


For  the  cinque  ports  —  —         —  —       16 

For  tlie  boroughs  of  Wales      —  —  —  12 

For  the  boroughs  of  Scotland  —  — .         —  __       15 

This  plan  of  rcprcfentation,  founded  on  the  ancient  ftatc  of  the 
Icingdom,  is  at  prefent  liable  to  many  objeftions.  Among  the  places 
which  are  reprefented  in  parliament,  there  are  many  which  were 
formerly  flourifning,  but  which  are  at  prefent  funk  into  infignincance; 
and  many  tov/ns,  now  opulent  and  populous,  which  at  that  time  were 
not  yet  rifen  into  confequence,  have  not  acquired  the  right  of  fending 
reprefentatives.  Se\eral  borouglis  are  become  private  property  ;  in 
others  the  number  of  cleftors  is  ver)'  fmall,  and  of  courfe  eafily  influen- 
ced by  powerful  individutils  ;  fo  that  upon  the  whole  the  reprefenta- 
tion  is  very  vmeqiial  and  defeftive  :  But  its  prefent  flate  is  fo  nearly 
conncfted  with  the  rights  of  private  property  and  the  interell  of  the 
^rcat  families,  that  it  is  a  very  difficult  matter  to  render  it  equal  and 
indepcndant.  The  duration  of  parliaments  is  at  prefent  extended  to 
feven  years,  after  the  expiration  of  which  a  new  general  eleftion  of 
reprefentatives  takes  place.  Many  of  thofe  who  are  zealous  for  the 
rights  of  the  people,  wifli  to  fhorten  the  fcptennialparliaments,  becaufe 
experience  teaches  that  they  give  two  m.uch  influence  to  the  crown 
over  the  members,  and  diminifli  that  of  the  conflituentsover  their  rep- 
relentatives. To  be  chofena  reprefcntxtive,  certain  qualifications  are 
neceffary,  as  the  polTefTion  of  landed  property  of  the  annual  value  of 
,3Col.  if  it  be  for  a  borough,  and  of  500I.  a  year  if  it  be  foracounty. 
No  foreigner,  though  naturalized,  can  be  chofen  a  member  of  the 
Houfe  of  Commons.  In  the  Houfe  of  Lords  the  lord  chancellor  pre- 
fidcs  ;  in  the  Houfe  of  Commons  an  eleftive  prefident,  called  the 
Speaker,  Any  member  of  either  houfe  has  the  right  of  bringing  in  A 
bill  ;  which,  before  it  can  pafs  intb  an  adl  of  parliament,  and  obtain 
the  force  of  a  lav.",  muft  be  agreed  to  by  a  majority  of  both  houfcs, 
and  afterwards  receive  the  affcnt  of  the  lung.  Bills  relating  to  taxa- 
tion, revenue,  and  its  adminiftration,  originate  always  in  the  Houfe 
of  Commons,  who,  by  the  invaluable  privilege  of  granting  or  refu- 
fmg  fupplies,  have  the  power  of  promoting  or  flopping  any  meafurr 

of- 


ENGLAND,  j^r? 

of  government :  The  Commons  have  llkewlfe  the  privilege,  that  none 
of  their  money  bills  can  be  altered  or  amended  by  the  Lords.  The 
upper  houfe  of  parliament  have  the  fupreme  judicial-authority  in  th<; 
ftate,  to  which  appeals  maybe  made  from  the  decifions  of  the  courts 
of  Weftminfter.  The  power  of  parliament  is  tlie  higheft  in  the  ftate 
and  is  unlimited  ;  it  has  even  altered"  more  than  once  the  eftablifhe4 
reljgion,  and  the  order  of  fucceffion  to  the  crown . 

In  confequence  of  the  mixed  charafter  of  the  Englifh  conftifution  • 
there  have  been,  fince  the  time  of  the  Stuarts,  two  parties  in  the  na- 
tion of  oppofite  political  principles  ;  one  of  which  favours  the  power 
of  the  crov/n,  and  the  other  the  dcmocratical,  or  ariftocratical  power 
in  the  conftitution.  They  were  originally  diftinguiflied  by  the  names 
of  Cavaliers  and  Roundheads  ;  afterwards  they  were  called  Tories  and 
Whigs,  and  at  prefent  the  Court  Party  and  the  Oppofition.  The  mu- 
tual jealoufy  of  thefe  parties,  when  founded  in  principle,  is  beneficial' 
to  the  conftitution  ;  but  their  diffenfions  mufl  often  be  attributed  to' 
private  views,  difappointed  ambition,  and  ftruggle  for  nowcr  :  Yet, 
iiotwithftanding  tlie  divifions  of  party,  the  influence  which  the  king 
has  over  the  parliament',  by  his  conftitutional  prerogative,  and  the  nu- 
merous favours  and  rewards  he  has  it  in  his  pov/er  to  beflrov/,  is  e>:-> 
ceedingly  great. 

Befides  the  parliament,  the  king  has  the  alTiftance  of  !lis  miniflers,' 
or  privy-counfellors,  nominated  by  himfelf,  and  refponfible  for  fhcir 
advice  and  cohduft.  Among  thefe  privy-cnunfellors  are  the  great: 
officers  of  the  ftate,  who  hold  their  places  during  the  king's  pleafurc^ 
and  who  retain  the  dignity  of  privy-counfellor.",  though  removed  from 
their  offices.  The  offices  of  Lord  Chamberlain  and  Earl  Marffial  are: 
hereditary  to  the  ducal  families  of  Ancafter  and  Norfolk.  Among  the 
privy-counfellors,  thofe  minifters  who  compofe  the  cabhiet  are  the 
principal  ;  the  Lord  Chancellor,  the  firft  Lord  of  the  Treafury,  the 
Chancellor  of  the,  Excheqlier,  v/ho,  when  he  is  at  the  fame  lime  firft 
Lord  bf  the  Treafury,  is  confidered  as  the  firft  minifter,  the  two  Secre- 
taries of  State  for  the  northern  and  fouthern  department,  the  Lord 
Prefident  of  the  Council,  and  Lord  Privy  Seal,  to  which  muft  be  added^ 
the  firft  Lord  of  the  Adniiralty  ;  Thefe  minifters  are  prefidents  of  the 
principal  ftate  departrrients.  Scotland  has  its  own  officers  of  ftate  and 
<Jourts  of  juftice. 

The  adminiftration  of  juftice  in  England  is,  as  it  may  be  e.xpefled 
in  a  conftitution  fo  favourable  to  liberty,  famous  for  its  fairnefs,  inde- 
pendence, and  impartiality.  The  laws  of  England  have  been  leaft  o? 
any  influenced' by  the  Roman  laws,  the  admilfion  of  which  the  rtatioa' 
has  firmly  oppofed.  Thev  are  divided  into  the  unwritten,  or  common, 
law,  and  the  ftalute  law  :  The  firft  is  not  founded  on  any  knov/n  aft 
of  the  legiflature,  but  tranfmitted  down  by  tradition.  Its  principles 
3lre  colle£bed  from  the  judgments  which  have  palfcd  according  to  it, 
from  time  immemorial,  and  which  are  carefully  preferved  under  the! 
name  of  records.  Its  legal  force  is.  probabiy,  founded  on  afts  of  par-' 
liament,  prior  to  the  reign  of  Richard  I.  the  originals  of  which  are 
now  loft.  The  written,  or  ftatute  law,  is  the  coUe6lio.n  of  acts  of  par- 
liament, the  originals  of  which  have  been  preferved,  tfpccially  fince 
the  time  of  Edward  III.  The  chief  courts  of  common  Jaw  arc,  i.  the 
Court  of  King's  Bench,  a.tbeCojrt  of  Coiimoa  Pleas,  nud  o.  the 
H  »  Courj 


ii$  £      N      G      L      A      N      a 

Court  of  Exc!iequcr  ;  Ccich  of  thefe  courts  has  four  judges,  w!iO  cafti 
not  be  deprived  of  their  places  but  on  an  accufation  by  parliament. 
To  obtain  legal  remcdv  in  cafes  to  xvhich  the  jurifdiftion  of  the  com- 
mon la-.v  courts  did  not  extend,  the  courts  of  equity  have  been  addedj 
viz.  tlie  Court  of  Chancery,  under  the  Lord  High  Chancellor,  and 
the  Court  of  Exchequer  Chamber.  In  important  and  difficult  caufes, 
the  twelve  judges,  joined  fometimes  by  the  Lord  Chancellor,  meet  to 
deliberate  on  the  judgments  pafTcd  in  the  court ■}«  There  are,  befides 
many  provincial  and  fabordinate  courts,  the  ecclefiaftical  courts,  the 
courts  martial,  and  admiralty  court ;  into  the  three  latter,  the  princi- 
ples and  proceedings  ef  the  Roman  law  have  been  admitted.  From 
all  courts  of  juftice  appeals  can  be  made  to  the  Houfe  of  Lords,  the 
hioheft  judicial  tribunal  in  the  kingdom. 

It  is  chiefly  in  the  criminal  judicature  that  the  laws  of  England  dif- 
fer ici  greatlv  and  To  honourably  from  thofe  of  other  countries.  Wherx 
a  pcrfon  is  charged  with  a  crime,  he  is  firft  examined  by  a  magiftrate, 
wlio  may  difcharge  him  if  the  accufation  fhould  be  evidently  futile  or 
falfe  ;  but  if  it  appears  to  have  fufRcicnt  weight,  he  binds  the  party  toi 
t>^ive  bail  for  his  appearance  to  anfwer  to  the  charge  ;  and,  in  capital 
cafes,  he  commits  him  to  prifon.  Before  the  party  is  brought  to  a  trial> 
the  accufation  undergoes  a  fecond  difcuffion  bv  the  grand  jury  of  the 
county,  confifhing  of  more  than  12,  and  lefs  than  24,  perfons  of  charac- 
ter and  refpcftability  ;  if  twelve  or  more  of  them  are  of  opinion  that 
the  charge  is  well  grounded,  the  prifoner  is  indifted.  He  is  then 
brought  to  the  bar  of  the  court  to  take  his  trial,  in  a  public  manner, 
before  the  judge  and  petty  jury.  The  latter  is  compofed  of  twelve 
impartial  perfons  of  the  fame  rank  with  the  prifoner,  any  of  whom, 
as  far  as  twenty  perfons  fuccefTively,  the  prifoner  may  challenge,  if 
he  has  any  objeftion  to  be  tried  by  them  ;  and  this  jury  are  finally  to 
judge  the  prifoner,  according  to  the  evidence  produced  in  the  triaU 
When  the  jury  have  taken  their  oaths,  the  indiftment  is  read  to  the 
prifoner,  who  pleads  either  guilty,  or  not  guilty,  to  it.  In  the  firft 
tafe,  no  trial  is  neccffary  ;  in  the  other,  the  evidence  of  the  witneffes, 
who  are  on  their  oath,  is  produced  in  prefence  of  ihe  prifoner,  who  is 
allowed  to  queftion  them  himfelf,  or  by  his  GOunfel,  and  to  bring  wit- 
JielTe*  in  his  defence.  When  the  evidence  is  befoie  the  court,  the 
judge,  in  z  fpeech,  fums  it  up,  points  out  the  precife  flatc  of  the  quef- 
tion,  and  gives  his  opinion  concerning  the  evidence  and  the  point  of 
law.  By  this  opinion  the  jury  arc  no  further  bound  than  as  it  coin- 
cides with  their  own  ;  and  they  agree  among  themfelves  on  the  deci- 
fion  or  verdift  which  they  are  to  give,  and  which  muft  be  unanimous  ; 
it  is  either  that  the  prifoner  is  guilty,  or  not  guilty,  of  the  hR  of  which 
he  (lands  accufcd  ;  If  th^r  acquit  him,  he  is  immediately  difcharged 
from  prilon  ;  if  he  is  found  guilty,  the  judge  pronounces  the  fentence 
of  the  law  incurred  by  the  crime,  and  the  prifoner  is  fent  back  to  prilbn 
till  the  fentcncc  is  put  in  execution.  If  any  extenuating  circumflancc* 
appear  iri  the  trial,  the  jury  may  recommend  the  convift  ro  mercy; 
and  the  king  has  the  power  either  to  grant  him  a  free  paxdon,  Or  to 
mitigate  the  rigour  Of  his  punishment. 

Such  are  the  proceedings  of  ciiminal  judice  in  England,  whicV 
manifeft  the  grcatcfl  attention  to  the  liberty  and  life  ofihe  fubjeft, 
which  remove  every  fear  of  cpjprcllion  from  tbe  po©feft  and  weakeft, 

and 


ENGLAND. 


U7 


and  which  give  innocence  the  fairell  chance  of  vindicating  itfelf  from 
Vnjuft  and  malicious  accufation. 

The  laws  of  Scot Lind  are  difFerejit  from  thofc  of  England  ;  and  they 
partake  much  more  of  the  principles  and  forms  of  the  civil  law.  The 
trial  by  juiy  in  Scotland  may,  perhaps,  be  confidered  as  an  improve- 
ment on  that  mode  of  trial  :  It  differs  from  that  in  England,  by  re- 
quiring only  a  majority  of  two-thirds,  not  a  unanimity  of  the  jury,  in 
order  to  give  a  decifne  verdift. 

The  government  of  Ireland  refemblas,  in  every  rcfpeft,  that  of  Great- 
Britain,  with  which  it  has  now  no  other  connexion  than  that  of  being 
fubje£l  to  the  fame  king.  Ireland  has  its  own  parliament,  framed  on 
the  fame  plan  with  the  Britifn  ;  its  officers  ofilato,  courts  of  juftice, 
iScc.  but  it  is  protcfted  by  the  I5riti{h  army  and  navy. 

Army.]     In  time  of  peace  the  Army  confi/ts  of  about  40,000  m&n^ 
Cavalry. 
Horfe   Guards,   2  troops. 
Horfe    Grenadier   Guards,    2    troops« 
Royal  regiment  of  Horfe  Guards. 
4  Regiments  of    Horfe. 
3  Regiments  of  Dragoon  GuardSo 
6  Regiments   of   Dragoons. 
13  Regiments  of  Light   Dragoons. 

I  N    F   A   N   T  R   Ya 

3  Regiments  of  Foot  Guards. 
J3   Regiments  of  Foot, 
Artillery  Regiment  in  England, 

. Ireland, 

Engineers   in    England. 

Ireland. 

Marines. 
Invalids. 
In  time  of  peace,  moft  regiments  confift  oFonly  one  battalion,  com* 
pofed  often  companies  ;  in  time  of  war  additional  companies  are  raif- 
ed,  and  the  number  of  regiments  increafed.  The  whole  of  the  army 
laft  war,  including  the  foreign  troops  in  EnglHh  pay,  amounted  to 
about  135.000  men.  Twelve  regiments  of  cavalry,  and  vo  of  infantry, 
are  ufualiy  in  Ireland,  and  are  maintained  by  that  kingdom,  amounting 
to  about  12,000  to  14,000  men  :  For  the  fervice  of  Great-Britain,  the 
garrifons,  and  colonies,  about  17,000  men  are  voted  annually  by  par- 
liament, exclufive  of  marines. 

A  militia  of  about   40,000   men. 

Navy.]  The  number  of  Ships  in  and  out  of  commifTion,  building, 
&c. in  1787,  were  as  follows,  viz. 

Ships  of  the  line  —  —  157 

Fifties  —  —  .i —  19 

Frigates  —  —  —  143 

Sloops  —  — .  —  11*3 

Total  447 

Ships  aftually  in  commiflion,  in  17S6,  as  guard-fliips  in  the  princi* 
pal  ports,  and  on  the  fevcral  Itations,  the  Channel,  North  Sea?,  Weft* 


iif  '       E      N      G      L      A      N      D. 

Jndles,  America,  Eafl-Indies,  Africa,  and  the  Mediterranean,  fitting 

t>ut,    &c. 

Ships  of  the  line  — =  —  12 

Frigates  —  —  —  27 

Sloops  —  —  ' —  6g 

The  ufual  complement  in  time  of  peace,  yoted  by  parliament,  18,000 

feamen,  including  about  3,500  marines. 

The  principal  ports  of  the  navy  are  Portfmouth,   Plymouth,    and 

Chatham,  v/here  there  are  excellent  dock-yards. 

In  times  of  war,  as  in  1782,  the  {hips  fit  for  a£lual  fervice  ^yere^ 

According  to  the  Admiralty  Lift, 

Ships  of  the  line  —  —  114 

Fifties  —  — .  —  11 

Frigates  —  —  —  111 

Sloops  —  —  —  42 

Guard-Ships  —  »_.—.  24 

Total  302 

The  whole  of  the  fleet  carried   upwards  ©f  20,000  guns,  and  wa$ 
S5ianned  by  116,546  feamen. 

The  Royal  Navy  of  Great-Britain,  as  it  Jlood  at  Augnjl,  31,  1784. 
jR.ates  of  Ships.  Complement  of  Men.  Weight  of  Metal, 


Guns.              No.  of  eac 

h  rate.       Men. 

Metals. 

aft.     100  and  upwards     5 

— 

875  to  850 

—  42  24  12       6 

2d.       qS  to  qo     —         20 

— 

750  to  700 

■ —  32  18  12       6 

3d.      80  to  64     —      130 

— 

650  to  500 

—  32  18    9       6 

4th.     60  lo  50     —         27 

— 

420  to  380 

—  24  12    6&18  9  ft 

Mh.     441032     —      102 

— 

300  to    220 

—  18    9    6&12  6 

/Stho     30  to  20     —        50 

— 

200  to  160 

—    94 

334 

Sloops,  18  to  14    . —      143 



125  to  110 

jBp.n~bj,  Fircfhips,  &c.      j  9 

Total  4xj6 

In  .commiflion  2,5  of  the  line,   7  fifties,   36  frigates,   and  105  floopSj, 

When  a  fhip  ©f  war  becomes  old,  or  unfit  for  fervice,  the  fame  name  is 

.transferred  1  o  another,  v/hich  is  built,  as  it  is  called,  upon  her  bottom^ 
Whileafinglc  beam  of  the  old  fhip  remains,  the  name  cannot  be 

Ranged  unlefs  by  a£t  of  parliamexit. 

,'The  pay  of  the  Officers  of  the  Royal  Navy  in  each  Rate.     Flag  Of- 
riCERs,  and  the  Cap  CAINS  to  Flags. 
Admirals  an4  Commanders  in  Chief  of  the  Fleet     - 

An  Admiral  — 

Vice  Admiral  «^  «  ,      ■  — 

JRear  Admiral  . . 

Firft  Captain  to  the  Commander  in  Chief  — 

Second  do.  and  Captain  to  other  Admirals  — 

' to  V. Admirals  1  if  firft  or  fecond  Rates,   to' 


IsT  if 
Is/hs 


Per  day. 

£-5     0 

0 

3   10 

P 

2  10 

0 

i    15 

0 

i    ^5 

0 

1     0 

0 

p  16 

0 

0   13 

6 

« jto  R.Admirals  /  have  the  Pay  of  fuch  Rates 

History.]   For  this  interefting   article,    the  reader  is  referred  to 
Jiuwe.  Goldrmith,   Macauley  orloma  other  profelTed  Hiftorian.     I 

ihall 


E      N      G      L      A      N      D.  n^ 

fiiall  here  fet  down  a  chionology  of  Englifh  kings,  from  the  time  that 
this  country  became  united  under  one  monarch,  in  the  penon  of  Eg- 
bert, who  fubdued  the  other  princes  of  the  Saxon  heptarchy,  and  (^ave 
the  name  of  Angle-hind  to  this  part  of  the  ifland,  the  Saxons  and  An- 
gles having  about  four  centuries  before,  invaded  and  I'ubdued  the  an- 
cient Bri'vCnSj  whom  they  drove  itito  Wales  and  Cornwall. 
Began  to 

reign. 

800  Egbert         |  871  Alfred  the  Great 

838  Ethclwulf     90 r  Edward  the  Elde 

I57  Ethdbald    |  925  AthcUlan 


03 


860  Elhc'ibert     j  941  Edmund 
866  Elhclred     j  94S  Edrcd 

.1 

■J 01 7  Canute,  king  of  Denmark 

1035  Harold  \  Danifii. 

■S039  Il^rdicanute 

lojtx  Edward  the  Confe^or 

106.^  Harold 


955  i---^^vy 

959  Ed^ar  ]    g 

97.5  Edward  theMar.  L  • 

978  Ethclrcd  IE  [7 

1016  Edmund  IE  or     •    |" 

(Ironiide.    j    2 


r  (Commonly  called  the  conqueror)  duke  of  Norman- 
1066  William  I.  <     dy,  a  province  facing  the  louth  of  England,  now  aii- 


[   nexed  to  the  French  monarchy. 

soGy   William   II.  1  „  /•   i      o 

^   ,,  .  y  Sons  of  the  Conqueror. 

1  ICO  Iienry  I.  j  *■ 

a  135  Stephen,  grsndfon  to  the  Conqueror,  by  his  4th  daughter  Adela. 

["(Plantagenet)   grandfon  of  Henry  I.   by  his  daughter 
1154  Henry  II.  ■<  the  emprcfs  Matilda,  and  her  2d  hufband,  Gcoffro^i 

(^  Plantagenet. 

1189  Richard  I.  ^  c  r  tn  tt 

^  T  ,  >  Sons  or  Henrv  II. 

1199  John  / 

i2i6  Henry  III.  Ion  of  John. 

1272  Edward  I.  ion  of  Henry  III.. 

1307   Edward  Il.fon  of  Edward  L 

1327  Edward  III.  fon  of  Edward  II. 

n-  i.     J  TT    r  erandfon    of  Edv.Mrd  III.  by.his  eideil    fon,    the 
1377  Richard  II. <^  °,3,     ,    -^  •  •  >     -^ 

^T  ^^j     f  Son  to  Tohn  of  Gaunt,  duke  of  ^ 

1399  Henry  IV.  |  Lancaaer,4th.fonto  Edw.lH    ! 

1413  H-enry  V.  fon  of  Henry  IV. 

1422  Henry  VI.  ion  of  Henry  V.  J 

.  .(^.T^         a  TIT-  ^  defcended  fj-om  Edward  III.  by  ^ 
i4DjEdward  IV.  V ,  •       1  1  •      j  r  ^    \ 

J  Lionel  his  3d  Ion.  \  ^.      -      r  ^,    ■, 

1483  Edward  V.  Ion  of  Edward  IV.  ^^°"'"-  °*  ^  °'-'- 

1483  Richard  III.  brother  of  Edward  IV.  J 

r  (Tudor)  Ion  of  the  coun-1  Houfe  of  Tudor,  in 
1485  Henry  VII.  <^     tcls  of  Richmond,  of  the        whom  were   united 

[^    Houfe  of  L;;ncailcr.  j     the  Houfes  of  Lan- 

1509  Henry  VIII.  fon  of  Henry  \'II.  )-  caller  and  York,  by 

1547  Edward  VI.  fon  of  Henry  VHl.  I     Henry  VII. 's  n)arri. 


J.  Houfe  cf  Lancafler. 


^55;^  I^Iarv  1  r*        ,,        _r  tt  imr  3?c  with  Elizabeth, 

,      o  trr     u  .u    VDaughtersof  Henry  VIII.  {'      ^r  ,,■  j .,,r' 

?5no  Elizabeth  J  *  '  J     daug. 01  Edward  1\  . 

1603 


■r 


N      G      L      A      N      D, 

Great grandfon  of  James  IV.  king  of  Scotland,  by 

l6(53  James  I.    J-     Margaret,  daughter  of  Henry  VII.  andfirftof  th^ 

Stuart  family  in  England. 

1625  Charles  I.  fon  of  James  I. 

Commonwealth,  and  prote£lorate  of  Cromwell* 

1640  Charles  II.  1  c  c /^i.    1      r 

.c?     T  rr      >  Sons  of  Charles  I. 

1605  James  II.     J 

,roo    r  William  III.  nephew  and  fon-in-law  of  James  II. 

*  \  and  Mary  \  Daughters  of  James  II,  in  whom  ended  the  Prot» 

* 762  Anne  /     eflant  line  of  Charles  I.  for  James  II.  upon  his 

ahdicating  the  throne,  carriedwith  him  his  infant 
fon  (the  late  Pretender)  who  was  excluded  by 
aft  of  parliament,  which  fettled  the  fucceffion  in 
the  next  Proteftant  heirs  of  James  I.  The  furviv- 
ing  iffue  of  James,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  were 
a  fon  and  a  daughter,  viz.  Charles,  who  fucceed- 
ed  him,  and  the  Princefs  Elizabeth,  who  married 
the  Eleftor  Palatine,  who  took  the  title  of  king 
of  Bohemia,  and  left  a  daughter,  the  Princefs 
Sophia,  who  married  the  Duke  of  Brunfwick 
Lunenburgh,  by  whom  fhe  had  George,  eleftor 
of  Hanover,  who  afrended  the  throne,  by  aft  of 
parliament,  exprefsly  made  in  favour  of  hi$ 
mother, 

S714  George  L  '  '  ") 

1727  George  II.  fon  of  George  L  )-Houre  of  Hanover, 

lyGp  George  IlJ.grandfonof  George  II.  J 

WALES. 
THE  principality  of  Wales,  long  an  independent  and  feparate 
country  from  England,  and  (lill  entirely  differing  from  it  in  language, 
and,  in  fome  rcfpe(in>s,  in  maniiersand  cuftoms,  is  ftrongly  marked  out 
by  nature,  as  a  detached  di drift.  chara61erifed  by  an  almoil  continue4 
range  of  mountains  more  or  lefs  wild  and  lofty,  and  interjacent  vallies 
moie  or  lefs  extenfive  and  fertile.  It  occupies  all  the  central  part  of 
tlic  tveftern  coafi;,  and  the  country  inland  to  a  moderate  diftance  ;  hav- 
ing its  northern  and  fouthern  limits  well  defined  by  the  projcfting  line 
of  coafl  from  the  Dec  to  Anglcfea  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  wide  en- 
trance of  the  Briftol  channel  on  the  other.  The  ancient  internal  di- 
)nen(iohi  of  Waics  have  been  contrafted,  ty  taking  from  it  the  whole 
county  of  Monmouth,  and  a  part  of  the  feveral  adjacent  Engiifh  coun- 
ucs.  At  prdcnt  it  confi{l:sof  12  middle  fized  counties  ;*  fix  of  which 
.Tire  reckoned  to  belong  to  north,  and  fix  to  fouth  Wales.  In  general 
population  and  fertility  the  latter  divifion  has  the  fuperiority.  All 
*:he  Wclih  counties,  except  three,  touch  the  fea  coafl  in  fome  part  of 
their  boundary. '  .    •       ' 

Extent  and  Situation. 
Miles.  Degrees. 

Length  130  I  ,  r    51  a"^  54  No'^b  latitude. 

Breadth  y6  f  ^^etwecn  ^  ^^^^  ^^^j  ^^^^  ^^,^^^^  longitude. 

Area  in  fquare  miles  7011, 

Name 

«  For  their  names,  fee  England. 


ENGLAND.  i£t 

Name  AN>  tANCtiACE,]  The  Welch,  according  to  the  bcft  anti-. 
quaries,  are  defcendants  of  the  Belgic  Gauls,  who  made  a  fcttlcment  in 
J&ngland  about  fourfcore  years  before  the  firft  dcfccut  of  Julius  Cxfar, 
and  therebv  obtained  the  name  of  Galles  or  WalUs(the  G  and  W  being 
prornifcuoufly  ufed  by  the  anciert  Britons)  that  is,  Strangers.  Their 
language  has  a  flrong  affinity  with  the  Celtic  or  Phoenician,  and  is 
highly  commended  for  its  pathetic  and  dcfcriptive  poA'crs  by  thofc 
who  underftand  it.     [For  Divifions.  fee  England.] 

CtrMATE,  SOIL,  AND  WATER.]  The  fcafons  are  prcfty  much  the 
fame  as  in  the  Northern  parts  of  England,  and  the  air  is  fharp,  but 
Wholefome.  The  foil  of  Wales,  efpecially  towards  the  North,  is 
mountainous,  but  contains  rich  vallies,  which  produce  crops  of  wheat, 
rye  and  corn,  Wales  contains  many  quarries  of  free-ftone  and  (late, 
feveral  mines  of  lead,  and  abundance  of  coal-pits.  This  country  is 
well  fupplied  with  wholefome  fprings  ;  and  its  chief  rivers  are  the 
Clvwd,  the  Wheeler,  the  Dee,  the  Severn,  the  Elwy,  and  the  Allen, 
which,  near  Mold,  finks  under  ground,  and  is  loft  for  a  fhort  fpacc. 
Thefc  rivers  furnifh  Klintfliire  with  great  quantities  of  hfli. 

Mountains.]  It  would  be  cndlefs  to  particularize  tlie  mountains 
of  this  country.  Snowdon,  in  Caernarvonfhirc,  and  Plinlimmon, 
which  lies  partly  in  Montgomery  and  partly  in  Cardiganlhire,  arc  the 
moft  famous  ;  and  their  mountainous  filuation  greatly  aihftcd  the  na* 
tives  in  making  fo  noble  and  long  a  flruggle  againft  the  Roman,  An- 
glo-Saxon, and  Norman  powers. 

PoPiLATiON,  INHABITANTS,  "I  The  inhabitants  of  Walcs  are  fup- 
MANNERSAND  CUSTOMS,  J  pofcd  to  amount  to  about  300.000, 
and  though  not  in  general  wealthy,  they  are  provided  with  all  the 
neceffaries,  and  many  of  the  convcnicncics  of  life.  The  Welfh  are,  if 
poflible,  more  jealous  of  their  liberties  than  the  Englifli  ;  and  tijcy  arc 
remarkable  for  their  fincerity  and  fidelity.  The  Welch  may  be  called 
an  unmixed  people,  as  may  be  proved  by  their  keeping  up  tlic  ancient 
hofpitality,  and  their  ftrift  adherence  to  ancient  cuftcms  and  manntrs. 
This  appears  even  among  gentlemen  of  fortune,  who  in  other  countries 
commonly  follow  the  flream  of  f^ifhion.  We  are  not  however  to  im- 
agine, that  many  of  the  nobility  and  gentry  of  Wales  do  not  comply 
with  the  modes  and  manner  of  living  in  England  and  France.  All 
the  better  fort  of  the  Welch  fpeak  the  Englifli  language,  though  num- 
bers of  them  underftand  the  Welch. 

Religion.]  The  Welch  clergy,  in  general,  are  but  poorly  provid- 
ed for  ;  and  in  many  of  the  country  congregations  they  preach  both  in 
Welch  and  Englifh,  Their  poverty  was  formerly  a  vaft  difcourage- 
mcnt  to  religion  and  learning,  but  the  mcafurcs  taken  by  the  fociety  for 
pi'opagating  chriflian  knowledge,  have  in  a  great  degree  removed  the 
reproach  of  ignorance  from  the  poorer  {ort  of  the  Welch.  In  the 
year  1749,  a  hundred  and  forty-two  fchoolmaflcrs  were  employed,  to 
remove  from  place  to  place  for  the  infivuftion  of  I  he  inhabitants  ;  and 
their  fcholars  amounted  to  72,264.  No  people  have  diftinguifiicd 
themfelves  more,  perhaps,  in  proportion  to  their  abilities,  than  the 
Welch  liave  done  by  afts  oi  national  munificence.  They  print,  at  a 
vaft  expenfe,  bibles,  common-prayer?,  and  other  religious  hooks,  and 
diftribute  them  gratis  to  the  poorer  lort.  Few  of  their  towns  arc  un- 
provided with  a  free-fchool.  The  eftabllfhcd  religion  is  that  of  Eng. 
land,  Le.'.rkmkg 


ifti  ENGLAND. 

I-cARKiKC  AND  LEARNED  MEN.]  Walcs  was  a  fcat  of  learning  at 
a  very  early  period  ;  but  it  fuffered  an  eclipfe  by  the  repeated  maffa- 
cres  of  the  bards  and  clergy.  WicklifiEfm  took  fhelter  in  Wales,  when 
it  was  perfe.cuted  in  England.  The  Welch  and  Scotch  difpute  about 
the  nativity  of  certain  learned  men,  particularly  four  of  the  name  of 
■Gildas.  Giraldus  Cambrenfis,  whofe  hiflory  was  publifhed  by  Cam- 
den, was  certainly  a  Welchman  ;  and  Leland  mentions  feveral  learned 
men  of  the  fame  country,  who  llourifhcd  before  the  reformation. 

With  regard  to  the  prefent  ftate  of  literature  among  the  Welch,  it  is 
f  ufiicicn^t  to  fay,  that  feme  of  them  make  a  coniiderable  figure  in  the 
lepublic  of  letters,  and  that  many  of  their  clergy  are  excellent  fcholars. 

Cities,  TOWNS,  «ORTS,  AND  OTHER  "1  Wales  contains  no  cities 
EDIFICES,  PUBLIC  AN  D^p  R I  VAT  £.  J  or  towns  that  are  remarkable 
cither  for  populoufncfs  or  magnificence.  Beaumaris,  a  neat  well  built 
place,  is  the  chief  town  of  Anglefey,*  and  has  a  harbour  for  fhips,  and 
H  caflle  founded  by  Edward  I,  It  has  no  trade.  Brecknock  has  a 
trade  in  the  woollen  branches.  It  is  moderately  large,  well  built,  and 
inh^^bited  by  feveral  families  of  gentry.  Cardigan  is  a  large  populous 
luwn,  Iving  in  the  neighbourhood  of  lead  and  filver  mines,  en  the 
iuouth  of  the  river  Towy.  Caermarthen  has  a  larg-e  bridge,  i?  well 
buiit  and  populous,  and  is  reckoned  the  firft  town  in  South  Wales. 
its  river,  the  Towy,  admits  of  vcffels  of  moderate  burden,  which  gives 
it  a  coniiderable  trade.  Pembroke,  fiiuated  on  a  creek  which  commu- 
nicates with  Milford  Haven,  is  v.'cll  inhabited  by  gentlemen  and 
tradcfincn,  but  on  the  decline,  the  navigation  to  it  being  injuried  by 
ihe  rubbifh  ofthe  lime  ftone  quarries  near  it.  Apart  of  the  country 
>6  fo  fertile  and  plealant,  that  it  is  called  Little  England. 

A  N'  T I  n  u  iTi  £  £  AND  c  u  F.  I  o  s  I T  i  E  s,  "\  Wales  abouuds  in  remains  of 
XAiuRAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  J  antiquity  ;  but   the    remains  of 

■die  Druidical  inftitulions,  and  places  of  worfiiip,  are  chiefly  difcerni- 
b!c  in  the  iile  of  Anglefey,  the  ancient  Mona,  mentioned  by  Tacitus, 
who  ddcribes  it  as  being  the  chief  leminary  of  the  Druidical  rites  and 
rehgioiu  Among 

•'■'  'l>.e  iile  of  Anglefey,  w'^ich  is  the  moft  weftern  county  of  NorthWales,  is  furrounded  on 
;,!!  fides  by  the  Inlh  fea,  except  on  the  fouth  raII,  where  it  is  divided  from  Britain  by  a  nar- 
vow  [\v.M,  called  the  N{cnJi,  which  in  fome  places  may  be  palled  on  foot  at  low  v;ater  ;  the 
iilunsi  is  of  a  shoinhioidal  (hape,  and  from  point  to  point  the  length  is  about  22  miles,  and  the 
^■r^adili  20.  It  coi:t>ias7-V  piiiftes.  Tiie  part  of  the  ilbnd  bordering  the  Menai  is  iinely 
wooded,  recalling  to  the  rruiid  its,  ancient  ftate,  whea  it  was  the  celebrated  feat  of  the  Druids, 
:^hs  I'emfic  rites  of  whofe  religion,  were  performed  in  the  gloom  of  the  thickell  groves. 
i.\.ade  moun.4,b.and  he;ipi  of  flea-,  fuppofed  to  bo  Druidical  remains,  are  yet  to  be  feen  here. 
\  little  \ray  within,  liowever,  tlie  whole  country  changes  its  afpeft  into  a  naked  trad,  with- 
./ut  trees  or  even  htd^e.-,  rifing  in  fmnU  hills,  watered  by  numerous  rills,  and  fertile  in  grafs 
,iid  corn.  Tlie  pryduits  of  A'lglefey  are  corn  and  cattle.  In  favourable  feafons  large  quan- 
uiies  of  Uarley  and  oats  are  exported  iy  fea,  and  feveral  thou  land  head  of  cattle,  befides  muU 
tinilos  of  (i.ieep  and  hpgSj  annually  crofs  the  ferry  of  the  Mcnai  to  the  main  land.  Its 
teriiiity  is  of  .siioient  repmaiion,  tor  it  hid  long  ago  acquired  chs  title  of  loe  nuvjing  mother 
.■fiVaUs.  Uut  the  wsiUh  and  population  of  Anglvifcy  have  lately  received  a  great  increafe 
tiom  tlie  difcovery  of  the  famous  copper  mine  on  Pa>y's  'iwu/ilai/i,  the  largeft  bed  of  ore  of 
vh.itmoul  probably  linovvn  in  llie  v,jriJ.  li  is  wrought  not  in  the  common  manner  of  fub" 
terrancoa<  mines,  but  like  a  Hone  quarry,  open  10  the  da^  ;  and  the  quantities  of  ore  raifed 
.ire  prodigious.  The  or«  is  poor  in  quality,  and  very  abundant  in  fulphurs  :  Quantities  of 
.:;.;rjy  pu'-e  copper  are  obtained  from  the  waters  lodged  beneath  the  bed  of  ore,  by  the  inter- 
vention of  iron.  A  lead  ore  rich  inlilver  is  alfo  fdund  in  the  fame  mountain.  In  the 
iuTth  well  part  of  the  iflind  ;»  a  q'-iirrv  of  pr^cn  mirble,    interiniKeJ  w  idi  that  curious  fi^b, 

'^.MK'lS.  ijcftos. 


'ENGLAND.  t23 

Among  the  natural  curiofities  of  this  country,  are  the  follov/ing. 
In  Flintfhire  is  a  famous  well,  known  by  the  name  of  St.  AVinifred's 
well,  at  which,  according  to  the  legendary  taks  of  the  common  people, 
miraculous  cures  have  been  performed.  The  fj^ring  boils  with  vaft 
impetuofity  out  of  a  rock  at  the  foot  of  a  high  hill,  and  is  foniied  into 
a  beautiful  polygonal  well,  covered  with  a  rich  arch  fupported  by  pil- 
lars, and  the  roof  is  moft  exquifitely  carved  in  flone.  Over  the  fpring 
.is  alfo  a  chapel,  a  neat  piece  of  Gothic  architcfturc,  but  in  a  very  ru- 
inous ftate.  This  fpring  is  fuppofed  to  be  one  of  the  fineft  in  the 
Britifh  dominions,  and  is  now  applied  to  the  purpofe  of  turning  fcveral 
mills,  for  the  working  of  copper,  making  brafs  wire,  paper  and  fnufF, 
and  fpinning  cotton  ;  which  branches  give  great  employment  to  the 
town  and  neighbourhood,  and  by  two  different  trials  and  calculations 
lately  made,  is  found  to  fling  out  about  twenty-one  tons  of  water  in  a 
minute.  It  never  freezes,  or  fcarccly  varies  in  the  quantity  of  water 
in  droughts,  or  after  the  greatefl  rains.  After  a  violent  fall  oif  rain,  it 
becomes  difcoloured  by  a  wheyifh  tinge.  The  fmall  town  adjoining 
to  the  well,  is  known  by  the  name  of  Holywell.  In  Caernarvonfliire 
is  the  high  mountain  of  Penmanmawr,  acrofs  the  edge  of  which  the 
public  road  lies,  and  occafions  no  fmall  terror  to  many  travellers  i 
from  one  hand  the  impending  rock  feems  ready  evejy  minute  to  crulh 
them  to  pieces,  and  the  great  precipice  below,  which  hangs  over  the 
fea,  is  fo  hideous,  and,  till  very  lately,  when  a  wall  was  raifed  on  the 
fide  of  the  road,  wasib  dangerous  that  one  falfe  ftep  was  of  difmal  con-  > 
fequencc.  Snowdon  hill  is  by  triangular  meafurement  1 240  yards  per- 
pendicular height. 

There  are  a  great  number  of  pleafing  profpefts  and  pifturefque  views 
in  Wales  ;  and  this  country  is  highly  worthy  the  attention  of  the 
curious  traveller. 

Commerce  and  Manufactures.]  The  Welch  arc  on  a  footing, 
as  to  their  commerce  and  manufactures,  with  many  of  the  weftern  and 
northern  coun-tiesof  England.  Their  trade  is  muftly  inland,  or  with 
England,  into  which  they  import  numbers  of  black  cattle.  Milford 
haven,  which  is  reckoned  the  fineft  in  Europe,  lies  in  Pcmbrokefhirc  ; 
but  tlie  Welch  have  hitherto  reaped  no  great  benefit  from  it,  though 
of  late  conliderable  fums  have  been  granted  by  parliament  for  its  forti- 
fication. The  town  of  Pembroke  employs  near  200  merchant  Ihips, 
and  its  inhabitants  carry  ®n  an  extenfivc  trade.  In  Brecknocklhire 
are  feveral  woollen  manufactures  ;  and  Wijes  in  general  carries  on  a 
great  coal  trade  with  England  and  Ireland. 

CoNS-fiTUTiON  AND  GovER.VMENT.]  Walcs  was  United,  and  in- 
corporated with  England,  in  the  27th  of  Henry  VIII.  when,  by  aft  of 
parliament,  the  government  of  it  wai  modelled  according  to  the  Eng- 
lifh  form  ;  all  laws,  cuftoms,  and  tenures,  contrary  to  thofe  of  England, 
-being  abiogated,  and  the  inhabitants  admitted  to  a  participation  ot  all 
the  EngliHi  liberies  and  privileges,  particularly  that  of  JLudiue;  incm- 
.bers  to  parliament,  viz.  a  knight  for  every  fliiie,  and  a  hurgcfs  for  every 
fhire-town,  except  l^^erioneth. 

Re.venue.]  Astoihe  revenues,  the  crown  has  a  fmall  propertyj 
in  the  product  of  the  fdver  and  lead  mines;  but  it  is  laid  that  the 
jevenuc  accruing  to  the  prince  of  Wales  f  10m  his  principality,  doet 
not  exceed  7  or  8;oool.  a  year.  The  land  tax  of  Wdes  bvOu;jht  iv. 
Xeveral  vcars  ago  libuut  £'.43,700  a  year,  ^ 

lIliTORY.J 


*24  ENGLAND, 

H1STORY.3  Tlie  ancient  hiftorv  of  Wales  is  uncertain,  on  account 
of  the  number  of  petty  princes  who  governed  it.  That  they  were 
fovereijrn  and  independent,  appears  from  the  Englifh  hiftory.  It  was 
i'onnerly  inhabited  by  three  different  tribes  of  Britons  ;  the  Silures, 
the  Dimeta;,  and  the  Ordovices.  Thefe  people  appear  never  to  have 
been  entirely  fubdued  by  the  Romans  ;  though  part  of  their  country, 
from  the  ruins  of  caftles,  was  bridled  by  garrifons.  The  Saxons  con- 
quered the  counties  of  Monmouth  and  Hereford,  but  never  penetrate 
ed  farther,  and  the  Welch  remained  an  independent  people,  govern* 
cd  by  their  awn  princes  and  their  own  laws.  About  the  year  870, 
Roderic,  king  of  Wales,  divided  his  dominions  among  his  tliree  fons  ; 
and  the  names  of  thefe  divifions  were,  Demetia,  or  South  Wales  ;  Po- 
vefia,  or  Powis-Iand  ;  and  Venedotia,  or  North  Wales.  This  divifion 
gave  a  mortal  blow  to  the  independency  of  Wales.  About  the  year 
1112,  Henry  I.  of  England,  planted  a  colony  of  Flemings  on  the  fron- 
ciers  ef  Wales,  to  ferve  as  a  barrier  to  England,  none  of  the  Welch" 
princes  being  powerful  enough  to  oppofe  them.  They  made  however 
many  vigorou£  and  brave  attempts  againftthe  Norman  kings  of  Eng- 
land to  maintain  their  liberties  ;  and  even  the  Englilh  hiftorians  ad- 
snit  the  injuPcice  of  their  claims.  In  1237,  '^^  crown  of  England  was 
firft  fupplied  witli  a  handle  for  the  future  conquefl  of  Wales  ;  their 
old  and  infirm  prince  Llewellin,  in  oixier  to  be  fafe  from  the  profecu- 
tionj  of  his  undutiful  fon  Griffyn,  having  put  himfclf  under  fubjedion 
and  homage  to  king  Henry  III. 

Hut  no  capitulation  could  fatisfy  the  ambition  of  Edward  I.  who 
rcfolved  to  annex  Wales  to  the  crown  of  England  ;  and  Llewellin^ 
ptince  of  Wales,  difdaining  the  fubjcflion  to  which  old  Llewellin  had 
iubniitted,  Edward  raifed  an  irrefifiihle  army  at  a  prodigious  cxpenfe, 
with  which  he  penetrated  as  far  as  Flint,  and  taking  poflTeflion  of  the 
in,c  of  Anglefey,  he  drove  the  Welch  to  the  mountains  of  Snowdon^ 
and  obliged  them  to  fubmit  to  pay  a  tribute.  The  Welch,  however, 
made  fcveraj  efforts,  under  young  Llewellin  ;  but  at  laft,  in  1285,  he 
was  killed  in  battle.  He  was  fucceeded  by  his  brother  David,  the  lall 
independent  prince  of  Wales,  who,  falling  into  Edward's  hands 
ilii-ough  treachery,  was  by  him  mofl  barbaroufly  and  unjuflly  hanged  j 
;ind  Edward  from  that-time  pretended  that  Wales  was  annexed  to  his 
vrmvn  of  England.  It  was  about  this  time,  probably,  that  Edward, 
perpetrated  the  inhuman  malTacre  of  the  Welch  bards.  Perceiving 
that  his  cruelty  was  not  fufFicient  to  complete  his  conqueft,  he  ferit 
his<>ueen  in  the  year  i282yto  be  df^livered  in  Caernarvon  caflle,  that 
the  Welch  having  a  prince  born  among  themfclvcs,  might  the  more 
readily  rccognife  hii  authority.  This  prince  was  the  unhappy  Ed- 
ward II.  and  from  him  the  title  of  prince  of  Wales  has  always  fince 
dcfcendcd  to  the  elded  fbns  of  the  Englifh  kings.  The  hillory  of 
Wales  and  England,  from  this  period,  becomes  the  fame.  It  is  proper, 
however,  to  obferve,  that  tlie  kings  of  England  have  always  found  it 
.heir  intcrcft  to  loothc  the  Welch  with  particular  marks  of  their  re- 
.^  ;ud.  Their  cldcft  fons  not  only  held  the  titular  dignity,  but  aftually 
vcpt  a  court  at  I.udlow  ;  and  a  regular  council,  with  a  prefident,  was 
named  by  the  crown,  for  the  adminiftration  of  all  the  affairs  of  the 
riacipality.  This  was  thought  fo  necelTary  a  piece  of  policy,  that 
Jicn  Henrv  VIII.  had  ::o  fun,  his  daughter  Mary  was  created  priu- 
;;lsot  Walc5.  "        SCOTLAND, 


SCOTLAND,  t?5 

S*C    O    T    L    A    N    D. 

Extent  and  Situation. 
Miles.  Degrees. 

Length  300 1  u_.^__  r  54  and  59  North  latitude. 
Breadth  190/  ''etween  |  ^  ^^^  6  Weft  longitiidc. 
..  -,npHE  word  Scot  is  no  other  than  a  corruption  of  Scuyth,  or 
Name. J  j^  Scythian,  bein^  originally  from  that  immenie  country, 
called  Scythia  by  the  ancients.  It  is  termed,  by  the  Italians,  Scotia  ; 
by  the  Spaniards,  Efcotia  ;  by  the  French,  EcolTe  ;  and  by  the  Scots, 
Germans,  and  Englifh,  Scotland. 

Boundaries.]  Scotland,  which  contains  an  area  of  27,794 fquare 
miles,  is  bounded  on  the  fovuh  by  England  ;  and  on  the  north,  cait, 
and  wefl,  by  the  Deucaledonian,  German,  and  Irifh  fcas,or,more  prop- 
erly, the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Divisions  AND  subdivisions.]     See  England. 

Climate,  SOIL,  AIR,  AND  water.]  In  the  northern  parts,  day- 
light, at  micifummer,  lafts  eighteen  hours  and  five  minutes.  The  air  of 
Scotland  is  more  temperate  than  could  be  expefted  in  fo  northerly  a 
climate.  This  arifes  partly  from  the  variety  of  its  hills,  vallics,  rivers, 
and  lakes  ;  but  flill  more,  as  in  England,  from  the  vicinity  of  the  fea, 
which  affords  thofe  warm  breezes,  that  not  only  foften  the  natural 
keenefs  of  the  air,  but,  by  keeping  it  in  perpetual  agitation,  render  it 
pure  and  healthful,  and  prevent  thofe  epidemic  diftcmpers  that  pre- 
vail in  many  other  countries.  In  the  neighbourhood  of  fome  high 
mountains,  however,  which  arc  generally  covered  with  fnow,  the.  aif 
is  keen  and  piercing  for  about  nine  months  in  the  year.  The  foil  in. 
general  is  not  fo  fertile  as  that  of  England  ;  and  in  many  places  lef.- 
fitted  for  agriculture  than  for  pafture.  At  the  fame  time,  there  an 
particular  plains  and  vallics  of  the  molb  luxuriant  fertility.  The  finer 
particles  of  earth,  incefTantly  waflied  down  from  the  mountains,  and 
depofited  in  theie  vallies,  afford  tl'Cm  a  vegetative  nourifhmcnt,  which 
is  capable  of  carrying  the  flrongefh  plants  to  perfeHion  :  Though  ex- 
perience has  proved,  that  many  vegetables  and  horiulane  produftions 
do  not  come  fo  foon  to  maturity  in  this  country  as  in  England.  There 
is,  indeed,  a  great  variety  of  foils  in  Scotland,  the  face  of  which  )•; 
agreeably  diverfified  by  a  charming  intermixture  of  natural  objefts. 
The  vaft  inequalities  of  the  ground,  if  unfavouraiblc  to  the  labours  of 
the  hufbandman,  are  particularly  pleafing  to  a  traveller,  and  afFord 
thofe  delightful  fituations  for  counlry-houfes.  of  which  many  of  the 
Scottifh  nobility  and  gentry  have  fo  judicioully  availed  themfclvcs.  It 
is  their  htuation.  more  tlian  any  expenfive  magnificence,  that  occafions 
the  feats  of  the  dukes  of  Argyle  and  Athol,  of  Lord  Hoptcn,  and  ma- 
ny others,  to  fix  the  attention  of  every  traveller.  1  he  water  in  Scot- 
land, as  every  where  clfe,  depends  on  the  qualities  of  the  foil  thiouglv 
which  it  paffes.  Water  paffing  through  a  heavy  foil  is  turbid  and 
noxious,  but  filtrating  through  fand  or  gravel,  it  is  clear,  light,  and 
falutary  to  the  fl:omach.  This  lafl  is  in  general  the  cafe  in  Scot- 
land, where  the  water  is  better  than  that  of  more  fouthcrn  climates,  in 
•proportion  as  the  land  is  wcrfc. 

Mountains.]  The  principal  mountains  in  Scotland  arc  the  Gram- 
pian hills,  which  run  from  eaft  to  weft,  from  near  Aberdeen  to  Cowjtl 
in  Argyleflaire,  almofl  the  whole  Ureadlh  of  the  kingdom.     Ancthrr 

r.hai'i 


xaO  5      C      O      T      L      A      N      £>, 

cliain  of  moutains,  called  the  Peiitland  hills,  runs  through  Lothian  and' 
joins  thofe  of  Tweeclale.  A  third,  called  Latnmar-Muir,  rifcs  near 
the  caftein  coaft,  and  runs  wcflward  through  the  Merfe.  Befides' 
thofe  continued  chains,  among  which  we  may  reckon  the  Cheviot  or 
Tiviot  Hills,  on  the  borders  of  England,  Scotland  contains  many  de- 
tached mountains,  which,  from  flieir  conical  figure,  fometimes  go  by 
the  Celtic  word  Laws.  Many  of  them  are  ftupendoufly  high,  and  of 
beautiful  forms  ;  but  too  numerous  to  be  particularized  here. 

Rivers,  lakes,  and  forests.]  The  largefl  river  in  Scotland, is  the 
Forth, which  rifcs  in  Monteith  near  Callendaf,  and  paffing  by  Stirling, 
after  a  number  of  beautiful  meanders,  difcharges  itfelf  near  Edinburgh 
into  that  arm  of  th6  German  fea  to  which  it  gives  the  name  of  Frith  of 
Forth.  Second  to  the  Forth  is  the  Tay,  which  ilTucs  out  of  Loch  Tay^ 
in  Broadalbin,  and  running  fouth  caft,  paffes  the  town  of  Perth,  and 
falls  into  the  fea  at  Dundee.  The  Spey,  which  is  called  the  mofl  rap- 
id river  in  Scotland,  ilFues  from  a  lake  of  the  fame  name  in  Badenoch, 
and,  running  from  foutli-wefl  to  fouth-eaft,  falls  into  the  fea  near  El- 
gin ;  as  do  the  rivers  Dec  and  Don,  which  run  from  wefh  to  eaft,  and 
difembogue  fhemfclves  at  Aberdeen.  The  Tweed  rifes  on  the  borders 
of  Lanerkfhire,  and,  after  m.any  beautiful  ferpentine  turnings,  dif- 
charges itfelf  into  the  fea  at  Berwick,  where  it  ferves  as  a  boundary 
between  Scotland  and  England,  on  the  cafJiern  fide.  The  Clyde  is  a 
large  river  on  the  weft  of  Scotland,  end  falls  into  the  Frith  of  Clyde, 
oppofite  to  the  ifle  of  Bute.  Befidcs  thofe  capita'  rivers,  Scotland  con- 
tains manv  of  an  inferior  fort,'  well  provided  with  I'almon,  trOuf,  and 
other  fifhcs,  which  equally  enrich  and  beautify  the  country.  Several' 
of  thofe  rivers  go  bv  the  narnc  of  Ejki  which  is  tlie  old  Celtic  name  for 
water.  The  greateft  improvem.ent  for  inland  navigation  that  has  been 
attempted  in  Great  Britain,  wasundertaken  at  a  very  confiderable  cx- 
penfe,  by  a  fociety  of  public-fpirited  gentlemen,  for  jcfining  the  river? 
Forth  and  Clyde  together  ;  by  which  a  communication  has  been  open^ 
ed  between  the  eaft  and  weft  feas,  to  the" advantage  of  die  whole  king- 
tiom. 

The  lakes  of  Scotland  (there  Called  Lochs)  are  too  rriany  to  be;  par- 
ticularly defcribed.  Thofe  called  Loch  Tay,  Loch  Lomond,  Loch-nefs, 
Loch  Au,  and  one  or  two  more,  prefent  us  with  fuch  picturefque  fcene.> 
as  are  fcarcely  equalled  in  Europe,  if  we  extiept  Ireland.  Several  of 
thcfe  L'ikes  are  beautifully  fringed  with  woods,  and  contain  plenty  of 
frefh-water  fifh.  The  Scots  fometimes  give  the  name  of  a  lo^h  to  an 
arm  of  the  iea  ;  for  example,  I-och  Fyn,  which  is  60  miles  long  and' 
four  broad,  and  is  famous  for  its  excellent  herrings.  TJie  Loch  of 
Spinie,  near  Elgin,  is  remarkable  for  its  number  of  fwans  and  cygnets, 
\vhich  oftfn  darken  the  air  with  their  flights  ;  owing,  as  feme  think,  to 
the  plant  olorina,  which  grows  in  its  waters,  with  a  flraight  ftalk  and 
a  cluftcr  of  feeds  at  the  top.  Near  Lochncfs  is  a  hill  almoll  two  miles 
perpendicular,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  lake  of  cold  frcfh  water,  about 
go  fathoms  in  length,  too  deep  ever  yet  to  be  fathomed,  and  which 
n^vc)-  freezes  ;  whereas,  but  17  miles  from  thence,  the  lake  Lpchanwyn, 
or  Gi-een  Lake,  is  covered  with  ice  all  the  year  round.  Befides  thefe 
rivers  and  lochs,  and  others  two  numerous  to  mention,  the  coafts  of 
Scotland  are  in  many  parts  indented  with  large,  bold,  and  navigablf^ 
bays  or  arms  of  the  fea  ;  as  the   bay  of  Glcnluce  and  Wigtown  bay  •, 


S'     C-  O      t   -  L      A      N  -  0.-  iz'f 

i^metlmes  they  are  called  Friths,  as  the  Solway  Frith,  which  fcparatc*- 
Scotland  from  England  on  the  weft  ;  the  Frith  of  Forth,  Murray  Frith, 
and  thofe  of  Cromarty  and  Dornock. 

The  face  of  Scotland,  even  where  it  is  mofl;  uninviting,  prefcnts  us 
with  the  moffc  incontrovertible  evidences  of  its  having  been  formerly 
over-run  with  timber.  The  deepeft  moraffes,  contain  large  logs  or 
wood;  and  their  waters  being  impregnated  with  turpentine  have  ii 
preferring  quality,  as  appears  by  the  human  bodies  which  have  been 
difcovered  in  thofe  moralTcs.  Fir  trees  grow  in  great  perfeftion  al- 
moft  all  over  Scotland,  and  form  beautiful  plantations.  The  Scotch 
oak  is  excellent  in  the  Highlands,  where  fome  woods  reach  20  or  30 
miles- in  length,  and  four  or  five  in  breadth  but  without  being  of  much 
emolument  to  the  proprietors,  being  at  too  great  a  diftance  from  water 
carriage. 

Metals  AND  MINERALS,]  Though  Scotland  does  tiot  at  prefcnt 
boaft  of  its  gold  mines,  yer  it  is  certain,  that  it  contains  fuch,  or  at 
leaft  that  Scotland  formerly  afforded  a  confiderable  quantity  of  that  met- 
al for  its  coinage.  James  V.  and  his  father  contrailed  with  certain 
Germans  for  working  the  mines  or  Crawford-Moor  ;  and  it  is  an  un- 
doubted faft,  that  when  James  V.  married  the  French  king's  daughter, 
a  number  of  covered  difhes,  filled  with  coins  of  Scotch  gold,  were 
prelcnted  to  the  guefts  by  way  of  defert.  The  civil  wars  and  trou- 
bles which  followed,  under  his  daughter,  and  in  the  minority  of  his 
grandfon,  drove  thofe  foreigners,  the  chief  of  whom  was  called  Corne- 
lius, from  their  works,  which  fince  that  time  have  never  been  re«> 
covered. 

Several  landholders  in  Scotland  derive  a  large  pfofit  from  their 
lead  mines,  which  arc  faid  to  be  very  rich,  and  to  produce  large  quan^ 
titles  of  filver  ;  but  v/e  know  of  no  filver  mines  that  are  worked  at- 
prefent.  Some  copper  mines  have  been  found  near  Edinburgh;  and 
many  parts  of  Scotland,  in  the  eaft,  wePc,  and  nothern  counties  produce 
excellent  eoal  of  various  kinds,  large  quantities  of  which  are  exported, 
to  the  vafl  emolument  of  the  public.  Lime-ftone  is  here  in  great  plen- 
ty, as  is  free-ftone  ;  fo  that  the  hoiifes  of  thebctterfort  are  conftrufted 
of  the  moft  beautiful  materials.  The  indolence  of  the  inhabitants,  of 
many  places  in  Scotland,  where  no  coal  is  found,  prevented  them 
from  fupplving  that  dcfeft  by  plantations  of  wood  ;  and  the  peat-mof  • 
fes  being  in  many  parts,  of  the  north  efpecially,  almoft  exhaufted,  the 
fnliabitants  are  put  to  great  difficulties  for  fuel  ;  however  the  talle  fof 
plantations,  of  all  kinds,  that  now  prevails,  will  foon  remedy  that  in- 
convenience. 

Latais  lazuli  is  faid  to  be  dug  up  in  Lancrkfhire  ;  alum  mines  have 
beea  found  in  BamflTl-iire  ;  cryftal,  variegated  pebbles,  and  ether 
tranfparent  ftones,  which  admit  of  the  fineft  polilh  for  fcals,  arc  four.d 
in  various  parts  ;  as  are  talc,  flint,  fca-fhcUs,  potters  clay,  and  fuller? 
earth.  The  ftones  which  the  country  people  call  elf-arrow  heads,  and 
to  which  they  affign  a  fupernatural  origin  and  ufe,  were  probably  the 
ilint-heads  of  arrows  made  ufe  of  by  the  Caledonians  and  ancient 
Scots.  No  country  produces  greater  plenty  of  iron-ore  both  in  mines 
and  ftones,  than  Scotland  ;  of  which  the  proprietors  nov/  begin  10 
partake  of  the  profits, 

Veqstabl.*- 


328  SCOTLAND, 

Vegetable  and  animal  pro-I  It  is  certain,  that  the  Toil  of 
DUCTiONs  EY  sea'and  LAND.  J  Scotland,  may  oC  rendered,  in  ma-« 
X\y  parts,  nearly  as  fruitful  as  that  of  England,  It  is  even  faid,  that 
fome  trafts  of  the  low  countries  at  prefent  exceed  in  value  Engliih  ef- 
tates  of  the  fame  extent,  becaufe  they  are  far  lefs  exhaufted  and  wotn 
out  than  thofe  of  the  fouthern  parts  of  the  ifland  ;  and  agriculture  is 
now  perhaps  as  well  underffood,  both  in  theory  and  praftice,  among 
many  of  the  Scotch  landlords  and  farmers,  as  it  is  in  any  part  of  Eu-* 
rope. 

The  merchants  of  Glafgow,  who  are  the  life  and  foul  of  that 
part  of  the  kingdom,  and  into  whofe  hands  a  very  confiderable 
part  of  the  landed  property  has  lately  fallen,  while  they  are  daily  in- 
troducing new  branches  of  commerce,  are  no  lefs  attentive  to  the  prog- 
rcfs  of  agriculture,  by  which  they  do  their  country  in  particular,  and 
the  whole  ifland  in  general,  the  moft  effential  fervice.  The  aftive 
genius  of  thefe  people  extends  even  to  moors,  rocks,  and  marfhcs, 
^vhich  being  hitherto  reckoned  ufelefs,  were  confequently  jieglefted, 
but  are  now  brought  to  produce  certain  fpecies  of  grain  or  timber,  for 
which  the  foil  is  bed  adapted. 

But  the  fruits  of  {kill  and  induftry  are  chiefly  perceivable  in  the 
counties  lying  upon  the  river  Forth,  called  the  Lothians,  where  agri- 
culture is  thoroughly  underftood,  and  the  farmers,  who  generally  rent 
from  3  to  500I.  perann.  are  well  fed,  well  clothed,  and  comfortably 
lodged.  The  reverfe,  however,  may  be  obferved  of  a  very  confiderabl? 
part  of  Scotland,  which  flill  remains  in  a  ftate  of  nature,  and  where 
the  landlords,  ignorant  of  their  real  interefb,  refufe  to  grant  fuch  leaf* 
cs  as  would  encourage  the  tenant  to  improve  his  own  farm.  In  fuch 
places  the  hufbandmcn  barely  exift.  upon  the  gleanings  of  a  fcanty 
farm,  feldom  exceeding  20  or  30U  per  ann.  the  cattle  are  lean  and  fmall, 
the  houles  mean  beyond  expreflion,  and  the  face  of  the  country  ex-' 
Libit;  the  moft  deplorable  marks  of  poverty  and  opprelTion.  Indeed 
from  a  miftakcn  notion  of  the  landed  people  in  general,  the  greateft 
part  of  the  kingdom  lies  naked  and  expofed,  for  want  of  fuch  hedge- 
rows and  planting  as  adorn  the  country  of  England.  They  confidcr 
Iiedges  as  ufelefs  and  cumberfo.me,  as  occupying  more  room  than  what 
they  call  ftone  inclofures,  which,  except  in  the  Lothians  already  men- 
tioned, are  generally  no  otlier  than  low  paltry  walls,  huddled  up  of 
loofe  Hones,  without  lime  or  mortar,  which  have  a  bleak  and  mean  ap- 
pearance. 

The  foil  in  general  produces  wheat,  rye,  barely,  oats,  hemp,  flax,  hay,' 
and  pafture.  In  the  louthern  counties  the  fineft  garden  fruits,  partic- 
ularly apricots,  neftarines,  and  peaches,  are  faid  to  fail  little,  if  at  all,' 
fliort  ot  thole  in  England  ;  and  the  fame  may  be  faid  of  the  common 
fruits.  The  uncultivated  p.irtsof  theHighlandsabound  in  various  kinds 
of  fdlubrious  and  ple^.fant-tafted  berries  ;  though  many  extenlive  trafts 
are  covered  with  a  ftrong  heath.  The  fea-coaft  produces  the  alga  ma- 
rina, dulfe  or  dulifh,  a  muft  wholefome  nutritive  Weed,  in  great  quanti- 
ties, and  other  marine  plants, 

'i  he  Scots  have  improved  in  their  fiflieries  as  much  as  they  have  in 
their  manufafturcs  and  agiitulture  :  Eor  focieties  have  been  formed^ 
which  have  carried  that  branch  of  national  weahh  to  a  perfeftion 
that  never  was  before  kno^.n  in  that  country  ;  and  bids  faw"  to  emu< 

J.atg' 


S      C      O      T      L      A      N 


129 


late  the  Dutch  themfclves  in  curing,  as  well  as  catching,  their  fifh. 
In  former  times,  the  Scots  feldom  ventured  to  fifh  above  a  Icapac's 
•diftance  from  the  land  ;  but  they  now  ply  in  the  deep  waters  as  bold- 
ly and  fuccefsfully  as  any  of  their  neighbours.  Xhcir  falmons,  which 
they  can  fend  more  early,  when  prepared,  to  the  Levant  and  fouthcra 
markets,  than  the  Englifh  or  Irifh  can,  are  of  great  fervice  to  the  na- 
tion, as  the  returns  are  generally  made  in  fpecie,  or  beneficial  commod- 
ities. 

The  numbers  of  black  cattle  that  cover  the  hills  of  Scotland  to- 
wards  the  Highlands,  and  fhcep  that  are  fed  upon  the  Ijcautiful  moun- 
tains of  Tweedale,  and  other  parts  of  the  fouth,  are  almofl  incredible, 
and  formerly  brought  large  fums  into  the  country  ;  the  black  cattle 
efpeciallv,  which,  when  fattened  on  the  fouthern  paftures,  have  bceu 
reckoned  fuperior  to  Englifli  beef.  This  trade  is  now  faid  to  be  on  the 
decline,  in  confequence  of  the  vaft  increafc  of  manufafturers  in  Scot- 
land, whofe  demand  for  butchers  meat  muft  leffen  the  exportation  oF 
cattle  into  England.  Some  are  if  opinion,  that  a  fnfficicnt  ftock,  by 
proper  metflods,  may  be  raifed  to  fupply  both  markets,  to  the  great 
emolument  of  the  nation. 

Population,  inhabitants,^  If  we  confult  the  moft  ancient 
MANNERS,  AND  CUSTOMS.  J  and  Creditable  hiftories,  the  popu- 
lation of  Scotland  in  Uie  thirteenth  century,  muft  have  been  exccihve, 
as  it  afforded  fo  many  thoufands  to  fall  by  the  fwords  of  the  Englifh. 
For  the  prefent  number  of  inhabitants  in  Scotland,  fee  the  General 
Table  of  Great  Britain. 

The  people  of  Scotland  are  generally  raw-boned  ;  and  a  kind  of  3 
charafteriftical  feature,  that  of  high-cheek  bones,  is  obfervahlc  in  their 
faces  ;  they  are  lean,  but  clean  limbed,  and  can  endure  incredible  fa- 
tigues. Their  adventuring  fpirit  was  chiefly  owning  to  their  laws  of 
fuccefTion,  which  inverted  the  elder  brother,  as  head  of  the  family, 
with  the  Inheritance,  and  left  but  a  very  fcanty  portion  for  the  other 
fons.  This  obliged  the  latter  to  fcek  their  fortunes  abroad,  though  no 
people  have  more  affeftion  for  their  native  foil  than  the  Scots  have  in 
general.  It  is  true,  this  difparity  of  fortune  among  the  fons  of  one 
family  prevails  in  England  likewife  ;  but  the  refources  which  young- 
er brothers  have  in  England  are  numerous,  compared  to  thofe  of  a 
country  fo  narrow,  and  fo  little  improved,  either  by  commerce  or  agri- 
culture, as  Scotland  was  formerly. 

It  remains  perhaps  a  queftion,  whether  that  lettered  education,  for 
which  the  Scots  were  noted  among  the  neighbouring  nations,  v/as  not 
of  prejudice  to  their  country,  while  it  was  of  the  utmoft  fervice  to  ma- 
ny of  its  natives.  Their  literature,  rendered  them  acceptable  and 
agreeable  among  foreigners  ;  but  at  the  fame  time  it  drained  the  na- 
tion of  that  order  of  tnen,  who  are  the  bcil  fitted  for  forming  and  exe- 
cuting the  great  plans  of  commerce  and  agricultuie  for  the  public 
emolument. 

With  regard  to  gentlemen  who  live  at  home,  upon  cftatcs  of  300I. 
a  year  and  upwards,  they  differ  little  or  nothing  in  their  manners,  and 
ftileof  living,  from  their  Englifli  neighbours  of  the  like  fortunes. 

The  peafautry  have  their  peculiarities  ;  their  ideas  are  confined  ; 
but  no  people  can  conform  thci-r  tempers  better  than  thcv  do  to  tlieir 
ilations.     They  are  taught  from  their  infancy  to  bridle  tiitir  puiTions, 


iSO  S      C      O      T      L      A      N      D, 

to  behave  fubminively  to  their  fuperioirs,  and  live  within  the  houndsf* 
of  the  mod  rigid  economy.  Hence  they  fave  their  money  and  their 
conftitutioiis,  and  few  inftances  of  murder,  perjury,  robbery  and  other 
atrocious  vices,  occur  at  prefent  in  Scotland.  They  feldom  enter  fing- 
ly  upon  any  daring  enterprise  ;  but  when  they  aft  in  concert,  the 
fccrefy,  fagacity,  and  refolution,  with  which  they  carry  on  any  defpe- 
rate  undertaking,  is  not  to  be  paralleled  ;  and  their  fidelity  to  one 
another,  under  the  fkrongefl;  temptations  arifmg  from  their  poverty,  is 
flill  more  extraordinary.  Their  mobs  are  managed  with  all  the  cau- 
tion of  confpiracies  ;  witnefs  that  which  put  Porteus  to  death  in  1736, 
in  open  defiance  of  law  and  government,  and  in  the  midfl  of  20.000 
people  ;  and,  though  the  agents  were  well  known,  and  fome  of  them 
tried,  with  a  reward  of  500I.  annexed  to  their  convi6lion,  yet  no  evi- 
dence could  be  found  fufRcient  to  bring  them  to  punifhment.  The 
fidelity  of  the  Highlanders  of  both  fexes,  under  a  ftill  greater  tempta- 
tion, to  the  young  Pretender  after  his  defeat  at  Culloden,  could  fcarce- 
ly  be  believed  were  it  not  well  attefted. 

The  inhabitants  of  thofe  parts  of  Scotland,  who- live  chiefly  by  paf- 
ture,  have  a  natural  vein  for  poetry  ;  and  the  beautiful  fimplicity  of 
the  Scotch  tunes  is  reliflied  by  all  true  judges  of  nature.  Love  is  gen- 
erally the  fubjeft,  and  many  of  the  airs  have  been  brought  upon  the 
Englilhftagewith  variations,  under  new  names,  but  \vith  this  difadvanto- 
age,  that,  though  rendered  more  conformable  to  the  rules  of  mufic, 
they  are  raoiUy  altered  for  the  worfe,  being  ftripped  of  that  original 
fimplicity,  which,  however  irregular,  is  their  moll  effentral  charafter- 
jflic,  which  ii  fo  agreeable  to  the  ear,  and  has  fuch  powers  over  the 
human  breaft.  Thofe  of  a  more  lively  and  merry  ftrain  have  had  better 
fortune,  being  introduced  into  the  army  in  their  native  drefs,  by  the 
fife,  an  inllrument  for  which  (hey  are  remarkably  well  fuited. 

Dancing  is  a  favourite  amufement  in  this  country,  but  little  regard- 
is  paid  to  art  or  gracefulnefs  ;  the  whole  confifls  in  agility,  -and  in 
keeping  time  in  their  own  tunes,  which  they  do  with  great  exaftnefs,- 
One  of  the  particular  diverfionspraftifed  by  the  gentlemen, is  the  Gofl, 
which  requires  an  equal  degree  of  ait  and  flrength  ;  it  is  played  by  a 
bat  and  a  ball  ;  the  latter  is  i'maller  and  harder  than  a  cricket  ball  ;  the 
bat  is  of  a  taper  conftruftion,  till  it  terminates  in  the  part  that  flrikes 
the  ball,  which  is  loaded  with  lead,  and  faced  with  horn.  The  diver- 
fion  itfelf  refembles  that  of  the  Mall,  which  was  common  in  England 
in  the  middle  of  the  laft  century.  An  expert  player  will  fend  the  ball 
an  amazing  diRance  at  one  ftioke  ;  each  party  follows  his  ball  upon  art 
open  heath,  and  he  who^ilrikcs  it  in  fewell  ftrokes  into  a  hole,  wins 
the  game»  The  diverhon  of  Curling  is  likewife,  I  believe,  peculiar  to 
the  Scots.  It  rs  performed  upon  ice,  with  large  flat  fiones,  often  from 
twenty  to  two  hundred  pounds  weight  each,  wliich  they  hurl  from  ^■ 
c'jmmon  ftand  to  a  mark  at  a  certain  diftance  ;  and  whoever  is  ncar- 
eH.  the  mark  is  the  viftor.  Thefe  two  may  be  called  the  (landing  fuin- 
mer  and  winter  diverfions  of  Scotland.  The  natives  are  expert  at  all 
the  other  diverfions  common  in  England,  cricket  excepted,  of  which 
they  have  no  notion  ;  the  gentlemen  confidering  it  as  too  athletic  and- 
mechanical. 

Langu.^gk.]  The  language  of  the  Higl;landcrs,efpecially  towards 
I.ofhabcr  «nd  Badenecli,  is  radically  Celtic. 

RKIIGiOK.j 


N       D. 


^3* 


Religiok.]  Ancient  Scottifh  hiftorians,  with  Bcde,  and  other 
writers,  generally  agree  that  Chriftianity  was  firfl  tauglu  in  Scotland 
by  fome  of  the  difcipks  of  St.  John  the  apoftle,  who  tied  to  this  nor- 
thern corner  to  avoid  the  perlccution  of  Domitian,  the  Roman  omjie- 
ror  ;  though  it  was  not  publickly  profefl'cd  till  the  begiiniing  of  the 
third  century,  when  a  prince,  whom  Scotch  hiftorians  call  Donald  the 
Firft,  his  queen,  and  ieveral  of  his  nobles,  were  iolemnly  baptifed.  It 
was  farther  confirmed  by  emigration  from  South  Britain,  during  the 
perfecutions  of  Aurelius  and  Dioclefian,  when  it  became  the  cftabliih- 
ed  religion  of  Scotland,  under  the  management  of  certain  learned  and 
pious  men,  named  Culdees,  who  focm  to  have  been  the  firll  regular 
clergy  in  Scotland,  and  were  governed  by  overfeers  or  bifliops  cholcu 
by  themfelves,  from  among  their  own  body,  and  who  had  no  pvo-cmi- 
nence  or  rank,  over  the  reft  of  their  brethren. 

Thus,  independent  of  the  church  of  Rome,  Cluiftianity  fecms  (o 
have  been  taught,  planted,  and  finally  confirmed  in  Scotland  as  a  na- 
tional church,  where  it  flouriflied  in  its  native  fimplicity,  till  the  arrival 
of  Palladius,  a  prieft  fent  by  the  bifhop  of  Rome  in  the  fifth  century, 
who  found  means  to  introduce  the  modes  and  ceremonies  of  th(S  Rom- 
jfh  church,  which  at  laft  prevailed,  and  Scotland  became  involved  in 
that  darknefs  which  for  many  ages  ovcrfpread  Europe  ;  though  their 
dependance  upon  the  Pope  was  very  flcnder,  when  compared  to  tlic 
implicit  fubjeftion  of  many  other  nations. 

The  Culdees,  however,  long  retained  their  original  manners,  and  re- 
rnaiiied  a  diftinft  order,  notwithftanding  the  opprelhon  of  the  Roman 
Clergy,  fo  late  as  the  age  of  Robert  Bruce,  in  the  14th  century,  when 
they  difappeared.  But  it  is  worthy  of  obfcrvalion,  that  the  oppolition 
to  the  old  Religion  in  this  iiland,  though  it  cealcd  in  Scotland  upon  tlici 
extinftion  of  the  Culdees,  was  in  the  fame  age  revived  in  England  by 
John  Wickliff^e,  a  man  of  abilities  and  learninig,  who  was  the  forerun- 
ner, in  the  work  of  reformation,  to  John  Hufs,  and  Jerome  of  Prague, 
as  the  latter  were  to  Martin  Luther,  and  John  Calvin. 

The  reformation  in  Scotland  began  in  the  reign  of  James  V.  made 
great  progrefs  under  that  of  his  daughter  Nfary,  and  was  at  Icngtii 
completed  through  the  preaching  of  John  Knox,  who  had  adopted  the 
doftrines  of  Calvin,  and  in  a  degree  was  the  apoftle  of  Scotland. 

The  bounds  of  this  work  do  not  admit  of  entering  at  large  upon  the 
doftrinal  and  oeconomical  part  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  It  is  fufii- 
cicnt  to  fay.  that  its  firft  principle  is  a  parity  of  ecclefiaftical  authority 
among  all  its  preftjyters  ;  and  it  is  modoUed  principally  after  the  Cal- 
vinift'ical  plan  eftablilhed  at  Geneva.  The  power  of  the  Scotch  clergy 
is  at  prefcnt  very  moderate,  or  at  leaft  very  moderately  exercifcd.  They 
have  been  ever  fince  the  Revolution,  firm  adherents  to  civil  liberty, 
and  the  houfeof  Hanover  ;  and  afted, with  remaikable  intrepidity  dur- 
ing the  rebellion  in  1745.  They  ^rcfs  without  clerical  robes;  buL 
fome  of  them  appear  in  the  pulpit  in  gowns,  after  the  Geneva  form, 
and  bands.  They  make  no  ufe  of  fct  forms  in  worfliip.  '1  he  rents  of 
the  bifliops,  fince  the  abolition  of  cpifcopacy,  are  paid  to  the  king,  who 
commonly  appropriates  them  to  piouS  purpofes.  A  thoufand  pounds  a 
year  is  always  fent  by  his  majefty  for  the  ufe  of  the  proteftant  fchools 
creftedby  a£l  of  parliament  in  North  Britain,  and  the  Wcficrn  Iflcs  ; 
and  the  Scotch  clergv,  of  late,  have  planned  out  fund*  for  tiie  fupport 
1 2  <>f 


102  S      C      O      T      L      A      N      D. 

of  their  widows  and  orplian?.  The  number  of  parifhes  in  ScotTancJ 
arc  cl^ht  huidred  and  ninety,  whereof  thirty-one  are  collegiate 
churches,  that  is,  where  the  cure  is  ferved  by  more  than  one  minifter. 

The  hi^^hcft  ecclefiallical  authority  in  Scotland  is  the  general  aiTem- 
bly,  which  we  mav  call  .the  ecclefiafhical  parliament  of  Scotland.  It 
coniids  of  commidioners,  fome  of  which  are  laymen,  under  the  title  of 
ruling  elders,  from  preChyteries,  royal  burghs,  and  univei  fities.  A  pref- 
"bytery,  confifting  of  under  tv/elve  miniftcrs.  fendi  tv/o  minifters,  and 
one  ruling  elder:  if  it  contains  between  twelve  and  eighteen  minifters, 
it  fends  three,  and  one  ruling  elder  :  If  it  contains  between  eighteen 
and  twenty-four  miniiters,  it  fends  four  mini flers  and  two  ruling  el- 
ders ;  but  if  the  prcfbvtery  has  twenty-four  miniflers,  it  fends 
five  rainift^rs  and  two  ruling  elders.  Every  royal  burgh  fends  one 
ruling  elder,  and  Edinburgh  two  ;  whofe  eleftion  muft  be  attefted  by 
the  relpeftive  kirk-felTions  of  their  own  burghs.  Every  univerhty 
fern's  one  commitnoner,  ufually  a  minifter  of  their  own  body.  The 
commilTioncrs  are  chofen  yearly,  fix  weeks  before  the  meeting  wf  tho 
fciTcmbly.  Th^  ruling  elders '  are  often  of  the  iirft  quality  of  the 
country. 

The  king  prefi-des  by  his  commiffioner  (who  is  alv/ays  a  nobleman) 
in  this  affembly,  which  meets  once  a  year  ;  but  he  has  no  voice  in  their 
deliberations.  The  order  of  their  proceedings  is  regular,  though  the 
number  of  members  often  creates  a  confufion  ;  which  the  moderator, 
who  is  choicn  by  them  to- be  ar»  it  were  fpeaker  of  the  houfe,  has  not 
fufficient  authority  to  prevent.  Appeals  ars  brought  from  all  the  other 
ecclefiaftical  courts  in  Scotland  to  the  general  Affembly  ;  and  no  ap- 
peal lies  from  its  determinations  in  religious  matters. 

Pro'/incial  fynods  are  next  in  authority  to  the  general  Alfembly.— 
Tliey  arc  compofed  of  a  number  of  the  adjacent  prefbytcries,  over 
whom  tl^ey  have  a  power  ;  and  there  arc  fifteen  of  them  in  Scotland  : 
Eut  their  a6l-s  are  reverfible  by  the  general  AlTembly. 

Subordinate  to  the  fynods,.  are  prefbyterics,  fixiv-nine  of  which  arc 
in  Scotland,  each  confifting  of  a  number  of  contiguous  parifhcs.  The 
miniiiers  of  thefe  piirifhes,  with  one  ruling  elder,  chofen  half-yearly 
out  of  every  kirk-feflTion,  compofe  a  prcfbytcry.  Thcfe  prcfbyteries-. 
meet  in  the  head  town  of  that  divifion  ;  but  have  no  jurlfdift  on  be- 
yond their  own  bounds,  though  v/ithin  thefe  they  have  cognifance  of 
all  ecclefiaftical  caufcs  and  matters.  A  chief  part  of  their  bufinefs  is 
the  ordination  of  candidates  for  livings,  in  v.'hioh  tliey  are  regular  an,d 
folemn..  The  patron  of  a  living  is  bouiid  to  nominate  or  prefent  in  fix 
months  after  a  vacancy,  o'Jierv.'ife  the  prcfbytcry  fills  the  place  jure 
dcvoluto  ;  but  that  privilege  does  not  hold  in  royal  burghs. 

A  kiik-fcfiion  is  the  loweft  ecclefiaftical  judicatorv  in  Scotland, 
and  its  authority  docs  not  extend  beyond  its  own  parifh.  The  mem- 
bers confift  of  the  miniftcr,  elders,  and  deacons.  The  deacons  are 
laymen,  and  have  the  fuperintendency  of  the  poor,  and  take  caie  of 
other  parochial  affairs.  The  elder,  or,  as  he  is  called,  the  ruling  elder, 
is  a  place  of  great  .parochial  truft,  and  he  is  generally  a  lav  perfon  of 
quality  or  intcreft  in  the  parifi-i.  They  are  fuppofed  to  aft  in  a  kind 
of  co-ordinancy  with  the  minifter,  and  to  be  affifting  to  him  in  many 
of  his  clerical  duties,  particularly  i-n  catcchiSng,  vifiting  the  fick,  and 
».l  the  Gommuuion-table,  The 


O      T      L      A      N      D. 


*33 


Th«  ofiice  of  roinifiers,  or  preaching  prcfbyters,  includes  the  ofRces 
•of  rleacons  and  ruling-ciders  ;  (hey  alone  can  preach,  adminiflcr  the 
facraments,  catccliife.  pronounce  church  rcnfures,  ordain  dca<-nns  and 
ruling-elders,  afhlt  at  the  impohtion  of  hands  upon  other  minifters,  and 
jnoderaic  or  prefidc  in  all  ccclcfiaftical  judiratoiies. 

The  other  fcfts  of  dtlfenters  in  Scotland  are  cpifcopalians.  a  few 
quakers,  many  Roman  Catholics  and  fome  feftarics,  who  are  deromi- 
iiated  from  their  preachers.  Epifcopacy,  from  the  timxC  of  the  r?,ftora- 
tion  in  1660,  to  that  of  the  Revolution  in  168R,  was  the  eftahlifhcd 
church  of  Scotland.  The  partifans  of  the  duke  of  York,  retained 
the  cpifc.opal  religion  ;  and  king  William's  government  was  rendered 
{"o  unpouular  in  Scotland,  that  in  quccu  Anne's  time,  the  cpifcopalians 
were  more  numerous  in  fome  parts  than  the  Prefliyterians  ;  and  their 
meetings,  which  tliey  held  under  the  aft  of  Toleration,  as  well  attend- 
ed, A  Scotch  epifcopalian  thus  hccoming  another  name  For  a  Jacohitc, 
they  rcccvcd  fome  checks  after  the  rebellion  in  1715  ;  but  they  re- 
covered themlalvcs  fo  well,  that  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  rebellion 
in  174,5,  they  became  again  numerous,  after  which  the  government 
found  means,  to  invalidate  the  afts  of  their  clerical  order.  Their  meet- 
ings, ftill  fubfift.  but  thinly. 

Scotland,  during  tlie  time  of  epifcopacy,  contained  two  archbifliop- 
ricks,  St  Andrews  and  Glafgow  ;  and  twelve  bifhopricks. 

Learning  and  learkf.d  men.]  For  this  article  we  may  refer  to 
the  literary  hifiory  of  Europe  for  i/ioo  years  paft.  The  wcficrn  parts 
,^nd  iiks  of  Scotland  produced  St.  Patrick,  the  celc^brated  apofllc  of 
Ireland  ;  and  many  others  fincc.  whofc  bare  names  would  make  a  long 
article,  Charles  the  Great,  or  Charlemagne.  moH:  unqueflionably  held 
a  correfpond^-nce  by  letters  with  the  kings  of  Scotland,  with  whom 
he  formed  a  famous  league  ;  and  employed  Scotchmen  in  planning, 
f^e-ttllng.  and  ruling  Irs  favourite  univerfities.  and  other  fcminarics  of 
learning,  in  France,  Italv,  and  (Germany.  It  is  an  undoubted  truth, 
though  a  feemingly  paradoxical  faft,  that  Barbour,  a  Scotch  poet,  phi- 
lofopher,  and  hiltorian,  though  prior  in  time  to  Chaucer,  having  flour- 
ifned  in  the  year  1638,  wrote,  according  to  the  modern  ideas,  as  pu\-e 
Englifli  as  that  bard,  and  his  verhfication  is  perhaps  more  harmonious. 
The  deflruftion  of  the  Scotch  nfonuments  of  learning  and  antiquity 
]iave  rendered  their  early  annals  lame,  and  often  fabulous:  but  the 
Latin  ftyle  of  Buchanan's  hillnry  is,  to  this  day,  the  mod  clafTical  of  all 
modern  produftions.  The  Letters  of  the  Scotch  kings  to  th.e  neigh- 
bouring princes,  are  incomparably  the  finefl  compofitions  of  the  times 
in  which  they  were  written,  and  are  free  from  the  barbarifms  of  thofc 
ient  thcrain  anfwer.  This  has  been  confidered  as  a  proof,  that  clalTi- 
cal  learning  was  more  cultivated  at  the  court  of  Scotland,  than  at  any 
other  in  Europe, 

The  difcovers'  of  the  logarithms,  a  difcovcry.  which  in  point  of  in- 
genuity 'and  utility,  may  vie  with  any  that  has  been  made  in  modern 
times,  is  the  indifputablc  right  of  Napier  of  Merehifton.  And  fince 
his  time,  the  mathematical  Iciences  have  been  cultivated  in  Scotland 
^vith  great  fuccefs.  Kcil,  in  his  pliyiico-malhemalical  v/orks,  to -the 
clearncfs  of  his  rcafoning,  has  added  the  colouring  of  a  poet,  which  is 
the  more  remarkable,  not  only  as  the  fubjcft  is  little  lufceptiblc  of  or- 
nament, but  as  he  wrctc  in  i-n  ancient  language.     Of  all  writers  on  al- 

tronomyj 


131  S      C      O      T      L      A      N      0. 

tronomy,  Gregory  is  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  moft  perfe£l  and  elegant; 
Maclaurin,  the  companion  and  the  friend  of  Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  was 
endowed  with  all  that  precilion  and  force  of  mind,  which  rendered 
Jtim  peculiarly  fitted  for  bringing  down  the  ideas  of  that  great  man  to 
the  level  of  ordinary  apprehenfions,  and  for  diffufing  that  light 
through  the  world,  which  Newton  had  confined  within  the  fphere  of 
the  learned.  His  Treatife  on  Fluxions  is  regarded  by  the  beft  judges 
in  Europe,  as  the  cleareft  account  of  the  moft  refined  and  fubtle  fpecu- 
lations  on  which  (he  human  mind  ever  exerted  itfelf  with  fuccefs. 
While  Maclauiin  purfued  this  new  career,  a  geometrician,  no  lefs  fa- 
mous, diftinguiOicd  himiclf  in  the  fure,  but  almofl  deferted  track  of 
iuitiquity.  This  was  the  late  Dr.  Simfon,  fo  well  known  over  Eu- 
rope, for  his  illuflration  of  the  ancient  geometry.  His  Elements  of 
.Kuclid,  and  above  all,  his  Conic  Seftions,  arefufficient,  of  themfelves, 
to  eflablilh  the  fcientific  reputation  of  his  native  country. 

This,  however,  does  not  reft  on  the  charafter  of  a  few  mathemati- 
cians ami  aftrotiomers.  I'he  fine  arts  have  been  called  fifters  to  de- 
note their  affinity.  There  is  the  fame  connexion  between  the  fcien- 
ces.  particularly  thofe  which  depend  on  obfervation.  Mathematics  and 
phyllcs,  properly  fo  called,  were  in  Scotland  accompanied  by  the  oth- 
er branches  of  ftudy  to  which  they  are  allied.  In  medicine,  partic- 
ularly, the  names  of  Pitcairn,  Arbuthnot,  Monro,  Smellie,  and  Whyt, 
hold  a  diftinguiflicd  place. 

Nor  have  the  Scots  been  unfuccefsfid  in  cultivating  the  Belles  Let- 
t'Ts.  Foreigners  v/ho  inhabit  warmer  climates,  and  conceive  the  nor- 
thern nations  incapable  cf  ttnderncfs  and  feeling,  are  aftonilhell  at 
the  poetic  genius  and  delicate  fenfibility  of  Thomfon. 

But  of  all  literary  purfuits,  that  of  rendering  mankind  more  virtuous 
cind  happy,  which  is  the  proper  objcfl:  of  what  is  called  morals,  ought 
JO  be  regarded  with  peculiar  honour  and  refpeft.  The  philofophy  of 
Dr.  flutchefon,*  not  to  mention  other  works  more  fubtle  and  elegant, 
but  lefs  convincing  and  leis  inftruftive,  defcrves  to  be  read  by  all  who 
know  their  duty,  or  who  would  wifli  to  praftife  it.  Next  to  Locke's 
J'-llay  on  the  Fluman  Underitanding.  it  is  peihaps  the  bed  dine6tion  of 
the  lujman  mind,  that  liath  appeared  in  modern  times  ;  and  it  is  like- 
wife  the  mollufefid  fupplementto  th'at  cffay. 

It  would  be  cndlefs  to  mention  all  the  individuals,  who  have  dif- 
liiiguiflicd  tliemf:;Ives  in  the  various  branches  of  literature  ;  uarticu- 
laily  as  thofc  who  arc  alive  (ibnie  of  them  in  high  cflcem  for  hillorical, 
ethical,  and  fermonic  compofition')  difj^utc  the  palm  of  merit  with 
tl.c   dead,  and  cover  their  countrv  with  unfading  laurels. 

U:%i'.*lRsrf  lES.J  The  univevhciesof  Scotland  avefour,  viz.  St.  +An. 

drews, 

*  Ireland  r.li'o  tlaims  (he  honour  of  giving  birth  to  this  Gentleman,  and  upon,  (.ipparcat- 
,,  -  gooil  iiutliorily . 

t  St.  Andrews  has  a  Chancellor,  two  Principals,  and  eleven  Profeflbrs  in 
Greek.  Moral  Philofophy,  Church  Hiftory, 

Humanity,  Natural  Philolbphy,  Divinity, 

Hebrew,  Mathematics,  Medicine. 

I.o^ic  _    _  Civil  Hiitory, 

This  IJhlv/rfity  pofleflesfeveral  very  great  advaninj^es  for  the  education  of  youth.  The 
air  is  pure  and  faliibrious  ;  the  place  for-extrcife  dry  and  extenfive  ;  the  exercifes  them- 
Jclves  are  healthy  and  innocent.  ,  It  is  fituated  in  a  pcninfulatfd  country,  remote  from  coni^ 
mcrce  vyith,t''ie  world,  the  haunt  of  d.liipation.     from  the  fmallncfs  of  the  Society,  every 

Student 


S      C      O      T      LA      N       D.  133 

drews,  founded  in   1411. — Glafgowl   about  1453. — Aberdeen, C.  1494. 
—And  Edinburgh, II  1582. 

Society.]  A  Society  was  incorporated  by  patent,  in  the  year 
1708,  for  erctling  fchools  in  North-Britain  and  the  lUes  ;  and  in  1716J 
an  aft  paffcd  for  their  eftablifhmcnt,  and  a  fund  of/  .20,005  was  ap- 
propriated, and  made  a  flock,  for  carrying  on  the  delign.  The  Socie- 
ty applied  to  George  II,  for  an  additional  charter  to  ereft  workhoulcs 
for  employing  children  in  manufaftures,  houfe  wifery  and  huibandry, 
in  the  Highlands  and  Hies,  and  obtained  from  him  not  only  a  patent, 
but  a  revenue  of  /^. 1000  a  year,  and  they  have  now  upwards  100 
fchools,  in  which  between  4  and  5000  boys  and  girls  are  educated. 

C  I  T  I  £  S  , 

Student's  charaiflcr  is  perfeiftly  known.      No  little   irregularity  can  be  comn;ilted,  but  it 

is  foon  dii'covereJ  and  checked  :   Vice  cannot  gain  confequence  in  this  place,  for  the  incor- 

i  igible  are  never  permitted  to  remain  the  corruptors  of  the  reft. 
'j  Glafgow  has  a  Chancellor,  Redor,  Dean  of  Faculty,  Principal,  and  fourteen  Profeflbrs  in 
Greek,  Moral  Philofophy,  Divinity, 

Humanity,  Natural  Philofopliy,  Civil  and  Scotch  Law, 

Hebrew,  Matlicmatics,        '  Medicine, 

Oiiental  Languages,     Pradlical  Allronomy,  Anatomy. 

Logic,  Hiltory, 

*  .Aberdeen  has  properly  two  colleges,  viz.  King's  College,  and  Mirifchal   College,   King's 
College  has  a  Chancellor,  Reclor,  Principal,  and  fcvcn  Protellors  la 
Greek,  Philofophy,  Civil  Law, 

Humanity,  Divinity,  Medicine. 

Oriental  Languages, 
Marifchal  College  has  a  Chancellor,  Redor,  Principal,   and  kvin  Piofeffbrs  in 
Creek,  Natural  Philofophy,  Divinity, 

Oriental  Languages,      Mathematics,  ^^eulcine. 

Moral  Philofophy&;  Logic, 
II  Atprcfent  (1790)  the  Scnatus  Acadrmicus  ef  this  Univcrfily  confilh  of  the   follo,vin^ 

members,  arranged  according  to  the  diftereut  facuUfs. 
Faculty  nf-Jh,\-l,gy. 

William  Robertfon,  D.  D.  Principal  of  the  Colleg.;. 

Andrew  Hunter,  P.  D.  Protelior  of  Divinity. 

Thomas  Hardy,  D.D.  Regius  PiofelTor  ot  Church  Hiftory. 

James  Robertfon,  D.  D.  Profeilbr  of  Oriental  Lingaases,  and    Emeritus   Secretary  an!  ■  - 
Faculty  of  Lave,  -  [brari.ii. 

Robert  Dick,  Advocata,  Piofeflor  of  Civil  Law. 

Allan  Maconochie,  do.  do.  of  Public  I-aw. 

Alexander  Frafer  Tytlcr,  do.   do.  of  Univerfal  Civil  Hiftory,  and  of  Greek  and  Roman  .'Vp.- 

David  Hume,         do.  do.  of  Scots  Law.  [riquif.e:. 

Faculty  of  Medicine. 

Alexander  Monro,  M.  D.  Profcilor  ot  Medivine,  of  Anatomy  and  Surgery. 

Jimes  Gregory,  M.    D.      do.  of  the  Pradice  of  Phylic. 

iofeph  Black,  M.  D.  do.  of  Medicine  and  Chenuftry. 

i  rancis  Home,  M.  D.  do.      do.    and  iMateria  Medica. 

Andrew  Duncan,  M.  D.  do.  of  the  Theory  of  Phyfic. 

Daniel  Rutherford,  M.  D.  do.  of  Medicine  and  Botany. 

Alexander  Hamilton,  M.  D.  of  Midwifery. 

Faculty  rf  Alts. 

George  Stewart,  L.  L.  D.  Emeritus  PiofeiTorol  Humanity. 

Adam  Ferguflbn,  L.  L.  D.  do.  do.  of  Moral  Philofophy,  and  joint  Profeffor  of  Mathcmatie:, 

Hugh  Blair,  D.  D.  do,  do.  of  Rhetoric  and  Belies  Leitres. 

Andrew  Dalzie:,  A.  M.  Piofeffor  of  Greek,  and  Secretary  and  Librarian. 

John  Robifon,  A.  M.  Prouirorof  Natural  Philofophy. 

■Dugald  Stewart,  A.  M.  do.  of  Moral  Philolophy. 

John  Hill,  L.  L.  D.  do.  of  Humanity. 

John  Bruce,  A.  M.  Joint  Prolellor  of  Logic. 

John  Walker,  D.  D.  Regius  Proielfor  of  Natural  Hiftory  and  Keeper  of  the  Mufeuni^ 

William  Gieenfield,  A.  M.  ProfelVor  of  Rhetoric  und  Belles  LcUks. 

John  Playfair,  h.  M.  do.  of  Mathematics. 

Kobert  Blair,  M.  i:<.  Regius  Profeilbr  of  Praftical  AftronoRiy. 

Jjmf9 


iS6  S      C      O      T      L      A      N      D. 

Cities,  towns,  akd  other  T  Edinburgh,  This  city  is  fitu- 
TTiFiCEs  yuBLic  AND  PRIVATE.  J  atcd  in  \V.^  long.  3**,  N.  lat.  56', 
r.cjr  the  fouthcin  bank  ol  the  river  Forth,  upon  a  fleep  hill,  rifing 
from  E.  to  W.  and  tenr.inating  in  a  high  reck,  on  which  the  Caftle 
•ilands.  It  is  the  metropolis  of  Scotland.  It  has  lately  been  embel- 
liihed  with  a  great  number  ot  fine  hoiifcs  in  modern  tafte.  Its  chief 
iireet  is  the  noblcft  in  the  world  :  It  is  broad  enough  for  five  coaches 
to  pafs  abreaft.  This  ftrect  is  exceedingly  well  paved,  and  rifes  in 
the  micdle.  with  canals  on  each  fide.  The  houfes  are  veiy  lofty  ef- 
"cccially  in  the  High-ftreet  ;  fome  arenot  lefs  than  fourteen  flories  in 
Jicight.  This  is  owning  to  their  being  ftraitencd  for  room,  which  be- 
^ng  two  fraall  for  great  foundations,  they  are  forced  to  make  up  for 
tliut  fcantincfs  by  the  fupenlrufturcs.  Mofl  of  the  koufes  being  part- 
ed into  tenements,  they  have  as  many  landlords  as  flories.  without  de- 
pendence on  one  another.  The  exceifive  height  of  buildings  has  late- 
ly been  prohibited.  The  citv  is  watered  bv  leaden  pipes  brought 
from  a  neighbouring  fpring.  It  contains  befides  churches,  feveral 
magnificent  buildings,  among  which  are,  the  caftle  already  m.entioned 
fit^ated.n  the  wefl  end  cf  the  city,  irjacceffible  on  the  north,  fouth, 
and  wefl,  and  at  the  entrance  from  the  citv  is  defended  by  an  outwork, 
and  a  rcuiid  batrer\'  :  It  is  furnifhed  with  water  by  two  welis  in  a 
rock.     In  this  place  arc  kept  the  regalia  and  records  of  State. 

The  hofuital.  founded  by*  George  Herriot,  dands  to  the  fouth-weft 
of  the  caftle,  in  a  noble  fituation.  It  is  the  fineft  and  moft.  regular 
ipccim.en  which  Ignio  Jones  has  left  us  of  his  Gothic  manner,  and  fav 
exceeding  any  thing  of  that  kind  to  be  feen  in  England.  It  was  built 
for  the  maintenance  and  education  of  poor  children  belonging  to  the 
icitizens  and  iradcfmen  of  Edinburgh,  and  is  under  the«direction  of  the 
city  magiflraies. 

The  Parliament  So;:are.  or,  as  it  is  there  called,  Clofe.  was  formerly 
*he  moil  ornam.ental  pan  of  this  city  ;  it  is  formed  into  a  ver%^  noble 
<juadran.s;lc,  part  of  which  coniifts  of  loftv  buildings  ;  and  in  the  mid- 
<iie  is  a  fine  cqueftrian  flatue  of  Charles  II.  The  room  built  by 
Charles  I.  for  the  pailiament-houfe,  though  not  fo  large,  is  better  pro- 
_yortioned  than  W'eftminftcr-hali  ;  and  its  roof,  though  executed  in 
ihe  fame  manner,  has  been  bv  good  judges  held  to  be  fuperior.  It  is 
TiOvV  converted  into  a  court  of  law,  where  a  fingle  judge,  called  the 
lord  ordinary,  prclides  by  rotation  :  in  a  room  near  it,  fit  the  other 
judges  ;  and  adjoining  are  the  public  offices  of  the  law,  exchequer, 

chancer}.-. 

Jirr-es  F:r.*ay*D:5,  A.  M.  |::rt  P.-ofeiTor  of  L:>glc. 
A-irtvc  Coventry,  M.  D.  Froteflor  of  Agrxiiture. 

The  number  of  Students  duru:?  the  IMfion  of  the  Cc'lege  coir.mcnclng  C£l.  ic,  I7S9» 
sndencins  M'v  6th.  i-cc,  xvas  nearly  as  !o!;owi  : 


too 
440 


Ctztii'.      Car..?,  .  .  •  .  420 

la  all  1C90 
The  cM  bLiiai-^??  )i2\Irg  fallen  Into  ceray,  have  oeen  partiy  raker,  down,  and  a  new 
building  is  now  eiedir.^,  the  fourdation  ef  which  was  ]i'id  \.;th  gieat  ceieirccy,  Df  c.  it-, 
37S9.  1  he  eatl  and  wrft  poinu  of  ihiis  cile  extend  255  feet,  and  tliC  fcuth  and  corih  358 
i-^et.  The  rooms  for  the  Library  and  Mufuiin,  art  each  tt  be  68  feet  in  length;  and  the 
cLaecCons  of  the  Hail  for  cee^eci  and  pubhc  Eiercifes  are  about  90  feel  by  30. 

Lmcxfi.  Brit.  ertuU  EJiitiurgL—m-u: ^uirji:t:gin  Edinlurgh. 


5      C      O      T      L       A      N       D. 

chancery,  fiiricvahv,  and  magiftrzcy  or  Edinburgh  ;  and  in  it  is 
kept  the  valuable  library  of  the  lawyers.  'Jliis  equals  any  thir.g  of 
the  like  kind  to  be  found  in  England,  or  perhaps  ;n  an\  part  of  Eu- 
rope, and  was  at  firft:  entire'y  founded  and  fi-rnir.ied  by  lawyers. — 
The  number  of  printed  books  it  contains  is  amazing  ;  and  the  collec- 
tion has  been  male  with  great  »afle  and  judgment.  It  contains  like- 
wife  the  mofl  valuable  man-jfcript  remains  of  the  Scotch  hiftory,  char- 
tularies,  and  other  panersof  antiquity,  with  a  fcries  of  medals.  Ad- 
joining to  the  library  is  tlie  room  whrre  the  puhlick  records  are  kept ; 
but  both  It  and  that  which  contains  the  library,  thougli  lofty  in  the 
roof,  are  miferably  dark  and  difmal.  It  is  f=»id  »ri-»t  preparations  are 
now  Carrying  on,  for  lodging  both  the  books  and  the  papers  in  rooms  far 
better  fuiicd  to  their  importance  and  Vuluc. 

The  modern  edifices  in  and  ne^r  Kdinburgh,  fu-ch  as  the  exchar.g;e, 
public  ofncej,  its  hofpitali,  bridges,  ar.d  the  like,  dcmonftrate  the  vaft 
zmproycmcnt  of  the  tafte  •  f  the  Scots  in  their  public  work.";.  Parallel 
to  the  city  of  Edinburgh,  on  the  north,  the  nobility,  gentry,  and 
others,  have  begun  to  build  a  new  town,  upon  a  plan  which  docs  hon- 
our to  the  prcfcnt  age.  T^e  ftrceti  and  fquares  are  laid  out  with  the 
utmnft  regularity,  and  the  hcufes  are  to  be  built  of  ftcne,  in  an  eipgant 
taftc.  7  he  froi.ts  of  fome  are  fuperbly  finiilicd  in  all  the  beauties  of 
archit-fture,  d:fpl=iying  at  the  fame  time  the  judgment  of  the  builder, 
and  ihe  public  fpirit  of  the  proprietor. 

Between  the  old  and  the  new  tcv/n,  is  a  narrow  vale,  which,  agreea- 
bly to  the  origiiiil  plan  was  to  have  been  formed  into  a  fheet  of  water, 
borccred  by  a  terrace  walk,  and  the  afccnt  towards  the  new  town 
covered  with  plcafure  gardens,  fhrubberics,  &c.  But  this  elegant  dc- 
f;gn  was  fruftrated,  through  the  narrow  iccaa  of  the  magiftrates,  v.ho, 
finding  greater  benefits  by  letting  the  grounds  to  inferior  tradefman  up- 
on building  leafes  ;  th-s  fpot,  formed  by  nature  as  an  agreeable  open- 
ing to  a  crowded  city,  became  a  nuifar.ce  to  ihofe  gentlemen  who  had 
been  fo  liberal  in  ornamenting  the  buildings  upon  the  fummit.  A  de- 
cifion  of  the  Houfe  of  Lords  (in  which  a  certain  great  luminary'  of  the 
law,  equally  diftinguifned  for  his  tafte  and  good  fenfe,  heartily  con- 
curred) put  a  flop  to  thcfe  mean  evefticns.  At  the  weft,  or  upper  end 
of  this  vale,  the  caftle.  a  folid  rock,  not  lefs  than  twenty  ftones  high, 
looks  down  with  awful  magnificence.  The  eaftern  extremity  is  bound- 
ed by  a  lofty  bridge,  the  middle  arch  being  ninety  feet  high,  which 
joins  the  new  buildings  ?o  the  city,  and  renders  the  defcent  on  each 
tide  the  vale  (there  being  no  water  in  this  place)  more  commodious 
for  carriages. 

Edinburgh  contains  a  play-houfe,  which  has  now  the  fanction  of  an 
ack  of  parliament  ;  and  concerts,  aflembhcs.  balls,  mufick-meetings, 
and  other  polite  amufemenfs,  are  as  frequent  and  brilliant  here,  as  in 
any  part  of  his  majefty's  r' .'minions,  London  and  Bath  excepted. 

JEdinburgh  is  governed  by  a  lord  provoft,  four  baiilies,  a  dean  of 
guild,  and  a  trcafurer,  annually  cljofen  from  the  common-council. 

Leith,  though  near  two  miles  diftant,  may  be  properly  called  the 
harbcur  of  Edinbvrgh,  being  under  the  fame  jurirdiftion.  The  neigh- 
bourhood of  Edinburgh  is  adorned  with  noble  feats,  which  are  daily 
increafing  ;  fome  of  them  yield  to  few  in  England  ;  but  they  arc  too 
pume:ous  to  be  particularized  herr.  About  four  miles  from  Edin- 
burgh 


,36  SCOTLAND; 

burgh  is  Rodin,  notei]  for  a  ftately  Gothic  chapel,  confidered  as  ont 
cfihe  moft  curious  pieces  of  workmanfhip  in  Europe:  Founded 
in  the  year  14^0;  by  William  St.  Clair,  prince  of  Orkney,  and  duke 
cf  Oldenbuigh. 

Glafgow,  in  the  fhire  of  Lanerk,  fituated  on  a  gentle  declivity,  (lop- 
ing towards  the  river  Clysl'',  4  4  miles  v^eft  of  Edinburgh,  is,  for  popu- 
lation, commerce,  and  riclies,  the.  fecoi;d  city  of  Scotland,  and,  con- 
liderihg  its  fize,  the  firft  in  Great-Britain,  and  perhaps  in  Europe,  as 
to-  elegance,  regularity,  and  the  beautiful  materials  of  its  buildings. — . 
The  flreets  crofs  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  arc  broad,  flraight, 
well  paved,  and  confequently  clean.  The  houfes  make  a  grand  ap- 
pearance, and  are  in  general  four  or  five  ftories  high,  and  many  of 
them,  towards  the  centre  of  the  city,  are  fupported  by  arcades,  which 
fi>rm  -oiazzas,  and  give  the  whole  an  air  of  magnificence.  Some  of  the 
modern  built  churches  arc  in  the  fined  ftyle  of  architefture  ;  and  the 
cathedral  is  a  ftupendous  Gothic  building,  hardly  to  be  paralleled  in. 
chat  kind  of  architefture.  It  contains  three  churches,  one  of  which 
ftands  above  another,  and  is  furniflied  with  a  very  fine  fpire  fpringing 
from  a  tower  ;  the  whole  being  reckoned  a  mafierly  and  a  matchlels 
fabric.  It,  was  dedicated  to  St-  Mungo  or  Kentigern,  who  was  bifhop 
of  Glafgow  in  the  6th  century.  The  cathedral  is  upwards  of  600 
years  old,  and  was  prcferved  from  the  fury  of  the  rigid  Reformers  by 
the  rcfolution  of  the  citizens.  The  tou"n-houfe  is  a  lofty  building, 
■itnd  has  very  noble  apartments  for  the  magiftratcs.  The  univerfity  is 
cllcemcd  the  moft  fpaciou*  and  heft  built  of  any  in  Scotland,  and  is  at 
prcfent  in  a  thriving  ftate.  In  this  city  are  fevcral  well-endowed  hof- 
pitals  -,  and  it  is-particularly  well  fnpplied  with  large  and  convenient 
•MIS,  The  number  of  inhabitants  in  this  city  has  been  eflimated  by 
jme,  at  30.000,  by  others,  at  50,000,  and  others,  at 60,000. 
Aberdeen  bids  fair  to  be  the  third  tov/n  in  Scotland  for  improve- 
ynent  and  population.  It  is  the  capital  of  a  fhire,  to  which  it  gives  its 
iiame,  and  contains  two  towns,  Nev.'  and  Old  Aberdeen.  The  former 
is  the  fhire  town,  and  evidently  built  for  the  purpofe  of  commerce.  It 
is  a  lar^e  well-built  city,  arid  has  a  good  quay,  or  tide  harbour  :  In  it 
arc  three  churclies,  and  feveral  epifcopal  nieeting-houfes,  a  confidera-. 
bic  degree  of  foreign  commerce  and  much  fnipping,  a  well  frequent- 
ed univerfity,  and  above  12,000  inhabitants.  Old  Aberdeen,  near  a 
mile  diftant,  though  almofl  joined  to  the  New,  by  means  of  a  long  vil- 
lage, has  no  dependence  on  the  other.;  it  is  a  moderately  large  mar- 
ket-town, but  has  no  haven.  In  each  of  thefe  two  places  there  is  a 
well-endowed  college,  both  together  being  termed  the  univerfity  of 
Aberdeen,  although  quite  independent  of  each  other. 

Perth,  the  capital  town  of  Perthfliirc,  lying  on  the  river  Tay,  trades 
to  Norvvay  and  the  Baltic  :  It  is  finely  fituated,  has  an  improving  linen 
manufatlory,  and  lies  in  the  neighbourhood  of  one  of  the  moft  fertile 
(pots  in  Great-Britain,  called  the  Carfe  of  Gowry  Dundee,  by  the  gen- 
eral computation,  contains  about  1 1,000  inhabitants  :  It  lies  near  the 
mouth  of  the  river  Tay  ;  it  is  a  town  of  confiderable  trade,  exporting 
rnui:h,l.nen,  grain,  herrings,  and  peltry,  to  foreign  parts  ;  and  has 
tlu-ec  churches,  Montrofe,  Aberbrothie  atid  Brcchinlie  ;  alfo,  in  tlie 
v^ounty  of  Angus  :  The  nrft  has  a  large  and  iucrsafing  trade,  and  tlic 
mijnufuftures  of  tlic  other  two  are  llouriflxing. 


SCOTLAND.  131) 

Two  Piflifh  monuments,  as  they  are  thought  to  he,  of  a  vcr}'  e^ttraor- 
uinary  conftruftion,  were  lately  (landing  in  Scotland  ;  one  of  them  at 
Abernethy  in  Perlhfhire,  the  other  at  Brechin  in  Angus  ;  hoth  of  liiem 
are  columns,  hollow  in  the  inlide,  and  a  flair-cafe  without  :  That  of 
Brechin  is  the  moft  entire,  being  covered  at  the  top  with  a  fpiral  roof 
of  flone,  with  three  or  four  windows  above  the  cornice  :  It  confifls  of 
lixty  regular  couries  of  hewn  freeftonc,  laid  circularly  and  regularly, 
and  tapering  towards  the  top.  If  thefe  columns  are  really  PiftiHi,  that 
people  muft  have  had  among  them  architcfts  that  far  exceeded  thole 
of  any  coeval  monuments  to  be  found  in  Europe,  as  they  have  all  the 
appearance  of  an  order  ;  and  the  building  is  neat,  and  in  the  Roman 
ftyle  of  architefture.  It  is,  however,  difficult  to  afhgn  them  to  any 
but  the  Pifts,  as  they  Hand  in  their  dominions  ;  and  fome  fculptures 
upon  that  at  Brechin,  denote  it  to  be  of  Chriftian  origin.  It  is  not 
indeed  impoffible  that  thefe  fculptures  are  of  a  later  date.  Befides 
thefe  two  pillars,  many  other  Piftifli  buildings  are  found  in  Scotland, 
but  not  in  the  fame  tafte. 

The  veftiges  of  crc61ions  by  the  ancient  Scots,  are  not  only  curious 
but  inft.ru6live,  as  they  regard  many  important  events  of  their  hiflory. 
That  people  had  amongfl;  them  a  rude  notion  of  fculpture,  in  which 
they  tranfmitted  the  aftions  of  their  kings  and  heroes.  At  a  place 
called  Aberlemno,  near  Brechin,  four  or  five  ancient  obclifksaic  flill 
to  be  feen,  called  the  Danilh  ftones  of  Aberlemno,  They  were  erefted 
as  commemorations  of  the  Scotch  vitlorics  over  that  people  ;  and  arc 
adorned  with  bas-reliefs  of  men  on  hoifeback,  and  many  emblematical 
figures  and  hieroglyphics,  not  intelligible  at  this  day.  There  is  a  flone 
near  the  town  of  Forres,  or  Fortrofe,  in  Murray,  which  far  furpall'es 
all  the  others  in  magnificdRce  and  grandeur,  "  and  is  (fays  Mr.  Gor- 
don) perhaps  one  of  the  moft  flatcly  monuments  of  that  kind  in  Eu- 
rope. It  riles  about  23  feet  in  height,  above  ground,  and  is.  as  1  am 
credibly  informed,  no  lefs  than  i  2  or  15  feet  below  ;  fo  that  the  whole 
height  is  at  leafl  35  feet,  and  its  breadth  near  five.  It  is  all  one  fingle 
and  entire  ftone  ;  great  variety  of  figures  in  relievo  are  carved  thereon, 
and  fome  of  them  ftill  dillinft  and  vifible  ;  but  the  injury  of  the 
weather  has  obfcured  thofe  towards  the  upper  part." 

At  Sandwick,  in  Rofs  fliirc,  is  a  very  fplendid  ancient  obelifk,  fur- 
rounded  at  the  bale  with  large,  well  cut  flag  flones,  formed  like  flcps. 
Both  fides  of  fhe  column  are  covered  with  various  ornaments,  in  well 
ilnifhed  carved  work.  The  one  face  prefents  a  fumptuous  crofs,  with 
a  figure  of  St.  Andrew  on  each  hand,  and  fome  uncouth  animals  and 
flowerings  underneath.  The  central  divifion  on  the  rcverfe,  exhibits 
a  variety  of  curious  figures,  birds,  and  animals. 

Befides  thefe  remains  of  Scotch  antiquities,  there  are  many  Roman, 
Piftifh,  and  Danifh  remains,  and  nrany  Druidical  monuments  and  tem- 
ples are  difceinible  in  the  northern  parts  of  Scotland,  as  well  as  in  the 
ifles,  where  we  may  fuppofe  that  paganifm  took  its  laft  refuge.  They 
are  eafily  perceived  by  their  circular  forms  ;.  but  though  they  are  equal- 
ly regular,  yet  none  of  them  arc  fo  frupendous  as  the  DruiJiciil  erec- 
tions in  South-Britain.  There  is  in  Pcrthfhirc  a  barrow  wliich  fecms 
to  be  a  Britifh  ercftion,  and  the  mcfl  beautiful  of  tl.e  kind  perhaps  in 
the  world  ;  it  cxuftly  refembles  tlie  figure  of  a  fhip,  with  the  keel  up- 
pcrmofi:,     The   common  people  call  it  Teruay.  which  iomc  iulciprct 


%lp 


N      13. 


;o  be  terra  navis,  the  fhip  of  earth.  It  feems  to  be  of  the  moft  remote 
antiquity,  and  perhaps  was  ere£ted  to  the  memory  of  feme  Britifh 
prir.cc,  who  afted  as  auxiliary  to  the  Romans  ;  for  it  lies  near  Auch- 
terardcr,  not  many  miles  dillant  from  the  great  fcene  of  Agricola's 
operations. 

The  traces  of  ancient  V'olcanoes  are  not  unfrequent  in  Scotland.-* 
The  hill  of  Finrhaven  is  one  inftance  ;  and  the  hill  of  Bergonium,  near 
I^u  iftafTage  taftlc,  is  another,  yielding  vafl  quantities  of  pumice  or 
{"coria  of  different  kinds,  many  of  which  are  of  the  fame  fpecies  with 
tho(z  of  the  volcanic  Iceland. 

Commerce  AND  manufactures.]  In  addition  to  wl^at  we  havfc 
faid  on  this  iirt'cle  in  the  account  of  England,  we  obferve  that 
Scotland,  in  refpcfct  to  her  commerce  and  manufaftures,  has,  for 
fome  years  paft,  been  in  a  very  improving  (late.  The  expedition  of 
the  bcots  to  take  poffeffion  of  Daricn,  (of  which  we  gave  fome  account; 
in  the  general  dcfcripticn  of  America)  and  to  carry  on  an  £aft  and 
"Wed- India  trade,  was  founded  upon  true  principles  of  commerce, 
nnd  (To  far  as  it  went)  executed  with  a  noble  fpirit  of  cnterprife.  The 
mifcarriage  of  that  fcheme,  after  receiving  the  highefl  and  moll  folemn 
fandions,  is  a  difgrace  to  the  annals  of  that  aeiga  in  which  it  happen- 
ed ;  as  the  Scots  had  then  a  free,  independent,  and  unconnefted  par- 
iiamcnt.  We  are  to  account  for  the  long  langour  of  the  Scottifli  com- 
merce, and  many  other  misfoitunes  v/hich  that  country  fuftained,  by 
the  difguit  the  inhabitants  conceived  on  that  account,  and  fome  inva- 
fions  ot  their  rights  afterwards,  v/hich  they  thought  inconfiftent  with 
the  articles  of  union. 

The  bo-antics  and  encouragement  granted  to  the  Scots,  for  the  bene- 
fit of  trade  and  manufafturcs,  during  .\#.  Pelham's  adminiflration, 
made  them  fenfible  of  their  own  importance.  Mr.  Pitt,  a  fucceeding 
jniuifler,  purfued  Mr.  Pelham's  wife  plan  ;  and  jullly  boafled  in  par- 
liament, that  he  availed  himfelf  of  the  courage,  good  fenfe,  and  fpirit 
of  the  Scots,  in  carrying  on  the  moft  extenfive  war  that  Great  Britain 
ever  was  engaged  in.  Let  mc  add.  to  the  honour  of  the  Britifh  govern- 
ment, that  the  bcots  have  been  fuffered  to  avail  themfelves  of  all  the 
benefits  of  commerce  and  manufaftures  they  can  claim,  either  in  right 
of  their  former  independency,  the  treaty  of  union,  or  pollerior  a£ls 
of  parliament. 

I'he  increafe  of  their  fliipping  within  thefe3o  years  pafl,  has  been 
very  conhdcrable.  The  exports  of  thofe  fhips  are  compofed  chiefly  of 
Scotch  manufa5;nres,  fabricated  from  the  produce  of  the  foil,  and  the 
jndufl:rv  of  its  inliabitants.  In  excliange  for  thefe,  they  import  tobac- 
co, rice,  cotton,  fugar,  and  rum,  from  the  Britifh  plantations,  from  the 
United  States  of  America,  and  from  other  countries,  their  produce,  to 
the  immenfe  faving  of  their  nation.  The  profperity  of  Glafgow  and 
its  neighbourhood  hath  been  greatly  owing  to  the  connexion  and  trade 
with A'irginia,  and  I'ome  other  of  the  American  States. 

The  fiiheries  of  Scotland  are  not  confined  to  their  own  coaft,  for 
they  have  a  great  concern  in  the  wliale  fiflici  y,  carried  on  upon  the 
c.oaft.  of  Spitfbergcn  ;  and  1  heir  returns  are  valuable  ;  as  the  govern- 
ment allows  them  a  bounty  of  405.  for  every  ton  of  fhipping  employed 
in'tliat  article. 

Th<t 


SCOTLAND.  JJ4 

The  buffeS,  or  veflels  employed  in  the  great  herring  filhcry  on  the 
weftern  coafts  of  Scotland,  arc  fitted  out  from  the  north-weft  parts  of 
England,  the  north  of  Ireland,  as  well  as  th;2  numerous  ports  of  the 
Clyde  and  neighbouring  iflands.  The  grand  rendezvous  is  at  Camp- 
blctown,a  commodious  port  in  Argylefhire,  facing  the  north  of  Ireland, 
where  fometimes  300  veffels  have  been  allcmbled. 

The  benciits  of  the  fiiheries  arc  perhaps  equalled  by  various  manu- 
fafturcs,  particularly  that  of  iron  at  Carron,  in  Sfcrlingfhire.  The 
linen  manufaftory,  notwithftanding  a  ftrong  rivalHiip  from  Ireland,  is 
in  a  flourifhing  ftate.  The  thread  manufafture  of  Scotland  is  equal,  if 
not  fuperior,  to  any  in  the  world  ;  and  the  laee  fabricated  from  it,  has 
been  deemed  worthy  of  royal  wear  and  approbation.  It  has  been  (aid, 
feme  years  ago,  that  the  exports  from  Scotland  to  England,  and  tlie 
Britifh  plantations,  in  linen,  cambricks,  checks,  Ofnaburgs,  incklc, 
and  the  like  commodities,  amounted  annually  to  400.000I.  exclufwe 
of  their  home  comfumption  ;  and  there  is  reafon  to  believe  that  tho 
fum  is  confiderablv  larger  at  prefent.  The  Scots  are  likewile  making 
very  promifing  efforts  for  eUablifhing  woollen  manufatlures  ;  and 
their  exports  of  caps,  liockings,  mittens,  and  other  articles  of  theiy 
own  wool,  begin  to  be  very  conhdcrablc. 

Among  the  other  late  improvements  of  the  Scots,  we  are  not  to  for- 
get the  vaft  progrefs  they  have  made  in  worknig  the  mines,  and  fmelt- 
ing  the  ores  of  their  country.  Their  coal  trade  to  England  is  very 
confiderable,  and  of  late  they  have  turned  even  their  ftoncs  to  account, 
by  their  contrafts  for  paving  the  ftreets  of  London.  If  the  great  tradd 
in  cattle,  which  the  Scots  carried  on  of  late  with  the  Englifh,  is  nov/ 
diminiflicd,  it  is  owing  to  the  beft  of  national  caufes,  that  of  an  incrcafc 
of  home  confumption. 

The  trade  carried  on  by  the  Scots  with  England,  is  chiefly  from 
Leith,  and  the  eaftern  ports  of  the  nation  ;  but  (ilafgow  was  the  great 
emporium  for  the  American  commerce,  before  the  commencement  of 
the  unhappy  breach  with  the  colonies.  The  late  jundtion  of  the  Forth 
to  the  Clyde  will  render  the  beneiUs  of  trade  of  mutual  advantage  to 
both  parts  of  Scotland. 

With  regard  to  other  manufaclures,  not  mentioned,  fome  of  them 
are  yet  in  their  infancy.  The  town  of  Paiflcv  alone  employs  an  increa- 
ible  number  of  hands,  in  fabricating  a  particularkind  of  flowered  and 
ftriped  lawns,  v^hich  are  a  reafonable  and  elegant  wear.  Sugar-houfcs, 
glafs-works  of  every  kind,  delf-houfes,  and  paper-mills,  arc  ercded 
every-where,  and  the  Scotch  carpeting  makes  neat  furniture. 

Revenues.]     See  England. 

Government.]  The  ancient  con flitution  of  government  in  Scot- 
land  has  been  highly  applauded,  as  excellently  adapted  to  the  prefer- 
vation  of  liberty  ;  and  it  is  certain,  that  the  power  of  the  king  wai 
greatly  limited,  and  that  there  were  many  checks  in  the  conftitutioa 
upon  him,  which  were  well  calculated  to  prevent  his.  aflumiiig  cr  cx- 
ercifuig  a  de{"potic  authority.  But  the  Scottifb.  conftitution  of  govern- 
ment was  too  much  of  the  ariftocratic  kir.d,  to  afford  to  the  common 
people  that  equal  liberty  which  they  had  a  right  to  cxpcft.  The  king's 
authority  was  fufhcienfly  reftrained  ;  but  the  nobles,  chieftanis,  and 
great  landholders,  had  it  too  much  in  their  power  to  tyrannise  over 
and  oppreCs  their  tenants,  and  the  common  people, 

Ihe 


J4= 


O      T      L      A      N      D. 


The  ancient  kings  of  Scotland,  at  their  coronation,  took  the  follow^ 
ing  oath,  containing  tluee  promifes,  viz. 

"  In  tlie  name  of  Chrill,  I  promife  thefe  three  things  to  the  Chriftian 
people  my  fubjefts  :  Firft,  That  1  fhall  give  order,  and  employ  my 
iorce  and  aihftance,  that  the  church  of  God,  and  the  Chriftian  people, 
jTiav  enjoy  true  peace  during  our  time,  under  our  government.  Sec- 
cmdly,  I  fliall  prohibit  and  hinder  all  perfons,  of  whatever  degree, 
from  violence  and  injuftice.  Thirdly,  In  all  judgments  I  Ihall  follow 
the  prcfcriptions  of.juftice  and  mercy,  to  the  end  that  our  clement  and 
merciful  God  may  fhew  mercy  unto  me,  and  to  you." 

The  parliament  of  Scotland  anciently  conhfted  of  all  who  held  any 
portion  of  land,  however  fmall,  of  the  crown  by  military  fervice.  This 
parliament  appointed  the  times  of  its  own  meeting  and  adjournment, 
and  committees  to  fuperintcnd  the  adminiflration  during  the  intervals 
of  parliament  ;  it  had  a  commanding  power  in  all  matters  of  govern- 
ment ;  it  appropiiated  the  public  money,  ordered  the  keeping  of  it, 
and  called  for  tfie  accounts  ;  it  armed  the  people,  and  appointed  com- 
manders ;  it  named  and  commifTioned  ambaffadors  ;  it  granted  and  lim- 
ited pardons  ;  it  appointed  judges  and  courts  of  judicature  ;  it  nam- 
ed officers  of  ftate  and  privy-counfellors  ;  it  annexed  and  alienated 
the  revenues  of  the  crown,  and  reftrained  grants  by  the  king.  The 
king  of  Scotland  had  no  negative  voice  in  parliament  ;  nor  could  he 
declare  war,  make  peace,  or  conclude  any  other  public  bufinefs  of  im- 
portance, without  the  advice  and  appiobation  of  parliament.  The 
])rcrogative  of  the  king  was  fo  bounded,  that  he  was  not  even  entruft- 
ed  with  the  executive  part  of  the  government.  In  fliort,  the  conftitu- 
tion  was  rather  ariftocratical  than  monarchical. 

The  privy- council  of  Scotland  before  the  revolution,  had,  or  affum- 
ed,  inquiiitorial  powers,  even  that  of  torture  ;  but  it  is  now  funk  in  the 
parliament  and  privy-council  of  Great-Britain  •,  and  the  civil  and 
criminal  caufes  in  Scotland  are  chiefly  cognizable  by  two  courts  of  ju- 
dicature. 

The  firfl  is,  that  of  the  college  of  juflice,  which  was  inllituted  by 
James  V.  after  the  model  of  the  French  parliament.  This  court  con- 
fiils  of  a  prelident  and  fouiteen  ordinary  members,  bcfides  extraordi- 
nary ones  named  by  the  king,  who  may  fit  and  vote,  but  have  no  fala- 
ries,  and  are  not  bound  to  attendance.  This  court  may  be  called  a 
ftanding  jury  in  all  matters  of  property  that  lie  before  them.  'J'he  civ- 
il Jaw  is  their  dircftory  in  all  matters  that  come  not  within  the  mu- 
nicipal laws  of  the  kingdom. 

The  juftice  court  is  the  highefl  criminal  tribunal  in  Scotland  ;  but 
m  its  prefent  form  it  was  inftituted  fo  late  as  the  year  1672,  when  a 
lord  juflice  general,  removeable  at  the  king's  picafure,  was  appointed. 
'Ihis  lucrative  office  Hill  cxifts  in  the  pcifon  of  one  of  the  chief  nobil- 
ity ;  but  the  ordinary  members  of  the  court,  are  the  juftice-clerk  and 
live  other  judges,  who  are  always  nominated  from  the  lords  of  fcffion. 
in  this  court  the  verdift  of  a  jury  condemns  or  acquits  ;  but  without 
any  neceffty  of  their   being  unanimous. 

Befidcs  thcfe  two  great  courts  of  law,  tlie  Scots,  by  the  articles  of  the 
l.'nion,  have  a  couit  of  exchequer,  with  the  fame  power,  authority,  priv- 
ilege, and  jurifdiftion,  over  the  revenue  of  Scotland,  as  the  court  of 
exchequer,  in  England.  h.a;5  ovt-r  the   revenues  there  :  and  all  matters 

and 


Scotland, 


»4^ 


aind  things  competent  to  the  court  of  exchequer  in  England   relating 
thereto,  are  likewife  competent  to  the  exchequer  of  Scotland. 

The  court  of  admiralty  in  Scotland,  was,  in  the  reign  of  Charles  11, 
by  aft  of  parliament,  declared  to  be  a  fupreme  court,  in  all  caufes  com- 
petent to  its  own  jurifdiftion  ;  and  the  lord  high  admiral  is  declared 
to  be  the  king's  lieutenant  and  judice-gencral  upon  the  feas,  and  in  all 
ports,  harbours,  and  creeks  of  the  fame  ;  and  upon  frcfl-i  waters  and 
navigable  rivers,  below  the  firfl:  bridge,  or  within  flood-mark  ;  fo  that 
nothing  competent  to  his  jurifdiftion  can  be  meddled  with,  in  the  firfl 
inflance,  but  by  the  lord  h'gh  admiral  and  the  judges  of  his  court. 
Sentences  palTed  in  all  inferior  courts  ofadmiralty,  may  be  brought  again 
before  his  court  ;  but  no  appeal  lies  from  it  to  the  lords  of  the  fcfiion, 
or  any  other  judicatory,  unlefs  in  cafes  not  maritime.  Caufes  arc  tri- 
ed in  this  court  by  the  civil  law,  which,  in  fuch  cafes,  is  likewife  the 
common  law  of  Scotland,  as  well  as  by  the  laws  of  Oleron,  W'ifby  and 
the  Hanfe  towns,  and  other  maritime  pfaftices  and  decifions  common 
upon  the  continent.  The  place  of  Lord  admiral  of  Scotland  is  little 
more  than  nominal,  but  the  falary  annexed  to  it  is  reckoned  worth 
loool.  a  year  ;  and  the  judge  of  the  admiralty  is  commonly  a  lawyi^r 
of  diftinftion,  with  coniiderable  pcrquihtes  pertaining  to  his  office. 

The  college  or  faculty  of  advocates,  which  anfwers  to  the  Englifli 
inns  of  courts,  may  be  called  the  feminary  of  Scotch  lawyers.  They 
are  within  themfelves  an  orderly  court,  and  their  forms  require  great 
precifionand  examination  to  qualify  its  candidates  for  admilfion.  Sub- 
ordinate to  them  is  a  body  of  inferior  lawyers,  or,  as  they  may  be  call- 
ed, attorneys,  who  call  themfelves  writers  to  the  lignet.  hecaulc  Uicv 
alone  can  fubfcribe  the  writs  that  pafs  the  fignct  ;  they  likcwiie 
have  a  bye  government  for  their  own  regidation.  Such  arc  the  diflcr- 
cnt  law  courts  that  are  held  in  the  capital  of  vScotland. 

One  thing,  which  we  mufl  not  omit  to  mention,  pro\cs  the  fimila^i- 
ty  between  the  Englifli  and  Scotch  conflitutions.  Inold  times,  all  tii« 
Freeholders  in  Scotland  met  together  in  prcicnce  oflb.e  king,  who 
was  fcated  on  the  top  of  a  hillock,  which,  in  the  old  Scotch  conftiiu  • 
tions,  is  called  tlie  Moot,  or  Mute-hill  ;  all  national  afiaiis  were  here 
tranfafted  ;  judgments  given,  and  dilTercnces  ended.  This  Moot-hill 
is  probably  of  the  fame  nature  with  the  Saxon  lolc-motc,  and  may 
fignify  no  more  than  the  hill  of  meeting. 

History.]  The  Caledonians  wei:c,  probably,  the  fird  inhabitants 
of  Scotland  ;  the  Pitts,  undoubtedly,  were  the  Britons,  who  were 
forced  northwards  by  the  Belgic  Gauls,  above  fourfcore  years  bcfrrc: 
thedefcentof  Julius  Cacfar  ;  and  who  fettling  in  Scotland  were  joii.cd 
by  great  numbers  of  their  counti\'men,  that  were  driven  northwaics 
by  the  Romans.  The  Scots,  mofi  probably,  were  a  nation  of  adven- 
turers from  the  ancient  Scythia,  who  had  fcivcd  in  tlie  armies  of  the 
continent,  and.  after  conquering  the  other  inhabitants,  gave  lhcir<.!wn 
name  to  the  country. 

Chriftianity  was  introduced  into  Scotland,  about  the  year  201  of  ilic 
Chriflian  xra,  by  Donald  I. 

Mary,  daughter  and  fucccllbr  of  James  V.  was  but  a  few  hours  old 
at  the  time  of  her  fathers  death.  Her  beauty,  her  milcondurt,  and 
her  misfortunes,  are  alike  fauious  in  hiilory.  Durina  her  miiuMity, 
aad  while  flie  was  wife   to  Francis  H.  of  France,  the  reformation  ad- 

\  *ni.cd 


144  SCOTLAND. 

v^nced  in  Scotland.  Being  called  to  the  throne  of  her  anccftors  while 
a  widow,  {lie  married  her  own  coufin  gerinan,  the  lordDarnley,  whofe 
imlimclv  dciith  h.uh  given  rife  to  much.controverfy.  The  confs- 
t^uence  'of  licr  hufDaud's  death,  and  of  her  marriage  with  Bothwell, 
who  was  confidered  as  lijs  murderer,  was  an  infurreftion  of  her  fub- 
jcfts,  from  whom  the  tied  into  England,  where  fhe  was  ungencvouily 
detained  a  prifoncr  for  eighteen  years,  and  afterwards  on  motives  of 
ilate  policy  bchcadsd  by  ^ueen  Elizabeth  ia  1587,  in  the  forty-fixth. 
■year  of  her  age. 

Mary's  ion,  James  VL  of  Scotland,  fucceeded  in  right  of  his  blood 
from  Henry  Vll.  upon  the  death  of  queen  Elizabeth,  to  the  Englifh 
crown,  after  fliewing  conhderable  abilities  in  the  government  of  Scot- 
land. This  union  of  the  two  crowns,  in  1603,  dcltroyed  the  indepen- 
dency, as  it  impoverillied  the  people  of  Scotland  ;  James,  after  a 
fplendid,  bui  troubkfome  reign  over  his  three  kingdoms,  left  them  in 
162.5,  to  his  fon,  the  unfortunate  Charles  I.  That  piiuce,  by  his  def- 
polic  principles  and  conduft,  induced  both  his  Scottilh  and  his  Englifti 
fubjefls  to  take  up  arms  againft  him  :  And  indeed,  it  was  in  Scotland 
that  the  fword  was  firll  drawn  againft.  Charles.  But  when  the' royal 
party  was  totally  defeated  in  England,  the  king  put  hlralelf  into  the 
power  of  the  Scottilh  army  :  They  at  firfl  treated  him  with  refpeft^but 
afterwards  delivered  him  up  to  the  Engliih  parliament,  on  condition 
of  their  paying  400,000  pounds  to  the  bcots,  which  was  f^tid  to  be  due 
to  tiicm  for  arrears.  However,  the  Scots  aherwards  made  feveral 
bloody,  but  unluccuf^ful  attempts,  to  reflore  his  fon,  Charles  IT— See 
Ivobertion'i   HiUqry  of  Scotland. 


ISLANDS     OF     SCOTLAND. 

THE  Klands  of  Scotland  are  the  Shetland,  Orcades  or  Orkney,  and 
the  Hebrides,  or  \'\  cllcra  ifles. 

Situation  A.VD  EXTENT.]  The  iflands  of  Shetland  lie  north-eaft 
of  the  Orcades  or  Orkney-iilands,  between  60  and  61  degrees  of  north 
latitude  ;  and  are  part  of  the  fliire  of  Orkney. 

The  Orcades  lie  north  of  Dungfby-head,  between  59  and  60  degrees 
of  north  latitude  ;  divided  from  the  continent  by  a  tempelluous  llrait, 
called  Fenthmd  I'liih,  24  miles  long  and  12  broad. 

The  Hebrides,  or  Wellern  iflcs  are  very  numerous,  and  lome  of 
them  large  ;  htuatcd  between  55  and  59  degrees  ol  north  latitude. 

XriMAiE.I  There  is  very  little  diifcrence  in  the  climate  of  thefe 
iflands,  the  air  being  l<.een,  piercing,  and  falubrious  ;  fo  that  many  of 
t!ie  natives  live  to  a  great  age.  In  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  iflands 
tliev  ice  to  read  at  midnight  in  June  and  July  ;  and  during  four  of  the 
fummer  rnoiillis.  they  liave  frequent  communications,  both  for  bufi- 
ricfs  and  curioiitv,  with  each  other,  and  with  the  continent  :  The  reft 
of  the  year,  h.owevcr,  they  are  almoft  inaccellxble,  through  fogs,  dark- 
uefs,  and  Itorms. 

Cmief  islands  axd  towns.]  The  largeft  of  the  Shetland  iilands, 
wliich  are  fort\-iix  in  number  (though  many  of  them  are  uninhabited) 
is  Mainland,  which  is  60  miles  in  length,  and  20  in  breadth.  Its  prin- 
cipal town  is  Larwick,  which  contains  300  families  ;  the  whole  num- 
ber of  families  in  the  illand  does  not  exceed  500.  Skalloway  is  anoth- 
♦■I  town,  where  the  remains  of  a  cafUearfc  flill  to  be  feen,  and  it  is  the 
1  .:a t  of  a  r le fb vt f  1 V.  The 


ENGLAND, 


'45 


The  largefl;  of  the  Orkney  iflands,  which  are  about  thirty  in  num- 
ber (though  feveral  of  them  are  unpeopled)  is  called  Pomona.  Its 
length  is  33  miles,  and  its  breadth,  in  feme  places,  9.  It  contains  nine 
parifh  churches,  and  four  excellent  harbours. 

The  ifle  of  Mull,  in  the  Hebrides,  is  24  miles  long,  and,  in  fome 
places,  almoft  as  broad.  It  contains  two  parifhes,  and  a  calllc,  called 
Duart,  which  is  the  chief  place  in  the  ifland.  The  other  principal 
wcftern  iflands  are  Lewis,  or  Harries  (for  they  both  form  but  ono 
ifland)  which  belongs  to  the  fhire  of  Rofs,  and  is  ico  miles  in  length, 
and  13  or  14  in  breadth,  its  chief  town  is  Stornvay.  Sky,  belonging 
to  the  fliire  of  Invernefs,  is  40  miles  long,  and,  in  fome  places,  30 
broad  ;  fruitful  and  well  peopled.  Bute,  which  is  about  ten  miles 
long,  and  three  or  four  broad,  is  famous  for  containing  the  caftle  of 
Rothfay,  which  gave  the  title  of  duke  to  the  eldeft  fons  of  the  kings 
of  Scotland  ;  as  it  now  does  to  the  prince  of  Wales.  Rothfay  is  like- 
wife  a  royal  burgh  ;  and  the  iflands  of  Bute  and  Arran  form  ihe  fliire 
of  Bute.  The  ifles  of  Ila  and  Jura,  are  part  of  Argylefliire,  and  con- 
tain together  about  370  fquare  miles,  but  they  have  no  towns  worthy 
notice.  North  Uift;  contains  an  excellent  harbour,  called  Lochmaddy, 
famous  for  herring-fifliing.  The  famous  ifle  of  lona,  was  once  thg 
feat  and  fanftuary  of  weftern  learning,  and  the  burying  place  of  many 
kings  of  Scotland,  Ireland,  and  Norway,  It  is  ftill  famous  for  its  re- 
liques  of  fanftimonious  antiquity. 

Inhabitants, CUSTOMS,  population,  and  religion.]     It  is  not  to' 
be  expefted,  that  the  inhabitants  of  tlic  iflands   belonging   to  Scotland 
can  be  minutely  defcribed  here.     Thofe  of  Shetland  and  Orkney  were 
formerly  fubjeft  to  the  Normans,   who  conquered  them  in  1099.     ^'* 
the  year  1263  they  were  in  poflefTion  of  Magnus  of  Norway,  who  fold 
them  to  Alexander,  king  of  Scots.     After  this,  they  were  claimed  by, 
and   became  fubjeft  to  the  crown   of  Denmark.      Chriftian    I.  in  the 
reign  of  James  III.  conveyed  them  in  property  to  the  crovv^n  of  Scot- 
land, as  a  marriage  portion  with  his  daughter  Margaret,  and  all  future 
pretenfioris  were  entirely  ceded  on  the  marriage  of  James  VI.  of  Scot- 
land with  Anne  of  Denmark.     The  ifles  of  Shetland  and  Orkney  form 
1  ftewartry,  or  fhire,  which  fends  a  member  to  parliament.     At  prefent 
the  people  in  general  differ  little  from  the  Lowlanders  of  Scotland, 
Men  of  fortune  there,  have  greatly  improved  their  ePtatcs  of  late  years, 
and  have  introduced  into  their  families  many  elegancies  and  luxuries. 
They  build  their  dwelling  and  other  lioufes,  in  a  modern  tafte  ;  and 
are  remarkable  for  the  finenefs  of  their  linen.     As  to  the  common  peo- 
ple, they  live  upon  butter,  cheefe,    fidi,  fea  and  land    fowl  (of  which 
they  have  great  plenty)   particularly  geefe ;  and  their  chief  drink  is 
whey,  which  they  have  the   art    to   ferment,  fo  as  to  give  it  a  vinous 
quality.     In  fome  of  the  northern   iflands,   the  Norwegian,  which   is 
called  the  Norfe  language,  is  ftill  fpoken.     Their  vaft  intercourfe  with 
the  Dutch,  during  the  flfhing  feafon,  renders  that  language  common 
in  the  Shetland  and  Orkney  iflands.     The  people  there  aio  as  expert 
as  the  Norwegians,  already  dcfcnbed,  in  fcizing  the  nefts  of  icaiowls, 
who  build  in  the  moft  frightful  precipices  and  rocks.     The  people's 
tempeiance  preferves  them  from  any  difeafes  known  to  luxury.     1  hey 
cure  the  fcurvy  and  the  jaundice,  to  which   they  are  fubjecl,  witli  thu 
vowder  of  fnail-fhells  and  fcurvy-grals,  of  which  they  have  plenty.—' 
K  Thcif 


14b  S      C       O      T      L      A      N      t). 

Their  rclis:;ion  is  proteftant,  and  according  to  the  difcipiine  of"  ih6 
church  of  Scotland  ;  and  their  civil  inftitutions  are  much  the  fame 
with  thofe  of  the  country  to  which  they  bclcng. 

Noth'ng  certain  can  be  mentioned,  as  to  the  population  of  thefe 
three  divifions  ofillands.  W^u  have  the  mod  undoubted  evidences  of 
hiftorv,  thcit  about  400  years  ago,  they  were  much  more  populous  than 
they  are  now  :  For  the  Hebrides  themfelves  were  known  often  ta 
fend  10.000  fighting  m? n  into  the  field,  without  prejudice  to  their  acrri- 
culture.  At  preient,  their  numbers  arc  faid  not  to  exceed  48.000.— » 
The  people  of  the  Hebrides  are  clothed,  and  live  like  the  Scotch 
Highlanders. 

The  religion  profefTed  in  the  Hebrides  is  chiefly  prefbyterian,  asef- 
tahlifhed  in  the  church  of  Scotland  ;  but  the  Roman  Catholic  religion 
flili  prevails  among  fome  of  the  iflanders. 

Soi  t,  Mi.vES,  AND  Quarries.]  It  is  certain  that  the  foil,  both  of 
the  northern  and  weflern  iQands  belonging  to  Scotland,  has  fufFere'd 
an  amazing  alteration.  It  is  evident,  that  many  of  thefe  iflands  have 
been  the  habitations  of  the  Druids,  whofe  temples  are  ftill  vifible  in 
mod  of  them;  and  thofe  temples  were  furroundcd  by  groves^  though 
little  or  no  timber  now  grows  in  the  neighbourhood.  The  flumps  of 
former  trees,  however,  are  difcernible,  as  arc  many  vefiiges  of  gran- 
deur, even  fince  theadmifhon  of  the  Chriftian  religion  ;  which  prove 
the  decreafe  of  the  riches,  power,  and  population  of  the  inhabitants, 
£.xper>ence  daily  fliews,  that  if  the  foil  of  the  northern  and  weftern 
illands  till  of  late  were  barren,  cold,  and  uncomfortable,  it  was  owing 
to  their  want  of  culture  ;  for  fuch  fpots  of  them  as  arc  now  cultivat- 
ed, produce  corn,  vegetables,  and  garden  fluff,  more  than  fufHcient  for 
the  inhabitants  ;  and  even  fruit-trees  are  now  brought  to  maturity. 
Tin,  lead,  and  filver  mines  ;  marl,  flate,  free-Hone,  and  even  quarries 
of  marble,  have  been  found  upon  thefe  iflands,  They  are  not  deflitute 
of  fine  freflr  water  ;  nor  of  lakes  and  rivulets  that  abound  with  ex- 
cellent trout.  At  the  fame  time  it  mud  be  owned,  that  the  prefcnt 
face  of  the  foil  is  bare,  and  unornamented  with  trees,  excepting  a  fevir 
that  were  reared  in  gardens. 

Trade  .\ND  MANur.s.CTURES,]  Thefe  are  all  in  their  infancy  Jn 
thefe  iflands.  The  reader  can  eafily  fuppofe,  that  their  flaple  com- 
modities confifl  of  fifli,  efpecially  herrings,  which  are  equal  to  any  in 
the  world,  and,  when  properly  cured,  are  equal  even  to  thole  of  the 
Dutch.  They  carry  on  likewise  a  confiderable  trade  in  down  and 
feathers  *,  and  their  fhcep  afford  them  wool,  which  they  manufacture  *^ 
into  coarfe  clotlis  ;  and  even  the  linen  manufactures  make  no  fmaU# 
progrels  in  thefe  illands.  They  carry  their  black  cattle  alive  to  thg/ 
adjacent  parts  of  Scotland,  where  they  are  difpofed  of  in  fale  or  bar- 
ter ;  as  are  large  quiiiititics  of  their  mutton,  which  they  fait  in  the 
hide.  Upon  the  whole,  application  and  induflry,  with  iomc  portion 
of  public  encouragement,  are  only  wanting  to  render  thefe  iflands  at 
once  ornamental  and  beneftcial  to  their  mother-country,  as  well  as  to 
their  inhabitants. 

Horses.  1  The  Shetland  ifl<:s  arq  famous  for  a  fmall  breed  of  horf- 
cs,  which  are  incredibly  atllvc,  ftrong  and  hardy,  and  frequently  Teen 
in  the  (Irects  of  London^  yoked  to  the  fplendid  caiiiagcsof  the  curious 
©r  wealthy, 

RakIties 


S      C      O      T      L      A      N      i).  i^j 

Rarities  A^D  CURIOSITIES,  \  Thefe  i Hands  exhibit  many  P'og- 
ARTiFiciAL  AND  XA!  URAL  J  nant  pioofs,  in  their  churches,  the 
veftigcs  of  old  forts,  and  other  buildings  both  facred  and  civil,  of  vvlut 
hath  been  already  obferved,  that  they  vrere  formerly  more  populous 
that^  they  are  now.  The  ufe  and  conflru^lion  of  fomc  of  fhofc  works 
arc  not  cafily  accounted  for  at  prefent.  In  a  gloomy  valley  bclougiua; 
to  Hoy,  one  of  the  weftern  iilands,  is  a  kind  of  hermitage,  cut  out  of 
a  ftone,  called  a  dwarf-ftone,  36  feet  long,  18  broad,  and  nine  thick  ; 
in  which  is  a  fquarc  hole,  about  two  feet  high,  for  an  entrance,  with  a 
floneof  the  fame  fize  for  a  door.  Within  this  entrance  is  the  rclcm- 
blance  of  a  bed,  with  a  pillow  cut  out  of  the  ftone,  big  enough  for  two 
men  to  lie  on  :  At  the  other  end  is  a  couch,  and  in  tlie  middle  a  hcailh, 
with  a  hole  cut  out  above  for  a  chimir^y. 

The  gigantic  bones  found  in  many  burial-placf-s  here,  give  ro'Jm  to 
believe,  that  the  former  inhabitants  were  of  larger  fizc  than  ihc  pref- 
ent. It  is  likcwife  probable,  from  fomc  ancient  remains,  particularly 
catacombs,  and  nine  filver  fibulsc  or  clafps,  found  at  Stennis,onc  of  the 
Orkneys,  that  the  Romans  were  well  acquainted  with  thefe  paits. 

The  cathedral  of  Kirkwall,  the  capital  of  the  Orkneys,  is  a  fine 
Gothic  building,  dedicated  16  St.  Magnus,  but  now  converted  into  .i 
parifh  church.  Its  roof  is  fupportcd  by  14  pillars  an  each  fide,  and 
its  fteeple,  in  whicli  is  a  good  ring  of  bells,  by  four  large  pillars.  Th'^ 
three  gates  of  the  church  are  chequered  v.'ith  red  and  white  polifhcd 
flones,  emboffed  and  elegantly  flowered. 

The  Hebrides  are  ftill  more  diitinguiftied  than  the  Orkney  or  Shet- 
land ifles,  for  their  remains  of  antiquity  ;  and  it  would  far  exceed  iha 
bounds  allotted  to  this  head,  were  we  e^en  to  mention  every  noted 
monument  found  upon  them,  dedicated  to  civil,  religious,  or  warlike 
purpofes.  Innumerable  are  the  infcripiions  of  ancient  cuftoins  anci 
ceremonies  that  arc  difcernible  upon  this  ifland  ;  and  which  give 
countenance  to  the  well-known  obfcrvation,  that  v/hen  Icarmng  was 
nearly  extinO;  on  the  continent  of  Europe,  it  found  a  refuge  in  Scot- 
land, or  rather  in  thefe  iflands. 

But  fomc  of  the  moft  aftonifhing  appearancc3  in  nafure  have  re- 
mained undefcribed,  and,  till  lately,  unobferved  even  by  the  natives  of. 
thefe  iflands.  A  difcovery  lefcrved  for  tlie  inquihtive  genius  of  Sir 
Jofeph  Banks,  who,  in  relating  his  voyage  through  the  Hebrides, 
in  tfyii  hys,  '-We  were  no  fooner  arrived,  tlian  we.  were  flrucl; 
with  a  feene  of  magnificence  which  exceeded  Our  expectations,  tliougli 
foundet^-as  we  thought,  upon  the  rnoft.  fanguinc  foundadioh.- ;  the. 
•whole  of  that  end  of  the  iiland  I  viz.  Staffa,  a  mile  in  length,  and  halt 
a  mile  in  breadth)  fupported  by  ranges  of  natural  pillars,  moflly  above 
fifty  feet  high,  ftanding  in  natural  colonnades,  accordirt^^  as  the  hays 
or  points  of  land  formed  thcmfelves  :  Upon  a  lirm  balis  of  foiid,  un- 
formed rock,  above  thefe.  the  ftratum  v»hich  I'eachcs  to  the  foil  or  fur-'- 
faCeof  the  ifland,  varied  in  thickncfs  as  th«  ifland  iuclf  formed  into 
hills  or  vallies  ;  each  hill,  which  hung  over  the  columns  heloW,  form- 
ed an  ample  pediment  ;  fomedf  thefe,  above  flxty  feet  in  thicknef,; 
from  the  hafe  to  ih^  point,  formed  by  the  floping  of  the  hill  on  cacii 
fide,  almoft  into  the  fhape  of  thofe  ufed  in  architecture. 

"  Compared  to  this,  what  are  the  cathedrals  or  palaces  built  by  man  ^ 
Mire  models  or  plav-things.      Imitations  as  diminutive,  as  hii  w.oik^ 

k  2r  Wlii 


ra?>  S      C      O      T      L      A      N      B. 

will  always  be,  when  compared  to  thofe  of  nature.  Where  is  nOW 
the  boaft  of  the  archlteft  ?  Regularity,  the  only  part  in  which  he  fan- 
cied himfelf  to  exceed  his  miftrefs,  Nature,  is  here  found  in  her  pof- 
IcfTion  ;  and  h(?rc  it  lias  been  for  ages  undefcribed.  Proceeding  far- 
tlier  to  the  N.  W.  you  meet  with  the  higheft  ranges  of  pillars,  the 
magnificent  appearance  of  which  is  paft  all  defcription  :  Here  they 
are  bare  to  their  very  bafes,  and  the  flratum  below  them  is  alfo  vifible." 
Mr  Banks  particularizes  fundry  other  appearances  in  this  and  a 
Ti.eighbouring  ifland,  which  is  wholly  compofed  of  pillars  without  any 
iliratum.  In  feme  parts  of  Staffa,  inftead  of  being  placed  upright,  the 
pillars  were  obferved  to  lie  on  their  fides,  each  fcn-ming  a  fegment  of  a 
circle  ;  but  the  mod  ftriking  objeft  in  this  field  of  feenery  is  Fingal's 
Cave,  which  Mr.  Banks  describes  in  the  following  manner  :  "  Witht 
our  minds  full  of  fuch  refleftions,  we  proceeded  along  the  fhore, 
treading  upon  another  Giant's  Cau/ezvay,  every  flone  being  regularly 
formed  into  a  certain  number  of  fides  and  angles  ;  till,  in  a  fliort  time, 
v/e  .rrived  at  the  mouthof  a  cave,  the  moft  magnificent,  I  fuppofe, 
that  has  ever  been  defcribed  by  travellers.*  The  mind  can  hardly 
form  an  idea  more  magnificent  than  fuch  a  fpace,  fupported  on  each 
iide  by  ranges  of  columns,  and  roofed  by  the  bottoms  of  thofe  which 
have  been  broken  off  in  order  to  form  it  :  between  the  angles  of  which 
a  yellow  flalagmitic  matter  has  exuded,  which  ferves  to  define  the  an- 
gles precifelr,  and  at  the  fame  time  vary  the  colour,  with  a  great  deal 
of  elegance  ;  and  to  render  it  ftill  more  agreeable,  the  whole  is  lighted 
from  without  ;  fo  that  the  farthefl  extremity  is  very  plainly  feen  from. 
without  :  And  the  air  within  being  agitated  by  the  flux  and  reflux  of 
the  tide,  is  perfectly  dry  and  wholefome,  free  entirely  from  the  damp 
of  vapours  with  which  natural  caverns  in  general  abound." 

Mr.  Pennant,  who  alio  made  a  voyage  to  thefe  iflands  in  the  fame 
year,  had  a  glance  of  Staffa,  in  his  pafTage  from  lona  to  Mull,  but  was 
prevented  by  ftormy  weather  from  approaching  it.  "  On  the  weft," 
l"<tyshe,  "  appears  the  beautiful  groupe  of  the  Treafhunifh  ifles. — = 
'Nearcft  lies  Staffa,  anew  Giant's  Caufeway,  yifing  amidfl  the  waves, 
but  with  columns  of  double  the  height  of  that  in  Ireland  ;  gloffy  and 
rcfplcndent,  from  the  beams  of  the  eaflern  fun." — And  in  the  ifle  of 
Sky,  a  conliderablc  way  northward,  he  refumes  the  fubjeft.  "  We 
had  in  view  a  fine  feries  of  genuine  bafaltic  columns,  relembling  the 
Giant's  Caufeway  ;  the  pillars  were  above  twenty  feet  higli,  confifling 
of  four,  five,  and  fix  tingles,  but  moflly  of  five.  At  a  fmall  diflance 
from  thefe,  on  the  fl.ope  of  a  hill,  is  a  traft  of  fome  roads  entirely  formed 
of  the  tops  of  feveral  feries  of  columns,  even  and  clofe  fet,  forming  a 
reticulated  furface  of  amazing  beauty  and  curiofity.  This  is  the  mofl 
northern  bafaltes  I  am  acquainted  with  ;  the  laft  of  four  in  the  Britifli 
dominions,  all  running  from  north  to  fouth,  nearly  in  a  meridian  : 
The  Giant's   Caufeway  appears  firft  ;  Staffa,  &c.  fucceeds  ;  the  rock 

Humbla 

*  The  dimenuons  cf  the  cave  arc  thus  given  by  Mr.  Banks. 

Feet  Jeet 

T.engthof  che  cave  from  the  arch  with.  ?    ,  At  the  end  70 

aiJt                                                         S  Height  of  an  outfide  pillar  3^ 

From  tiie  pitch  of  the  arch                        250  Of  one  at  the  N.  W.  corner  ^-4 

f^ieaiith  of  ditto  at  the  mouth                     5,3  Depth  of  water  at  the  mouth  1$ 

■* !  the  faithei-  end                                          ito  At  the  boaom  ^ 
■'  iV'ght  «f  the  arch  at;  the  momh             i ij 


ELAND. 


M5 


Humbla  about  twenty  leagues  farther,  and,  finally,  tliofs  columns  of 
Sky  :  The  depth  of  the  ocean,  i^  all  probability,  conceals  the  vaft 
iinks  of  this  chain." 


IRELAND. 
S  I  T  t;  A  T  I  o  N,  Boundaries,    and  Extent. 

THE  Ifland  of  Ireland  is  fituated  on  tlie  weft  fide  of  England, 
between  6  and  lo  degrees  of  well  longitude,  and  between  51  and 
55  degrees  30  minutes  north  latitude,  or  between  the  middle  parallel 
of  the  eighth  clime  (wlicre  the  longeft  day  is  i6|  hours)  and  the  24th 
parallel,  or  the  end  of  the  tenth  clime,  whcie  the  longell  day  is 
17I  hours. 

It  is  285  miles  from  Fairheadj  north,  to  Mifenhcad,  fouth  ;  and  from 
the  eaft  part  of  Down,  to  the  weft  part  of  Mayo  (where  the  ifluid 
ilretches  moft  in  oppofitedireftions)  160 miles,  and  contains  1 1,042,042 
Irifh  plantation  acres,  or  about  17,9005000  acres  of  EngliPa  ftatutc 
jneafure. 

This  ifland  is  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  Deucaledonian  Sea  ;  on 
the  fouth  and  weft  by  the  Atlantic  Ocean  ;  and  on  the  eaft  by  the  Iriih 
Sea,  or  St.  George's  Cliannel,  which  divides  it  ffom  the  weftern  Ihores 
of  Great-Britain,  from  which  it  is  diftant  m  feme  places,  not  moie 
than  19  or  20  leagues. 

Divisions.]     See  general  account  of  Grcat-Bntain. 
Name.]     The  Irifti  Antiquarians  generally  agree,   that  the  ancient 
name  of  Ireland  was  Scclia,  and  that,   at  different  periods,  it  has  alfo 
been  called  lerne,  Juvcrna^  Hibernia^  &c. 

Climate,  son,,  and  face  of  the  ("olntry.]  The  climate  of  Ire- 
land, though  it  does  not  generally  differ  much  from  that  of  England, 
is  however  found  to  pollefs  an  atmofphere  more  moift,  with  more  fre- 
quent returns  of  rain.  From  the  reports  of  various  regifLers  it  appears, 
that  the  number  of  days  on  which  rain  had  fallen  in  Ireland  was  much 
greater  than  in  the  fame  years  in  England.  But  without  the  evidence 
of  regifters,  it  is  certain,  that  moifturc  (even  without  rain)  is  not  only 
more  charafteriftic  of  the  climate  of  this  ifland  than  that  of  England, 
but  is  alfo  one  of  its  worft  and  moft  inconvenient  circumftances. — 
This  is  accounted  for  in  obfcrving,  that  "  the  weft.erly  winds,  io  fa- 
vourable to  other  regions,  and  fo  benign  even  iij  this,  by  qualifying  the 
rigour  of  the  northern  air,  arc  yet  hurtful  in  the  extreme,  Ivlctling 
with  no  lands  on  this  fide  of  America  to  break  their  force,  and  proving 
in  the  general  too  powerful  for  the  counteraftion  of  tlie  rniltiug  v-inds 
from  the  eaftern  and  African  Continents,  they  waft  hither  the  vapours 
of  an  immenfe  ocean.  'I  he  flvv  is  hereby  much  obfcured  ;  and,  from 
the  nature  of  reft  and  condenfation,  thcfe  vapours  defcend  in  lucli 
conftant  rains,  as  threaten  dcftruQion  to  the  units  of  the  caith  in  fomc 
feafons.  This  unavoidable  evil  from  natural  cauies  is  aggravated  by 
the  increafe  of  it  from  others,  which  are  aVjfolutclv  citiicr  moial  or 
political.  The  hand  of  induftry  hath  been  long  idle  in  a  country 
where  almoft  every  advantage  muft  be  obtained  from  its  labour,  and 
\yhere  difcouragcments  on  tlie  labourer  muft  nccrffarilv  piochit^  a 
(late  of  languor,  equally  hurtful  to  the  profperity  and  manners  of  every 


tst  IRELAND. 

Tiatioa.  KverunretKe  ncglefl  of  agriculture  in  the  ninth  century, 
tlic  rains  of  fo  many  ages  fubfiding  on  the  lower  grounds,  have  con- 
vci  ted  mofl  of  our  extenfive  plains  into  molTv  morafles,  and  near  a 
tenth  part  of  this  beautiful  Ifle  is  become  a  repofitory  for  flagnated 
waters,  which,  in  the  courfe  of  evaporation,  impregnate  our  air  with 
iioxious  exhalations."*  But,  in  many  rcfpefts,  the  climate  of  Ireland 
is  more  aprecable  than  that  of  England  ;  the  fummers  being  cooler, 
and  i/ie  Winters  Icfs  feverc.  The  piercing  frofts,  the  deep  fnows,  and 
tl-e  dreadful  cflcfts  of  thunder  and  lightning,  which  are  fo  frequently 
chferved  in  the  latter  kingdom,  are  never  experienced  here. 

The  dampnefs  above  alluded  to,  being  peculiarly  favourable  to  the 
f  rowtl!  of  grafs.  has  been  ufed  as  an  argument  w^hy  the  inhabitant? 
jlnould  confine  their  attention  to  the  rearing  of  cattfe,  to  the  total  de- 
f'  it'.on  of  tillage,  and  injury  to  the  confequent  growth  of  popilation  ; 
but  the  foil  is  To  infinitely  various,  as  to  be  capable  of  alinoft,  every 
fpccics  of  cultivation  fuited  to  fuch  latitudes,  with  a  fertility  equal  to 
:ts  variety.  I'his  is  fo  confpicuous,  that  it  has  been  obfsrved  by  a  re- 
fpcauble  Engllfli  traveller,  tliat  "  Natural  fertility,  acre  for  acre,  over 
ilic  iwo  kingdoms,  is  certainly  in  favour  of  Ireland  ;  of  this  I  believe 
there  can  fcarccly  be  a  doubt  entertained,  when  it  is  confidered,  that 
fome  of  the  more  beautiful,  and  even  befl  cultivated  counties  in  Eng- 
land, owe  almofl  every  thing  to  the  capital  art  apd  induftry  of  its 
inJiabirants." 

We  fliall  conclude  tliis  article  with  the  further  fentiments  of  the 
fame  author  (Mr.  Young)  whofe  knowledge  of  the  fubjeft,  acquaint-, 
ance  with  the  kingdom,  ayd  candour,  are  unimpeachable. 

The  ctrcumf^ance  whiph  (Irikcs  me  as  the  greateft  fingularify  of 
Ireland,  is  the  rockinefs  of  the  foil,  wliich  fliould  feem  at  lirft  hght 
agamft  that  dcgiee  of  fertility  ;  but  the  contraiy  is  the  faft.  Stone  is 
fo  general,  tha!  I  have  great  reafon  to  believe  the  whole  ifland  is  one 
-aft  rock  of  difi^"crent  ilrata  and  kinds  rifing  outofthefea.  I  have 
rarely  licard  of  any  great  depths  being  funk  without  meeting  with  it. 
In  general  itntppcars  on  the  furface  in  every  paitof  the  kingdom  ;  the 
ilattefl  and  moil  fertile  parts,  as  Limerick.  Tipperaiy,and  Meafh,  have 
It  at  no  great  depth,  ahnoft  as  much  as  the  more  barren  ones.  May 
we  not  ircognize  in  this  the  hand  of  bounteous  Piovidence,  which  • 
l.as  given,  perhaps,  the  moR.  flpney  foil  in  Europe  to  the  moifieft  cli- 
mafc  in  it  ?  If  as  m.uch  rain  fell  upon  the  clays  of  England  (a  foil  very 
larcly  met  with  in  Ireland,  and  ne^'er  without  much  flonc)  as  falls 
upon  the  rocks  of  her  iifler  ifland.  thofe  lands  could  not  he  cultivated.' 
J-5ut  the  rocks  here  arc  clothed  with  verdure  ;  thoic  of  lime-lLone 
With  only  a  tliin  covering  of  mould,  have  the  Ibftcfl  and  muii  beauti- 
ful turf  imaginable. 

^  **  The  rockinefs'  of  the  foil  in  Ireland  is  fo  univerfal,  that  it  pre- 
dominates m  cvcr^•  fort.  One  cnnot  ufe.  with  proprietv,  tlie  terms 
ci;>y,  learn,  Ijnd.  &c.  ii  mult  l;c  a  itoney  clay,  a  Itoncy  loam,  a  gravelly 
i<iiul.  CLjv,  cfcecially  (he  yellow,  is  mutV  talked  oV  in  Iieland,  but 
ji  is  for  want  of  proper  difcrimination.  J  have  once  or  twice  feen 
■'nf:ft  a  pure  clay  upon  the  furfarc,  but  it  is  extremely  rare.  '  The 
■•  -jc  yellow  clay  is  ufaally  found  in  a  thin   flratum,  under  the  (urfare 

^  moulJj 

*  OVoiior's  DUTevtitions. 


IRELAND.  151 

tnould,  and  over  a  rock  ;  liarni,  tenacious,  aoncy,  ftrong  loams,  diffi- 
cult to  work,  are  not  uncommon,  but  they  are  quite  different  from 
Englifii  clays. 

''Friable  fandv  loams,  dry.  but  fertile,  arc  very  common,  and  they 
form  the  bcft  foils  in  the  kingdom  for  tillage  and  (lieep.  Tippcrarv 
and  Rofcommon  abound  particularly  in  them.  The  moa  fertile  of  all 
are  the  buUock-paftures  of  Limerick,  and  the  banks  of  the  Shannon  m 
Clare,  called  the  Corcaffcs.  'Jhefe  arc  a  mellon-,  putnd,  friable 
loara. 

"  Sand,  which  is  fo  common  in  England,  and  yet  more  common 
through  Spain.  France,  Germany,  and  Poland,  quite  from  Gibraltar  to 
Peterfburgh,  is  no  where  met  with  in  Ireland,  except  m  narrow  llips 
of  hillocks,  upon  the  fca  coaft.  Nor  did  I  ever  meet  with,  or  hear  ot, 
a  chalky   foil.  ,     ,  ,       j 

Rivers  an'd  mountains.]  "Few  countries  can  be  better  watered 
by  large  and  beautiful  fivers  than  Ireland  ;  and  it  is  remarkable,  tlint 
by  much  the  fineft  parts  of  the  kingdom  are  on  the  banks  of  thcic 
rivers.  Witnefs  the  Suir,  Blackwater,  the  Liffey,  the  Boyne,  the 
Nore,  the  Barrow,  and  part  of  the  Shannon:  they  wafh  a  fccnery 
that  can  hardly  be  exceeded.  From  the  rockinels  of  the  country, 
however,  there  are  few  of  them  that  have  not  obftruaions.  which  aro 
great  impediments  to  inland  navigation. 

"  1  he  mountains  of  Ireland  give  to  travelling  that  interefting  vane, 
tv,  with  which  a  flat  country  can  never  abound.  And  at  the  fame 
time,  they  are  not  in  fuch  number  r.s  to  confer  the  ufual  charafter  of 
povertv.  which  attends  them.  I  was  cither  upon  or  very  near  the  molt 
confiderable  in  the  kingdom.  Mangerton  and  the  Reeks,  in  Kerry  ; 
the  Galties  in  Cork  ;  thofe  of  Mourne"  and  Ifcah  m  Down  arc  rec- 
koned  the  higheft  in  the  kingdom,  paiticularly  that  called  Sicu 
Donard,  which  is  fald  to  be  1050  yards  in  perpendicular  height  ; 
''  Crow  Patrick  and  Nephin,  in  Mayo  :  thefe  are  the  pnrx.pa  in  Ire- 
land, and  they  are  of  a  character  in  height  and  luhlimitv,  winch  Hiould 
render  them  the  objcas  of  every  traveller's  attention.  '^ 
■  Bays,  H^RBOCKS,  AND  La.es.]  Perhaps  no  oountry  of  the  fan-ic 
extent  IS  more  bountifully  watered  by  the  finea  rivers  and  lakes,  nr 
more  perfeftly  indented  by  the  noblert  harbours  ;  fo  as  to  po^cls  in  an 
eminent  degree  thofe  greai  requifitcs  for  agriculture,  manuraaurcs  and 
the  moa  extended  commerce.  The  rivers,  belides  «^;^.';"'  '"§  ^''^^ ''' 
infinite  variety  of  fi(h,  communicate  uncommon  fertility  to  tie  lanns 
which  they  beautify,  and  afford  a  multitude  of  the  bea  fituations  fot 
the  machiifery  of  manufaaures.  The  harbours  are  not  -b'  "----^ 
but,  in  fome  inaances,  capable  of  containing,  in  the  utmoa  fcc  .> 
the  greatea  fleets  ;  aretching  out  their  P^-'^^^"  ^'"S^'^' ^  "n  fa" 
the  pompous  ornament  of  regal  navies  or  ^^^  ^^^^^^^  j"^  "^  3^^^^ 
extended  commerce.  Thefe,  however,  have  been  -  g  J'^'^^^  ^^ 
unfrequented,  as  the  illiberal  fpint  of  trading  jealouly  l?jf '  /°  ?.  ;>^ 
a.es.  with  fuccefsful  injuaice,  rendered  all  thelc  '^^^^^J^^f  ^l^^^ 
of  Providence  of  no  value,  except  to  the  ^.d^'^"^"["'^; .  "^,^'^;h; 
v/hom  diarefsor  tempea  had  driven  to  experience  then  f.alonable. 

protcaion.  It 

i{  Mr.  Young. 


%^2  IRELAND. 

It  would  be  difficult  to  enumerate  the  many  bays,  havens,  harbour^ 
and  creeks,  which  indent  every  part  of  the  coaft.  The  following  are 
the  piincipal  :  W'aterford,  Carlingford,  and  Strangford-havens,  the 
bav  of  Carrickfergus,  on  the  eail  ;  Lough-Foyle  and  Lough-Swillv, 
Ship-haven,  Killybegs-harbour,  Donegal-haven,  on  the  north  *,  Gal« 
way-haven,  the  mouth  of  the  Shannon,  Sherwick  or  St.  Marywick- 
haven,  Dinglc-bay,  on  the  well ;  Kenmare-bay  or  river,  Bantry,  Dun- 
manus,  and  Baltimore-bays,  Cafllc-haven,  Glendore-haven,  Kinfale, 
and  Cork-havens,  on  the  fouth  and  fouth-eaft.  Thcfe  are  the  princi- 
pal unbarred  havens.  There  are  likewife  a  great  many  barred  havens, 
fome  of  which  have  been  much  improved  by  A£ls  of  Parliament,  par- 
ticularly that  of  Dublin. 

1  he  Lakes  cr  Loughs  of  Ireland  have  fo  many  properties,  in  fome 
rcfpefts  peculiar  to  themfelves,  that  their  fingularities,  their  extent,  or 
their  beauties,  have  long  engaged  the  pens  of  the  traveller,  and  the 
poet  ;  and  have  attrafted  the  curiofity  and  excited  the  admiration  of 
people  of  tafte  from  every  part  of  Europe.  The  mod  remarkable  are 
the  Lake  of  Killarncy,  Lough-Erne  and  Lough-Neagh. 

The  Lakes  of  Killarney  hold  the  firft  place.  They  are  three  in 
number.  The  northern  or  lower  Lake,  is  fix  miles  in  length,  and 
from  three  to  four  in  breadth.  The  Town  of  Killarney  is  fituated  on 
its  r.oithern  fliorc. 

Ihe  upper  lake  is  four  miles  in  length,  and  from  two  to  three  in 
breadth — it  is  alm.ofh  furrounded  with  mountains.  The  idands  in  this 
lake  are  numerous,  and  afford  an  amazing  variety  of  piGurefquo 
views. 

The  third,  or  centre  lake,  communicates  with  the  upper— it  is  but 
fmall  in  comparifon  of  the  other  two.  The  eafhern  boundary  is  form- 
ed by  the  bafe  of  Mangerton,  down  the  fleep  fide  of  which  defcends 
a  cafcade,  vifible  for  a  hundred  and  fifty  yards.  This  fall  of  water  is 
fupplied  by  a  circular  lake,  near  the  fummit  of  the  mountain,  called 
the  Bcvirs  Punch-Bowl  ;  which,  on  account  of  its  immenfe  depth, 
and  the  continual  overflow  of  water,  is  confidered  as  one  of  the  greatefl 
curiolities  of  Killarney. 

"Ihcre  are  various  iituations,  on  this  and  the  neighbouring  moun- 
tains, that  command  extennve  profpefts  of  the  lakes,  with  their 
1  Hands,  Bays,  and  Promontories — thefe  views  are  \viid  aiid  grand  to 
an  afl.onifhing  degree. 

Lough-Erne  is  the  largeO.  lake  in  Ireland,  being  forty  milesip  length 
^nd  m  fome  parts  fifteerTin  breadth.  In  this  lake  is  an  ifiand  on  which 
'andsthe  I'own  of  Innifkillcn — the  communication  with  the  main 
;;.nd  being  preferved  by  two  bridges.  No  town  in  Ireland  can  boaft 
•  M  fuch  an  advantageous  fituation  for  inland  commerce,  the  lake  af- 
lording  it  an  intcrcourfe,  by  water,  with  feveral  counties  ;  and  this 
circumftarcc  in  its  favour  might  be  further  improved,  by  cutting  a 
canal  and  building  locks,  from  Bclleck  to  Bally-Shannon,  which 
>vould  open  a  paffagc  into  the  Atlantic  Ocean. 

Lough-Ncaoh  is  of  iin  oval  figure,  but  confiderably  indented  on  its 
fides  :,  it  is  near  twenty  miles  in  length,  and  about  ten  in  breadth  ; 
and  abounds  with  a  variety  of  fifh,  particularly  the  Fullein,  or,  as  fome 
call  it,  the  frefn-water  herring,  t'lcatly  admired  for  the  uof on.mon 
-delicacy   cf  its  flavour. 


I      R      E      L      A      N      D.  151^ 

Tins  Loup;h  is  diftinguifhed  for  the  mineral  and  petrify  ing  qualities 
^vhich  it  is  luppofed  to  poffeis. 

Whether  the  petrifying  quality  imputed  to  this  lake,  exifts  in  the 
xvater,  or  the  foil,  has  been  a  fubjeft  of  much  inquiry  ;  that  it  exifts 
in  one  or  the  other  is  generally  believed  from  the  numerous  fpccimens, 
which  areconftantly  difcovered  on  the  fhores,  of  different  (pecics  of 
wood,  either  wholly  converted  into  flone,  or  wliicii  are  found  to  be 
partly  in  one  Rate  and  partly  in  the  other  ;  which  latter  afl'ord  the 
moft  conclufive  evidence  of  the  exiftence  of  this  petrifying  property. 
It  has  been  juftly  obferved  that  whatever  particular  quality  water  is 
impregnated  with,  muft  be  derived  from  the  foil  through  which  it 
runs  ;  now,  in  the  neighbouring  grounds,  even  at  the  diflancc  of  two 
or  three  miles,  and  in  fituations  confidcrably  higher  than  the  Lough, 
fpecimens  of  wood,  perfeftly  and  imperfeftly,  converted  into  ftone  are 
frequently  found  ;  fometimcs  on  the  banks  of  many  of  thofe  ftreanis 
which  fall  into  the  lake,  andfometimes  in  fituations  more  remote. — 
On  the  fhores  are  alfo  frequently  found  a  variety  of  beautiful  peb- 
bles, cornelians,  agates,  and  other  valuable  ftones,  which  have  lonp- 
been  objefts  of  curiofity  to  the  vlrtuoii. 

Caves  and  Giens.]  About  two  miles  from  the  city  of  Kilken- 
ny, in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  Pprk-houfe  of  Donmore,  are  a  number 
of  caves,  which  are  fuppofed  to  be  equal  to  any  in  the  world  ;  thofc 
of  Antiparos,  in  the  Archipelago,  excepted.  Tlie  following  defcrip- 
tion  of  them,  being  written  by  a  gentleman  on  the  fpot,  we  ihall  give 
it  in  his  own  words  :  "  After  a  difiicult  defcent  of  about  one  hundred 
feet,  the  entrance  into  this  fubterraneous  world  is  gained.  The  ap- 
pearance of  the  firft  cavern  is  uncommonly  awful,  and  gives  rife  to 
an  idea  of  a  grand  Gothic  fhufture  in  ruins.  The  folemnity  of  this 
place  is  not  a  little  increafed  by  the  gaiety  of  thofe  fcenes  that  prefent 
themfclves  on  eveiy  fide,  previous  to  our  entering  it.  The  floor  is 
uneven,  and  Rones  of  various  fizes  are  promifcuoufly  difperfed  upon 
it.  The  fides  are  compofed  of  ragged  work,  in  fome  parts  covered 
with  mofs,  andin  others  curioufly  frofted  :  and  from  the  roof,  which 
is  a  kind  of  arch,  feveral  huge  recks  projeft  beyond  each  other,  in  fuch 
a  manner,  that  thev  feem  to  threaten  inftavit  ruin.  The  circumference 
of  this  cave  isnotlcfs  than  two  hundred  feet,  and  its  height  about  fif- 
ty. Here  is  a  fmall,  but  continually  dropping  water  from  the  ceiling, 
and  a  few  petrifaftions  refembling  icicles.  This  place  is  not  dcflitutc 
of  inhabitants,  for  immediately  on  entering  into  it,  you  are  lurprifed 
with  a  confufed  noifc,  which  is  occafioned  by  a  multitudcof  wild  pid- 
geons.  Hence  there  is  a  pafiagc  towards  the  left,  where,  by  a  fmall  af- 
cent,  a  kind  of  hole  is  gained,  much  larger,  but  in  form  greatly  refem- 
bling the  mouth  of  an  oven,  which  introduces  the  fpeftatov  to  a  place, 
where,  by  the  help  of  candles  (day-light  being  entirely  excluded)  a 
broken  and  furprifing  fcenc  of  monftrous  floncs,  heaped  on  each  oth- 
er, chequered  with  various  colours,  inequality  of  rocks  over  hcr.n.  nvd 
an  infinity  of  ftalaftical  ftones,  prefents  itfelf.  Here  tl--  tra\ellcris 
threatened  from  a  thoufand  vail  rocks  rudely  piled  on  each  other,  that 
compofe  t!\e  fides,  which  feem  bending  in,  and  a  n  i.hitudeof  no  fm.dl- 
er  fizc  are  pendent  fiom  the  1  oof  in  the  moft  extraordinary  tnan'-cr  ; 
add  to  this,  that  by  one  falfe  flep,  he  would  be  daflicd  from  precipice 
■""  precipice  :  Indeed  it  would  Lc  msltcr  of  much  difficulty,  or  rathor 

imprafticahl. 


J54  I      R      E      L      A      N      D, 

imprafticable.  to  <Valk  over  this  apailmcnt,  had  not  nature,  as  if  ftudiir 
ous  for  tiie  fafety  of  the  curious,  caufed  branches,  as  it  were,   to  (hoot 
from  the  furfacc  of  tlie  rocks,  which  arc  remarkably  fmooth,  very  un- 
cq  jal,  and  always  damp.     Thcfe  branches  are  from  four  to  fix  inches 
in  length,  and  nearly  as  thick.     They  are  ufeful  on  the  fummits  of  the 
rocks  to  prevent  flipping,  and  in  the  fidesare  ladders,  whereby  to  dc- 
fcend  and  afcsnd  with  tolerable  facility.     This  aftonifliing  andfraflu- 
ouspaffage  leads  to  a  place  far  more  curious  than  the  reft.       On  enter- 
ing into  it,  one  is  almofl.  induced  to  believe  onefelf  fituated  in  an  an- 
cient temple,  decorated  witli  all  the  expenfe  of  art  ;  yet,   notwith- 
ftanding  the  beauty  and  fplendour  that  catches  the  eye  on    every  fide, 
there  is  fomething  of  folcmnity  in  the   fafhion  of  the   place,   which 
mnfl  be  felt  by  the  moft  inattentive   fpeftator.     The  floor,   in    fomc 
parrs,  is  covered  with  a  cryftalline  fubftance  ;  the  fides,  in  many  plac- 
es, are  incrufted  with  the  fame,  wrought    in    a    tafte  not  unlike   the 
Gothic  ftylc  of  ornament,  and  the  topis  almoft  entirely  covered  with 
inverted  pyramids  of  the  fame  elegantly  white  and  lucid  matter.     At 
th'-  points  of  thefe  ftalaftical  ftreets,  are  perpetually  hanging  drops  of 
p'lLiCid  water,  for  when  one  falls,  another  fucceeds.      Thefe  pendent 
gc'-is  contribute  not  a  little  to  the  glory  of  the  roof,  which,  when  the 
pLce  is  properly  illuminated,  appears  as  if  formed  of  the  pureft  rhryf- 
tal.     Here  are  three  extraordinary  3nd  beautiful  congelations,  which, 
without  the  aHiftance  of  a  ftrong  imagination,  may  be  taken  for  an  or- 
gui,  altar,  and  crofs.      The  former,  except  when  flriftly  examined, 
appears  to  be  a  regular  work  of  art,  and  is  of  a  confiderable  fize  :  The 
fccond  IS  of  a  fimple  form,  rather  long  than  fquare  ;  and  the   third 
reaches  ftom  tne  floor  to  the  roof,  which  inufh  be  about 'tv/enty  feet. 
Thefo  curious  figures   are  owing  to  water  that  falls  from  the  upper 
parts  of  the  cave  to  th2  ground,  which  coagulates  into  ftonc  from  time 
to  time,  till  it  acquires  thofe  forms  which  are  now  fo  pleafing  ;  or  to 
an  cxfudation  or  extillation  of  petrifying  juices  out  of  the  earth  ;  or 
perhaps  they  partake  of  the  nature  of  fpar,   which   is  a  kind  of  rock 
plant.     The  former  appears  to  be  the  moft  probable   fuppofition,  as 
thefe  figures,  in  colour  and  confiftence,  appear  exafUy  like  the  icicles 
on  the  top,  which  are  only  fecn  from   the  wet   parts  of  the  caverns; 
and  in  th?s  phice,  there  is  a  great  oozing  of  water,   and  a  much  larger 
number  of  petrifaftions,  than  in  any  other.     When  you  quit  this  cu- 
rious apartment,  the  guides  lead  you  for  a   confiderable  way  through 
winding  places,  until  a  glimmering   light  agreeably  lurprifes.     Here 
the  journey,  of  above  a  quarter  of  a  mile,   through  thofe  parts  is  end- 
ed :  ijut  upon  returning  into  the  firft  cavern,   the  entrance  into  other 
apartments,  Icfs  curious  indeed,  but  as  extenfivc   as  thofe  we  have  de- 
fcribed,  offers  itfelf.     The  pailagcs  into  fome  of  thefe  arc  fo  very  low, 
that  there  is  a  necelfity  of  creeping  througli  them  ;  by  thefe  we  pro- 
ceed until  the  noifc  of  a  fubtcrraccous  river  is  heard,  but  farther  none 
have  ventured." 

Amongft  the  numerous  glens  in  Ireland,  diftinguinied  for  particular 
beauty,  are  two  in  the  county  of  Wicklow.  7'hc  Glen  of  the  Downs 
is  a  pafs  between  two  vaft  ridges  of  mountains  covered  with  wood, 
which  have  a  very  noble  efTeft  ;  the  vale  is  no  wider  than  to  admit 
the  road,  a  fmall  gurgling  river  almoft  by  its  fide,  and  narrow  flips  of 
rocky  and  IhruLby  ground  which  part  ihcm  :   In  the  front  all  efcapc 

feemj 


IRELAND. 


>oo 


feems  denied  by  an  immenfe  conical  mountain,  wliich  rlfes  out  of  the 
glen,  and  fecms  to  fill  it  up.  The  fccncry  is  of  a  moft  magnificent 
charaftcr. 

The  Darglc  is  a  narrow  vale,  formed  by  the  fides  of  tM'o  oppofitc 
n-.ountains  ;  the  whole  thickly  fpread  with  oak  at  the  bottom:  It  is 
narrowed  to  the  mere  channel  of  the  river,  which  tumbles  from  rock 
to  rock.  The  extent  of  wood  that  hangs  to  the  eye  in  cvcrv  dircftion 
is  great,  the  depth  of  the  precipice  immenfe,  which,  with  the  roar  of 
the  water,  forms  a  fcene  truly  intercfling.  In  lei's  than  a  quarter  of  a 
mile,  the  road  pading  through  the  wood  leads  to  another  point  of 
view  to  the  right  ;  it  is  the  c;  o;vn  of  a  vaft  projcfting  rock,  from  which 
you  look  down  a  precipice  abfolutely  perpendicular,  and  many  hund- 
red feet  deep,  upon  the  torrent,  which  finds  its  noify  way  over  large 
fragments  of  rocks.  At  fome  diftan<;c  below  is  a  vafl  chafm  in  tlic 
rock,  M'hich  feems  torn  afundcr,  to  let  the  torrent  through,  that  comes 
tumbling  over  a  rocky  bed  far  funk  in  a  channel  cmbofomcd  in  wood- 
In  a  hollow,  formed  of  rock  and  wood,  the  torrent  breaks  forth  from 
fragments  of  rock,  and  tumbles  tinougli  the  chafm,  rocks  bulging  over 
it  asif  ready  to  fall  into  the  channel.  The  flnade  is  fo  thick  as  to  ex- 
clude the  heavens  ;  all  is  retired  and  gloomy  ;  it  is  a  fpot  for  melan- 
choly to  mufe  on. 

Forests,  or  woods.]  Tradition  and  hiflory  both  inform  us,  that 
few  countries  of  equal  extent,  were  better  tunbered  than  Ireland  i 
her  woods  were  fo  abundant,*  as  to  occafion  her  being  called  by  fome 
of  the  ancient  writers //j^r<ic<?ii(>' 7/7^;^^;^  ..•  and  their  quality  was  ofiucli 
repute  as  fo  become  an  article  of  traffic,  ar.d  olien  employed  in  the 
mofl  confpicuous  buildings  of  the  fiflcr  kingdom.  But  the  natives, re- 
peatedly harraifed  by  the  inroads  and  encroachments  of  the  Englifli, 
frequently  found  an  afylum  in  their  forefls.  Iheie  became  thcrcfoie 
an  objeft  of  equal  jealoufy  and  vengeance,  and  the  dcllroying  axe  gen* 
erally  accompanied  the  fword.  in  the  joint  extirpation  of  woods  and 
men,  till  the  ifland  became  cilmofi:  distorelled.  I'or  many  ages  it  has 
remained  in  this  flate.  The  encouragement  of  the  Dublin  Society, 
however,  and  the  example  of  many  noble  individuals, proniifc  again  to 
clothe  the  land  with  its  moll  valuable  ornaments. 

ViGF.TARiE  AXD  ANi.MAL  I'ROUfC-  1        i  hefc  ale  in  general  fimilar 
TiOKs  BY  LAND  AND  SEA.  J    to    tholc    in     Great- jiritain. 

Wolf-dogs  (once  fo  ufeful  and  celebrated)  were  perhaps  peculiar  to 
Ireland  ;  but  that  I'pccics  is  now  nearly  cxtinft.  Altliough  the  coafts 
of  the  neighbouring  ifiands  mav  be  furniflicd  willi  the  lame  varieties 
of  fifli  ;  yet  thofe  of  Ireland  have  them  in  much  greater  abundance, 
and  of  a  larger  and  more  excellent  quality. 

Metals,  minerals,  .\nd  medicixal  waters]  The  mines  of 
Ireland,  until  the  deflruftion  of  her  woods,  were  worked  to  a  very 
great  extent.  At  prcl'ent,  although  abundance  of  the  various  Ipecies 
of  iron,  lead,  filvcr,  and  copper  ores  are  to  be  Jound  in  c\  cry  ciiretiion 

through 

*  "  Through  every  pirt  of  Ireland  in  which  I  l;zvc  been,  one  hundred  rontiguous  aci  i 
aiC  not  lo  be  tcund,  without  eviilcnl  ligHs,  that  lUcy  vvcre  cnce  woou,  or  at  Ic^rt  very  He;| 
Wooded.  A  vaft  number  oi  the  Irifli  names  for  l.nls,  ji.ot:ntains,  vallie;.,  and  piiiiiii,  have 
forclls,  woods,  groves,  or  trees  tor  the  flgniticalion."  Vouac's     Touk. 


irjG  I      R      E      t      A      N      f>, 

through  the  kingdom,  yet  the  want  of  capital,  or  fkill,  or  enterprize 
is  fuch,  that  few  are  worked  to  any  important  extent  or  profit,  if  we 
except  the  great  copper  mines  of  the  county  Wicklow,  which  are  in 
the  hands  of  an  Englifh  company. 

In  feveral  counties  are  noble  quarries  of  the  fineft  marble,  thofe  of 
Kerry  are  of  various  colours,  green,  red,  yellow,  and  white  ;  and  thofe 
of  Kilkenny  black  and  white  ;  each  of  which  takes  the  moft  elegant 
polilh.  and  are  calculated  for  all  the  purpofes  of  building  or  ornament. 

Many  parts  of  the  kingdom  abound  with  free  flone,  fome  of  a  bright 
fparkling  colour,  others  of  a  grey  or  alh  colour,  and  fome  approaching 
to  a  blue.  Thofe  of  Ardbracken,  Garrycorris,  and  the  mountains  of 
"Wicklow  and  Dublin,  are  particularly  admired,  and  much  ufed  in 
public  buildirigs  5  but  the  want  of  inland  water  carriage,  prevents  its 
being  fsnt  to  the  metropolis,  in  fuch  fizes  as  are  neceffary  for  large 
columns,  &c.  which  induces  a  confiderable  expenie  for  the  import  of 
Portland  ftone. 

Various  fpccies  of  coal,  and  in  the  greateft  abundance,  are  to  be 
found  in  different  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  pits  of  Kilkenny  yield 
a  coal  pofleffmg  many  peculiar  properties  ;  it  is  very  hard,  burns  free* 
ly,  emits  little  or  no  fmoak,  is  of  a  bright  black,  and  is  found  to  bs 
admirably  adapted  for  malting,  and  various  purpofes  of  manufafture. 
The  pits  of  Ballycaflile  (in  the  county  Antrim)  produce  abundance  of 
coal,  yet  the  want  of  a  fafeand  conimodious  harbour  to  fhip  them,  pre* 
vents  their  being  worked  to  an  extent  fully  equal  to  the  fupply  of  the 
nation.  The  collieries  of  Tyrone  produce  a  very  fine  fpecies,  and  arc 
of  confiderable  capacity  ;  they  lie  in  the  heait  of  a  populous  and  great 
jnanufafturing  country,  where  other  fuel  is  very  fcarce  ;  but  the  want 
of  a  mare  perfeft  inland  water  carriage  contrafts  the  operation  of  the 
numerous  benefits  which  the  fituation  of  thefc  collieries  prcfents.  The 
]jits  of  Lough  Allen  are  probably  of  moft  importance,  as  they  are  of 
iuch  magnitude,  and  fo  happily  circumftanced  by  fituation,  are  of  lo 
fmc  a  quality,  and  fo  intermixed  with  ilrata  of  the  purefb  iron  and 
other  ores,  as  prcmife,  with  attention  and  capital,  to  be  a  fource  of 
great  profit  and  jsdvantage  to  the  nation — placed  at  the  head  of  the 
bliannon,  which  is  almoft  navigable  to  the  fea,  were  canals  opened 
from  the  capital  and  other  parts,  communicating  with  this  river,  they 
would,  in  a  few  years,  render  the  cutting  of  bogs  unneceffary,  fave 
large  fums  now  annually  fent  for  foreign  coals,  and  eftablifh  manu- 
fafturcs  on  different  parts  of  thefe  lines  of  the  greateft  value  and 
extent. 

rvIiN'ERAiL  Wateks.]  There  are  great  numbers  of  mineral  fprings 
in  this  kingdom  of  the  various  claffes  recommended  for  medicinal  pur- 
]ioIcs  :  Sucli  as  the  vitriolic,  alkaline  and  abforbent,  faline  and  pur- 
i:ati\c,  fulphureous,  chalybeate,  and  fulphurcae  chalybeate  waters,  of 
M'hich  thofe  of  the  two  latter  kinds  are  moft  powerfully  impregnated 
})y  tlie  benevolent  hand  of  Providence,  as  efhcacious  remedies  againll 
one  of  the  moft  prevalent  endemics  of  its  northern  and  moiftclimatej 
the  fcurvy  ;  of  thele  the  moft  generally  reiorled  to,  from  their  experi- 
enced good  effcdls,  are  tlie  waters  of  Swanlinbar  and  Drumafnave  in 
the  noith  vycft  qviartcr,  and  cf  J.rc  :ui,  T.   miles  from  the  capital.  There 

■   are 


f-     il      EL      A      N  •   9;  v^f 

afe  alfo  fome  tepid  fprings  here,  the  temperature  of  which,  however, 
is  very  moderate,  that  of  Mallow  in  the  county  of  Cork,  the  warmcfl 
of  them,  not  raifing  Farenheit's  thermometer  above  the  68'*  ;  but  from 
its  mild,  foft,  and  fpecifically  light  nature,  and  being  conhdcrably  im- 
pregnated with  an  abforbent  carch,  and  a  portion  of  other  medicinal 
matter,  has  been  found   fcrviccable  in  fcvcral  clalTcs  of  difeafes. 

Antiquities  and  Curiosities,]  The  natural  curiofities  of  Ire- . 
land  have  long  occupied  the  attention  of  travellers  and  philofophers. 
The  Giant's  Caufeway  being  the  moftdiftinguifhed,  we  fhall  give  the 
following  account  of  it  as  the  moft  recent  and  accurate. 

The  Caufeway  itfelf  is  generally  del'cribed  as  mole  or  Quay,  projefi;- 
ing  from  the  bale  of  a  deep  promontory,  fome  hundred  feet  into  tlie 
fea,  and  is  formed  of  perpendicular  pillars  of  bafaltes,  which  fland  in 
contafl  with  each  other,  exhibiting  an  appearance  not  much  unlike  a 
a  folid  honeycomb.  The  pillars  are  irregular  prifms,  of  various  de- 
nominations from  four  to  eight  fides  ;  but  the  hexagonal  columns  are 
as  numerous  as  all  the  others  put  together. 

On  a  minute  examination,  each  pillar  is  found  to  be  fe|)arable  iato 
feveral  joints,  whofe  articulation  is  neat  and  compaft  beyond  exprcf- 
fion -,  the  convex  termination  of  one  joint,  always  meeting  a  concave 
focket  in  the  next  ;  befides  which,  the  angles  of  one  frequently 
fhoot  over  thofe  of  the  other,  fo  that  they  are  completely  locked  to- 
gether, and  can  rarely  be  feparated  without  a  frafturc  of  fome  of  their 
parts. 

The  fides  of  each  column  are  unequal  among  themfclves,  but  the. 
contiguous  fides  of  adjoining  columns  are  always  of  equal  dimenfions, 
fo  as  to  touch  in  all  their  parts. 

Though  the  angles  be  of  various  magnitudes,  yet  the  fum  of  the  con- 
tiguous angles,  of  adjoining  pillars,  always  makes  up  four  right  ones. 
Hence  there  are  no  void  fpaces  among  the  bafaltes,  the  furface  of  the 
Caufeway  exhibiting  to  view  a  regular  and  compa6l  pavement  of  po- 
lygon flones. 

The  outhde  covering  is  foft,  and  of  a  brown  colour,  being  the  earthy 
parts  of  the  (lone  nearly  deprived  of  its  metallic  principle  by  the 
aftion  of  the  air,  and  of  the  marine  acid  which  it  receives  from  the 
fea.* 

Thcfe  are  the  obvious  external  charaftersof  this  extraordinary  pile 
of  bafaltes,  obferved  and  defcribed  with  wonder  by  every  one  who  has 
feen  it.  But  it  is  not  here  that  our  admiration  fhould  ceafc  :  v/hatev- 
er  the  procefs  was  by  which  nature  produced  that  beautiful  aiul  cu- 
rious arrangement  of  pillars  fo  confpicuous  about  the  Giant's  Caule- 
way  ;  the  caufe,  far  from  being  limited  to  that  fpot  alone,  appears  to 
have  extended  through  a  large  trad  of  country,  in  every  direction,  in 
fo  much  that  many  of  the  common  quarries,  for  feveral  miles  around, 
fecm  to  be  only  abortive  attempts  towards  the  produftlon  of  a  Giant's 
Caufeway. 

From  want  of  attention  to  this  circumftance,  a  vafl;  deal  of  time  and 
labour  have  been  idly  fpent  in  minute  examinations  of  the  Cauleway 
itfelf  ; — in  tracing  its  courfe  under   the  ocean — purfuing  its  columns 

into 

♦  This  coating  contains  iron  which  has  loft  its  phlogifton,  and  is  nearly  reJjccd  to  a  fi*'? 
«(  calx  ;  for  with  a  very  moderate  heat  it  bcco.-ccs  of  a  bright  red  oclue  co'.oui,  tlic  aUfOvidfi 
cf  an  iron  earth. 


J58  I      R      E      L      A      N      D. 

into  the  rfround — determining  its  length  and  breadth  and  the  numterf 
of  its  pillars — withnumerous  wild  conjcftures  concerningits  original; 
all  of  which  ceafc  to  be  of  any  importance,  when  this  fpot  is  conlider- 
ed  only  as  a  fmali  corner  of  an  immenfc  bafalt  quarry,  extending  wide- 
ly over  all  the  neighbouring  land. 

The  baialtcs  of  the  Giant's  Caufeway  i&  a  black,  ponderous,  clofc- 
grained  ftone  ;  which  does  not  efFervcfce  in  any  of  the  mineral  acids. 

Itsfpecific  gravity  i^  to  that  of  water,  nearly  in  the  proportion  of 
2, go  to  1,00 — and  to  that  of  the  finefl  marble  as  2,00  to  2^70. 

Though  its  texture  be  compaft,  it  is  not  abfolutely  homogeneous, 
for  if  ground  to  a  fmocth  furface,  its  bright  jet-black  polifh  is  disfigur- 
ed by  fcveral  fmall  pores. 

It  flrikes  fire  imperfeftly  with  a  fteel. 

When  expofed  to  a  moderate  heat  in  a  common  fire,  it  afTumesared- 
difh  colour,  which  is  more  vivid  on  its  natural  outfidc-  covering,  and 
loies  about  1.50th  part  of  its  weight.* 

In  a  more  intenfc  heat  it  readily  melts,  and  is,  as  the  chymills  ex- 
prcfs  it,  i' uiihle  per  fe. 

With  the  aHiflance  of  an  alkali  flux  it  may  be  vitrified,  and  forms 
an  opake  glafs  of  a  black  or  blueilh  colour. 

Its  principal  component  parts  are  iron  in  a  metallic  ftate,  combined 
chiefly  with  filiccous  and  argillaceous  earths. 

Its  metallic  principle  may  be  demonftrated  by  a  very  fimple  experi- 
ment. Let  a  fmall  fragment  of  balaltes,  in  its  natural  flate,  be  brought 
into  contaft,  or  very  near  to  a  good  niagnetical  needle,  and  it  may  be 
made  to  detain  the  needle  at  a  confiderable  diftance  from  its  meridian. 
Let  this  fragment  be  touched  by  a  magnet,  and  it  \yill  acquire  a  pretty 
ilrong  polarity,  capabk  of  attrading  or  repelling  the  needle  at  the  dif- 
tance of  an  inch  or  more.  From  hence  it  is  proved  to  contain  iron  in 
a  metallic  flate,  becaufe  the  calx  of  that  metal  is  incapable  of  producing 
any  magnetical  phacnomena  whatever.  - 

To  determine  the  quantity  and  quality  of  each  conftituent  part,  re- 
quites a  very  flow  and  laborious  operation,  which  would  be  almoft 
equally  tedious  in  the  defcription.  I  fhall  therefore  juft  mention  the 
relults  from  the  experiments  of  that  able  chymift,  Sir  Torbsrn- JSerg^- 
aian. 

Bafaltes  100  parts. 


Contains    filiceoils 

earth 



50 

Argillaceous  earth 

r 



15 

Caicareoiis  earth 

; 



8 

Magneiia              — 

— 

— 

2 

Jron             — ' 

— 

— 

•^5 

From  thefc  elements  we  flxall  eafJy  be  enabled  to  account  fot  fcvef- 
3I  of  its  properties. 

Hence  it  comes  to  pafs  that  its  fpecific  gravity  is  fo  confider'ablCj 
exceeding   that  of  many  flones,  vrhich,  when  poliihed,  appear  much 

moro' 

*  Thislofs  probably  arifes  from  water  expelled  by  the  heat.  For  in  the  courfe  of  twen^ty- 
four  hours  after,  it  will  have  nearly  reovered  its  former  weight,  particularly  if  it  be  nloiftj. 
eaei. 


t      R      E      L      A      N      a  159 

inore  compaft,  the  quantity  of  phloglfticated  iron  cafily  making  com- 
penfation. 

We  fee  alfo  why  it  anfwrcrs  fo  well  for  a  touchflone,  the  hardnefs  of 
its  iron  particles  eafily  rubbing  and  fretting  off  the  parts  of  any  fofter 
metal  which  may  be  applied  to  it,  and  its  biacK  ground  Serving  to  dil- 
play  thefe  to  greater  advantage. 

Hence  too  arifes  its  fufibility  without  addition  ;  for  thous^^h  flint, 
clay,  and  calcareous  earth  are  fepa.rately  refraftoiy,  in  any  degree  of 
artificial  heat,  yet  when  mixed  together  they  are  readily  fufible,  and 
ftill  more  eaftly  when  united  with  phloglfticated  iron. 

From  the  metallic  ftate  of  its  iron  element  we  are  enabled  to  infer,  a 
priori,  that  the  columns  of  the  Giant's  Caufeway  are  all  natural  mag- 
nets, whofe  lov/er  extremity  is  their  north-pole,  for  having  ftood 
during  many  ages  in  a  perpendicular  pofition,  they  mufl  have  acquired 
that  polarity  which  is  peculiar  to  all  iron  fubftances,  in  a  fimilar  fitua- 
tion  ;  and  like  natural  magnets,  every  fragment,  when  broken,  will 
have  its  north  and  fouth-pole.  And  this  has  been  found  true  bv  ex- 
perience ;  each  pillar  of  the  Giant's  Caufeway,  and  each  fragment  of 
a  pillar,  which  was  applied  near  to  the  needle,  having  its  attra6tivG 
and  repellent  point.* 

Population.]  Few  kingdoms  have  experienced  greater  variation 
in  population  than  Ireland.  At  fome  remote  period  there  are  reafons 
to  believe  that  its  inhabitants  were  extremely  numerous.  In  tcveral 
parts  of  the  ifland  (in  rough  or  mountainous  ground)  difRcult  of  ac- 
cefs,  and  now  in  a  barren  ftate,  are  evident  traces  of  cultivation  ;  but 
at  what  time  it  prevailed,  tradition  or  hiftory  does  not  inform  us. 

At  the  commencement  of  the  prefent  century  the  numbers  in  Ire- 
land were  thought  to  be  about  two  millions,  whereas  in  1672,  there 
were,  according  to  Sir  William  Petty,  no  more  than  1,100,000. — 
The  fc^owing  data  are  afforded,  from  which  we  may  alcertain  the  p rel- 
ent number. 

From  the  accounts  laid  before  the  Houfe  of  Commons  in  1786  (as 
returned  by  the  hearth-money  collcftors)  the  number  of  houfes  in  Ire- 
land amounted  to  474,234.  Now,  adding  to  that  the  incrcate  fince, 
and  alfo  the  numbers  intentionally  or  unavoidably  overlooked  in  fuch 
returns,  we  may  reafonably  conclude  that  the  prelent  actual  amount  i& 
500,000. 

We  are  noxt  to  confider  what  average  number  of  perfons  we  fhould 
allow  to  each  houle.  In  the  peafants  cottages  in  Ireland  (perhap:j  the 
mofl  populous  in  the  world)  IVIr.  Young  in  fome  parts  found  the  aver- 
age 6  and  6|  ;  others  have  found  it  in  different  places  to  be  7  ;  and 
Dr.  Hamilton,  in  his  account  of  the  ifland  of  Raghery,  enumerates  the 
houfes,  and  difcovered  the  average  therein  to  be  8.  In  the  cities  and 
principal  towns,  the  houfes,  particularly  in  the  manufacturing  pari», 
generally  contain  leveral  families  ;  and  from  differetit  accounts,  the 
numbers  in  fuch  are  from  ten  up  io  high  as  feventy.t  The  averages, 
however,  of  different  writers  on  the  population  of  cities  vary  betweea 
10  and  13.  ' 

From 

•  See  Dr.  Hamilton's  Lettersonthe  County  Antrim. 

+  Dr.  TiWal  enumeratad  the  inhabitants  of  two  pa lifhes  in  Dublin  in  1731 1  and  average* 
the  number  m  each  hoafe  al  il  j-i».    The  numbers  vaiied  Irani  is  to  ;». 


iGo  I      R      E      L      A      N      D; 

From  fuch  data  then,  it  will  not  perhaps  be  erroneous,  if  we  fix  the 
average  for  the  whole  ifland  at  eight  perfons  to  each  houfe,  which  mul- 
tiplied by  the  number  of  houfes,  makes  the  population  of  Ireland 
amount  to  four  millions. 

Language.]  The  antiquarians  and  critics  agree,  that  the  uncor- 
rupted  native  language  of  the  Irifh  is  the  Gaedhlic,  or  Scotic,  the  pur- 
eft  and  m.ofl  ancient  of  all  the  Celtic  diale£ts.  It  appears  from  unquef- 
tionable  tellimony,  that  arts,  navigation  and  letters  were  firft  taught 
in  Europe  by  the  Phcenicians,  who  had  a  very  early  intercourfe  with 
the  Iberian  Spaniards.  From  that  nation  the  Gaedelian  or  Scottifh' 
colony  derived  their  original,  who  amongfh  other  arts,  introduced  the 
elements  of  letters  into  the  ifland,  at  a  remote  period  before  the  chrif- 
tian  /Era.  This  fad  will  eafily  account  for  the  early  ufe  of  letters  in 
Ireland,  where  great  fecurity  from  foreign  conquefl:  retained  them,  and 
where  the  manners  of  the  people  and  the  form  of  government  rendered 
the  cultivation  of  them  neccllary. 

Agriculture.]  The  agriculture  of  Ireland,  though  greatly  ex- 
tended and  improved  within  thefe  twenty  or  thirty  years  paft,  is  ftili 
in  a  very  backward  ftate  :  For  though  the  quantity  of  corn  has  in- 
creafed  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  infl:ead  of  depending,  as  formerly,  on  a 
precarious  importation  of  foreign  grain,  for  the  fupply  of  the  inhabit- 
ants ;  they  only  have  a  fufficiency  for  home  confumption  ;  but  are  ena- 
bled to  export  large  quantities  ;  yet  the  mode  of  cultivation  is  very 
defective,  the  Iriih  not  having  yet  introduced  thole  improved  fyftems 
of  culture,  which  have  long  been  purfued  with  fuch  advantage,  in' 
England,  and  lome  other  parts  of  Europe. 

Fisheries.]  Ireland  has  advantages  in  the  feveral  fiflieries  not' 
enjoyed  by  any  other  country  ir^  Europe,  particularly  in  fituation,  and. 
in  her  numerous  creeks  and  harbours.  Her  flT^ores  are  fLore  J  with  all 
the  varieties  of  filli,  her  fifliermen  a  hardy  and  adventurous  race,  and 
the  opportunity  of  curing  on  contiguous  ftiores,  gives  them  a  decided 
fupcriority.  * 

The  north-weft  and  weftern  coaRs  of  this  kingdom  abounding,  in  a 
fuperior  degree,  v^ith  herrings,  have  long  attrafted  the  national  atten- 
tion and  legiflativc  encouragement.  In  1786,  no  lefs  than  17,  i88i 
barrels  of  herrings  were  exported  from  Ireland.  The  fame  year  37c 
velicls,  \^hore  tpnnage  amounted  to  15.33S,  v/ere  employed  in  this 
Uflicry. 

Learnixg  and  learked  mek.]  The  corroborating  teftimonies 
i  natives  and  foreigners  reprelcntthe  ancient  Irifn  as  a  people  equally 
learned  and  piou?,  and  v*'ho  were  reforted  to  by  men  of  the  mofl  diftin- 
guiihed  ranks  of  diftant  nations.  Camden,  Bede,  and  other  writers, 
«;i.iunierate  tiie  benefits  d i If u fed  through  various  parts  of  Europe  by 
the  numbers  of  learned  men  from  Ireland,  v^'ho  imparted  the  early 
lights  of  fcience  and  of  chriftianity,  and  founded  monafteries  in  vari- 
ous parts  of  Britain,  France,  and  Italy.  It  is  obfcrvable,  that  the  pat- 
ron faints  of  feveral  nations  on  the  continent  are  acknowlegcd  to  be 
Irifli,  as  were  the  firft  profeflbrs  in  the  univerfity  of  Paris,  and  alfo 
thofe  placed  by  Alfred  in  his  newly-founded  college  of  Oxford. 

Few  of  the  writings  of  the  ancient  Irifh  have  reached  the  prefcnt 
simes,  from  the  long  continuance  of  civil  difcord  amonft  them  j  fuch 

fev/- 


IRELAND.  ?6i 

ftv,'  however  as  have  been  publifhed  or  remain  in  the  hands  of  Lhe  cu- 
Hous,  confirm  the  reputation  of  their  genius  and  learning.  The  po* 
ems  of  Cohimb-cil,  fcveral  mifcellaneous  pieces  tranflatcd  by  the  learn*- 
ed  Colonel  Vallancey  and  otliers,  but  above  all  the  poems  of  OfTiaii 
(which  are  unqueflionably  tlie  original  produ6lion  of  this  country) 
place  the  ancient  literary   fame  of  Ireland  in  the  higheft  rank. 

A  long  night  of  mental  darknefs,  owing  to  various  caufes,  fucceeded 
this  luminous  period.  In  modern  times,  however,  the  genius  of  the 
natien,  encouraged  by  peace  and  harmony,  appeals  again  in  the  repub- 
lic of  letters. 

The  limits  of  our  work,  will  not  permit  us  to  give  a  minute  detail 
of  Irifh  writers  and  their  works,  and  therefore  we  fhall  prefent  the 
reader  with  the  following  fketch. 

Ufher  was  a  fcholar,  fecond  to  none  thefe  iflands  can  boaftof,  unlefs 
we  except  Scldcn.  Berkley,  bifliop  of  Cloyne,  was  a  writer  of  very 
fuperior  talents.  He  has  been  called  the  Irifh  Plato.  His  Minute 
Philofopher  is  among  the  ftandards  of  the  Englifh  language.  His  effay 
on  Vifion  has  extended  the  boundaries  of  fcience.  King,  archbifhop 
of  Dublin,  was  a  Icfs  fanciful,  but  a  more  confiflent,  philofopher  than 
Berkley.  His  book  upon  the  Origin  of  Evil,  is  a  mafter-piece.  He 
was  a  man  of  wit,  and  of  a  farcaftic  vein.  Dr.  Dodwell,  the  famous 
Camden  profelTor  of  hiftory  in  the  univerfity  of  Oxford,  was  of  this 
country.  He' was  a  man  of  univerfal  erudition,  but  of  an  cnthufiaflic 
turn  of  mind.  Leflie  of  Glaflough,  was  a  man  of  great  reading,  pro- 
digious memory,  and  voluminous  compofition.  His  fhort  and  eafy 
method  with  the  Deifts,  is  efteemed  one  of  the  beft  pieces  extant  on 
the  fubjeft.  Toland  was  a  writer  of  oppofite  principles.  A  catholic 
prieft  originally,  he  became  a  deift  in  religion,  and  a  republican  in 
politicks.  His  fcholarfhip  has  been  arraigned  by  his  antagonifts,  but 
he  is  commended  by  Mr.  I.ocke  as  a  man  of  parts  and  learning.  Clay- 
ton, bifhop  of  Clogher,  wrote  an  eflfay  on  Spirit,  an  Analyfis  of  the 
Works  of  Lord  Bolingbioke,  and  other  books.  Mr.  Molyneux*  (the 
friend  of  Mr.  Locke,  and  champion  for  the  independence  of  his  native 
country)  was  aphiloibphcr  and  mathematician,  and  reckoned  among 
the  firfl.  of  that  fcientific  age.  His  Dioptrics  are  highly  commended 
by  Dr.  Halley.  Dr.  Helfaam  publiilicd  an  elegant  and  learned  courfe 
of  leftures,  upon  the  feveral  branches  of  phyficks  and  mechanicks. — ■ 
Dr.  Brian  Robinfon  wrote  an  effay  upon  that  Ethereal  Fluid  to  which 
Newton  alludes  in  his  queries  :  And  alfo  a  treatife  on  the  Animal 
Economy,  in  which  he  appears  happily  to  have  applied  his  great  math- 
ematical knowledge  to  the  extention  of  medical  fcience.  Sir  Hans 
Sloane,  no  lefs  remarkable  for  his  mufeum  than  his  genius.  Dr.  Mac- 
bride,  who  has  fo  fuccefsfully  applied  the  theory  of  fixed  air  to  prac- 
tice in  the  cure  of  the  feafcurvy.  Dr.  Young's  inquiry  into  the  prin- 
cipal phaenomena  of  Sounds,  is  a  work  of  great  fcientific  knowledge. 
Dr.  Hamilton,  whofe  philofophical  account  of  the  county  of  Antrim, 
and  its  Bafaltes,  is  highly  efteemed.  O'Gallagher,  author  of  an  elfay  on 
the  Firft  Principles  of  Nature.     Dr.  Sullivan's   tveatiie  on  the  Feudal 

Law 

'*  This  was  the  writerof  that  celebrated  vindication  of  his  country's  rigiifs.  Tie  Gafe  of 
ff  eland,  publiflied  at  the  clofe  of  the  laft  century,  which  alarmed  the  Englith  government  lo 
'^Ki'b,  that  ;t  was  ordered  to  be  b-jrnt  by  the  hands  of  the  common  hasgmai, 


r52  IRELAND. 

Law  and  Conftitution  of  England,  is  making  its  way  in  the  good  opin- 
ion of  the  world  ;  notwithilanding  this  avenue  to  fame  had  been  pre- 
occupied by  Dr.  Blackftone's  Commentaries.  Dr.  Hutchefon  is  the 
principal  Ethic  writer  of  this  country.  Whilil  a  teacher  of  an  acade- 
my in  Dublinrlie  wrote  his  books  on  the  origin  of  our  ideas  of  beauty, 
and  on  the  pailions.  Thefe  raifcd  his  reputation  fo  high,  that  he  was 
invited  to  accept  the  moral  chair  in  the  univerfity  of  Glafgow,  which 
he  filled  with  iuch  celebrity,  as  to  lay  the  foundation  for  that  fame 
which  Glaigow-now  enjoys  as  an  Ethic  fchocl.  T%vo  of  the  ableft 
divines  of  this  country  were  dilfenters  from  the  eflabhfhcd  church, 
Mr.  Abernethy  and  Dr.  Leland.  1  he  fermons  of  the  former  upon  the 
Attributes  arc  held  to  be  one  of  the  belt  fyftems  of  natural  theology. 
He  was  deputed  by  the  dillenters  of  Ulfter  to  addrefs  the  Duke  of  Or- 
'mond  in  a  tour  he  made  when  Lord  Lieutenant  ;  and  his  Grace  was 
afterwards  heard  to  fay,  that,  of  all  the  men  who  ever  approached  him 
on  like  occahons,  he  was  moft  pleafed  with  '•  the  young  man  of  An- 
trim." And  Dr.  Leland's  view  of  Deiflical  Writers,  and  other  works, 
are  equally  known  and  admired.  Dr.  Duchal  wrote  prefumptive  ar- 
guments in  favour  of  Revelation,  and  leveral  volumes  of  lermons, 
which  have  been  well  received.  The  writers  who  have  done  the  na- 
tion moft  honour  in  theology  are,  Synge,  Story,"  Biown,  Delany,  Law- 
ion,  Orr,  Skelton,  and  Ryan,  author  of  "  The  Elfe6ts  of  Religion  on 
Mankind."  Bifliop  Synge  is  faid  to  have  been  a  man  of  gre.it  parts 
and  learning  ;  he  was  author  of  the  Religion  of  a  Gentleman.  Story, 
bifhop  of  Kiimors,  publiihed  only  fome  occafional  fermons,  but  in  his 
treatilc  on  the  Prieflhood,  deep  erudition  and  chriftian  moderation  are 
equally  confpicuous.  Brov;n,  bilhop  of  Cork,  publifhed  fome  vol- 
umes of  fermons  ;  he  is,  however,  more  celebrated  for  his  delivery 
than  hiscompohtion.  Delany's  fermons  on  the  Social  Duties,  are  ex- 
cellent. Dr.  Lawfon  was  a  tnolt  celebrated  preacher.  His  Lectures 
■upon  Oratory,  which  he  delivered  in  Trinity  College  Dublin,  he  gave 
to  the  world  himl'eU  ;  they  Ihew  a  nice  claffical  tafl^,  a  fine  poetical 
vein,  and  a  thorough  knowledge  of  the  art  of  preaching. 

Swift,  whofe  liteiary  charatter  is  well  known,  was  a  native  of  Ire- 
land. 'Ehe  other  principal  mifcellaneous  writers  in  this  kingdom  are, 
Rofcommon,  author  of  the  ingenious  Ellay  on  tranflated  verfe,  and  an 
excellent  tranlUtion  of  Horace's  Art  of  Poetry.  Farnell,  the  very 
ddici(E  mujariim,  of  whole  poetry,  above  all  others,  it  may  be  faid  decics 
repetita  pLacebit.  Burke,  on  the  fublime,  &c.  Lord  Moleiworth. — 
Lord  Orrery.  Eavl  Nugent.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Millar.  Dr.  Arbuckle, 
wnt';r  of  Hibernicus's  letters,  &c.  MoUoy,  author  of  a  periodical 
paper  in  London,  called  Common  Senfe,  &c.  Ogle,  who  moderni:icd 
Chaucer's  I'ales.  Dr.  Dunkin,  author  of  a  quarto  colkftion  of  humor- 
ous poems,  fome  of  ^vhich  are  in  three  languages,  Greek,  Latin,  and 
Knglilh.  \'Vood,  who  publiihed  Ruins  of  Falmyra  imd  Balbec,  and  an 
Lll'ay  on  the  genius  and  writings  of  Homer,  Robertfou,  author  of  an 
attempt  to  explain  the  words  nafon,  fubjiancc,  &e.  Sterne,  biihop  of 
Clogher,  of  a  book  dc  vijUctume  injirinorum.  Sterne,  the  inimitable 
Sterne,  whofe  Sermons,  Triltram-Shandy,  and  Sentimental  Journey, 
will  be  admired  whiill  feeling  and  fenliment  remain  among  mankind, 
Webb,  who  inquired  into  tlie  beauties  of  painting,  &c.  O'Leary, 
c'lUthor  of  feveral  admired  Tra6ts,  theological  and  poetical,     Pilkington, 

vho 


IRELAND,  163 

who  puWiflied  a  Diftioiiary  of  Painters.  Cunningham,  author  of  fever- 
al  poetical  pieces,  particularlv  his  riiUural  and  defervedly  admired 
Paftorals.  Prefton,  author  of  fevcral  inifcellancous  poems  :  His  "  Ir- 
regular ode  to  the  moon,"  claims  a  firfl  rank  in  linglifli  poetry.  D)\ 
Clancy,  author  of  the  Templum  Veneris,  &c.  iiulh,  of  Socrates. — . 
Johniton,  author  of  Chrylal.  Brooke,  of  the  Farmer's  Letters,  Fool 
of  Quality,  Guftavus  Vafa,  &c.  Dr.  Sheridan  (in  whofe  family  genius 
feems  as  hereditary  as  the  name)  author  of  feveral  pieces  for  the  im- 
provement of  the  Englifh  language,  particularly  a  pronouncing  Dic- 
tionary ;  he  alfo  Dublilhcd  a  Life  of  Swift.  His  fons  are  not  lefs  cele- 
brated ;  Brindllcy's  genius,  unconfined  to  the  praife  of  having  rivalled 
the  Ciceros  and  Demofnienes  of  antiquitv,  has  added  new  trcafurcs  to 
the  Drama,  in  his  Duenna,  School  for  Scandal,  &c.  and  Charles  Fran- 
cis, his  brother,  has  acquired  great  credit  for  his  Hiftory  of  tl;e  lat'S 
Revolution  of  Sweden.  Uflier,  author  of  Clio,  a  very  ingenious  Effay 
on  Tafle.  To  thefe  we  might  add  a  lift  of  female  writers  ;  Mrs.  Sheri- 
dan, Mrs.  Pilkington.  Mrs.  Gricrfon,  Mrs.  Barber,  Mrs.  Davies,  Mrs. 
Grifhth,  Mifs  Brooke,    &c, 

Ireland  now  produces  a  catalogue  of  celebrated  fcenic  writers. — • 
Of  her  late  writers  in  this  line  are  fome,  whofe  names  are  not  yet  for- 
gotten ;  and  others  whofe  works  will  laft  as  long  as  the  Englifh  flagc 
fliall  hold  the  mirror  up  to  nature  :  Earl  of  Orrery  ;  N.Tate  ;  Con- 
cannen  ;  John  Kelly,  author  of  the  Married  Philofopher,  &c.  Dr- 
Midden,  of  Themiftocles  ;  Jones,  of  the  Earl  of  Eflex  ;  Morg.m,  of 
Philoclea;  Hartfon,  of  the  Countefsof  Salifoury,  Sec.  A  Philips  ;  Mrs, 
Centlivre  ;  Sir  R.  Steele  ;  Farquhar  ;  Southerne,  Congreve,  Brooke, 
and  Kelly. 

It  would  perhaps  be  injurious  to  the  memory  of  Dr.  Goldfmith,  fo 
draw  his  poetical  charafter  from  his  theatrical  pieces,  though  they  avi^ 
replete  with  the  true  vis  comic  a.  His  fame  mull  he  founded  upon 
his  Traveller,  Deferted  Village,  Vicar  of  Wakefield,  and  Citizen  of 
the  M^orld. 

University.]  Ireland  contains  but  one  univcrfity,  which  is  called 
Trinity-College.  It  was  founded  in  1,501,  in  the  reign  of  Llizabelh  ; 
but  its  original  conftitution  being  found  impcrfeft,  in  1637,  it  received 
a  new  charter,  and  another  fet  of  ftatutcs.  compiled  by  archbiflio'.j 
Laud.  This  prelate  made  feveral  effential  alterations  in  the  conilitLi- 
tion.  of  the  college,  the  moft  material  of  which  was  the  depriving  tno 
fellows  of  the  eleclion  of  their  provoft,  the  appoinlrrent  totlut  impt^rt- 
ant  office  being  ftom  thenceforth  rcfervcd  to  the  crown.  'lo  make  the 
fellows  fome  amends  for  the  lofs  of  their  firft  piivilege.  it  was  appointed 
by  the  new  charter  that  they  fjiould  be  tenants  for  life  in  their  tellov/- 
(hips,  if  they  remained  unmarried,  or  unprovided  with  a  benefice  ui 
more  than  lol.  in  the  king's  books,  whereas  by  the  firll  charter  the'*' 
were  to  quit  their  office  in  feven  year.-;  after  they  became  of  iraflcr  ; 
ftanding.  At  the  fame  time  the  number  of  f.'Uov/s  was  enlarged  irom 
feven  to  fixteen,  diftinguilhed  into  feven  fenicr  fellows  and  nine  j'jn:- 
or,  and  the  number  of  fcholars  was  augmenicd  to  feventy.  The  gov- 
ernment of  the  college  was  placed  in  the  prcivolt  and  m'jor  part  of 
the  fenior  fellows,  from  whofe  decifions  an  appeal  >v«s  given  to  tlic 
vifitors,  which  are  the  chancellor  of  the  univcrlily,  or  liis  vice-chan- 
cellor, and  the  archbifhop  of  Dublin.  The  provollhas  aacj^ati^c  voi'c. 
'L  2  ii' 


■K>4  I      R      i£      L      A      N      D, 

in  all  the  pioceedings  of  die  board  offeniors  ;  and  to  him  is  alio  coh!* 
mitted  the  extraordinary  power  of  nominating  any  candidate  to  a  fel- 
lowfhip  (who  fhall  have  fuftained  the  whole  previous  examination) 
even  againil  the  unanimous  fenfe  of  the  other  examnicrs. 

The  number  of  fellowfiiips  fixed  at  prefent,  is  twgnty-two,  feven 
fenior,  and  fifteen  junior.  The  emoluments  of  a  fenior  fellowfhip 
are  fuppofed  at  prefent  to  exceed  bool.  yearly. 

A  fpirit  of  emulation  to  excel  in  their  Iludies  is  fcarcely  in  any  place 
oi:  education  fo  well  fupported  as  among  the  fludents  of  Dublin  Col- 
lege, owing  to  the  excellent  inftituticn  of  public  quarterly  examina-- 
tions.  Three  of  the  four  terms  of  the  year  are  clofed  with  a  vacation 
of  from  three  to  four  weeks  each,  and  the  fourfii  with  a  long  vacatioa 
of  four  months,  during  v/hieh  the  fludents  have  time  to  prepare  them- 
selves for  a  public  examination,  that  begins  the  bufinefs  of  the  next 
enfuing  term.  Two  days  are  allotted  to  this  examination,  four  hours 
each  day.  The  examiners  are  the  fellows  under  the  degree  of  do£lor, 
and  the  refident  mafters  ;  the  examined  are  all  the  undergraduates, 
dillnbuted  into  four  clalfcs,  and  each  clafs  into  divilions  of  twenty  or 
thirty  perfons,  according  to  the  number  of  fludents  and  examiners. — 
The  fubjefts  of  examination  are  all  the  fqiences  in  which  the  examined 
have  been  inftrufted  to  that  time,  togethC-r  with  the  particular  portion 
of  the  Greek  and  Latin  elaflicks  appointed  to  be  read  by  each  clafs 
tiuring  the  term  preceding  the  examination  :  A  Latin  theme  is  alfo 
demanded  of  each  perfon,  the  fecond  morning  of  the  examination,  on 
a  fubjcft  given  out  by  the  examiner  the  evening  before.  The  examin- 
ers are  furnifhed  with  lifts  of  the  names  of  the  perfons  they  are  to  ex- 
amine, wilh  feparate  columns  for  every  branch  of  the  examination,  in 
which  columns  they  dillinguifli  by  technical  marks  the  refpeftive  an- 
fwering  of  the  ftudents,  and  after  the  examination  make  a  report  of  the 
fame  to  the  fenior  lefturer.  Thefe  reports,  which  are  civlled  Judg- 
ments, being  fubmitted  to  the  infpeftion  of  the  board,  are  read  publick- 
Iv,  a  few  days  after  the  examinations  in  the  college  hall,  when  they 
operate  pov/erfully  to  the  ctedit  or  difgrace  of  the  parties  concerned. 
Some  of  thife  judgments  are  of  fo  humbling  a  nature,  that  the  perfon 
who  has  deferved  them  is  not  accounted  as  having  anfwered  an  exam- 
ination for  that  time,  a  certain  number  of  which  examinations  he  mufl 
fuflain  before  he  is  admitted  to  the  firft  degree  in  arts.  In  Hillary 
term,  thebefl  anfwerer  in  each  divifion  receives  a  premium  of  books, 
flamped  with  the  college  arms,  to  the  value  of  forty  fhillings  :  In  the 
Other  three  examinations,  if  the  perfon  who  has  before  obtained  a  pre- 
mium in  that  year,  appears  to  be  the  befl  anfwerer  again,  he  is  honour- 
ed with  a  certificate  on  vellum  in  lieu  of  a  premium,  which  is  then  ad- 
judged to  the  fecond  befl  in  the  divifion,  in  order  to  I'pread  the  flame 
of  emulation  more  widely.  The  efFe£l  of  this  judicious  diflribution  of 
rewards  and  ccnfures  is  great,  almofl  beyond  conception  :  Nor  does 
anything  feem  wanting  to  the  perfeftion  of  fuch  a  fyftcm,  befides  a 
provifion  for  augmenting  the  number  of  examiners  in  proportion  to 
the  daily  incrcaling  demand  for  them.  The  whole  number  of  under- 
graduates in  Dublin  College  fcarcely  ever  falls  fhort  of  four  hundred, 
(the  entire  number  of  collegiates  on  the  books  being  ufurdly  above  fix 
hundred)  and  of  the  undergraduates,  if  more  than  twenty  be  thrown 
into  a  divifion,  it  becomes  difficult,  if  not  impoffible,  to  appreciate: 
their  merits  jullly  within  the  time  allotted  to  the  e;j4amination. 

IBefidcs 


IRELAND,  i6j 

Befidcs  the  two  and  twenty  fcllowfliips,  there  are  on  the  foundation 
five  royal  profefforfliips,  divinity,  cornmon  law,  civil  law,  phyftc  and 
Greek;  behdes  profeirors  of  mathcmalics,  Oriental  tongues,  modern 
languages,  oratory,  hiflory,  and  natural  philofophy.  The  lave  Sir  Pat- 
rick Dunn,  knighr,  bequeathed  a  coniidcraKIc  efhate  for  the  fupport  c 
three  profeifors  in  medicine,  viz.  theory  and  practice  of  phyfic,  furge 
ry,  and  midwifery,  pharmacy,  and  the  materia  niedica.  The  ftudenta 
are  clalTed  under  three  ranks,  fellow-ccmmoncis,  penf.cners,  and  fi- 
zars.  The  necelfary  annual  expenfe  of  a  fellow-commonner,  clothing 
and  books  included,  is  about  lool.  of  a  penfioner  about  70I.  A  fizar 
receives  his  commons  and  inflruflions  gratis  :  The  number  of  theft 
laft  is  commonly  about  thirty. 

As  to  the  college  edifice,  it  is  unqueflionably  one  of  the  noblcfl:  o- 
the  kind  in  Emope.  It  extends  in  front  above  300  feet,  and  in  depth 
boo,  and  is  divided  into  two  nearly  equal  fquares.  The  principal 
front,  oppofite  College-green,  which  was  erc£led  in  1759,  is  in  the 
("Corinthian  order,  and  built  of  mountain  ftone,  as  are  all  the  buildings 
i-n  the  firfl  fquare,  the  eafl  fide  of  which  is  intended  to  be  ornament- 
ed with  an  elegant  fteeple  and  fpire  near  150 feet  high.  On  the  north 
fide  is  the  refeftory,  or  dining  hall,  a  fpacious  room,  with  the  front 
ornamented  with  Ionic  pilafters.  Connefted  witli  this,  and  project- 
ing into  the  fquare,  there  is  now  building  a  chapel,  whofe  front  is  in- 
tended to  correfpond  with  that  of  the  oppofite  theatre.  This  chapel  is 
connefted  with  the  weft  front  by  a  regular  range  of  buildings  for  the 
iludents  ;  as  are  thofe  on  the  fouth  fide,  till  joined  with  the  theatre, 
which  projefts  into  the  fquare.  Tlie  front  of  this  theatre  is  ornameni- 
ed  with  four  columns  in  the  Corinthian  order,  and  pediment,  and  i--. 
greatly  admired  for  its  delicacy  and  elegance.  It  is  intended  for  lec- 
tures, examinations,  &c.  The  ornaments  of  the  inner  part,  particu- 
larly the  ftucco  work,  arc  much  admired,  and  in  ten  compaitments 
therein  are  placed  full  length  portraits  of  their  prefent  majefties, 
Oueen  Elizabeth  (the  foundrefs)  Primate  Ufiier,  Archbifhop  King, 
Bifhop  Berkeley,  Dean  Swift,  Doftor  Raldv.-in,  Mr.  iSIolyneux  (au- 
thor of  the  Cafi!  of  Ireland)  and  Mr.  Grattan. 

The  inner  fquare  is  partly  compofed  of  plain  brick  buildings  con- 
taining apartments  for  the  ftudents.  The  fouth-fidc  is  entirely  taken 
up  by  a  luperb  library,  fupported  by  a  piazza  erefted  in  1732.  The 
infidc  of  the  library  is  beautiful  and  commodious,  and  embelllflied 
with  bulls  in  white  marble  of  Plato,  Socrates,  Arillotle,  Cicero,  De- 
mofthenes.  Homer,  Shakcfpeare,  Milton,  Bacon,  Newton,  Locke, 
Boyle,  Swift,  Uflier,  Earl  of  Pembroke,  and  the  doftors  Delany,  Law- 
fon,  Gilbert  and  Baldwin. 

Few  public  bodies  have  been  fo  much  indebted  to  the  munificence 
of  their  members,  as  the  univerfity  of  Dublin  has  been  to  the  two  laft 
mentioned  gentlemen,  who  Vv-erc  contempories  for  many  years  in  the 
refpeftive  olRccs  of  provoft  and  vice-provoft.  Dr.Baldwin,  after  gov- 
erning the  college  for  the  fpace  of  two  and  forty  years,  died  in  1758, 
aged  upwards  of  ninety.  By  his  will  he  bequeathed  to  the  college  in 
real  and  perfonal  property,  to  the  amount  of  near  loo^oool.  out  of 
which  his  executors  fhorlly  after  purchafed,  for  the  ufe  of  the  body, 
two  advowfons,  and  founded  two  new  fcUowfhips.  Dr.  Gilbert  en- 
iiched  the  library  by  a  beaueft  of  his  books.  1 2,000  volumes,  chofen  b/ 

hivnfeS 


i€6  IRELAND. 

liimrdf  in  a  long  courfe  of  years  for  this  purpofe,  M'ithout  regard  to 
expenfe,  by  a  valuable  collcftion  of  MSS.  prints,  and  medals  ;  and 
laftly,  by  14  marble  bufts  (enumerated  above)  of  ancient  and  modern 
\vorthics,  executed  by  the  beft  mafters  at  a  confidevable  coft.  The 
fhelves  of  the  library  will  contain  by  computation  60,000  volumes  : 
Two  tliirds  of  them  are  at  prefent  full,  containing,  befides  Dr.  Gil- 
bert's (which  is  the  bed)  the  entire  libraries  of  the  great  archbifhop 
Ufher,  one  of  the  original  members  of  this  univerfity,  and  about  5000 
volumes,  part  of  the  colleftion  of  another  fellow  of  the  college,  the 
late  Right  Reverend  Dr.  Pallifer,  archbifliop  of  Cafhel. 

The  printing  office  is  a  neat  ilrufture,  built  in  the  modern  tafte. 
The  anatomy  houfc  is  worthy  of  infpeftion,  as  among  other  curiofi- 
ties,  it  contains  a  fet  of  figures  in  wax,  reprefenting  women  in  every 
ftate  of  pregnancy.  They  are  executed  from  real  fkeletons,  and  are 
the  produft  of  almod  the  whole  life  of  an  ingenious  French  artift. 
They  were  purchafed  by  the  late  Earl  of  Shelburne,  who  made  a  pref- 
ent of  them  to  the  college. 

The  RovAL  Irish  Academy  of  Science,  Polite  literature,  and  Ar.- 
tiquitics,  was  incorporated  by  letters  patent  in  1786,  under  the  patron- 
ao;c  of  his  luajeRy,  and  is  compofed  of  fome  of  the  moft  learned  and 
iiigetiious  men  in  the  kingdom.  They  have  publifhed -two  volumes 
of  their  Iranfaftions,  which  confift  of  fever?l  curious  and  valuable  pa- 
pers, on  various  fubjefts,  prefented  by  different  members;  which 
ha^'e  been  received  by  the  literary  world  with  much  applaufe.  This 
inftitmion  certainly  forms  a  new  Jera  in  the  Kiftory  of  Irifli  Literature, 
and  will  doubtlefs  be  produftive  of  the  rnoft  difi.inguifhed  confe- 
tjucnces,  in  the  promotion  of  fcience  and  general  erudition  amcngft  us. 
Character  and  manners,]  '1  he  Iridi  are  inferior  to  none  iii 
hcdily  flrength  and  beauty,  they  are  equal  to  any  in  pliability  and  agilr 
ity  of  limbs. 

Always  inclined  to  manl)'  and  martial  c:;cicircE,  tl.cy  readily  con- 
front any  undertaking  ;  their  bodies  are  fitted  to  any  climate,  or  to  any 
difficulty,  and  fiom  the  fame  fourcc  might  perhaps  be  derived,  that 
f;^)ivit  of  heroifrn  which  has  fo  eminently  charafteriied  them. 

Strong  iiitelle£is,  warm  fancies,  and  acute  feelings,  have  generally 
carried  them  beyond  the  line  of  mediocrity  ;  and  whether  the  depths 
of  fcience  were  to  be  explored,  the  heiglits  of  heroifrn  attained,  o.- 
fympathy  awakened  in  the  inmoft  foul,  Irifhmcn  would  be  equal  lo 
the  talk.  In  virtue  too  tliey  take  an  uncomrfion  range,  and  in  the 
paths  of  vice  they  are  not  How  or  backward.  Even  the  blunders  with 
which  they  have  been  charged  by  their  good  neighbours,  may  have 
I'orr.e  foundation  in  truth,  if  by  blunders  we  are  to  underftand,  thofe 
quick  fallies  by  which  the  regular  concordance  of  words  is  broken 
and  overleaped  for  fomelhing  bold  and  expredive  in  the  tliought. 
But  whnt  peculiarly  diftinguifiies  the  Irifh  character  is,  a  comprehen- 
iion  of  qualities  which  aie  feldom  found  compatible.  Sudden  ardour  ; 
Tinabating  pcrlcverance  ;  univerlal  aptitude  ;  firm  adherence  ;  irr.pa- 
ticnce  of  injury  ;  along  rememl^rance  of  it  ;  ftrenglh  of  refolution  ; 
tendcrnefs  of  affcftion.  I'hcfe  outlines  of  the  Irifh  charafter,  may  be 
filled  by  the  full  grown  lineaments,  which  the  writers  of  different  a- 
ges,  and  of  different  countries,  have  affixed  to  it.  The  Ivifli  have  been 
icureiented,   ilrongly  aftuatcdby  a  thirfl  of  glory  ;  Prodigal  of  life, 

impetuous, 


r      R      E      L      A      N      D.  167 

!i-npetuous,  vindiflive,  generous,  hofpitable.  curious,  cicdulous,  alive 
to  the  charms  of  mufic,  conftant  in  love  or  hatred. 

•  A  refpeftablc  Englifh  traveller,*  gives  the  following  charafter  of 
the  Irifli  nation,  which,  as  it  appears  to  have  been  written  with  great 
fairnefs,  and  impartiality,  we  are  happy  to  afford  a  place  in  this  work. 

'•  It  is  but  ail  illiberal  bufinefs  for  a  traveller,  who  deffgns  to  pub- 
lifli  rem;irks  upon  a  'country,  to  fit  down  cooly  in  his  cloiet  and 
right  a  fajire  on  the  inhabitants.  Severity  of  that  fort  n'lufl  be  enli- 
vened with  an  uncommon  fliare  of  wit  and  ridicule,  to  pUafe.  Where 
very  grofs  abfurdities  are  found,  it  is  fair  and  manly  to  note  them  ; 
but  to  enter  into  charafter  and  difpofition  is  generally  uncandid,  fincc 
there  are  no  people  but  might  be  better  tlian  thev  are  found,  and  none 
but  have  virtues  which  del-:rve  attention,  at  leaft  as  much  as  their 
failings  ;  for  thefe  reafons  this  fettion  would  not  liave  found  a  place 
in  my  obl'ervations,  had  not  fome  perfons,  of  much  more  flippancy - 
than  wifdom,  given  very  grols  mifreprefentations  of  the  Iriflr  nation. 
It  is  with  pleafure,  therefore,  that  I  take  up  the  pen,  on  the  prcfent 
occafion,  as  a  much  longer  refidcnce  there  enables  me  to  exhihic  a. 
very  different  picture  ;  in  doing  this,  I  fhall  be  free  to  remark,  wherein 
I  think  the  condufb  of  certain  clalfes  may  have  given  rife  to  general 
and  confequentiv  injurious  condemnation. 

"  There  are  three  races  of  people  ia  Ireland,  fo  diflin£V,  as  to  flrikc 
the  lead  attentive  traveller  :  Thefe  are  the  Spanifli,  which  are  found 
in  Kerry,  and  a  part  of  I.iv.ierick  and  Cork,  tall  and  thin,  but  well 
made,  a  long  vifage,  dark  eyes,  and  long  black  hair.  The  time  is  not 
remote  when  the  Spaniards  h^  J  a  kind  of  fettlerceiit  on  the  toafl  of 
Kerry,  whicJi  fccmed  to  be  overlooked  l)y  government.  'I'here  were 
many  of  them  in  Queen  Elizabeth's  reign,  nor  were  they  entirely  driv- 
en out  till  the  time  of  Cromwell.  There  is  an  iiland  of  V'alenlia  on 
that  coafk,  with  various  other  names,  certaiiily  Spanifh.  The  Scotch 
race  is  in  the  north,  where  are  to  be  found  the  features  which  are  fup- 
pofed  to  mark  that  people,  their  accent,  and  many  of  their  cufloms.  in 
adiflrift,nearDublin, but  more  particu'larly  in  the  baronies  ofi3argiear.d 
Forth  in  the  county  of  Wexford,  the  Saxon  tongue  is  Ipokcn  without 
any  mixture  of  the  Irifli,  and  the  people  have  a  variety  of  cuftoms, 
which  diflinguilh  them  from  their  neighbours.  The  Milelian  race  of 
Irifh,  which  may  be  called  nafivc,  are  fcattercd  over  the  kingdom,  but 
chiefly  foup.d  in  Connaught  and  Munfier;  a  few  coniiderabic  fami- 
lies, whofc  genealogy  is  undoubted,  remain,  but  none  of  them  with 
coniiderable  pofTeflions,  except  the  O'Bi  icns,  and  Mr.  O'Kcil.  O'l la- 
va and  M'Dermot  are  great  names  in  Counaught,  and  O'Donnohue  a 
confiderable  one  in  Kerry  ;  but  the  O'Connors,  and  O'Dnfchals  in 
Corke,  claim  an  origin  prior  in  Ireland  to  any  of  the  Milelian  race. 

'•  The  only  diviiions  which  a  traveller,  who  paifed  through  tlic 
kingdom  without  any  refidcnce,  could  make,  W3ul;i_bc  into  people  of 
conlidcrable  fortune  and  mob.  The  intermediate  Jivihon  of  the  fcale, 
fo  numerous  and  refpc6lable  in  England,  would  hardly  attratt  the  lealk 
notice  in  Ireland.  A  refidencc  in  the  kingdom  convinces  one,  how- 
ever, that  there  is  another  clafs,  in  general  of  fmall  fortune — country 
gentlemen  and  renters  of  land.     The  manners,  habits  and  cufloms  of 

people 

*  Mr.  Vjung,  in  his  late  tour  in  IreUnd, 


a6S  IRELAND. 

people  of  confidErable  fortune,  are  much  the  fame  every  where,  at 
ieaft.  there  is  very  little  difference  between  England  and  Ireland,  it  is 
among  the  common  people  one  mufl  look  for  thofe  traits  bv  which  we 
difcriminate  a  national  charaftcr.  Tlie  circumftances  which  {truck 
me  moR.  in  the  common  Irifli  were,  vivacity,  and  a  great  and  eloquent 
volubility  of  fpcech.  They  are  infinitely  more  cheerful  andlively  than 
any  thing  we  commonly  fee  in  England,  Having  nothing  of  that  inci- 
vility of  fuUen  filence,  with  which  fo  many  Englifhmen  feem  to  wrap 
tlienifelves  up,  as  if  retiring  within  their  own  importance.  Lazy  at 
7tjork,  but  fo  fpiritedly  aftive  at  play,  that  at  hurling  and  other  manly 
exercifes,  they  fhew  the  greatcfl  feats  of  agility.  Their  love  of  focie- 
ty  is  as  remarkable  as  their  curiofity  is  infatiable  ;  and  their  hofpital- 
ity  to  all  comers,  be  their  ov/n  poverty  ever  fo  pinching,  has  too  mucl) 
merit  to  be  forgotten.  Pleafed  to  enjoyment  with  a  joke,  or  witty 
repartee,  they  will  repeat  it  with  fuch  expreffion,  that  the  laugh  will 
be  univerfal.  Warm  friends  and  revengeful  enemies  ;  they  are  invio- 
lable in  their  fecrecy,  and  inevitable  in  their  rerontment  ;  with  fuch  a 
notion  of  honour,  that  neither  threat  nor  reward  would  induce  them 
to  betrav  the  fecret  or  perfon  of  a  man,  althougli  that  man  v.'erean  op- 
prefTor.  Hard  drinkers  and  quarrelfome  ;  but  civil,  fubinilhve  and 
obedient.  Dancing  is  fo  univerfal  among  them,  that  there  are  every 
•where  itinerant  dancing-mailers,  to  M'hom  the  cotters  pay  fix  pence  a 
quarter  for  teaching  their  families.  Befides  the  Irifh  jig,  which  they 
can  dance  with  a  mofl  luxuriant  exprelhon,  minuets  and  country  danc- 
es are  taught ;  and  I  even  heard  of  cotillons  coming  in.  Many  ilrokes 
in  their  charafter  are  evidently  to  be  afcribcd  to  the  extreme  opprelT- 
ion  under  which  they  live.  If  they  are  as  great  thieves  and  liars  as 
they  are  reported,  it  is  mofl  certainly  owing  to  this  cauie. 

"  But  I  muft  now  come  to  another  clafs  of  people,  to  whofe  con- 
du£l  it  is  almoft  entirely  owing,  that  the  charafter  of  the  nation  has 
not  that  luflre  abroad,  which  I  dare  aflert,  it  will  loon  very  generally 
inerit  :  This  is  the  clafs  of  little  country  gentlemen,*  tenants  who 
drink  their  claret  by  means  of  profit  rents  ;  jobbers  in  farms  ;  bucks  ; 
your  fellows  with  round  hats,  edged  with  gold,  who  hunt  in  the  day, 
get  drunk  in  the  evening,  and  fight  the  next  morning.  I  fliall  noS 
dwell  on  a  fubjeft  fo  perfeftly  difagrecable,  hut  remark  that  thefe  are 
the  men  among  whom  drinking,  duelling,  raviPning,  &e.  &c.  ars 
found  as  in  their  native  foil  ;  once  to  a  degree  that  m^ade  them  the  peft 
of  fociety  •,  they  are  grov/ing  better,  but  even  now,  one  or  two  of 
them  got  by  accident  (where  they  have  no  bufinefs)  into  better  com.- 
pany,  are  funrcient  to  derange  the  pleafures  that  refult  from  a  libera] 
converfation.  A  new  fpirit  ;  new  fafliions  ;  new  modes  of  politenefs 
exhibited  by  the  higher  ranks  are  imitated  by  the  lower,  which  will  it 
is  to  be  hoped,  put  an  end  to  this  race  of  beings  ;  and  eitlier  drive 
their  fons  and  co'-.fms  into  the  army  or  navy,  or  fink  them  into  plairt 
tradefmen  or  farmers  like  thofe  in  England,  where  it  is  common  to  fee 
men  with  much  greatej  property  without  pretending  to  be  gentlemen. 

*  This  expvefljon  is  not  to  be  taken  in  a  general  fenfe.  God  forbid  I  fliould  give  thia 
eharafter  of  all  country  gentlemen  of  fmall  fortunes  in  Ireland  :  I  have  myfelf  been  acquaint- 
ed with  exceptions. — I  ineaa  only  that  in  general  they  are  not  the  moll  libera!  people  in  the 
kingdom.  > 


1      U      E      L      A      K      D.  169 

I  repeat  it  from  the  intelligence  I  received,  that  even  this  clafs  are  very 
dilTerent  from  what  they  were  twenty  years  ago,  and  improve  fo  fail 
that  the  time  will  foon  come  when  the  national  charafler  will  not  be 
degraded  by  any  fct. 

"  That  charadcr  is  upon  the  whole  refpe£lablc  :  It  would  be  unfair 
to  attribute  to  the  nation  at  large  the  vices  and  follies  of  only  one  clafs 
of  individuals.  Tliofe  perions  from  whom  it  is  candid  to  take  a  general 
cflimate  do  credit  to  their  country.  I'hat  they  are  a  people  learned, 
lively  and  ingenious,  the  admirable  authors  they  have  produced  will 
he  an  eternal  monument,  witneis  their  Swift,  Sterne,  Congreve,  Boyle, 
Berkeley,  Steele,  Farquhar,  Southerne,  and  Goldfmith.  Their  talent 
for  eloquence  is  felt,  and  acknowledged  in  the  parliaments  of  both  the 
kingdoms.  Our  own  fervice  both  by  fea  .land,  as  well  as  that  (unfor- 
tunately for  us)  of  the  principal  monarchies  of  Europe,  fpeak  their 
iteady  and  determined  courage.  Every  unprejudiced  traveller  who 
viiiis  thcin  will  be  as  much  ]deared  with  their  cheerfulnefs,  as  oblig- 
ed by  their  hofpitality  ;  and  will  hnd  them  a  brave,  polite,  and  liberal 
people." 

Religion.]  The  eriablifiied  religion  of  Ireland  is  the  Protc{lant  ; 
its  ecckfiaftical  djfcipline  is  fimilar  to  that  of  England,  and  is  under 
four  archbin:iops  and  eighteen  bifhops.  The  four  archbifhoprics,  are 
Armagh,  Dublin,  Cafhal,  and  Tuam  ;  and  the  eighteen  bifliopricsare 
Clogher,  Clonfert,  Cloyne,  Cork,  Derry,  Dov.-n,  Dromore,  E'phin, 
Kildare,  Killala,  Killaloe,  Kilmore,  Leighlin  and  Ferns^  Limerick, 
Aleath.  OiTory,  Raphoe,  and  Waterford. 

The  difienters  are  almoft  as  various  here  as  in  England  ;  but  the 
moft  prevailing  are  the  Roman-Catholics,.  Prefbvterians,  Quakers,  An- 
abaptiflsj  Moravians,  and  IVIethodills,  all  of  whom  arc  tolerated  by 
law. 

CoxsTiTariON  and  laws.]  Ireland  is  «t  prefent  a  diftinft  inde- 
pendent kingdom,  and  its  imperial  crown  is  infcparably  annexed  by 
au  Irllh  aft  of  parliament,  to  that  of  Great-Britain,  From  the  time  of 
the  acceflion  of  the  fovereignty  of  Ireland,  to  the  kings  of  England, 
until  the  tenth  year  of  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  the  mode  of  enafting 
laws  within  the  Englifh  pale  in  the  parliaments  of  this  country,  Avas 
nearly  the  fame  as  in  England;  the  king's  viceroy  fummoning  and 
holding  parliaments  at  plcafure,  in  which  were  enafted  inch  ftatutcs 
as  were  then  thought  expedient  or  neceflary.  But  an  ill  ufe  {as  it  was 
then  termed)  having  been  made  of  this  power,  a  fct  of  afts  weic  paff- 
cdin  the  reign  of  Henry  VII.  one  of  which,  viz.  10  Henry  VII.  c.  4. 
provided,  '•  That  no  parliament  be  hereafter  fummoned  or  holden, 
unlefs  the  king's  lieutenant  then  being,  Ihall  previouHy  certify  to  the 
king,  under  the  great  feal  of  Ireland,  the  caufes  and  conhderaticns 
thereof,  and  the  articles  propofcd  to  be  paffed  therein  ;.  and  that  after 
thc  king  in  his  council  of  England,  fliall  have  confidered  and  approv- 
ed, or  altered  faid  afts,  or  any  of  them,  and  certified  ihem  back  under 
the  great  feal  of  England,  and  fhall  have  given  licence  to  fummon  ana 
hold  a  parliament,  then  the  fame  fliall  he  Summoned  and  held,  and  the 
faid  acls  fo  ccrtiiied,and  none  other,  fliall  be  therein  introduced,  prided, 
or  rcjcfted. 

By  another  law,  viz.   10  Henry  VII.  c.  22.  it  was  ena6led  that  "  aU 

itatutes  boforc  that  time  p«fl"ed  in  England,  fhould  be  of  force  in  I:c. 

^  °        '  land." 


370  IRELAND. 

land."  From  the  making  of  which  law,  all  fubfequent  Englifii  flatutes 
■were  abfurdly  luppofed  to  have  bound  Ireland,  if  therein  named,  or 
included  under  general  words. 

About  the  beginning  of  the  reign  of  George  I.  in  confcquence 
of  its  being  a  quellion,  whether  England  had  a  right  to  make  laws  to 
bind  this  country,  which  M'as  ready  to  be  difputed  by  the  Irifli  ;  an 
att  was  j-afied  in  the  Britifh  parliament  (6th  of  George  I.  c.  5.)  where- 
by it  was  declared,  "  That  the  kingdom  of  Ireland  ought  to  be  fubor- 
dinate  to,  and  dependent  upon,  the  imperial  crown  of  Great-Britain, 
as  being  infeparably  annexed  and  united  thereto,  and  that  the  king's 
niajeily,  with  the  confent  of  the  lords  and  commons  of  Great-Britain 
i;i  parliament  affemblcd,  hath  power  to  make  laws  to  bind  Ireland." 

However,  this  illiberal  andunjufl  ufurpation  of  the  legiflative  rights 
of  Ireland  was  of  fhort  duration.  For  after  the  emancipation  of  the 
trade  of  this  kingdom  in  the  year  1779,  the  10th  ftatute  of  Henry  VII. 
c.  4.  before  mentioned,  was  very  much  altered,  by  an  aft  palled  in  the 
Irifli  parliament,  in  the  twenty-firft  and  twenty-fecond  years  of  his 
prel'ent  majefty  George  III,  &c.  namely,  ftatute  the  twenty-firft  and 
twenty-fecond  Geo.  III.  cap.  47.  By  which  it  is  enacled,  "  That  the 
lord  lieutenant  and  ccurcil  of  Ireland  fhall  certify  under  the  great 
feal  of  the  fame,  to  his  majefly,  without  addition,  alteration,  &c.  all 
fuch  bil'ls,  and  no  other,  as  the  parliament  of  Ireland  fliall  judge  to  be 
expedient  ;  that  all  bills  fo  certified  and  returned  back  again  under 
the  great  feal  of  England,  without  any  alteration  whatever,  and  none 
other,  fhall  p?fs  in  the  Irifh  parliament."  "  And  that  no  bill  /hall 
be  certified  into  Great-Britain,  as  a  caufe  or  confideration  of  hold- 
ing any  parliament.  Provided  ahvays  that  no  parliament  be  l"um- 
moned  or  holden,  until  a  licence  be  obtained  from  his  majefly,  for 
that  purpofe."  And  this  aft  of  the  Irifh  legiilature  was  followed  by  a 
declaration  of  rights  under  the  form  of  an  addrefs  to  the  throne,  not 
a  little  ftrengthened  by  the  fpirited  and  united  efforts  of  the  whole 
Irilh  nation,  who,  with  one  voice,  and  with  the  very  arms  in  their 
iiands  with  which  they  defeiided  themfelves  from  the  enemies  of  the 
empire,  when  dellitute  of  their  own  eflablifl:-ed  forces,  who  at  that 
time  were  bleeding  in  every  quarter  of  the  v.'oild  in  the  fupport  of  the 
Britifl^  ftandard,  firmly  demanded  and  infilled  on,  from  the  Britifh 
parliament,  the  refloration  of  thofc  riglits  which  the  tyrannic  oppref- 
hon  of  their  predecefTors  had  wrelled  from  them.  While  on  the  other 
hand,  thot  fenate  reflored  to  the  Irifh  their  legiflative,  as  they  had  be- 
'fore  done  their  commercial  rights,  not  only  repealing  the  6th  Geo.  I. 
c,  g.  but  paniii;:^  an  aft  renunciatory  of  their  former  groundlefs  claim 
to  what  they  now  declared  to  be  tJie  rights  of  their  hitherto  oppreffed 
and  injured  neighbours. 

At  profent,  tlierefore,  as  was  before  mentioned,  the  Irifli  nation  is 
governed  by  parliaments  of  its  uwn,  which  confift  of  the  king  in  his 
legiibtive  capacity,  the  lords  fpiiitual  (22)  and  lords  temporal  (now 
165)  who  together  with  the  king  (or  his  viceroy)  lit  in  one  houfe  ;  and 
the  commons  (300)  compofed  of  knights,  citizens,  and  burgeffes  (eleft^ 
cd  by  the  people)  who  fit  in  another  ;  and  thcie  in  conjunftion  form 
tlic  irifli  parliament,  wliich  alone  is  empowered  with,  alone  exerts, 
aiid  alone  hath  right  to  e.xert  the  privilege  of  making  new,  or  altering 
or  repealing  thofe  laws  already  made,  for  the  government  of  this  realm, 

Ir, 


IRELAND.  171 

In  wKicli  tlic  manner  of  proceeding  from  the  firfl  introduclion  of  a 
bill  into  either  houle  till  it  is  Iranfmitted  to  England  by  the  lord  lieu- 
tenant in  order  to  receive  the  royal  ailent,  is  nearly  the  fame  with  that 
of  thcBritifh  parliament. 

In  refpcft  of  duration,  the  parliaments  of  the  two  countries  difFci-, 
the  parliament  of  Ireland  is  at  prefent  oftennial,  a::d  before  the  be- 
ginning of  the  reign  of  his  prefent  majefly,  v/as  perpetual  :  Whereas 
that  of  Great-Britain  is  feptennial. 

The  common  law  of  England  was  adopted  here  by  the  council  of 
Lifmore,  in  the  reign  of  Henry  II.  and  ever  finte  has  been  the  com- 
mon law  of  Ireland  ;  between  which  and  that  of  England  there  is  hard- 
ly any  difference,  except  where  the  alterations  made  in  it  by  the  fhat- 
iite  law  of  either  country,  may  have  produced  a  llight  variation.  But, 
to  fpeak  generally,  the  principles  of  both  are  the  fame,  and  the  dcci- 
fions  of  ;he  courts  at  Weflminftcr.  are  of  high  authority  in  guiding  the 
determinations  (in  fimilar  cafes)  of  the  king's  courts  at  Dublin,  v.'hich 
in  number,  fuperiority,  and  extent  of  jurifdiftion  are  limilar  to  thole 
at  Wcftminfter,  fome  few  and  trivial  deviations,  in  th.e  peculiar  prac- 
tice of  each  court,  excepted. 

In  confequence  of  the  above  mentioned  reftcration  of  the  conflitu- 
tional  immunities  of  this  country,  a  writ  of  error  no  longer  lies  from 
the  King's  Bench  in  Ireland,  to  that  at  Weflminftcr,  and  the  ultimate 
appeal  mufl  now  be  brought  before  the  Irilli  Houfe  of  Peers,  whole 
fentence  is  fuial  and  irreverhblc. 

There  are  likewife  ecclefiafliral,  and  admiralty  courts  here,  as  in 
England,  alfo  for  the  general  diilribution  of  juftice.  'f  he  kingdom  is 
divided  into  five  circuits  ;  the  principal  couuty  towns  in  each  of 
thcfe  are  vifited  twice  a  year  by  two  of  the  twelve  judges  who  l:t  as 
judges  of  allize  and  gaol  delivery  alternately,  for  the  hearing  and 
deciding  of  fuits  by  Niji  Frius,  and  for  tlie  trial  of  prifoners. 

To  attempt  to  enter  more  minutely  nito  a  fubjctl,  which  the  ingenuity 
of  the  mofl  able  lawyers,  that  have  wrote  on  it,  could  fcarcely  contratt 
into  a  few  volumes,  would  at  prefent  be  inconvenient,  or  rather  im- 
polTible,  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  wherein  a  dehre  to  give  a  general 
view  of  many  branches  will  net  permit  any  enlargement  on  one. 

Inland  Navigation.]  The  important  confequcnccs  arifing  from 
the  extcnfion  of  inland  water-carriage  fcem  now  to  be  generally  felt 
and  promoted  in  Ireland.- 

Among  the  canals  completed  or  now  profecuting  in  Ireland,  the 
moft  diflinguiflied  in  confequence  and  extent  (and  the  only  one  which 
the  limits  of  our  woik  will  permit  us  to  notice  particularly)  is  that 
called  the  Grand  Canal.  Thi$  canal  was  commenced  in  the  year  1756, 
under  the  dircftion  of  pailiair.cnt  and  the  i^.avigation  board,  and  differ- 
ent grants  were  made  from  time  to  time  for  carrying  it  on.  But  after 
fome  years  it  was  ohlerved  tiiat  little  efleftual  progrefswas  made  there- 
in, which  led  the  legiflaturc  to  liold  out  encouragement  to  yx'wzic 
fubfcribers  to  undertake  the  profecution  of  the  work,  by  granting  an 
aid  of  one  fixth  part  of  the  fum  which  fliould  be  necelfary  to  cxpcnc^j^ 
thereon.  Accordingly  fevcral  noh?cmen  and  gentlemen  I'ublcribcd  a 
capital  of  one  hundred  thoufand  pounds,  and  were  incorporated  by 
parliament  in  1772,  by  the  nam.e  of  the  com-pany  of  Undertakers  of  the 
Grand  Car.al,  who  M'cre  put  in  poilcflion  of  all  the  woiks  which  bad 

been 


i/ii  I      P.      £      L      A      M      n. 

htcr.  previoufly  clone  at  the  public  expenfe,  and  inveflicd  vvitK  ampie 
■powers  for  the  better  carrying  into  execution  this  important  objeft, — . 
After  combating  a  variety  of  difficulties,  enlarging  their  capital,  railing 
further  aids  by  loan,  &c.  the  line  was  completed  from  Dublin  to  Ivion- 
allereven  in  1786. 

This  noble  canal  proceeds  from  the  wefi;  end  of  the  metropolis, 
paffes  through  Sallins,  Roberts-town,  and  Rathangan,  and  in  the  ncigh- 
Lourhood  of  fevcral  other  towns  and  villages.  It  croiies  the  Liffy  011 
an  .'i.quediicl  bridge  of  feven  arches  (conftrnfted  on  the  mofb  ingenious 
-nd  pei;manent  principles)  pierces  the  hill  cf  Downirigs  fevcral  hun- 
dred yards — runs  through  a  great  part  of  the  Bog  of  Allen — and  falls 
:;nto  the  River  Barrow  at  Monafhereven,  after  a  courfe  of  31^  miles. — 
.'t  is  navigated  by  boats  of  from  30  to  50  tons  burthen  ;  and  fupplied 
vvith  water  throughout  the  different  levels  from  numerous  ftreams  or 
iivers.  viz.  the  Black-wood-mill,  Loughlcwhelnan.  Brockafs.  and 
Fo'jraunfan  flreams  on  the  North  ;  and  on  the  South  by  the  Great 
Bog,  Miler's-fown  and  Donore  ftreams,  and  the  Mill-town  river, 
Vfhich  ir,  made-  niivigablc  four  miles  from  the  great  trunk,  and 
terminates  near  the  Curragh  ;  but  that  which  fupplies  the  capital 
with  fuch  abundance  of  moft  excellent  water,  is  the  Great  Morrell, 
taken  in  at  the  fifteenth  Jock  about  twelve  miles  from  Dublin.  There 
are  26  locks  on  this  navigation  (6  double  and  10  fingle)  the  falls  in 
which  vary  from  4  feet  3  inches,  to  19  feet  7  inches.  The  fummit 
level  is  i:o2  feet  4  inches  above  the  James's-ftrcet  harbour  ;  82  feet  9 
inches  above  the  river  Barrov^'  at  Monaftereven  ;  and  265  feet  above 
the  tide  in  the  Lifl'y  at  Dublin. 

Thefe  works  have  been  principally  condufted  acid  efFefted  by  Rich- 
ard Evans,  Efq.  engineer,  whofc  integrity  and  zeal  have  been  rivalled 
only  by  the  ingenuity  and  rcfources  he  difplayed  in  the  courfe  of  one 
of  the  moiL  arduous  undertakings  in  the  hillory  of  inland  navigation. 

From  this  canal  a  collateral  cut  to  Naas  is  completed  by  the  Kildare 
company,  and  fevcral  othci.s  are  meditated  ;  particularly  one  to  the 
Profperous — another  to  Aliiv,  and  the  tide  water  in  the  Barrow — and 
another  towards  the  Shannon  at  Baiiagher  by  Edenderry,  Sec. 

The  completion  of  this  canal  has  communicated  the  moll  effential 
advantages  to  the  counLiv  through  vi^hich  it  palies,  and  its  vicinity, 
and  through  a  confiderable, extent  of  the  adjoining  countries,  reclaim* 
ing  large  trads  of  land  and  bog,  increafing  their  value,  extending  agri- 
culture and  manufaftures,  and  conveying  the  important  f.ipplies  of 
flour,  corn,  coal,  turf.  &c,  &c.  by  a  cheap  and  expeditious  carriage 
to  the. metropolis  ;  from  whence  it  tranfports  in  return  thofe  neceffa- 
ries  which  render  the  intercourfe  of  the  city  and  country  of  fuch  re- 
ciprocal benefit. — To  thefe  advantages  are  to  be  added,  the  many 
ronvenicncies  afforded  to  travelling,  &c.  by  the  eftablifhing  of  com- 
.nodious  pacquet  boats  on  this  line,  v/hich  palTrng  rapidly  to  different 
liages  every  day  at  flated  hours,  afford  one  of  the  cheapefl,  moft  expe- 
ditious and  fecial  modes  of  conveyance  yet  known  in  any  part  of  Eu- 

From  the  tolls  on  this  navigation,  and  the  profits  arifing  from  their 
pacquets,  a  very  confiderable  revenue  accrues  to  the  company,  whofe 
fortitude  and  perleverance  in  effefting  this  great  national  work,   un- 
der the  moft:  difcouraging  circumftances,  claim  the  praife  and  grati- 
tude 


tude  of  their  countrymen.  Their  fucccfs  has  at  length  proved  from 
experience,  that  the  efFeftual  mode  of  condu6ling  canals,  is  by  compi- 
nies,  fubfcribing  ratcably  to  the  expenfc,  and  procuring  from  parlia- 
ment fuch  aid  a»  their  importance  and  utility  may  entitle  them  to 
claim. 

Dublin  Society.]  Ireland  has  the  honour  of  having  formed  the 
fiift  agricultural  fociety  in  Europe,  and  has  continued  to  maintain  the 
precedence  of  its  merit  alfo  unrivalled.  This  focrety  originated  about 
the  year  1731,  and  v/as  fuppcrted  folely  by  the  voluntary  fubfcriptions 
of  its  members,  amounting  to  about  loool.  per  annum  ;  with  this  fund, 
and  the  animating  zeal  of  feveral  individuals,  particularly  Dr.  Madaii, 
and  Mr.  Prior  (two  of  the  moft  valuable  patriots  which  any  country 
has  produced)  they  communicated  many  of  thofe  benefits  to  v/hich  the 
prefent  improving  appearance  of  the  nation  is  in  a  great  degree  in- 
debted. For  feveral  years  part,  the  legiflature  have  given  them  the 
mofl  liberal  grants,  which  have  enabled  them  to  extend  their  views  as 
well  to  arts  and  manufaftures  as  to  agriculture.  The  fchool  for  por- 
trait, ornament,  and  arcliitc£t  drawing,  under  the  dirtftion  of  this  fo- 
ciety,  has  proved  a  prolific  nurfery  for  the  fine  arts  ;  having  produced 
a  number  of  genuiues,  the  boaft  and  ornament  of  their  country,  and 
the  admiration  of  foreigners. 

Trade  AXD  MANUFACTURES.]  This  fubje6l  has  at  length  become 
of  confequence  to  the  people  of  Ireland.  Through  the  concurrence 
of  various  favourable  circumflances,  the  revolution  in  America,  and 
the  embarralTment  of  Great-Britain,  Providence  feconding  the  courage 
and  virtue  of  the  people,  broke  the  chains,  whicli  trading  jcaloufy  and 
national  ir.juflice,  had  i'o  long  impofed  upon  this  country.  Whilfl 
the  fun  of  com.mcrce  and  power  in  \'^enice,  in  Genoa,  in  Holland,  the 
Netherlands,  and  other  countries  rofe  and  fct  ;  the  kingdom  of  Ire- 
land, more  fruitful  in  foil,  more  powerful  in  people,  more  fortunate  in 
lituation,  and  more  ftrong  in  natural  refources,  was  compelled  for  fev- 
eral hundred  years  to  look  on  thefe  events  a  joylefs  and  indilFcrent 
Ipeftator.  During  that  long  night  of  mifcry  to  Ireland,  where  her 
fields  fl.aincd  with  the  blood  of  infurreftions  rapidly  treading  on  the 
heels  of  each  other  ;  raifed  either  by  a  fenfe  of  oppreirion,  or  foment- 
ed by  the  interefted  artifices  of  Englifl:!  minifhers  and  their  creatures. — 
Thefe  produced  perpetual  change  and  confequent  infecurity  of  proper- 
ty ;  and  confifcation  being  ofi.cn  the  objeft,  was  generally  the  effect 
of  excited  diforder.  In  a  country  fo  ciiflrafted,  manufaftures  could 
not  take  root,  and  commerce  could  not  flourilh.  Thefe  arc  llie  oiT- 
fpring  cf  peace  and  fettlement,  which  were  here  experienced  but  for 
Hiort  intervals  till  the  revolution. 

From  the  latter  part  of  the  reign  of  William  III.  to  tiie  late  eman- 
cipation of  the  trade  of  Ireland  in  I  779,  this  unfortunate  country  ex- 
perienced 3  ferles  of  the  mofb  wanton  and  impolitic  reflriftions*  from 
England,  cqr.ally  injurious  to  the  intercourle  and  profperity  of 
both. 

In  1698  the  lords  and  com.mons  of  England  add.'-efTcd  King  William, 
to  emolov  his  influence  in   Ireland  to  "  iiipt)refs  the   woolien  manu- 

f^aur^ 

^  Bef.vsen  ihe  years  1740  and  1779,  ther*:  w^r?  r.o  lef-.  Uian  t'vrr.ty-fo  ;r  f  mbar'oe?  ia 
're'and,  one  of  whick  Ui^ed  tbre;  ye  .r?." 


174  IRELAND. 

faftare  therein  ;"  to  which  he  anfwered  the  lords,  "  that  his  majefly 
will  take  care  to  do  what  their  lordfhips  have  defired"— and  to  the 
commons  he  anfwered  ■'  I  fhall  do  all  that  in  me  lies  todifcourage  the 
woollen  trade  in  Ireland" — And  indeed  fo  fuccefsfully  was  this  baneful 
influence  employed  upon  the  legiflature,  tliat  they  paffed  an  aft  laying 
heavy  duties  on  the  export  of  their  woollens  to  E"ngland,  where  a  lav/ 
was  alfo  made  in  the  following  year  prohibiting  our  exports  to  other 
countries,  fo  that  between  rlie  two  legi features  the  manufafture  was  as 
completely  annihilated  as  it  could  be  by  law. 

The  immediate  confrquences  to  Ireland  fhewed  the  value  of  what 
fhe  loft  ;  many  thoul'md  manufafturers  were  obliged  to  leave  this  king- 
dom for  want  of  employment  ;  many  parts  of  the  fouthern  and  wef- 
tern  counties  were  fo  depopulated,  that  they  have  not  yet  recovered  a 
reafonable  number  of  inhabitants  ;  and  the  whole  kingdom  was  reduc- 
ed to  the  greateft  poverty  anddiftrefs. 

In  confid^^ration  of  this  lofs,  the  Irifli  were  to  get  full  and  unrivalled 
potrellion  of  the  linen  trade  ;  as  if  one  manufafture  was  fufficient  for 
the  employment  of  a  whole  nation,  efpccially  where  a  large  majority 
of  it  were  totally  ignorant  of  the  procefs  or  habits  of  the  trade,  and 
pofTefring  but  little  of  the  neceffary  material  ;  whilfl  in  the  other,  the 
hands  were  formed  even  to  enviable  perfeftion,  and  the  materials  were 
polTelfed  at  home  in  abundance.  The  Irifh  women  were  to  become 
fplnners  for  the  Engliili  manufafturers,  and  the  richer  were  to  become 
the  clothiers  for  the  poorer  nation. 

Several  years  had  elapfcd  before  thepromifed  encouragement  to  thtf 
linen  was  granted  ;  and  lo  wretched  a  ftate  was  it  in,  in  the  year  17OQ, 
that  the  exports  of  linen  amounted  in  value  but  to  14,1121. 

The  people  of  Ireland,  deprived  as  we  have  mentioned,  of  the 
Woollen,  were  obliged  to  confine  their  fole  attention  to  the  manufac- 
ture of  Linen.  As  with  individuals  fo  with  nations,  when  the  pub- 
lic mind  is  exclufivcly  bent  to  one  objcft,  it  cannot  avoid  fucceeding 
in  its  purfuit  to  a  coniiderable  degree.  An  Aft  of  Parliament  was  palT- 
ed  in  Ireland  in  1709,  enabling  the  Lord  Lieutenant  to  appoint  truf- 
tees  for  the  difpofal  of  the  revenue  granted  for  the  encouragement  of 
the  linen  manufafture.  From  this  Board,  called  the  Tr u flees  of  tke  Lin- 
en and  hcmpin  marmfaCiures  in  Irdinid^  has  the  important  objeft  of  their 
appointment  received  the  mod  zealous  and  unremitting  attention  ; 
and  to  them  this  kingdom  is  principally  indebted  for  the  flourifhiinj 
ftate  to  which  the  manufafture  has  attained,  and  fcr  the  charafter  it 
maintains  in  all  countries.  The  province  of  Ulfter  was  the  firft 
wherein  it  was  extended  ;  here  it  was  aftively  taken  up  by  the  induf- 
frious  defcend.mts  of  the  hardy  Scotch  Colonies  letiled  therein,  and 
ftill  it  continues  the  principal  feat  of  the  manufacture.  The  other 
provinces  have  but  a  fmall  comparative  Ihare,  although  that  of  Con- 
naught  has  been  making  confidcrablc  advances  in  the  coarfer  branches 
for  fome  ycars- 

To  give  the  reader  a  more  perfeft  idea  of  the  progrefs  and  import- 
ance of  this  manufafture,  we  have  annexed  a  view  of  the  quantities 
exported  at  dilTerent  periods  ;  and,  as  the  export  of  Linen-Yarn  is  in. 
fome  degree  connefted  with  the  fubjeft,  we  have  alfo  given  a  fimilar 
view  of  it, 

EXPORTS. 


3C      R      E      L      A      N      D, 
EXPORTS. 


Years. 

Linen  Cloth. 

Linen  Yarn. 

Yards. 

Ct.         qrs. 

lb. 

17^3 

1, 819,816! 

11, 802          2 

>7 

I7--3 

4^378,545 

15,672          3 

i? 

1733 

4.777,07^ 

13:357        s. 

£1 

1743 

6,058,041 

14,169         1 

10 

1753 

^OA93>^5^ 

03,238 

4 

^7% 

16,013,105 

H^'^i 

7 

1773 

i8,45o,7co| 

28,078     3 

25 

^783 

J  6,039,705! 

35,812     3 

23 

1784 

24,961,898 

33.013     2 

^5 

^78,5 

26,677,6^7 

28,842     1 

5 

1786 

28,168,866 

31,062 

20 

1787 

1             ,^0.728. 728 

31.04Q            2 

0 

The  Lawn,  Cambrick,  and  other  finer  branches  of  manufafture, 
mod  of  them  are  in  a  flourifhing  flate. 

The  Woollen  manufafture  has  been  in  poffeffion  of  this  country  from 
a  very  early  period  ;  but  the  reftriftions  under  which  it  had  laboured 
for  above  a  century,  has  confined  its  extent  to  little  more  than  thr: 
clothing  of  the  peafantry -,  and  altliough  the  emancipation  of  trade  waa 
expefted  to  produce  powerful  cflxfts  upon  this  manufafturc,  yet  tho 
unreftrained  export  of  Wool  and  Yarn,  and  the  home  market  remain- 
ing unprotefted,  have  caufcd,  and  muft  continue  to  caufc,  this  valua- 
ble trade  to  remain  in  a  very  torpid  ftate.  Confidering  however  the; 
number  of  difficulties  under  which  the  manufafture  flruggles,  it  is  fur- 
prifing  to  obferve  the  pitch  of  excellence  to  which  it  has  arrived. — • 
The  bell  Broad-Cloths  of  Ireland  are  little  inferior  to  the  Englilh,  and 
her  Druggits  are  much  admired.  Her  Blanketing  and  Flannels  are  in 
high  efteem,  and  the  Worfted  branches  have  been  brought  to  great 
perfe£lion,  and  many  become  fit  articles  for  extenfive  exportation. 

Another  branch  of  trade  is  in  the  produce  of  Cattle,  which  brings 
very  large  returns  into  this  kingdom.  The  exports  in  this  line  con- 
fift  of  beef,  butter,  cheefe,  candles,  tallow,  hides  (tanned  and  untanncd) 
bullocks  and  cows,  hogs,  bacon,  hog's-lard  and  perk. — The  laft  article 
is  one  of  the  moft  incrcaiing  and  valuable  expoitj,  it  is  the  principal 
among  the  very  few  refources  of  the  numerous  poor  pe?.{antry,  as  it  is 
almoft  the  only  article  which  brings  them  money,  and  being  reared 
without  expenfe,  trouble  or  attention,  the  returns  muft  be  confidered 
as  fo  much  clear  gain  to  the  nation.  The  average  export  for  five  years, 
ending  1767,  was  about  40,000  barrels. — The  like  ending  1774,  was 
46,924  Barrels. — The  like  ending  1782,  was  87.085,  and  in  the  year 
1787  it  rofe  to  101,859. 

The  filk  manufafture  is  of  great  importance,  but  principally  confi- 
ned to  the  metropolis,  probably  from  its  connexion  with  the  fafhions. 
Several  branches  have  been  brought  to  the  highcft  perfeftion  ;  their 
damafks  and  lutcflrings  are  excellent,  and  their  handkerchiefs  are  net 
only  fuperior  to  Englifh.  but  arc  alfo  unrivalled  by  any  naticn  in  Eu- 
rope. 


};f>  Ireland; 

rope,  liie  mixed  goods,  or  tabinets  and  poplins,  have  been  Isng  cel- 
ebrated. 

The  cotton  manufafture  is  of  late  introduftion,  but  yet  has  arrived' 
at  great  perfeftion  and  confiderable  extent.  Confiderable  fums  have 
been  expended  on  the  ereftion  of  noble  mills  and  machinery. 

The  glafs  manufafture  has  arifen  to  confiderable  confequence  within 
a  few  yeai-s. 

The  manufafture  of  paper  has  been  advancing  by  filcnt,  but  fteady 
fleps,  to  great  improvement  and  importance  ;  and  from  the  number  of 


a  materia 


hands  it  employs,  and  the  fmall  proportion  the  Villuc   of   th 

bears  to  the  labour,  it  is  certainly  of  the  £rft  confequence  to  a  manu- 

fafturing  nation. 

Thefe  are  fome  of  the  principal  manufactures  of  Ireland  ;  mod  of 
which  appear,  from  the  bed  evidence,  to  be  daily  increafing  in  extent 
and  improvement. 

Having  enumerated  the  leading  manufaftures,  exports,  of  this  king- 
dom &c.  it  is  neceffary  to  oblerve  on  the  principal  articles  which  com- 
pofe  her  imports  ;  thefe  generally  come  from  or  through  Great-Brit- 
ain,* andconfiftof  her  manufaftures  of  various  denominations,  wool- 
lens, filks,  cottons,  mixed  goods,  haberdafliery,  manufatlures  of  iron, 
{leel  and  other  metals,  groceries,  hops,  bark,  earthen-ware,  beer,  coals 
and  an  infinite  number  of  other  articles  ;  belides  the  produce  of  the 
Eaft  and  Weft  Indies  to  a  confiderable  amount.  The  table  annexed 
will  fhew  the  comparative  value  of  this  intercourfe  ;  but  whilft  it  flatcs 
the  balance  to  be  generally  in  favour  of  Ireland,  there  muft  be  thrown 
into  the  oppofite  fcale,  the  remittance*  to  abfentces,  intereft  of  money  lent 
on  Irilh  eliates,  penfions,  freight  and  infurance  of  fliips,  remittances  to 
regiments  on  the  Irifh  cftabiilhment,  &c.  &c.  amounting  in  all  to 
above  a  million  and  a  half,  or  perhaps  two  millions    flerling. 

The  annexed  table  is  extrafted  from  the  Irilh  Cuflom  Ploufe  ac- 
counts, 

*  The  people  of  Ireland  continue  to  complain  loudly  ofthe  want  of  reciprocity  in  their 
trading  intercourfe  with  Great-Britain  as  well  on  the  fubjed  of  malt  and  beer  as  a  multitude 
«t" other  articles,  not  lefs  remarkable. 


Vain 


>;    D. 


»77 


Value- of  Goods  Exported  to^  and  Imported  from  Great-Britain,  at  different 
periods. 


Ex 

ports 

Imports 

£' 

J-. 

d. 

£. 

s. 

d. 

1700 

814,745 

15 

& 

792,473 

3 

2| 

\7°5 

5^^,77^ 

17 

0,^ 

497,794 

1 

9j 

1710 

7»2,-i97 

2 

6| 

554,247 

12 

4 

n'5 

1,529,765 

14 

li 

972,688 

9 

11^ 

1720 

1,038,381 

7 

li 

891,678 

5 

6| 

^7^-5 

1^53:782 

13 

1 1 J 

819,761 

13 

3k 

>73o 

992,832 

7 

ot 

929,896 

1 

2 

»735 

1,248,4)0 

16 

oi 

935  =  849 

8 

9l 

1740 

1,259,853 

6 

8| 

849,678 

7 

loi 

^745 

15390,930 

8 

9f 

949,603 

»5 

10 

1750 

1,069,864 

1 

-a 

9^0,340 

17 

of 

*755 

1,312,176 

2 

6| 

1,039,911 

10 

4i 

1760 

i;450,757 

8 

6^ 

1,094,752 

12 

'^' 

^7^5 

1,693,197 

5 

7 

1.439,969 

4 

8i 

1770 

2,408,838 

12 

2| 

1.878,599 

6 

11 

»775 

2,379.858 

9 

8| 

1,739,543 

18 

4l 

,780 

2,384,898 

16 

7f 

1,576,635 

13 

5l 

1781 

2,187,406 

'5 

04- 

2,432,417 

13 

10 

1782 

2,709,766 

18 

1? 

2,277,946 

10 

8'- 

1783 

1,989,290 

6 

9 

2,320,455 

18 

7l 

1784 

2,337,273 

1 1 

io| 

2,400,456 

16 

'^f 

^7^5 

2,764,753 

1 

Hi 

1,949=074 

0 

11^ 

1786 

3039,531 

3 

5i 

2,346,024 

1 

H 

1787 

3.299.523 

12 

io| 

2.326,756 

19 

2^ 

Since  the  opening  of  the  Irifii  trade,  the  intercourfe  with  the  Unit- 
ed States  of  America,  the  Britifli  colonies,  and  alio  to  the  W'efh-India 
illands,  has  been  an  acceffion  of  confiderable  confequence.  To  thes 
latter  the  exports  are  principally  compofed  of  produce,  and  manufac- 
tures of  various  forts,  and  is  a  trade  that  proraifes  to  increafe  to  a  great 
extent,  if  not  reftrained  by  the  illiberal  conftruftion  of  the  navigation 
laws,  which  prevent  their  fending  the  redundancy  of  their  imports  in- 
to the  Englifh  markets.  The  trade  to  the  Britifh  colonies  is  compof- 
ed of  fimilar  exports  as  to  the  iflands,  and  will  probably  rife  to  equal 
importance  ;  but  with  the  American  Stales  it  is  expeftcd  to  bedfcch 
fuperior.  ^ 

The  trade  to  Portugal  is  one  of  the  mo  ft  important  to  the  kingdom, 
and  conftanily  produces  a  confiderable  balance  in  her  favour  :  In  fome 
years  the  export  of  butter  alone  has  been  equal  to  tlic  whole  of  her 
imports  from  that  country,  which  principally  confiflof  wine,  fait, 
fruit,  oil,  pot-afh  and  cork  ;  for  which  are  fent  in  return  butter,  beef, 
pork,  tallow,  cheefe,  fhoes,  new  and  old  drapery  and  fine  linens,   &c. 

The  trade  with  Spain  confifts  of  nearly  the  fame  articles  of  import 
and  export  aj  to  Portugal. 

The  exports  to  France  generally  confiftof  beef,  butter,  pork,  hides, 

randies,  tallow,  wheat,  flour,  bifcuit,' linens,  woollens,  fhocs,  and  fun- 

M  ■  dry 


syS 


N      D. 


dry  other  manufaftures  ;— and  the  imports  of  wine,  brandy,  paper, 
capers,  oil,  cork,  fait,  gloves,  cambrick,  &c.  The  balance  of  this 
tr.ule,  thouifh  fliifkmtiiiT^  has  been  generally  in  favour  of  Ireland. 

The  trade  with  Holland  and  Flanders,  confifls  principally  of  an  ex« 
port  of  beef,  butter,  hides,  tallow,  linen,  new  and  old  drapery,  i^^an- 
ncls,  frize,  woollen  yarn,  &c.  and  the  imports  of  llax,  thread,  linfecd, 
and  linfced  oil,  paper,  garden  feeds,  Geneva,  fuuff,  drugs,  dying- 
fluffs,  &c. 

The  trade  with  the  Ead  Country,  includlnjr  Denmark,  Norway, 
Sweden,  Ruflia,  the  Jialtic,  conlills  of  an  export  nearly  fimilur  to  ths 
preceding,  and  the  imports,  of  iron,  timber,  deals,  tar,  train-od,  hemp, 
ilax,  bark,  Sec. 


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§ 

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^ 

coO   0^coO  •^ei^coo    li^oo    t~^  ,-  oo  O    ufi 
pj    i^  O  'O  -•   "^  O   o-  r»»  CO  "^  O  -<  'X'    o>  "T 
O  o  oc    ci    «   CO  O   CO  -    O   -o  i^  n    o   CO  CO 

coo     0~;  O     "^  -'     O^  lO  CI  >~0     O    lO^O     ^^  1^00 

lO  cl     -    CTiOO     OOO     •"!    <-•    O^O    CO«     70>OCO 

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-_„>,     p,     c,,     cr,tOCiCOc4COCOCO-^ 

o 
o 

OOOOOOOOO-cJco-^  lo-:;    "^ 

^     CJ     CO  T  >-CVC-     l^OO  C»COOOOCCOQOOOOO 

r^  r^  r^  t>.  t^  c-^  t^  i^  r^  r^  t^  i^  i^  t^  r^  r^ 

OOOOOOOO 

o 
So 

oooooooo 

O    -.    CI    CO  -r  ■o'O    «^ 
t^  t^  r^  t-^  r^  r>.  i^  t-. 

BBBBBBBB 

oocooppo 

i-    i^    u    i-,    i^    u    u    -^ 

Uj  U.  U<  U-.  U.  M-i  U-(  Uj 

Coins.} 


R      E      L      A      N      D. 


179 


Coins.]  The  coins  of  Ireland  are  at  prcfent  of  the  fame  denomi- 
nations  and  the  like  fabric  with  thofe  of  England,  only  an  Engliilx 
ihilling  palfcs  in  Ireland  for  ihuteen  pence,  and  fo  in  proportion  u\ 
the  other  coins. 

Bank,  oi'  Irei.an'd.]  The  fubfcribcrs  to  the  national  bank  were 
incorporated  by  charter  in  1783,- by  the  name  of  the  Governor  and 
Company  of  the  Bank  of  Ireland,  and  proceeded  to  builncfs  on  the 
i-5th  June,  in  the  fame  year,  upon  a  capital  flock  of  6oOjOOol.  which 
con(i{ledof4  per  cent,  government  debentures  depofitcd  at  par, — 
Thefc debentures  were  cancelled  by  government,  .igreeably  to  atl  of 
parliament,  and  an  annuity  at  the  rate  of  .\  per  cent,  granted  in  lieu 
thereof.  In  addition  to  their  capital  they  borrowed  (.'o,oool.  previ- 
ous to  the  opening  of  the  bank,  for  v\'hich  tliey  iifued  debentures  at  5 
per  cent,  and  in  1 78  ^  a  further  fum  of  40.,0g>c1.  on  the  like  terms. 

In  this  bank  are  depolited.  certain  monies  received  into  his  majefly's 
treafury  ;  and  by  an  a6l  palfcd  in  1784,  all  money  lodged  in  the  court;? 
of  chancery  and  excl)eq.;cr  arc  alio  to  be  depofitcd  in  the  bank. 

The  governors,  dirctlors,  and  officers  are  annually  clctlcd  in  the 
month  of  April.  Of  the  15  directors  ,5  muf'tbe  new.  The  qualifica- 
tion of  the  governor,  is  the  atlual  poffcflion  of  5000I.  flock;  of  the 
deputy  governor  .3000I.  and  of  each  of  the  direftors  ?.oool. 

Under  the  direttion  of  this  company,  an  ofHce  was  opened  in  June 
1787,  for  purchafing  light  guineas  and  half  guineas,  on  terms  fo  high- 
ly advantageous  to  the  public,  that  it  has  proved  of  the  utmofh  utility. 

Military  sxRtNGiH.J  The  military  eftablilhmcnt  of  Ireland 
Ccnfifls  of 

Four  regiments  of  dragoon  guards  684  mea 

Kight  regiments  of  dragoons  1416 

Twenty-eight  regiments  of  foot  >  3 1 3  2 


Total  15,232 

To  this  is  to  be  added  the  ordnance,  which  is  on  a  diftinftcftablifh- 
.Tient,  and  is  compofed  of  6  companies,  of  50  men  each,  making  in  the 
\vholc  fjoo. 

Of  this  force,  Great-Britain  may  employ  fcvcn  regiments  (or  3283 
men)  on  foreign  fervice  at  the  expenfe  of  Ireland  ;  but  during  the  late 
War  the  principal  part  of  the  army  was  withdrawn,  fo  that  in  the  year 
1  -^jy  there  were  little  more  than  30CO  men  left  for  the  protetlion  gf 
the  kingdom. 

Cities,  pnatic  edificks,  &c.J  Dublin,  the  capital  of  Ifcliand, 
?5,  in  e::tent,  beauty  and  number  of  inhabitants,  the  lecond  cky  in  the 
Britifh  dominions.  It  is  luuatcd  on  the  call  fide  of  the  ifland,  on  the 
river  LifTey,  near  its  junftion  with  the  fea,  in  i«titu»^c  53*  20'  and  is 
about  270  miles  N,  W.  of  L,ondon.  '' 

Dublin  is  equal  in  magnitude  to  above  onQ.fhurth  of  London.  It 
is  two  miles  and  a  half  long,  and  its  greatcft  breadth  is  nearly  equal  ; 
fo  that  the  circumference  may  be  about  pfght  Irifh  miles.  Jt  lies  moflly 
on  a  lovol,  or  rather  low,  in  reipeft  to  the  adjacent  country  ;  a  great 
part  of  the  old  tov/n  being  built  pn  a  maifliy  foundation,  Itiincroafe 
thcfc  laft  twcnw  years,  i:  almoft  incredible  :  In  the  year  iys^,  the  re- 
t-.'rnof  hcufcj  wai  I2,857j.aud  in  :766,  it  was  »;^.I91.  It  nov/ con- 
M  y  tains 


xSct  t      R      E       L      A      M      IJ. 

tains  at  a  mod^Tate  computation,  about  15.000  houfes,  moRly  full  of 
inhabitants,  who  are  cftinialed  at  near  200. oco  Ibuls,  and  is  daily  in- 
creafing  both  in  extent  and  population. 

Dublin  would  liave  had  a  coiiunodioKi  and  fecure  (lation  for  fliip- 
ping,  if  the  entrance  o)  the  bay  had  not  been  fo  choaked  up,  that  vef- 
Icls  of  great  burthen  c  -luiot  come  over  the  bar  :  But  tlic  dcft£\s  of  the 
harboiu-  are  greatly  remedied,  by  a  prodigious  work  of  Hone  and  piles 
of  wood,  extending  about  three  mi^cs  into  the  bay. 

At  the  end  of  the  piles,  there  is  a  lighthoufe  eretled,  curloufly  con- 
ftrufted  of  hewn  ftone.  'i'he  approach  to  the  city  from  the  harbour 
exhibits  a  mod  beautiful  prufpeft.  It  is  a  fpacious  amphitheatre, 
bounded  moflly  by  a  high  Ihore  ;  and  the  country  all  round  is  inter- 
fperfed  with  whits  vilUb,  which  liave  a  pleafrng  effetl. 

The  river  Idflcy.  though  navigable  tor  fliips  of  a  moderate  burden, 
as  far  as  the  old  Cuftomdioufe,  is  but  narrow,  the  breadth  being  in 
fome  parts  250  feet,  in  others  only  140.  It  runs  for  two  miles  ahnoft 
ftraight  through  the  city,  dividing  it  nearly  into  two  equal  parts,  form- 
ing fpacious  quays,  walled  in  the  whole  length  ot  the  city.  At  the 
breadth  of  a  wide  flrect  from  the  river  on  each  hde,  the  houfes  are 
built  oppofite  each  other,  which,  has  a  grand  efleft.  Over  the  Liffey 
are  ercfted  five  bridges,  two  of  them,  Kil'ex  and  the  Queen's,  are  ele- 
gant flruftures  ;  the  other  three,  Ormond,  Arran,  and  bloody  bridges, 
have  but  little  to  recommend  them,  bchdes  affording  the  convenience 
of  paffage. 

Ibis  city  is  the  fee  of  an  archbifliop,  and  fends  two  members  to  par- 
liament ;  and  the  univcrlity  fends  two  more.  Behdcs  two  cathedrals, 
(Chrift's  and  St.  Patrick's)  there  are  eighteen  parifl^  churches,  hx 
rneeling-houfesfor  Prclhyterians,  one  for  Baptifls,  three  for  Metho- 
di  (is,  one  for  Moravians,  two  for  Quakers;  fifteen  Reman-catholic 
chdpels,  three  nunneries,  one  Jewifh  lynagogue,  and  fourteen  hofpitals. 
The  linen  and  vasn  halls,  fifteen  public  markets  for  every  fpecies  of 
provifions,  of  which  Ormond  market  is  perhaps  the  firft  in  Europe, 
tvnd  fcven  public  prifons.  The  Four  Courts,  confilling  of  the  High 
Court  of  Chancery,  King's-bench,  Common-pleas,  and  Exchequer,  are 
held  here,  as  alfo  Courts  of  Prerogative,  Delegate,  Coniiftory,  and 
Admiralty  ;  feveral  halls  for  corporations,  &c.  one  theatre,  feven 
coffee-houfes,  befides  a  number  of  elegant  hotels  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  foreigners. 

The  eafl  end  of  the  town  on  each  fide  of  the  Liffey  is  extending  faft-, 
by  IttVeral  new  (heets,  on  a  noble  icale  •,  and  when  the  bridge  which 
is'in  c0?4emplation  for  uniting  the  line  from  Grafton  to  Sackville- 
flreet  is  binlt,  and  the'various  avenues  intended  to  be  opened  thereto 
are  completed,  j")ublin  will  be  unrivalled  in  Europe. 

The  manicipal  government  of  the  city  of  Dublin  is  veRed  in  a  lord 
mayor,  2.}  aldermen,  siheriffs,  and  97  common  council,  who  areelefted 
by  the  feveral  corporations.  The  various  departments  of  its  p«lice 
are  partly  in  the  hands  of  ihis  corporation,  and  partly  in  feveral  boards 
inflituted  for  the  purpofe  within  thele  few  years.  In  the  former  is 
the  care  of  the  water,  which  they  are  to  fee  carefully  and  conftantly 
difliibuted  to  every  part  of  the  metropolis,  from  two  principal  fources^ 
one  from  a  bafon  at  the  weft  end  of  the  city,  on  the  fouth  fide  of  Jamej'- 
Ilrect,  which  affords  a  noble  hcdd  of  water,  being  chiefly  fupplied  by 

the 


IRELAND.  i5, 

the  grand  canal  ;  and  the  other  from  the  I.iffey  at  Iflnnd-bridgc,  where 
a  forcing  engine  is  employed  to  raife  the  water  to  a  proper  level  for 
the  better  fupply  of  the  north  fide  of  the  ci-ty  :  From  thcfe  fources  it 
isfupplicd,  in  a  degree,  perhaps,  fuperior  to  any  other  in  Europe. 

Cork  is  the  fccond  city  in  the  kingdom,  and  capital  of  the  province 
of  Munftcr,  governed  by  a  mayor  and  other  magiflrHles,  and  fends  two 
members   to   ])arliameiit.     It  is   feated  on  an  ifl  md  in  theriver   Lea, 
■which  branching  into  two  arms  about  a  mile  above  the  fcite  of  the  city, 
one  runs  on  its  north   and  the  other  on  its.fouth  fide,  over  which  arc 
placed  neat  bridges,  by   whicli  the  communication    with  the  oppofitc 
continents  is  prefcrved.      The  ifland  is   interfered    by    fevcral  canals, 
cither  natural  or  ai'tificia],Av]iich  beino;  !)aiiked  in,  bring  up  fliips  ainion: 
to  every  ilrcet.  and  greatly  facilitate  their  trade.     The  fituation  of  the 
city  is  partly  On  a  riling  ground  on  the  north  and  fouth.  and  the  middle 
ON  a  icvcl  ;  it  is  three  miles  long   and  near  two  broa.d,  and  is  uncx)m.- 
mo-ily  populous  for  its  extent,    cmtaiaing  above  80.000  inhabitants, 
Foimcrly  the  flreets  and  houfcs  were  as  narrow  and  inelegant  as  ihoic 
of  eq.ial  antiquity  in  Ireland;  l)ut  the   public  and  private  buildings  of 
late  years  arc  ni  the  ililc  of  modern  elegance,  and  alike  declare  the  im- 
proved talle,  fpirit.  and  riches  of  the  inhabitants,  w-ho  have  been  at  all 
times  dillingviilhed  for  their  liberal  hofpitality  and  agreeable  luavity  of 
manners.     Here  arc  feven  Protcflant  churches,  eleven  Catholic  chap- 
els, and   four  dilfcnling    mceting-houfes,    belonging  to    Prefb)'tcriaiji', 
Baptifts,    Quakers  and  French    I'roteftants.      'Fhe  CuO.om  hoiife,    Kx- 
change,  M^rkcthoufe,  CouMty-(^ourt-houfe  and  the  Theatre,  are  hand- 
Ibmc  buildings  ;  and  the  charity    fchools   and  (imil.ir  foundations  are 
numerous  and  well  I'upporfed  ;  upon  the   whole,  this  city  very  jullly 
ranks  as  the  fecond  in  tlic  kingdom,  and  is  124  miles  S.  W.  of  Dublin. 
The  trade  of  Cork  is  very  confiderablc,  and  its   exports  arc  in  fnme 
a-rticlcs  much  fuperidr  to  thofe  of  the  metropolis.     In  time  of  war  it  is 
the  great  market  for  provifions,  from  whence  the  Britifli  naw  draw  an 
incxhauftible  fupply.     The  other  articles  of  export  confift  of  corn, 
wool,  hay  and  woollen  varn,   camblets,    ferges,  hides,  buttci-,  candles, 
foap,    tallow,  herrings,  &c.      Wool-com.bing  is  carried  on  to  fuch  ex- 
tent in  this  countv,  that  half  the  wool  of  Ireland  is  faid  to  be  combed 
here  ;  the  manufaflurcs   confifl  of  camblets,    ferges,   ratteens,  frizes, 
druggets,    narrow   cloths,  coarfc  linen,  (lockings,  &c.  but  when  agri- 
culture and  manufactures  are  more  widely  difl'ufed  through  this  fruit- 
ful province,  tlicir  trade  wdl  be  more  valuable,  as  being  dejivcd  from 
the  enlarged  induftry  and  ingenuity  of  the  people. 

Limerick  is  htuatcd  on  the  Shannon,  one  of  the  noblell  rivers  wliich 
any  European  ifland  can  boafl,  and  placed  in  one  of  the  mofl  fertile 
counties  of  the  kingdom.  It  is  a  flourdhing  city,  and  compofed  of 
what  is  called  the  Irifh  and  the  Englifli  town.  The  latter  ftands  upon 
the  fouth  part  of  a  piece  of  ground  three  miles  in  circumference,  call^j-d 
the  King's  Ifiand,  formed  by  the  Shannon,  which  divides  ilfelf  about 
half  a  mile  above  the  city.  The  Irifli  town  is  on  the  fouth  or  oppofuc 
fide  of  the  river,  and  both  are  imited  hv  an  old  bridge,  called  iiaal's. — 
Thefe  towns  in  their  ancient  flatc  confiftcd  but  of  one  wide  well  built 
ftreet,  cut  at  right  angles  by  many  narrow  lanes  ;  at  prcfcut  the  city 
ir.  large,  populous  and  regular  ;  three  miles  in  circumference  ;  is  fup- 
pofed  to  contain  above  40,000  inhabitants,  and  is  g?.  mileiS.  W.b/  W, 

froti: 


i>2  IRELAND. 

from  Dublin,  and  about  60  miles  from  the  fca.  It  is  governed  by  ft 
nnyor,  flicritFs  and  other  magi ftrates  ;  is  a  city  and  coutUv  in  itfelf, 
and  fends  two  members  to  p-irliamrra.  Its  trade  is  contidcrablc,  par- 
ticvilarlv  in  the  export  of  beef,  pork,  butter,  hides,  rape  feed,  &c.  &c. 
and  the  manufaclurcs  of  linen,  woollen  and  paper  are  carried  on  to 
lome  extent  ;  that  of  gloves  is  no  lels  celebrated  abroad  than  at  home, 
lor  their  uncommon  delicacy  and  bcautv. 

BeUaft,  thoujh  a  feu-  years  fince  of  inferior  or  fecond  rate  confc- 
.'juence,  now  ranks  am.ongft  the  firft  towns  in  Ireland;  to  which  im- 
portance it  has  arrived  bv  the  moft  rapid  pro^refs,  and  for  which  it  is 
indebted  to  the  enterprising  afti\  ity  of  iis  merchants,  the  uncommon 
induflrv  of  its  people,  and  from  its  fituation,  being  the  medium  through 
which  are  conveyed  the  imports  and  exports  of  a  populous  and  great 
manufafluring  country.  Belfall  is  in  the  county  of  Antiim.  on  the 
river  Lagan,  at  its  juuttiou  with  the  Lough  of  Belfaft,  is  fuppofcd  to 
contain  at  leaft  30.000  inhabitants,  governed  by  a  Sovereign  and  12 
liurge'des,  fends  two  members  to  parliament,  and  is  80  miles  north  fiom 
Dublin.  The  Ihects  c«re  broad,  tlic  houfes  generally  modern  and  well 
built.  The  F.xchangc,  Hall,  and  other  piiblic  buildings  are  fuited  to 
the  purpoies  of  their  ercttion,  and  worthy  the  confequcncc  of  the 
town.  Their  trade  has  rilcn  (and  is  daily  rifing)  into  confiderablv 
value;  the  exports  of  linen,  manufafturcd  cotton,  glals,  corn,  beef, 
pork,  and  fundrv  cihcr  articles,  are  great  :  and  their  various  manufiic- 
turcs  form  fome  of  the  ir.oxi  important  in  the  kingdom. 

W'alerford  ftands  on  th«  fouth  lido  of  the  Suirc,  a  brviad  and  rapid 
river  without  any  hi  id  ;e,  and  about  four  miles  aird  a  half  from  its  junc- 
tion with  the  Xore  and  Barrow,  all  which  united  form  the  harbour. — 
This  citv  is  about  C'ght  miles  from  the  fca,  and  74  miles  fomh-fouth  weft 
from  Dublin  ;  it  is  a  mod  convenient  port  for  foreign  tratlic.  and  its  har- 
bour runs  almoft  1  2  miles  up  the  country,  nearly  rn  a  flrait  line,  all  the 
wav  deep  and  clear.  This  city  is  the  capital  of  the  county  of  tb.e  fame 
name,  governed  by  a  Mavor  and  other  magiftrates,  and  fends  two  mem- 
bers to  pavliame  nt  :  there  arc,  ac-ithcuial  of  great  evlent  and  elegance, 
three  churches  (one  of  which  is  extremely  beautiful  and  fpacious,  and 
rivals  any  which  even  the  capital  can  boaft)  four  Catholic  Chapels, 
and  places  of  worlTiip  for  French  Proteftants,  Prefbytcrians,  Quakers,, 
and  Baptii^s.  The  Bifnop's  palace  is  a  fuie  building  of  hewn  flonc, 
with  two  fronts.  The  Court-houfe.  Exchange,  Cuftom-houfe,  and 
Barracks,  are  neat  handfome  buildings,  and  the  new  Theatre  and  A(- 
fembly  Rooms  are  fitted  up  in  a  verv  fine  talle.  There  arc  feveral 
charity  fchools  and  humane  foundations,  well  fupported.  The  white 
glafs  and  other  manufaftures  of  Waterford  are  in  a  flourifhing  ftatc  ; 
and  its  export  of  beef.  pork,  butter,  hides,  tallow,  corn,  &c.  is  conl'idcv- 
able  ;  to  which  the  extcnfive  inland  navigation  it  has  by  means  of  tl.e 
Nore,  Suire.  and  Barrow  greatly  contributes  ;  as  they  alfo  do  to  the 
imoort  trade,  from  the  demand  for  foreign  commodities  in  tlie  feveral 
rich  counties  and  flourifliir.g  towns  through  which  thcie  rivers  fiovv". 
The  trade  it  carries  on  with  Newfoundland,  and  of  \vhich  it  enjoys  the 
principal  (hare,  is  of  the  utmoil  importance,  as  upwards  of  feventy 
fail  of  Ihipping  arc  employed  in  the  fupply  of  the  b?nks  with  provi- 
fions,  &c.  and  return  from  thence  and  the  Weft-Indies  with  fifli,  rum, 
fugar,  cotton,  &c.  Sco^z  idea  of  the  provifion  trade  here  may  be  form- 
ed 


I       R       Z      Ij       A      y       D.  i?3 

e<*  by  the  vaft  nuitber  of  large  }.r. ;  i  ■,..:.  . .  c ; .  i  r-c  ir.r  ts  ut>»ar<ii 
of  3CC0  per  week,  for  many  vc^/.i  t^.|.  cr,  ^r.-  of  d_:"£t  there  hive 
c-etn  exported  frcm  '-.cncc  frosa  60.  to  fec.co3  caiLs  a  year. 

Killter.ny  is  one  of  the  belt  island  cities  in  this  kingdtxa,  plezCsnt'y 
ftuarsd  cr.  the  ri/cr  Korc,  djftant  .57  n::Ics  fo-Uh-%re&  fixra  i>ai»lin. 
J:  is  £:OTer::ed  In'  a  ^la'.-or.  Recorder,  and  Aldercsen.  it  ccmtwifc* 
two  'owns,  K:»k.c::::v,  fo  called,  and  Iriui-Toun^  each  of  wh,ch  f^n-i* 
two  rr.erriers  10  pcr^iaTJcr.:  :  and.  to^tther,  are  conap-Jted  »o  o(?n'.>';r. 
about  zo.ooo  iahibiianti.  It  hai  two  c'l arches,  ar.d  rcT.'erzl  CV.rx'..c 
chapels — Thccail.ecr^I  rlancs  in  a  fecufftezcd  dtuation,  i*  2  venerable 
Gcthicpilc  and  Sj:!:  -'--or-  nrr  h-iadr;i  vearsago  :  cle&to:t  is  o^ecf 
thofe  remark  at:  ?  r  ;  fo  rcuch  m^actd  *r'r  ?*.£ci:- 

t'on  cf  tTzvelltn.  :  bridfcscf  cut  ir:-t\l-  over 

tbe  Nore  ;  ]<H^T!'s  u  -      -      ;  fii  of  three  clLp'-ic  i-chs*, 

is  L"cau:ir\i''v  pro5.'c;t:once,  <'.<.  rr-.zzh'.  i'crvc  as  a  niodc!  of  i'^'iCnefi 
ind  elcrsance.  'Hiz  ca'y  3:2r  ^f*tti:rc?  of  confecuence  in  ihLs  c;-y  are 
cuzrf?  "vvccilea  cloths.  b!iak.ets  of  exiriordirary-  fine  cusli'.y.  zad  cotj- 
::i:ra.:l?  cuantitics  of  Harch  ;  in  tie  nel-rrhmiihood  aifa  are  santifac- 
tj-rd  thois  fccautjfiil  chimnrv'-pirccs.  which  are  krjxn'n  il!  '  "-"  *"  * 
k:r.r  iom  by  th?  carrw  of  K.Iktnny  mar.'ie  :  which  are  cu".  ; 
cd  rv  u-a:c7.  a  roill  'tl-.ecn'.voncof  itskir.d  probib'y  :n  £-jrr.^ 

-  ten  irvectcd  bv  the  litz  ir.rcnioos  Mr,  Colles  for  ihis  puirpoie^. 

Galwa%' 15  the  mcfi  ccnficrrsbi;  to%ra  ia  Cona-aght.  aad  fca:cd  on 
th;  r.oVlc  bay  of  Gaiw.-y,  on  th;  Wesem  Ocean.  113  siles  weft  froen 
Du:lin,     It  has  but  one  -pirCt  ch-j:ca.  an  Exchanzr,  three  nunr.rrs: s, 

: .------     J  cKarrer-fcbool.  aud  an  boTpitaL     It  is  a  cirj"ly 

-  by  a  Mayor,  or  his  Dcpntf,  two  SheriSs  aad  a  Rc- 
c  :viro  nicsnbcrstopiriianicnt.     The  town  is  furstKicd- 

ci  vf-X:i  w^b.ar.d  including  its  (uYnubs.  contains  ahoot  15,000  inhabit' 
ants.  The  falrroa  and  herring  fiflicrics  are  carried  on  here  with  great 
f99rir,  aad  esipkr/  fcTCtal  hundred  hoXU  ;  the  qaastity  cf  Lelp  macu- 
^G.ired  aid  exported  is  confiderabie. 

LondiHidemi'  is  u^iaiics  north-ncrth-wefl:  fron  Dobiic,  int-'< 
-Tovince  of  UlEcr,  and  capital  cf  the  county  cf  the  iaaie  Basse  ;  feeci 
r  *-o  members  to  pariiamcat,  and  is  ^ovcracd  b\- a  Mayor  acd  ointr 
.Magiftrates.  It  is  Seated  on  aa  eaiiarncc  or  ttrdivit^-  cf  aa  oval  forz:. 
bein?  almoil  a  peninfala  at  th:  boctoat.  and  oc  a  narrow  part  of  Lou^h 
re'  ■-.■■'.    -h  fjrroonds,   for  a  quartsr  of  a  mile  brtkad,   two  thirds  or 

-  :  r  eminence,  and  by  '.-.-hicli  ther  have  an  open  EaT:;2-:oJi  to 
;    -  .  -  ^  ^  .  ihc  very  north  of  the  kingdonu     This  S:«alTOs  is  -.  '  ~  :  : 
.U1-.  anta^cous  than  beautiful  ;  the   dtr  is  eztr^meiy  w; 

r.  eat.  an-,  a  general  appearance  of  order,  indufiry  aaa  i^yr . 
thrc-^-hotrt-  lu  trade  is  coofidcrabie  ;  the  ex  pens  con£i  c  -i^.r, 
1  aec-yarti,  g?ain,  Ac.  and  their  exertions  in  tic  Greenland  and  other 
tiiherics,  have  been  facccfsfijL  The  ground  fiat  of  this  city  is  the 
oaspcity  of  the  cotpo:ariocs  of  Tnn«tnn,  from  which  circnm&aiice  H 
has  compounded  its  fiorcner  narrs'S.  which  was  Dcztv. 

The  other  cotrfidcfabie  tcwns  in  Ireland  are.  Newnr  in  tac  rcr—- 
DowT*,  r-  nsiks  N.  fro^   Dublia.  and  fcated  oea  die  Xrwry  V.  2.::, 
wiiich  ii  recderod  navigable  for  large  vefleSs  into  the  bar  cf  Ci;l  -  ; 
ford  ;  sni  by  a  noble  caral  which  joins  the  Baaan  rivrr.  has  a  c.iz.- 
szi  \Kz'Ji  Ltrzz-   N'rarf:  and  all  t'Tjr  r->r=:jirer-.  nsijabcrr 

hood  — 


f. 

s. 

d. 

2G.249 

9 

6| 

516605 

4 

H 

39^93 

3 

4 

14171 

Q 

4 

25301 

8 

X 

864 

16 

5 

233 

18 

8 

738 

14 

2i 

1500 

0 

0 

6308 

9 

4l 

i84  IRELAND. 

Lood. — Drogheda,  feated  on  the  river  Boyne,  which  is  navigable  fof 
fhips  of  burden  to  the  Quay  ;  23  miles  N.  from  Dublin,  governed  by 
a-Mayor,  Sheriffs,  Recorder,  and  Aldermen  ;  is  a  county  in  itielf,  and 
fends  two  members  to  parliament, — Wexford,  capital  of  the  counfy  of 
the  fame  name,  67  miles  S.  from  Dublin  ;  governed  by  a  mayor  and 
other  magiftrates,  atid  fends  two  members  to  parliament  ;  built  near 
the  fea,  upon  the  river  Slaney. — And  Armagh,  which  is  not  only  one 
of  the  greatcfl  markets  for  linen,  but  is  perhaps  unrivalled  by  any 
other  of  equal  extent,  for  the  beauty  of  its  public  buildings,  for  which 
it  is  indebted  to  the  unexampled  munificence  of  its  primate. 

Revenue  and  Expenses. 
liereditary  Revenue  -  -  - 

Additional   duties   on   Cufloms  and   Excife  in- 
wards and  outwards  .         .         _ 
Duties  on  ftamped  paper  and  parchment 
Revenue  arifmg  from  the  Pod  Office 
Pells  and  Poundage  received  at  the  Treafury 
Surplus  from  the  public  coal  yards 
Lottery  offices  licences 
Rent  of  new  Geneva  County  Waterford 
Regimental  Balance              .  -  _ 
Absentee  Tax                  -           -             r         - 

867956     13       6f 
Expenfes  of  Ireland  for  one  year,  ending  March  25,  1787. 
Civil  Lifl:         - 
Military  Eftablifhment 
Extraordinary  Charges 

The  Total  Grofs  Expenfe 

From  whence  deducing  lot 
tery  payments 

The  militia  ex'penfe  of  one  year     20000 

And  fums  repaid  out  of  the  pro- 
duce of  the  tillage  duties 


The  Aftua}  Expenfe 

National  Debt.*]  The  debt  of  Ireland  is  confidered  as  having 
"originated  in  1715,  when  a  vote  of  credit  for  50,000!.  was  paffed,  on  a 
threatened  invafion  of  the  kingdom. — From  that  period  its  progrefs, 
though  irregular  and  fluftuating,  was  confiderable  ;  and  in  the  year  1749 
it  amounted  to  20 -,1171.  However,  through  the  exercife  of  unufual 
oeconomy,  or  an  lacreafe  of  revenue,  this  debt  was  extinguiflied,  and 
the  nation  was  in  credit  from  the  year  1750  to  1760,  when  the  nation 
again  engaged  in  debt,  which,  accumulated  from  £  .223,438,  the  debt 
in  1761,  to  /^. 2,, 302,1 46,  the  debt  in  1  787. 

History.] 
•  *  Extrafted  from  the  Journals  of  the  Houfe  of  Commons. 


-  ■  - 

1977.7 
501289 

6 
8 

^1 
7i 

- 

533221 

1 

oi 

penfe 

1232237 

15 

10 

160000  0  0 

20000  0  0 

42.8  ^'J   111 

184228 

'7 

^U- 

- 

I048008 

^7 

^o| 

ISLE         OP         MAN.  iR- 

HisTORY.]  See  Leiand's  Iliftory  of  Ireland — O'Conor's  Difierta- 
tions  on  the  Hirtory  of  Irclaiid — And  Hiftorical  Trafts  by  Sir  John 
Davis,  Attorney-General  and  Speaker  of  the  Iloufe  of  Commons  i  i 
Ireland. 


ISLE       OK        MA     N. 

THE  Mona,  mentioned  by  Tacitus  ■^vas  the  ifie  of  Anglcfea,  not  this 
Ifiand.  It  lies  in  St.  George's  Channel,  and  Is  almoft  at  an  equal  dif- 
tancc  from  the  kingd(Mns  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.  Its, 
length  from  north  to  fouth  is  rather  more  than  thirty  miles,  its  breadth 
from'  eight  to  fifteen  ;  and  the  latitude  of  the  middle  of  the  ifiand  is 
fifty-four  degrees  fixteen  minutes  nor(h.  It  is  faid,  that  on  a  clear 
dav  the  three  Britannic  kingdoms  may  be  fcen  from  this  ifiand.  The 
air  here  is  wliolcfonic,  and  the  climate,  onh'  making  ailowance  for  the 
fituation,  pretty  much  the  fame  as  that  in  the  north  of  England,  front 
which  it  -docs  not  differ  much  in  ether  refpcfts.  The  hilly  parts  arc 
barren,  and  the  champaign  fruitful  in  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye,  flax, 
hemp,  roots,  and  pulfe.  The  ridge  of  mountains,  which,  as  it  were, 
divides  the  ifiand,  both  protefts  and  fcrtili?.e's  the  vallies,  where  there 
is  good  pafluragc.  The  better  lorts  of  inhabitants  have  good  lizeablc 
liorfcs,  and  a  Imall  kind,  which  are  fwi  ft  and  hardy;  nor  are  they 
troubled  with  any  noxious  animals.  Thccoalls  abound  Vvith  fea-fovl; 
and  the  puffins,  which  breed  in  rabbii-holes,  are  almofl  a  lump  of  fat, 
and  eflcemed  very  delicious.  It  is  faid,  that  this  illand  abounds  with 
iron,  lead,  and  copper  mines,  though  unwrought  ;  as  arc  the  quarries 
of  marble,  Hate  and  flonc. 

The  Hie  of  Man  contains  feventeen  pgriflies  and  four  towns  on  the 
fea-coafls.  Caftle-town  is  the  metropolis  of  the  ifiand,  aiid  tlie  feat  of 
its  government  ;  Pecle,  which  of  late  years  begins  to  flourifli  ;  Dou- 
glas has  tlie  befl  market  and  befl  trade  in  the  ifland,  and  is  the  richefl; 
and  moft  populous  town,  on  account  of  its  excellent  harbour,  and  its 
fine  mole,  extending  into  the  fea  ;  Ramfcy  has  likewife  a  confuicrabjc 
commerce,  on  account  of  iis  fpacious  bay,  in  which  fliips  may  ride 
fafe  frcm  all  winds  excepting  the  north-caft.  The  reader,  by  tlirow- 
ing  h'"^  eyes  on  the  map,  may  fee  how  conveniently  this  illand  is  fitnat- 
ed  for  beii?g  the  florehoufe  of  fmugglcjs,  which  it  was  till  witliiu 
thefe  few  years,  to  the  inexprefTible  prejudice  of  his  m,aj.cRy's  rev-  / 
enue. 

The  crown  of  Great-Britain  purchafcd  this  ifiand  1765  from  the 
Athol  familv  to  whom  it  then  belonged,  for  70,000!.  'il'.e  Duke  of 
Athol,  however,  retains  Ins  territorial  property  in  the  ifiand,  though 
the  form  of  its  government  is  altered  ;  ami  the  king  has  now  tlie  fam.e 
rights,  powers,  and  prerogatives,  as  the  duke  formerly  enjoyed.  The 
inhabitants,  alfo,  retain  m.any  of  their  ancient  conftitutiohs  and  cuf- 
toms. 

Th**  eRabliflied  religion  in  Man  is  tiiat  of  the  Churcli  (;f  England. 
The  L.'ib.o!-)  of  Sodor  and  Man  enjoys  all  the  fpiritual  rights  ar«d  pre- 
em-  •.■ces  of  other  bifhops,  but  does  not  fct  in  the  Britiih  houfe  of 
pe.  'its  fee  never  having  been  crefted  into   an    Englifh  barony. — 

O-  ic  moft  excellent  prelates  who  ever   adorned  the  epifcopal 

charafter. 


7.86  I    S    L    E     o  f     W    1    G    H    T. 

cliaracler,  was  Dr.  Thomas  Wilfon,  bifliop  of  Man,  who  prcfidcd  over 
that  (liocci'c  upwards  of  lifty-feven  years,  and  died  in  the  year  1755, 
aged  nincty-thrcc.  He  was  eminently  diftinguilhed  for  the  piety  and 
exemplarincfs  of  his  life,  his  benevolence  and  hofpitality,  and  his 
unremitting  attention  to  llic  happincfs  of  the  people  enlruii^fl  to  liis 
care.  lie  encouraged  agriculture,  eflablifhed  fckojls  for  the  inftruc- 
tlon  of  the  children  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  ifland,  tranlUted  forne  of 
his,  devotional  pieces  into  tiic  Mank's  language  to  render  them  more 
generally  ufcful  to  them,  and  founded  parochial  libraries  in  every  par- 
i[h  in  his  diocelc.  Some  of  his  notions  refpefting  goveinment  and 
church  difcipline  were  not  of  the  moft.  liberal  kind;  i:iut  his  failings 
■were  fo  few,  and  liis  vJrturs  To  numerous  and  confpicuous,  that  he  was 
a  great  blelTingto  the  lilo  of  Man,  and  an  ornament  to  human  nature. 
Cardinal  ^Icury  had  fo  much  veneration  for  his  charaftcr,  that  out  of 
regard  to  him,  Ix  obtained  an  order  from  the  court  of  Fiance,  that  no 
privateer  of  that  nation  fhould  ravage  the  Ifle  of  Man. 

The  cccleiiafLical  government  is  well  kept  up  in  this  ifland,  and  tho 
livings  are  comfortable.  The  language,  which  is  called  the  Manks, 
and  is  Ipoken  by  the  common  people,  is  radically  Erfe,  or  Irifh,  but 
with  a  mixture  of  other  languages.  'j"hc  New  Teflament  and  Com- 
mon Piaver  I^ook  have  been  tranflated  into  the  Manks  language.  The 
natives,  who  amount  to  above  20.000,  are  inoffenfive,  charitable,  and 
holpitablc  The  better  iort  live  in  ilone  houfcs,  and  the  poorer  in 
thatched  ;  and  their  ordinary  bread  is  made  of  oatmeal.  I'heir  pro- 
du6ts  for  exportation  confift  of  wool,  hides,  and  tallow  ;  which  they 
exchange  with  foreign  ihipping  for  commocitics  they  may  have  occa- 
Jion  for  from  other  parts.  Before  the  fouth  promontory  of  Man,  is  u 
little  illand  called  the  Calf  of  Man  :  It  is  about  three  miles  in  circuit, 
and  feparatcd  from  Man  bv  a  channel  about  two  furlongs  broad. 

This  ifland  affords  forne  curiofities  which  may  amufe  an  antiquary. 
They  conhd  chiefly  of  Runic  fepulchral  infcriptions  and  monuments, 
of  ancient  brafs  daggers,  and  other  weapons  of  that  mclai,  and  partly 
of  pure  gold,  which  arc  fometimes  dug  up,  and  iecni  to  indicate  the 
I'plcndouj-  of  its  ancient  poireffors. 


S     L     E        OF        W     I     G     H     T. 


rom 


THIS  ifland  is  fituated  .oppofite  the  coafl  of  Hampfliirc,  fu 
which  it  is  feparated  by  a  channel,  varying  in  breadth  from  two 
to  feven  miles  ;  it  is  confidered  as  part  of  the  county  of  Southampton, 
end  is  wilhin  the  diocefc  of  Winchefter.  Its  greatefl:  length,  extend- 
ing from  eaft  to  wefl,  mcafures  nearly  tv.'cnty-three  miles  ;  its  breadtk 
from  north  to  fouth  about  thirteen.  'J  he  air  is  in  general  liealthy, 
particularly  the  ibuthern  ar.rts  ;  the  foil  is  various,  but  fo  great  is  its 
fertility,  it  was  many  years  ago  computed,  that  more  wheat  was  grown 
here  in  one  year,  than  <^ould  be  confumed  bv  the  inhabitants  in  eight  : 
And  it  is  fuppofed  that  its  prefent  produce,  under  the  great  improve- 
ments of  agriculture,  and  the  additional  quantity  of  laud  lateily  brought 
into  tillage,  has  more  than  kept  pace  with  the  increafe  of  population. 
A  range  of  hills,  which  alFords  fine  pafturc  for  flicep,  extends  from  eaft 
'^o  well,  through  the  middle  of  the  ifland.     The  interior  parts  of  the 


ISLE  ot  WIGHT,  SCILLY,  JKRSlilY,  GUERNSEY,  &c.     xB/ 

jfiand,  as  well  as  its  extremities,  afFoul  a  great  number  of  beautiful  and 
pifturcfque  prolpcfts,  not  only  in  the  paftoral,  but  alio  in  the  threat 
and  romantic  ftyie.  Of  thcfe  beauties,  the  gentlemen  of  the  illand 
have  availed  thcmfelves,  as  well  in  the  choice  of  (ituation  of  tlieir 
houfes,  as  in  their  other  improvements.  Domcftic  fowls  and  poultry 
are  bred  here  in  great  numbers  ;  the  outward-bound  fliips  and  \ci'- 
fcls  at  Spithead,  the  Mother  bank,  and  Cowcs,  commonly  furniflaing 
themfclves  fiom  this  ifland. 

Such  is  the  purity  of  tlie  air,  the  frtilitv  of  the  foil,  and  the  beauty 
and  variety  6f  the  landfcapcs  of  this  illand,  that  it  has  been  called  the 
^^arden  of  England  ;  it  has  fomc  very  lino  gentlemen's  feat's  ; — 
and  it  is  often  vidtsd  by  parties  of  plcai'ure  on  account  of  its  delight- 
ful fcenes. 

Tlie  illand  is  divided  into  thirty  patiOics  :  And,  according  to  a  very 
accurate  calculation  made  in  the  year  1777,  (he  inhabitants  then  a- 
jnounted  to  eighteen  thoufand  and  twenty-four,  exclufive  of  the 
troops  quartered  there.  Moft  of  the  farm-houfcs  are  built  w:ih 
{lone,  and  even  the  cottages  appear  neat  and  comfortable,  having  each 
its  little  garden. 

The  town  of  Newport  flands  nearly  in  the  centre  of  the  ifland,  of 
■which  it  may  be  cwnfidered  as  the  capital.  The  river  Medina  empties 
xtfelf  into  the  cliannel  at  Cowes  harbour,  diftant  about  five  miles,  and 
being  navigable  up  to  the  quay,  renders  it  commodious  for  trade,— 
The  three  principal  ftrcets  of  NcwpcMt  extend  from  eafl  10  weft,  and 
arc  crofl'ed  at  right  angles  by  three  others,  all  which  are  fpacious,  clean 
and  well    paved. 

Carifbrooke  caflle,  in  the  Ifle  of  Wight,  has  been  rendered  remark- 
able by  the  confinement  of  king  Gharles  I.  who  taking  refuge  here, 
was  detained  a  prifoner,  from  November  1647,  to  September  1648.-- 
After  the  execution  of  the  king,  this  caille  was  conveited  into  a  y)ldC'- 
of  confinement  for  his  children  ;  and  his  daughter,  the  princel's  Eliza- 
beth, died  in  it.  There  are  ibvcral  other  forts  in  this  ifland.  v.hich 
were  all  erefted  about  the  36th  year  of  the  reign  of  Henry  YHI.  v«'liCii 
ir.any  other  forts  and  blockhoules  were  built  in  different  parts  of  th- 
coaft  of  England. 


The  SCILLY  ISLES,  anciently  the  SILURES,  are  a  ciufler  of  dan- 
gerous rocks,  to  the  number  of  140,  lying  about  30  miles  from  the 
Land's  End  in  Cornwall,  of  which  county  they  are  reckoned  a  part. 
By  their  fituation  between  the  Englifli  channel  and  St.  George's  chan- 
nel, they  have  been  the  deftruftion  of  many  fnips  and  lives.  Some  ot 
the  iflands  are  well  inhabited,  and  have  large  and  fecurc  harbours. 

In  the  Englilh  channel  are  four  iflands  fubjcft  to  England  :  Thcfc 
are  Jerfey,  Guernfev,  Alderne)-,  and  Sark  -,  which,  though  they  lie 
much  nearer  to  the  coaft  of  Normandy  than  to  that  of  England,  are 
within  thediocefe  of  Winchefter.  They  lie  in  a  clufter  in  Mount  St. 
Michael's  bay,  between  Cape  la  Kogue  in  Normandy,  and  Cape  Fic- 
belle  in  Brittany,  The  computed  diflance  between  Jcrley  and  Savk 
is  four  leagues  ;  between  that  and  Guernfey,  fevcn  Icag^ics  ;  and  be- 
twecn  the  fame  and  Akierney,  nine  leagues, 

JERSEY, 


1^8     ISLE  OF  WIGHT,  SCILLY,  JERSEY,  GUERNSEY,  &c. 

JERSEY,  anciently  C.ESAREA,  was  known  to  the  Romans  ;  and 
lies  farthefl:  within  tlie  bay,  in  forty-nine  degrees  feven  minutes  north 
latitude,  and  in  the  fecond  degree  twenty-fix  minutes  weft  lonijitnde, 
eighteen  miles  weft  of  Nomandy,and  eighty-four  miles  fouth  of 
Portlan-d.  I'he  north  fide  is  inaccefTible  through  lofty  cliffs, 
the  fouth  is  almoft  Ic.  cl  v.'ith  the  water  ;  the  higher  land, 
in  its  midland  part,  is  well  plaiUed,  and  abounds  with  orcli- 
ards,  from  which  is  made  an  incredibld  quantity  of  excellent 
cyder.  The  vallies  are  fruitful  and  well  cultivated,  and  coniain  plen- 
ty of  cattle  and  flieep.  The  inhabitants  ncgleft  tiila;'e  too  much,  bein^ 
;ntent  upon  the  culture  of  cyder,  the  improvement  of  commerce,  and 
particularly  the  manufacture  of  fhockings.  The  honey  in  Jerfey  is 
remarkably  fine  :  And  the  ifland  is  well  fupplied  with  fifh  and  wild- 
fowl almod  of  every  kind,  feme  of  both  being  peculiar  to  tlie  ifland, 
and  very  delicious. 

The  ifland  is  not  above  twelve  miles  in  length  ;  but  the  air  is  fo 
falubrious,  that,  in  Camden's  time,  it  was  faid  there  was  here  no  bufi- 
ncfs  for  a  phyfician.  The  inhabitants  in  number  are  about  20,000, 
and  are  divided  into  twelve  piiiflies.  The  capital  town  is  St.  Helier, 
or  Hilary,  Avhich  contains  above  .;oo  houfes,  has  a  good  harbour  and 
cafrle,  and  makes  a  handfome  appearance.  The  property  of  this  ifland 
belonged  formerly  to  the  Carterets,  a  Norman  family,  who  have  been 
always  attached  to  the  royal  intereft,  and  gave  protcftion  to  Charles  II. 
both  when  king  and  prince  of  Wales,  at  a  time  when  no  part  of  the 
pjiilirii  dominions  durfl  recognife  him.  The  language  of  tlie  inhabit- 
rints  is  French,  with  which  mofl  of  them  intermingle  Englifli  words. 
Knit  flock ings  and  caps  fvirm  their  ftaple  commodity  ;  but  they  carry 
on  a  confiderablc  trade  in  filh  with  Newfo'indland,'  and  difpofe  of 
iheir  cargoes  in  the  Meditei  ranean.  T!ie  governor  is  appointed  by  the 
ciown  of  England,  but  the  civil  adminiffration  refls  with  a  bailiff, 
alTiftedbv  tv.-elve  jurats.  A§  tliis  ifl.ind  is  the  principal  remain  of  the 
duchy  of  Normandy  depending  on  the  kings  of  England,  it  preferves 
the  old  feudal  forms,  and  particularly  the  affembly  of  flates,  which  is 
as  it  vvcrc  a  miniature  of  the  Brilifh  parliament,  as  fettled  in  the  time 
of  Edward    I. 

GUEilNSEY,  is  thirteen  milesand  a  half  from  fouth-wefl  to  north- 
eaft,  and  twelve  and  a  half  where  broadefl,  eafl  and  weft  ;  has  only 
ten  pariflies,  to  which  there  arc  but  eight  miniflers,  four  of  the  parifhes 
being  united,  and  Alderney  and  Saik,  which  are  appcndagesof  Guern- 
Ics'.  having  one  a-piecc.  Though  this  is  a  much  finer  ifland  than  that 
of  Jerfey.  yet  it  is  far  Icfs  valuable  ;  becaufe  it  is  not  fo  well  cultivated, 
nor  is  it  fo  populous.  It  abounds  in  cyder  ;  and  the  inhabitants  f'peak 
French  :  But  want  of  firing  is  the  greateft  inconveniency  that  both 
iflands  labour  under.  The  only  harbour  here  is  at  St.  Peter  le  Port, 
which  is  guarded  by  two  forts  ;  one  called  the  Old-Caflle,  and  the 
other  Caflle-Cornct.  Guernfey  is  likewife  part  of  the  ancient  Nor- 
man patrimony. 

ALDERNEY  is  about  eight  miles  in  compafs,  and  is  by  much  the 
ncarcft.  of  all  thefe  iflands  to  Normandy,  from  which  it  is  feparated  by 
a  narrow  flrait,  called  the  race  of  Alderney,  which  is  a  dangerous  paf'- 
:'ai?c  in  flcrmy  weather,  when  the  two  currents  meet  ;  otherwife  it  is 

fafe, 


G      E      R      M      A      N      R.  iS^ 

fafe,  and  has  depth  of  water  for  the  largeft  fhips.  This  ifland  is  healthy, 
and  is  remarkable  for  a  fine  breed  of  cows. 

SARK  is  a  fmall  illand  depending  upon  Guernfcy  ;  the  inhabitants 

are  long-lived,  and  enjoy  from  nature  all  the  conveniencies  of  life  ; 

theirnumber  is  about  30:).  The  inhabitants  of  the  three  lalt-mentiuned 
iilands  together,  arc  thouglit  to  bo  about  20.000.  The  religion  of  ali 
the  four  iflands  is  that  of  the  church  of  England. 


GERMANY. 


Siru.\TioN  AND  Extent. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length  600  I  ^^  r   5  and  19  E.  long 

£readth5uo/  I  45»  4  *nd  54,  40  N. 


} 


Sq.  Miles. 


lat.   r9''57^ 


t,  -I    npHE  empire  of  Germany,  properly   fo  ca  led,  14 

Boundaries.         I      1  11.      ..     r-         /'  r     r      /  '     >  '» 

-■      JL     bounded  by  the  German  ocean,  Denmark,  and 

tlie  Baltic,  on  the  North  •,  by  Poland  and  Hungary,  including  Bohemia, 
on  the  Eall  ;  by  Switzerland  and  the  Alps,  which  divide  it  from  Italy, 
on  the  South  ;  and  by  the  dominions  of  France  and  the  Low  Coun- 
tries, on  the  Weft,  from  wiiich  it  is  feparated  by  the  Rhine,  Mofelle, 
and  the  Macfe. 

Grand   divisions.]      The  divifions  of   Germany,  according   to 
Zimmermann,  are  as  follows  : 


Pop  u  hit. 

Divifions. 

\reas  in  Square 

Population. 

for  every 

Milfs. 

•.'q.Mile. 

I.  Upper    Saxony 

3.^,000 

3,700,000 

i»5 

2.  Lower  S.ixony 

20,480 

2,:oo,ooo 

102 

3.  Weftphalia 

20,000 

2,300.000 

115 

4.  Upper  Rhine 

8.000 

1,000,000 

225 

5.   Lower  Rhine 

7,3 '^^ 

1;1CO.OOO 

163 

6.  Burgundy 

7504 

1,880^000 

255 

7.  Franconia 

7-7-^4 

1,000,000 

^25 

8.  Swabia 

11,664 

1,800  coo 

154 

9.  Bavaria 

i6,3?o 

1,600  000 

9« 

10.  Auflria 

3'h3^o 

4,i8j.oGo 

121 

11.  lioliemia 

^5-37^ 

2,266,000 

148 

12.  Moravia 

6,335 

1,137,000 

^79 

13.  Silefia 

11,520 

1,800. 000 

»57 

14.  Lufatia 

2,880 

<oo.ooo 

i3<^ 

Total  26.l()5  000 

Subditijions 


igo  GERMANY. 

Subdhljions  of  each  of  the  Tcfi  Circles ^  viz* 

1.  Circle  of  Upper  Saxony, 

5VEDIV1SI0MS. 

1.  Duchy  of  Pomerania.  2.  Duchy  of  Saxe-Weimar.  3.  Ducliy 
ofGotha.  4.  Coburg.  5.  Meiimngen.  6.  Hildburghaufen.  7. 
Eifenach.  8.  Thuringia.  9.  Anhalt.  10.  Schwarzburg.  ii.  Elec- 
torate of  Brandenburg.  12.  Eleftorate  of  Saxony.  13.  County  of 
Mansfeld.  14.  Werningerodc.  15,  Barby.  16.  Hohenflein.  17^ 
Hazfeld.  18.  Reus.  19.  Shaumburg.  20.  Merfeburg.  21.  Naun- 
burg  Zeitz.     22,  Walkenried.     23.  Abbey  of  Quedlingburg. 

2.  Circle  of  Lower  Saxony, 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

I.  BifKopric  of  Hildefheim.  2.  Bifhopricof  Lubec.  5.  Abbey  o? 
Ganderfheim.  4.  Duchy  of  Magdeburg.  5.  Duchy  of  Halberiladt. 
6.  Duchy  of  Bremen.  7.  Duchy  of  Celle.  8.  Duchy  of  Grubenha- 
gen.  9.  Duchy  of  Calenberg.  10.  Duchy  of  Laucnburg.  11.  Duchy 
of  Wolfenbuttel.  i  2.  Duchy  of  Mecklenburg.  13.  Duchy  of  liol' 
flein.  14.  County  of  Rantzau.  15.  Principality  of  Blankenbuvg.  16, 
Principality  of  Sclivveriri.  17.  Principality  of  Ratzeburg.  18.  Impe- 
vial  Cities  :  Hamburg,  ig.  Lubec.  20.Go{lar.  21.  Miilhaulen,  22^ 
Nordhaufcn.     23.  Bremen. 

3.  Circle    of    Weftphaiia. 

SUBDIVISIONS, 

1.  Bifhopricksof  Munfter.  2.0fnaburg.  3.Paderborn,  4.  Liege, 
5.  Duchies  of  Cleves.  6.  Juliers.  7.  Bergen.  8.  Principalities  of 
Minden.  9.  Verdcn.  10.  Oollfriefland.  11.  NaUau.  12.  Olden- 
burg. 13.  Counties  of  Lippe.  14.  Benthekn.  15.  Teklcnburg. 
\^.  Hoya.  17.  Diepholz.  i8.  Wied.  19,  Sayn,  20.  Rietbcrg, 
21.  Limburg.  22.  Seven  Abbies.  23.  Imperial  Cities,  Cologne^ 
24.  Aix  la  Chapelle.  25.  Dortmund,  bcfides  ibms  fmaller  counties 
and  iordftiips. 

4.     Circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

Biflioprlcks  of  Worms,  Spire,  Straiburg,  Bafel,  Fulda  ;  Great  Ma'-- 
tcrlbipof  the  Knights  of  St.  John,  at  Heiierflieim  ;  3  Provofties,  the 
Landgraviatcs  of  Pleffc  Caffe)  ;  Darmftadt,  llomberg,  Rotenburg,  thc 
Principalities  of  NaiTau,  Deux  Ponts,  Sponheim,  Velden2,  Simmern, 
Lantern,  Waldec,  Salm  ;  Counties,  Hanau,  Lichtcnberg,  Kanau 
Munzenberg,  Sponheim,  Ifcburg,  WitgenRcin,  Falkeuftcin,  Leinin- 
gen,  &c.  Imperial  towns,  Worms,  Spire,  Frankfort  on  the  Main, 
Wezlar. 

5.  Circle  of  the  Lower  Rhine,  alfo  cdllcd  Eleaoral  Circle, 

S;;ilDlVI£iO.N'C. 

Four  Eleftoratcr,  of  Mentz,  Trier,  Cologne,  and  the  Palatinate  ;  Du« 
chy  of  Aremberg,  Bailey  cf  Cab'.cnZj  belongnig  to  the  Teutonic  Order; 
Counties  of  Beiifiein,  Lov/er  Ifenburg.  The  Prince  of  'i'urn  and  Tax- 
is, Poflmafter  general  of  the  Empire,  is  one  of  the  ftates  of  this  circle, 
but  his  cPat-'s  ?.re  not  iituatcd  in  this  circle. 

b.  Circle 


U      A      N    Y, 


xgt 


6.     Circle    of    Burgundy. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

Formerly  17  provinces  of  the  Netherlands  belonged  to  it  ;  the  re- 
maining parts  of  this  circle  are  thofc  provinces  which  belonp^  at  prcf* 
ent  to  the  houfe  of  Auftiia,  viz.  Duchies  of  Brabant,  Limburc,  Lux- 
emburg, Ciueldre  ;  counties  of  Flanders,  Plennegau,  Namur  ;  marquil- 
iteof  Antwerp,  Malines. 

7.  Circle   of    Franconia. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

The  birtiopricks  of  Bamburg,  Wurzburg,  Eichftedt,  the  territory  of 
the  great  mafter  of  the  Teutonic  order,  Mergentheim  ;  marquifatc  of 
Anfpach,  Bareuth  ;  counties  of  ScliWcirzenberg,  Wertheim,  Hohcn- 
lohe,  Caflell,  &c.  The  Imperial  towns  of  Nurenberg,  Rothenburg, 
Windflieim,   Schweinfurt,  Weiflcnburg. 

8.  Circle     of     Swabia. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

Rifhopricks  of  Coftanz  and  Augfburg  ;  abbies,  Elwangcn,  Kemp- 
ten,  Lindau,  Buchau,  &c.  and  twenty  more  ;  duchy  of  Wurtemberg  ; 
marquifate  of  Bjaden  ;  principalities  of  Hohenzollern  (tjic  origin  of 
tlie  houfe  of  Pruffia)  Furftenburg,  Octtingen  ;  counties  of  Konigfegg, 
Baar,  Hohenembs,  &c.  and  many  baronies  ;  twenty  Imperial  towns, 
the  principal  of  which  are:  Augfburg,  Nordling,  Ulm,  Ileilbronn, 
Hall,  Reutling,  Sec. 

g.     Circle  of  Bavaria. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

The  archbifhoprick  of  Salzburg  ;  the  bifhopricks  of  Frcifingen, 
Pallau,  Regenfburg  ;  the  provofty  of  BertoHgadcn  ;  the  abbies  of  St. 
Hmeran,  Lower  and  Upper  Munftcr  ;  the  duchy  of  Bavaria  ;  the  up- 
per palatinate,  Neuburg  ;  tlie  principalities  of  Sulzbach,  Lcuchtcn- 
berg  ;  counties  of  Sternftein,  and  feven  others  ;  the  Imperial  town  oi: 
Regenfburg. 

10.     Circle  of    Auftria. 

SUBDIVISIONS. 

1.  Archduchy  of  Auflria,  or  Lower  Auftria.  2.  Duchv  of  Stiria. 
3.  Carinthia.  4.  Carniola.  5.  The  Auftrian  Friaul,  or  Coritia.  6, 
The  Littorale,  or  the  government  of  I'riefte.  7.  Tyrol.  8,  Unner 
Auftria.  9.  The  bifhopricks  of  Trident  or  Trent.  10.  Brixen.  11, 
Bailey,  Auftria.      12.  Bal.  of  Trafp. 

Befidcs  thele  ten  circles,  tliere  belong  alfo  to  the  German  empire  : 
1,  The  kingdom  of  Bohemia,  divided  into  fixteen  circles.  2.  The 
marquifatc  of  Moravia,  divided  into  five  circles  (both  Auftrian  prov- 
inces.) 3,  The  marquifatc  of  Lufatia  (belonging  to  the  elcftor  of 
Saxony.)  4.  Silefia,  only  the  fmaller  part  of  it,  fubjeft  to  the  houfe 
of  Auftria,  belongs  at  prcfent  to  the;  Roman  empire.  ,5.  The  three 
circles  of  immediate  lordfliips  or  fignories,  called  the  eflates  of  the 
independent  and  immediate  knighthood  of  the  empire,  viz.  i.  that  of 
Swabia  -,  2  of  Franconia  ;  3  of  the  Rhine  ;  they  have  no  vote  at  the 
Diet,  but  are  under  the  proteftion  of  the  empire  ;  each  of  thefe  circles^ 
■which  confift  of  fmaller  counties,  baronies,  abbies,  fmall  towns,  &c. 
bus  its  own  direftors.     The  i'lundfruck  belongs  to  the  third  circle.— 

C.  Thi 


198  G      E      R      M      ANY. 

6.  Thelordftilpsof  Jever,  Kniphaufcn,  Rheda,  Mumpclgard,  Schauen, 
and  twenty-eight  more.  7.  Some  lordfhips,  which  arc  governed  in 
common  by  more  than  one  ancient  noble  family,  and  which  are  called, 
immediate  Villages  of  the  Empire. 

Mountains.)  The  chief  mountains  of  Cejmany  are  the  Alps, 
V/hich  divide  it  from  Italv,  and  tliofe  which  feparate  Saxony,  Bavaria, 
and  Moravia  from  Bohemia.  But  many  other  large  trafts  of  moun- 
tains are  found  in  different  parts  of  the  empire. 

FoRi:srs.]  Tlie  vaft  paltion  which  the  Germans  have  for  hunting 
the  wild  boar,  is  the  reafon  why  perhaps  there  are  more  woods  and 
'chaces  yet  Handing  in  Germany  than  in  moft  other  countries.  The 
Hercynian  foreft,  which  in  (^asfar's  time  was  nine  days  journey  in 
kngth,  and  fix  in  breadth,  is  now  cut  down  in  many  places,  or  parcell- 
ed out  into  woods,  which  go  by  particular  names.  Moll  of  the  woods 
are  pine,  fir,  oak  and  beech.  There  is  a  vafl  number  of  forefts  of  lefs 
note  in  every  part  of  this  country  ;  almoff  every  count,  baron,  or  gen- 
tleman, having  a  chace  or  park  adorned  with  pleafure-houfes,  and 
well-flock.ed  with  game,  viz,  deer,  of  which  there  are  feven  or  eight 
forts,  as  roebucks,  ftags,  &c.  of  all  fizes  and  colours,  and  many  of  a 
vafl  <Tro\vth  ;  plenty  of  hares,  conies,  foxes,  and  boars.  They  abound 
lb  much  alfo  with  wild  fowl,  that  in  many  places  the  pcafants  have 
them,  as  well  as  venifon,  for  their  ordinary  food, 

RivtKS  AND  LAKES.]  No  country  Can  boaft  a  greater  variety  of  noble 
large  rivers  than  Germany.  At  their  head  (lands  the  Danube  or  Do- 
naw,  fo  called  from  the  fwiftnefs  of  the  current,  and  which  fome  pre- 
tend to  be  naturally  the  finell  river  in  the  world.  From  Vienna  to 
Bel'^rade  in  Hungarv,  it  is  lo  broad,  that  in  the  wars  between  the 
Turks  and  Chriflian^,  fliipsof  war  have  been  engaged  on  it  ;  and  its 
corivcniency  for  carriage  to  all  the  countries  through  which  it  paiTes  is 
inconceivable.  The  Danube,  however,  contains  a  valt  number  of  cat- 
arafts  and  whirlpools  ;  its  flream  is  rapid,  and  its  courfe,  without 
reckoninu  turnings  and  windings,  is  computed  to  be  1620  miles.  The 
other  principal  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  Elbe,  Oder,  Wefer  and  Mofelle. 

The  chief  lakes  of  Germany,  not  to  mention  many  inferior  ones,  are 
thofe  of  Conflance  ^nd  Bregeiitz.  Behdes  thefe  are  the  Chiemfee,  or 
the  lake  of  Bavaiia  ;  and  the  Zirqitzerfee  in  the  duchy  of  Carniola, 
whofe  waters  often  run  off  and  return  again  in  an  extraordinary  man- 
ner. 

Befides  thole  lakes  and  rivers,  in  fome  of  which  are  found  pearls, 
Germany  contains  large  noxious  bodies  of  fhanding  water,  which  are 
next  to  peflilential,  and  affiift  the  neighbouring  natives  with  many  de- 
plorable diforders. 

Productions  minerai,,  vegetable,"!       From  the  advantageous 
AND  ANIMAL,   COMMERCE,   &c.  J  fituat ion  and  the  great  eX' 

tent  of  Germany,  from  the  various  appearance  of  the  foil,  the  number 
of  its  mountains,  forcfts,  and  large  rivers,  we  muff  naturally  cxpeft,  and 
we  aftually  find  an  extraordinary  variety  and  vaft  plenty  of  ufeful  pro- 
duftions.  The  northern,  and  chiefly  the  north-caft  parts,  furnifh  many 
forts  of  peltry,  a,  fkius  of  foxes,  bears,  wolves,  iquirrels,  lynxes,  wild 
cats,  boars,  &:c,  the  fouthern  parts  produce  excellent  wines  and  fruits  ; 
the  middle  provinces  great  plenty  of  corn,  cattle,  and  minerals.  Mines 
have  been  explored  in  Germany  from  thecarliell  times,  and  the  riches 

derived 


GERMANY.  193 

derived  from  them  were  in  a  great  meafure  the  caufe  and  the  fupport 
of  the  former  celebrated  trade  of  the  Venetians.  I'hc  Ilaitz  mountain  5 
in  Lower  Saxony  contain  gold,  filver,  copper,  lead,  iron,  zinc,  cobalt, 
vitriol,  fulphur,  and  other  minerals  :  aold,  however,  is  found  Only  iq. 
the  lower  Hartz,  to  the  amount  of  fome  hundred  ducats  ;  hlver  is  coin- 
ed annually  in  the  upper  Hartz,  to  the  amount  of  600,000,  or  accord- 
ing to  other  ftatements, 655,000  dollars  ;  And  the  value  of  all  the  min  - 
erals  of  the  Hartz  amounts  to  near  double  that  fum.  The  mountains 
of  Upper  Saxony  are  flill  richer  ;  they  have  yitlded  not  lefs  tlian 
34,000  Ib^  of  filver  annually  ;  and  the  famous  Saxon  cobalt,  chiefly 
ufed  in  making  the  blue  colour  called  fmalte,  is  reckoned  to  be  ncarlv 
equal  in  value  to  the  above  quantity  of  filver.  The  quantity  of  iron 
and  lead  Germany  fupplies  is  extraordinary  :  The  iron-works  and 
founderies  of  Smalkalden,  Iferlohc,  Herzberg,  Solingcn,  &c.  arc  very 
little  inferior  to  the  iron-works  in  England.  Heffe  Caffel,  as  well  as 
Heffe  Darmftadt,  the  principalities  of  NaHau,  and  fomc  neighbouring 
provinces,  abound  in  copper,  iron  and  lead.  The  palatinate  is  re- 
markable for  its  minerals,  chiefly  for  its  quick-filver,  of  which  Deux- 
ponts  alone  produces  50.000  lb.  a  year.  The  minerals  of  the  provin- 
ces belonging  to  the  houfcof  Auftria,  the  value  of  which  is  remarkably 
great,  and  thofe  of  the  PrulTian  provinces,  neither  of  which  are  here 
fpoken  of,  will  be  noticed  hereafter,  when  we  treat  of  Prulha  and  Auf- 
tria.  Salt  is  found  in  Germany  in  fuch  abundance  and  fo  gi  eat  purity, 
as  is  found  in  few  other  countries.  The  fait- works  of  Salzbourg,  in 
the  circle  of  Bavaria,  are  immcnfe  ;  the  Durnberg  yields  annually 
750,ooolb.  Not  to  mention  thofe  of  Swabia,  of  AUcndorf,  Naunhcim', 
Hall,  in  Upper  Saxony,  Creuznach,  Schoencbeck,  which  are  per- 
haps the  grcateft  falt-works  that  either  now  are  or  ever  were  ;  but  we 
tnuft  not  omit  to  take  notice,  that  the  bcfl  or  pureft  fait  we  knov/  of  is 
that  of  Lunenburg,  in  the  Hanoverian  dominions.  The  articles  of  ki$ 
ufe,  as  for  inftance,  topazes,  garnets,  emeralds,  cryllals,  do  not  de- 
ferveany  particular  mention  ;  but  the  fine  clay  of  Upper  and  Lower 
Saxony,  of  Heife,  and  the  Palatinate,  forms  a  very  confiderable  objciL 
of  commerce,^as  it  is  ufed  in  making  the  ]}orceiaine'of  Drefden,  Beilin, 
Fiirftenberg,  Frankenthal,  &c,  fuperior  to  all  other  forts  of  porcelaine, 
except  that  of  Japan  and  China.  Pitcoal  is  found  in  Silelia,  in  ths 
circles  of  Burgundy,  and  of  Wcflphalia,  and  in  HcfiTe.  'i'ke  fmali 
bilhopric  of  Liege  exports  annually  to  the  value  of  near  100,000  duc- 
ats. In  othet  parts  plenty  of  fuel  is  fuppiied  by  the  foreds.  'J'ho 
mineral  waters  of  Germany  are  in  high  repute,  and  prove  confulerabls 
articles  of  trade.  The  eleftorate  of  Treves  gains  80, coco  florins  an- 
nually by  that  ofSeltze:  the  prince  of  Waldeck  40,000  dolLirs  by 
that  of  Pyrmont.  The  Spa  waters  produce  a  revenue  of  60,000  dol- 
lars :  and  thofe  ofAix  la  Chapelle,  Wifhaden,  the  Schlangenbath, 
Embs,  Rehberg,  <£;c.  fums  proportioned  ro  their  reputation  and  their 
falutary  effcfts.  There  are  in  Germany  cxcecdinslv  fine  materials  for 
building  ;  the  mountains  near  the  Riiine  furniih  the  bc.1  b<ii.dlrs,  and 
Other  ftrong  and  ufeful  forts  of  lava,  th?  grcateft  part* of  which  is  f<.>!4 
to  the  Dutch  ;  the  mountains  of  Saxony  and  Iranconia  conuin  excel- 
lent granite,  porphyry,  and  marble  quarries. 

Notwithftanding  the  northerly  fuuation  of  Germany,  vines  profpci 

in  the  grcateft  part  of  it,  viz.  in  both  the  circle:^  cf  thR  Rhin'^,  bwabia, 

N  }';arconia, 


194  GERMANY. 

Franconia,    Upper    Saxony,     Weflphalla,    Bohemia,     and    Auftrla. 
Among  the  German  wines,  thofe  of  the  Rhine  and   Swabia  claim  the 
firft  rank  ;  the  beft  ibrts  are  that  of  Hochheim,  commonly   called  old 
hock  ;  that  of  Johannefberg,  Rudcfheim,  and  Bacharach,  Sec.     Excel- 
lent fruits  are  found  in   great  abundance  in   the  fouthern  provinces  ; 
thus,  for  inftance,  Lankheim.  a  fmall  village  in  the  circle  of  the  Rhine, 
fells  fometimes  in  one  year,  dried  plumbs  to  the  amount  of  50,000  flor- 
iris.     The  apples  of  Leipzick,  are  a  confiderable  article  of  exporta* 
lion.     Tobacco  is  cultivated   in  large  quantities  :  The  Palatinate,  ex- 
ports to  the   amount    of  800,000    florins  annually      Baireuth  50,00a 
cwt.  of  the  fame  article.     The   richeft  corn  countries  are  both  Saxon- 
ies, Holflein",  Mecklenburg,  Bavaria,  and  Pomerania  :  Flax  and  hemp 
are  produced  chiefly  in  Lower  Saxony,  Weflphalia,  and  Silefia.     The 
great  value  of  this  branch  of  trade  is  too  well  known  to  need  any  par- 
ticular mention.     The  greatefl:  trading  towns  of  Germany  are  at  pref- 
ent,    in  general,  the    Imperial   cities,    Hamburg,    I,ubeck,  Bremen, 
Frankfurt  on  the  Main  :  none  of  them  a  feaport  town  ;  yet  they  are 
fituated  on  large  rivers,  and  the  three  firft  not  far  from  the  fea.     For- 
merly theiz  three  cities  commanded,  in  a  greater  meafure,  the  trade  of 
all   Europe,  while  they  were   at  the   head  of  the  famous  Hanfeatic 
league  ;  and    though    their  prefent  pov/er   and  opulence   is  no  longer 
equal  to  their  influence  in  former  ages,  they  flill  may  be  confidered  as 
the  greateft  faftories  or  emporiums  of  Germany.     A  confiderable  in- 
land trade  is  carried  on  at  the  fairs  of  Leipzic,  Brunfwic  Frankfurt  on 
the  Oder,   and  Frankfurt  on  the  Main.     As  to  the  national  indullry, 
we  obferve,  that  there   are  fcarce  any  articles  of  trade,  convenience, 
and  luxury  not  manufaftured  in  Germany.      If  the  Germans   are  infe- 
rior to  the  Englifh  in  the  manufafture.s   of  cloth,  hardware,  and  in  the 
articles  of  luxui-y,    t-he  caufes  muft  perhaps  entirely  be  looked  for  in 
the  political  fituation  of  this  country  :  The  great    number  of  princes, 
the  variety  of  the  forms  of  government,  the  diflereiU  interefls  and  mu- 
tual jealoufy  of  the  petty  ftates,  are  great  checks  on  the  commerce  and 
profperity  of  the  whole.     The   great   number  of  courts  require  large 
fums  of  money,  which  might  be  appropriated  to  ufeful  purpofes,  and 
the   encouragement  of  induffcry  ;  they  keep  up   a  predileftion  for  a 
court  and  military  life  among  the  nobility  and  gentry,  and  a  contempt 
for  the  employments  of  a  tradefman  and  a  manufafturer.  The  jealoufy 
of  furrounding  neighbours  can  greatly  confine    the  market  of  a  fmall 
country,  whofe   induftry  is  greater  than  theirs  ;  and  the  difficulty  of 
obtaining  their  concurrence  in  meafures  of  general  utility,  is  frequent- 
ly the  caufe  why  there  are  fo  few   canals  and  good  roads,  to  facilitate 
travelling  and  inland  trade. 

Cities.  TOWNS,  FORTS,  AND  OTHER  EDIFICES, 1  This  is  a  co- 
puEi.ic  AND  private;  with  occafional  cfti- V  pious  head  in 
mates  of  REVENUES  A(JD  POPULATION.  J  all  countrics,  but 

more  particulaily  fo  in  Germany,  on  account  of  the  numerous  inde- 
pendent flates  it  contains.  The  reader  therefore  mull  be  contented 
with  the  mention  of  the  mod  capital  places,  and  their  peculiarities. 

Though  Berlin  is  accounted  the  capital  of  all  hisPrufTian  majefty's 
dominions,  and  exhibits  perhaps  the  moll  illuftrious  example  of  fud- 
den  improvement  that  this  age  can  boaft  of  ;  yet  during  the  late  war, 
it  was  found  a  place  of  no  ftrength,  and  fell  twice,  almoft  without  re- 

fiflance, 


R      M      A      N      Y. 


'95 


fillance,  into  the  hands  of  the  Auftiians,  who,  had  it  not  been  for  the 
politencfs  of  their  generals,  and  their  love  of  the  fine  arts,  which  al- 
ways prefcrves  mankind  from  barbarity  and  inhumanity,  would  have 
levelled  it  to  the  ground. 

Berlin  lies  en  the  river  Spree,  and,  befides  a  royal  palace,  has  many 
other  fuperb  palaces  ;  it  contains  fourteen  Lutheran,  and  eleven  Cal- 
vinift  churches,  befides  a  Roman  Catholic  one.  Its  ftreets  and  fquarcs 
are  fpacious,  and  built  in  a  very  regular  manner.  But  the  houfcs, 
though  neat  without,  are  ill-furniflied  and  ill-finifhed  within, 
very  indifferently  provided  with  inhabitants.  Tii?  king's  palace  here, 
and  that  of  prince  Henry,  ate  very  magnificent  buildings.  The  ope- 
ra-houfe  is  alfo  a  beautiful  ftru6lure  :  And  thearfenal,  wliich  ishand- 
fomely  built  in  the  form  of  a  fquarc,  contains  arms  for  200,000  men. 
There  are  fundry  manufaftures  in  Berlin,  and  feveral  fchools,  libraries, 
and  charitable  foundations.  The  number  of  its  inhabitants,  accord- 
ding  to  Bufching,  in  1755,  was  1  26.661,  including  the  garrlfon.  lu 
the  fame  year,  and  according  to  the  fame  author,  there  were  no  fewer 
than  443  filk-looms,  149  of  half-filks,  2858  for  woollen  {luffs,  453  for 
cotton,  248  for  linen,  454  for  lace-work,  39  frames  for  filk  (lockings, 
and  310  for  worfled  ones.  They  have  here  manufafturcs  of  tapeflry, 
gold  and  filvcr  lace,  and  mirrors. 

The  eleftorate  of  Saxony  is,  by  nature,  the  richeft  country  in  Ger- 
many, if  not  in  Europe:  It  contains  2 to  walled  towns,  61  market- 
towns,  and  about  3000  villages,  according  to  the  lateft  accounts  of  the 
Germans  themfelves  ;  and  the  revenue,  eftimating  each  rix-doUar  at 
four  fhillings  and  fix-pence,  amounts  to  1,350,000!.  This  fum  is  fo 
moderate,  when  compared  to  the  richnefs  of  the  foil,  which,  accord- 
ing to  Bufching,  produces  even  diamonds,  and  almofl  all  the  precious 
ftoncs  to  be  found  in  the  Eaftlndies  and  elfewhere,  and  the  variety  of 
I'plendid  manufadlures,  that  the  Saxon  princes  muft  have  been  the 
irioft  moderate  and  patriotic  of  any  in  Germany. 

\Vc  can  fay  little  more  of  Drefden,  the  eleftor  of  Saxony's  capital, 
than  can  be  faid  of  all  fine  cities,  that  its  fortifications,  palaces,  pub- 
lick  buildings,  churches,  and  charitable  foundations,  and,  above  all,  its 
fuburbs,  are  magnificent  beyond  all  expreflion  ;  that  it  is  beautifully 
fituated  on  both  fides  the  Elbe  ;  and  that  it  is  the  fchool  of  Germa- 
ny for  ftatuarv,  painting,  enamelling,  and  carving  ;  not  to  mention  its 
Tnirrors,  and  founderies  for  bells  and  cannon,  and  its  foreign  commerce 
carried  on  by  means  of  the  Elbe.  The  inhabitants  of  Drefden,  by  the 
lateft  accounts,  amount  to  1 10,000. 

The  city  of  Leipfic  in  Upper  Saxony,  46  miles  diflant  from  Dref- 
den, is  fituated  in  a  pleafant  and  fertile  plain  on  the  Pleiffe,  and  the  in- 
habitants are  faid  to  amount  to  about  40,000.  There  are  alfo  large 
and  well-built  fuburbs,  with  hahdfome  gardens.  Between  thefc  fub- 
virbs  and  the  town  is  a  fine  walk  of  lime-trees,  which  was  laid  out  in 
1  he  year  1702,  and  encompaffes  the  city.  Mulberry-trees  are  alfo 
planted  in  the  town-ditches  :  but  the  fortifications fecm  rather  calcula- 
ted for  the  ufe  of  the  inhabitants  to  walk  on,  than  for  defence.  The 
ftreets  are  clean,  commodious,  and  agreeable,  and  are  lighted  in  the 
night  with  feven  hundred  lamps.  They  reckon  436  merchants  houles, 
and  192  manufactures  of  different  article';,  as  brocades,  paper,  can.s, 
&c.  Lcinfic  has  long  been  diftinguifhrd  for  th?  liberty  of «  onfcitmce 
]^  ?,  '  ullovv-cd 


ir,6  G      E      R      IvI      ANY, 

allowed  here  to  pcrfons  of  difFercnt  fentiments  in  religious  matters.-^ 
Here  is  an  unjverfity,  which  is  ftill  very  confiderable,  with  fix  churches 
for  the  Lutherans,  theirs  being  the  eflabliftied  religion,  one  for  the 
Oalvini{];s,  and  a  chapel  in  the  caftle  for  thofe  of  the  Romifli  church. 
The  uaiverfiry-lifcrary  con  fiRs  of  about  26,000  volumes,  6goo  of  which 
are  folios.  Here  is  alio  a  library  for  the  magiftrates,  which  conilfts  of 
about  36,000  volutnes.and  near  2000  manufcripts,  and  contains  cabinets 
oF  urns,  antiques,  and  medals,  with  many  curiolities  of  art  and  nature. 
The  Exchange  is  an  elegant  building. 

The  cUy  of  Hanover,  the  capital  of  that  elcftorate,  {lands  on  the 
river  Leine,  and  is  a  neat,  thriving,  and  agreeable  city.  It  contains 
about  twelve  hundred  houfes,  among  which  there  is  an  eleftoral  pal- 
ace. It  carries  on  fome  manufaftures  ;  and  in  its  neighbourhood  lie 
tiu;  palace  and  elegant  gardens  of  Herenhaufen,  The  dominions  of 
the  clt£lorate  of  Hanover  contain  about  feven  hundred  and  fifty  thou- 
fand  ceople,  who  live  in  fifty-eight  cities,  and  fixty  market-towns,  be- 
fides  villages.  The  city  and  fuburbs  of  Bremen,  belonging  by  pur- 
chafe  to  the  faid  eleftor,  contain  about  fifty  thoufand  inhabitants,  and 
have  a  confiderable  trade  by  the  Wefer.  The  other  towns  belonging 
to  this  elcftorate  have  trade  and  manufafbures  ;  but  in  general,  it  mufb 
be  remarked,  that  the  eleftorate  has  fuffcred  greatly  by  the  acceffion 
ol  the  Hanover  familv  to  the  crown  of  Great-Britain.  Ofnaburg,  the 
chief  city  of  the  bifhopric  of  Ofnaburg,  lying  between  the  rivers  We- 
fer and  Ems,  has  been  long  famous  all  over  Europe  for  the  manufafturc 
known  by  the  name  of  the  dutchy,  and  for  the  manufacture  of  the  beft 
Weftphalia  hams.  The  whole  revenue  of  the  bifliopric  amounts  to 
about  30.000I. 

Bredau.  the  capital  of  Silefia,  which  formerly  belonged  to  the  king- 
dom of  Bohemia,  lies  on  the  river  Oder,  and  is  a  fine  city,  where  all 
feels  of  Chriftians  and  Jews  are  tolerated,  but  the  magifhracy  is  Luthe- 
ran. Since  Silefia  fell  under  thePruITian  dominion,  its  trade  is  greatly 
improved^  being  very  inconfiderable  before.  The  manufaftiu-es  of 
Silefia  which  principally  centre  at  Breflau,  are  numerous.  The  reve- 
nue of  the  whole  is  by  fome  faid  to  produce  for  his  PrufTian  majefty, 
near  a  million  fltrling  :  but  this  fum  feems  to  he  exaggerated  ;  if,  as 
ether  authors  of  pood  note  write,  it  never  brought  in  to  the  houfe  of 
Auflria  above  50O.000I.  yearly. 

Frankfurt  is  fituated  in  an  healthful,  fertile,  and  delightful  country 
along  the  Maine,  by  which  it  is  divided  into  two  parts,  diftlnguifhed 
bv  the  names  of  Frankfurt  and  Saxenhaufcn.  The  former  of  thefe, 
beino  the  largefl:.  is  divided  into  twelve  wards,  and  the  latter  into  two  ; 
and  laoth  are  computed  to  contain  about  three  thoufand  houfes. — 
Frankfurt  is  the  ufual  place  of  the  eleftion  and  coronation  of  the  kings 
of  the  Romans,  and  is  alfo  a  free  and  imperial  city.  It  is  of  a  circular 
form  without  any  fuburbs  ;  but  the  (Ireets  are  generally  narrow,  and 
tlie  houfes  are  moflly  built  of  timber  and  plaifler,  and  covered  with 
llite  •  thou>di  there  arc  fome  handfome  private  flruftures,  of  a  kind  of 
red  iriarblei^that  dcferve  the  name  of  palaces  ;  as  the  buildings  called 
the  C.ompeflel  and  Fronhof,  the  Trierfhof,  the  Cullenhof,  the  German- 
houfe,  an  auc^ufl  edifice,  fituated  near  the  bridge  over  the  Maine,  the 
J-kffe-Darmlladthof,   the   palace  of  the  prince  de  la  T«urs,  and  the 

houfes 


MAN      Y. 


'97 


houfes  of  the  counts  of  Solms,   Schauenburg,  and   Schonborn  ;  and 
there  are  three  principal  fquares. 

Government,  LAWS,  COURTS,  &c.]  The  German  empire,  which, till 
the  year  843,  was  connefted  with  France,  now  forms  a  ftate  by  itfelf,  or 
jnay  be  coniidered  as  a  combmation  of  upwards  of  three  hundred  fove- 
reignties,  independent  of  each  other,  but  compoftng  one  political  body 
under  an  ele£live  head,  called  the  emperor  of  Germany,  or  the  Ro- 
man emperor.  Otho  the  Great,  who  poffefled  feveral  Italian  provinc- 
es, formerly  parts  of  the  wcftcrn  empire,  left  to  his  fuccelfors  the  title 
of  Roman  emperor  infeparably  annexed  to  the  kingdom  of  Germany  •, 
and  in  confequence  of  the  ancient  refpcft  entertained  for  the  Roman 
name,  all  the  other  fovereigns  liave  allowed  (he  emperor  the  firft,  rank 
among  the  European  monarchs.  Eight  princes  of  the  empire,  called 
eleftors,  have  the  right  of  electing  the  emperor.  By  a  fundamental 
law,  known  under  the  name  of  the  Golden  Bull,  the  number  of  elec- 
tors was  limited  to  only  feven  ;  two  new  cleftorai  dignities  have  been 
added  afterwards,  one  of  which  is  cxtinft  fince  the  year  1777-  T)w 
elcftors  are  divided  into  ecclefiaftical  and  temporal  :  Thectcleliartical 
cleftors  are  the  following,  t.  The  archbifhop  of  Mentz,  great  chancel- 
lor of  the  empire,  and  direftor  of  the  eleftoral  college.  In  confe- 
quence of  this  prcGdency,  he  has  the  prerogative,  on  a  vacancy  of  the 
Imperial  throne,  to  give  notice  of  the  death  of  the  emperor  ro  the 
flates  of  the  empire,  to  convoke  the  diet  during  the  interregnum,  and 
to  proclaim  the  new-cleftcd  fuccelfor.  2.  The  archbifhop  of  Treves, 
great  .chancellor  of  France  and  Arelat,  a  dignity,  which,  fmcc  the  fcp- 
aration  of  France  from  the  empire  is  merely  nominal.  3  The  arch- 
bifhop of  Cologne,  great  chancellor  of  Itai)-,  a  mere  title  alfo.  The 
temporal  elcftors  arc,  ^.  The  king  or  eleftor  of  Bohemia,  cup-bearer 
of  the  emperor.  5.  The  elcftor  of  the  Palatinate  and  of  BaVaria,  great 
fleward.  6,  The  eleftor  of  Saxony,  great-marfhal.  7.  The  elcftor  of 
Brandenburg,  gveat-chamberlain.  8.  The  eleftor  of  lirunfvvic  (Han- 
over) arch-treafuvcr  of  the  empire. 

As  foon  as  an  emperor  is  ekfted,  he  is  obliged  to  confirm  bv  oat?!  the 
capitulation  he  has  ligned,  ^nd  which  is  propofed  to  him  by  the  elec- 
tors :  He  ciigages  likcwife  by  oath  to  prorcft  th«  Roman  Catholic  re- 
ligion and  the  Holy  See.  It  is  not  abfohitely  necclfdry  that  die  em- 
l^eror  fliould  lie  a  Roman  Catholic,  though  hitherto  no  Protcflnnt  has 
been  icatcd  on  (iic  Imperial  throne.  The  prerogatives  the  empe- 
ror acquires  by  his  acccflion  to  that  dignity,  and  v.'Iiich  are  called  his 
r-jjirvata,  arc  cliielly  the  following  :  He  is  the  Inpreme  lord  pay4- 
rn ount  of  the  Roman  empire,  of  whom  the  princes  are  IjppoiVd'  10 
hold  their  dominions  in  fee  :  He  has  the  power  of  calling  togetlicr  the 
diet,  over  which  he  prelidcs  in  perfon,  or  by  his  commifiary,  and  :A 
ratifying  th'^ir  refolutions  by  his  conlirmaiion.  He  is  the  fu|>ionic 
judge,  in  wiiole  name  jullice  is  adminil'terc.d  in  the  high  courts  ol  liie 
empire  :  lie  can,  however,  exempt,  the  lubordinate  ftatcs  from  ihej.i- 
1  ifdiftion  of  thefe  tribunal.;,  by  granting  them  the  privilege  di  iwn  dp' 
pdlanJo.  lie  is  the  fountain  of  honour,  and  has  tlic  power  of  con<er- 
ring  titles  cf  nobility,  fuch  as  baron,  count,  prince,  duke,  &c.hccldims 
the  right  of  cftablifl-iing  pofi-oflicos  all  over  the  empire  ;  th's  right, 
however;  is  fubjeft  'o  fonic  limit^t'ons  ;  he.  cr^r'     '''-"*  .s  to  tiie  uni- 

vcrii'viw.-. 


1^8  G      E      R      M      A      N      V. 

vciTuies,  and  confers  academical  degrees.     Ke  is  not  allowed  to  raiic 
any  taxes,  nor  to  begin  an  offenfive  war,  or  to  conclude  a  peace,  nor 
to  alter  any  law  of  the  empire  without  the  con  Tent  of  the  diet,  which 
mav  be  confldcred  as  the  fupfeme  power  of  the  German  empire.    The 
revenues  of  the  cmpetor  are  at  prefent  reduced  to  a  very  trifling  fum  ; 
they  arife  chiefly  from  the  contributions  of  fome  Imperial  towns,    and 
amount  to  little  more  than  20,000  florins.     In  times  of  war,  or  other 
unufual  emergencies,    the  diet  allows  the  emperor  extraordinary   aids 
or  fupplies,  called  Roman  months,  and  valued  a.*:  50,000  florins  each- 
The  cliet  is  compofed  of  the  emperor  and  of  the  immediate  ftates  of 
the  empire  ;  the  latter  arc  thofc   individuals  or  focieties  which  fliare 
the  fupreme  legiflative  and  executive  power  of  the  confederation,   by 
the  right  of  voting  :n  this  affcmbly.     Since  the  year  1663,   the  diet, 
-vhich  ufed  to  affemble   formerly   at  unequal   intervals  of  time,  has 
been  held,  without  interruption,  to  the  prefent  day.     The  diet  exer- 
cifes  all  the  afls  of  fovereignly,  as  far  as  they  concern  the  interefls  of 
the  whole  confederate  political  body  ;  it  levies  taxes,  it  gives  laws,    it 
:nakeswar,  and  concludes  treaties  of  peace  by  which  the  whole  em- 
pipe  is  bound.      It  lias  the  power  of  conferring  this  right  of  participa- 
tion in  Che  government,  or  of  voting  at  the  diet  ;  and  can  take  it  away 
by  way  of  punifhment,   from  fuch  members  as  have  violated  the  pub- 
lic peace.     In  confequencc  of  the  difference  of  religion  prevailing  in 
th.c  German  empire,  the  ftates  are  divided  into  the  Catholic  and  Prot- 
cftant  bodies  (^Corpus  Catholicorum  S  Corpus  Evangclicoruvi.J      With 
rcfpeft  to  rank  and  privilege,  they  arc  divided  into  three  colleges  : 
The  ele£loral  college  ;  tliat  of   the  princes,    including  the  imm.ediate 
prelates  and  counts  ;  and  the  college  of  the  Imperial  cities.     Each  of 
thefe  colleges  holds  feparate  deliberations,  in  which  the    majority  of 
votes  decides.     That  of  the  eleftorsis  under  the  direftion  of  the  elec- 
tor of  Mentz.     The  college  of  the  princes   is  fubdividcd  into  the  ec- 
(clefiaflical  and  temporal  bench  :  On  the  firft  are  featcd  thofc  archbifh'. 
ops  who  are  not  ckiSlors,  the  grand  mafters  of  the  Teutonic  order,  and 
of  the  order  of  St.  John,  the  archduVe  of  Auftria,   and   (he  duke  of 
Burgundy,  the  bifhops  and  the  prelates  ;  the  latter  have   no  perfonal 
hut  two  collcQive  votes.     The  Proteftant  bifhop  of  Lubeck,  and  the 
bill:op  of  Omaburg,  when  a  Proteftant,  have  a  feparate  bench  to  thcm- 
1  elves.  On  the  fecular  bench,  the  firft  feats  are  held  by  thofe  princes  who 
;ire  related  to  the  eieftors  ;    next  to  them  are  feated  the  ancient  prince- 
ly families  ;  next,  thofe  families,  who,  in  later  times  have  been  raifed  to 
the  princely  dignity  :  and  laft  of  all,   the  independent    counts  of  the 
empire,  who  have  only  four  colleftivc  votes.     The  votes  of  the  eccle- 
^iaftical  bench  amount  to  35,  thofe  of  the  temporal  to  6j.     The  college 
41  f  the  imperial  cities  is  divided  into  two  benches,  that  of  the  circle  of 
the  Rhine,  and  that  of  the  circle  of  Swabia  ;  the  firft  has  14,  the  laft 
37  votes,     Thefe  propo.Htions,  which  arc  to  pafs  into  a  law  of  the  em- 
pire, muft  be  agreed  to  by  the  three  colleges  ;  when  this  is  done,  they 
are  called  Refolutions  of  the  empire.     The  refolutions  muft  be  prefent- 
ed  to  the  emperor  for  his  confirmation,  which  he  has  it  in  his  power  to 
give  or  to  roiufe  ;  when  the  confirmation  is  obtained,   the  refolutions 
are  called  yitZj  or  Statutes  oUhc  empire,  and  acquire  the  force  of  laws. 
At  the  conclufion  of  every  diet,  a  tolleftion  is  made  of  all  the  sfts  palled 
during  the  fefTions,  called  the  Rtcefs  of  tkc  Evipire, 

The 


GERMAN      Y.  ;y3 

The  fundamental  laws,  or  thofe  which  fettle  the  conftitutiou  of  tlic 
empire,  are,  I.  Si:ch  afts  of  the  diet  as  are  of  a  public  nature.  The 
mofl  remarkable  among  them  are  the  following  :  i.  The  golden  bull 
(To  called  on  account  of  the  great  gold  feal  of  the  emperor  aflixed  to  it) 
\vhich  was  puhlifhed  at  the  diet  of  Nurnberg  in  the  vear  1356,  and  ia 
the  reign  of  Charles  IV.  It  fettles  every  thing  relating  to  the  eleftioii 
and  coronation  of  the  emperor,  and  the  rights  of  the  electors.  The 
Latin  original  is  preferred  at  Frankfurt  on  the  Maine.  2.  The  public 
peace  ;  a  collefticn  of  regulations  for  the  prefervation  of  the  peace 
between  the  members  of  the  empire.  It  was  calculated  to  put  a  period 
to  the  feudal  dilfenfions  which  liarrafTed  Germany  in  the  middle  ages. 
This  laAv  was  promulgated  under  Maximilian  I,  in  the  year  149,3. — 
3,  The  convention  of  Palfau  in  1552,  and  the  peace  of  religion  in  1,555, 
by  which  the  Protcflant  religion  as  well  as  the  Roman  Catholic  are 
acknowledged  to  be  eftablin-ied  in  the  empire.  4.  The  laft  recefs  of 
the  empire  of  165.],  containing  feveral  public  afis,  which  finally  fcltle 
icveral  points  incompletely  arranged  in  the  WeftphaJian  peace. — 
'II.  The  capitulation  of  the  emperor,  by  which  the  emperor  enga^e^s 
himfelf  to  govern  according  to  the  laws  of  the  empire,  and  under  the 
conditions  and  reftriSions  impofed  on  him  by  the  eleftors,  who  have 
the  valuable  right  to  check  every  flretch  of  imperial  power,  or  to  rc- 
drefs  grievances  crept  in,  by  impofing  new  conditions  at  the  i:>eginning 
of  a  new  reign.  III.  The  peace  of  W'edphalia,  concluded  in  the  year 
1649,  which  iervcs  for  the  bafis  of  all  fubfequent  treaties  of  peace, 
aricl,  in  a  great  m.eafurc,  for  the  foundation  of  the  prefcnt  political  fyf- 
tem  of  Europe.  This  famous  aft  determines  likewife,  with  great  prc- 
cifion.  the  civil,  political,  and  religious  rights  of  each  individual  ilatc 
in  Germany. 

Therearc  two  fuprcmc  courts  of  judicature,  v^-hich  have  a  concur- 
ring jurifdi^l;ion  in  the  Roman  or  German  empiie.  1.  The  Imperial 
Chamber,  eilabliflied  in  1495,  and  kept  at  picfenl:  at  Wctzlar,  an  Impe- 
rial city  in  the  circle  of  the  Upper  Rhine.  The  emperor  hasth&right 
of  nominating  the  firfl  judge  and  the  two  prefidents  of  this  court  ;  27 
affcRors  or  counfellors  are  nominated  by  the  flates  of  the  empire.- — 
2,  Ihe  Aidic  Council,  depending  entirely  on  the -emperor,  is  cflablifhcd 
at  Vienna,  the  imperial  refidence.  It  conftfts  of  a  pieudent  and  18 
jcounfellors,  and  is  divided  into  a  noble  and  a  learned  bench.  Seven 
of  the  members  of  this  council  are  Piotertjnts.  The  judges  of  the 
Imperial  Chamber  receive  their  falarics  from  i.he  flate.'?  of  the  empire, 
\vho  have  appropriated  to  their  maintenance  a  particular  tax,  whicii 
amounts  annually  to  about  90,000  tlorins.  Th:  J'ldges  of  the  Aulic 
Council  are  paid  by  the  emperor.  In  all  cafes  wlxerc  the  ftatute  or 
fundamental  lav/s  of  the  empire  are  defeftive,  thefe  two  courts  adopt 
the  regulations  of  the  Roman  law,  Vt^hich  is  in  general  introduced  into 
the  German  courts  of  jufticc,  except  where  it  is  limiicd  or  fupcrrKdcd 
by  the  particul.;r  llatutes  of  each  fiatc.  To  both  courts  appeals  may 
l)e  made  from  the  dccifions  of  the  courtsof  jufticc,  or  of  the  fovcreigns 
of  the  (ierman  dates.  In  criminal  cafes,  in  matters  of  religion,  and 
in  pecuniary  lawfuits,  in  which  the  contefted  property  docs  not  ex- 
ceed the  fum  of  400  rix-dollars,  the  decifion  of  the  territorial  courts 
or  of  ti\e  fovereign  is  final.  In  thefe  cafes,  however,  the  party  who 
'i^jinks  hiirf-.-lf  aggrieved  by  a  fcntence.  is  allowed  to  f-ibm'-t  the  decif- 
ion. 


fiOO  GERMANY. 

ion,  <:!;Ivcn  by  the  judges  of  his  own  country,  to  the  examlnat'on  of  the 
juridical  faculty  of  one  or  more  impartial  German  univerfities,  by 
which  the  decrcf  may  be  confirmed  or  reverfed.  In  the  dominions 
of  the  elcdors  and  other  princes,  who  are  exempted  from  appeals  to 
the  iupreme  courts  of  the  empire,  courts  of  appeal  arc  eftablifhed,  in 
which  the  decrees  of  the  courts  ofjuftice,  efpccially  in  caufes  between 
the  fovereign  and  the  fubjcft,  may  be  revifed,  and  if  exceptionable, 
may  be  fct  ahde. 

The  dates  of  the  empire,  confidered  in  their  feparate  capacity,  enjoy 
fovereign  power  in  tlieir  refpeftive  dominions,  limited  only  by  the 
laws  before-mentioned,  and  the  jurifdiftion  of  the  Imperial  Courts, 
from  which,  however,  the  chief  among  them  are  exempted.  The 
conftilution  of  the  different  ftates  is  very  diiTerent  ;  moft  of  them  are 
governed  by  fniglc  perfons,  as  the  eleflorates,  principalities,  counties, 
&c.  and  fome  have  a  republican  form  of  government,  as  the  Imperial 
cities.  As  to  the  exercife  of  power,  t[ie  fovereigns  are  limited  by  the 
Hates  of  thciir  countries,  who  muft  give  their  confent  to  taxes,  and  to 
new  lavv-s  ;  and  who  may  appeal  to  the  high  courts  of  the  empire,  or 
to  the  courts  of  appeal  within  their  own  country,  in  cafe  of  any  dif- 
ference between  them  and  the  fovereign.  In  extreme  cafes,  the  ftates 
may  lay  their  complaints  before  the  diet.  This  mode  of  redrefling 
grievances,  provided  by  the  ccnftitution  of  the  German  empire,  at  a 
time  when  no  ftanding  armies  Were  yet  kept,  is,  it  mufk  be  owned,  of 
little  avail  in  flc.tcs  where  military  power  is  preponderant  ;  yet  it  is  a 
\cry  efFcftual  check  on  the  tyranny  of  petty  Ibvereigns.  The  eleftors 
■poilefs  lome  confiderable  political  advantages,  befides  the  right  of  eleft- 
ing  the  emperor  ;  their  concurrence  and  confent  is  necelfary  to  the 
emperor,  whenever  he  declares  war  or  concludes  treaties  ;  they  have 
a  particular  confederation  among  themfelves,  called  the  EkBoral  Uniortj 
thev  clainn  the  honours  r.Uowed  to  kings,  and  their  ambaflfadors  in  for- 
eign courts  arc  in  poffeffion  of  the  next  rank  after  thcfe  of  kings, — 
"^A'itli  regard  to  foreign  countries,  each  independant  German  fovereign 
has  the  tigh.t  of  entering  into  treaties,  or  engaging  in  wars  with  them, 
provided  it  does  net  ailcft  the  peace  of  the  whole  empire,  or  of  any 
other  {late  of  it.  The  government  of  mofl  of  the  Imperial  cities  is  a 
ntxturc  of  Democracy  and  Ariftocracy.  TJie  be  ft  governed  among 
them  are  Hamburg,  Lubcck,  and  Frankfurt  ;  in  others,  efpecially  in 
A'urnberg,  a  rigorous  oligarchy  prevails. 

The  power  of  the  two  grcateft  potentates  of  Germany,  whofe  relig- 
ious and  political  itUcreils  are  oppofite,  is  at  prcfent  pretty  equally 
balanced.  For  thouglr  Auftria  is  certainly  in  itfelf  fuperior  in  ftrength 
to  PrufTia,  yet  the  c(t;nbination  of  the  latter,  with  the  mightieft  princes 
in  Germany,  gives  it  a  fufficient  weight  to  counterbalance  that  fupe- 
lioriiy.  It  nay  not  be  improper  to  obferve,  that  the  connexions  of 
iome  parts  of  Germany  with  foreign  countries,  under  one  fovereign, 
though  they  icemcri  to  piOmiie  an  i'tceftion  of  power  to  tlicfc  provin- 
ces, have  commonly  proved  difadvantagcous,  involving  Germany  in 
wars  and  calamities  which  would  othci  wife  not  have  reached  it. — 
Thus,  for  inftance,  the  connexion  of  Hungary  with  Auftria  has  been 
the  cai:fc  of  feveral  bloody  wars  with  the  Turks  ;  that  of  Poland  with 
'liaxony,  anii  that  of  England  with  Hanover,  have  proved  no  lefs  pre- 
judicial ";  ':"rr^::!3)-,  than  to  the  countries  thus  united  with  it. 


Infantry. 

Cavalry. 

5507 

2521 

2707 

1494 
1902 

J  32 1 
800 
980 

2707 
2707 

13.1 
600 

^853 

491 

2707 

1321 

2707 

1321 

2707 

1321 

GERMANY.  aoi 

Army  op  the  Empire.]  There  is,  properly  fpeaking,  no  {landing; 
army  of  the  empire  ;  but  in  time  of  war  the  flates  of  the  empire  muft 
furnifh  their  refpeftive  quotas  of  foldiers,  according  to  an  agreement 
made  in  the  year  1681.  At  ^refent  the  army  of  the  empire,  when 
complete,  muft  amount  to  28,00c  infantry  and  12,000  cavalry.  The 
quotas  for  the  different  circles  are  regulated  as  follows  : 

Circle  of  Auflria  —  - 

Burgundy  — - 

Bavaria  — -  — 

■  ■'  Franconia         —  — 
*'  »               Swabia              —  — 

■  Lower  Rhine         — 
■  ■■■■     Upper  Rhine         — 

Weflphalia         —  - 

Upper  Saxony         — 

. Lower  Saxony         — 

Total  27,998  **-997 

In  cafe  I3  million  of  florins  fhould  be  neceffary  to  be  raifed  for  the 
%var  and  for  the  army  of  the  empire,  the  fhares  of  this  fum  ftand  tlius  : 

Florins.  Kreutzer. 

Circles  of  Auftria  — 

Burgundy  — 

• Bavaria  — 

Franconia         — 

Swabia  — 

— : Lower  Rhine         — 

Upper  Rhine         — 

Weftphalia  — ' 

. Upper  Saxony         — 

.  Lower  Saxony         — 

Total  i>499;999  -30 

Reiigion.]  Since  the  year  1555,  the  three  following  denomina- 
tions of  Chriftians  are  the  eflablifhed  religions  of  the  empire  :  'J  he 
Roman  Catholic,  the  Lutheran,  and  Calvinift,  generally  calk-d  the  re- 
formed religon.  The  firfl  prevails  in  the  South  of  Germanv.  the  L-u- 
iheran  in  the  North,  and  the  reformed  near  the  Rhrr.e.  In  (he  fuh- 
fequent  civil  wars,  of  which  religious  bi;;Otry  Wiis  the  principal  caufe, 
the  rights  of  thele  rival  religions,  as  enabliflied  bv  the  religious  peace 
of  '555?  ^a^  undergone  great  alterations  whenever  the  provinces  had 
changed  mailers  :  and  the  confufion  arifing  from  the  claims  of  the  rj)- 
prefled  parties,  and  from  the  encroachments  of  the  viflorirus.  was  he- 
come  extreme.  It  was  ?.t  length  fettled  bv  tlie  peace  of  "VVeftphalia, 
that  the  r*.  ligion  of  the  different  flatcs  ihould  remain  as  it  had  been  in 
the  year  1024,  which  is,  on  that  accoui:t,  called  ijic  dclinitive  year. 
Annus  nirmalis.  According  to  this  agreement,  the  fovcrcign  is  ohlig- 
ea  to  leave  eacii  of  thefe  religions,  cnahliflicd,  or  tolerated,  or  exclud- 
ed, as  they  were  at  that  period  ;  yet  the  light  of  corrc6ling  abufes  in 
the  j-uolic  worlhip,  \:;.xs,  relervcd  to   him.     The  Jews   are   tolerated 


306.390 
156,360 

20 

15 

gl.261 

5 

113,481 
156,360 

25 
15 

105,654 

5 

101,41 1 

156,360 
156,360 
156,360 

30 

^-5 

7.02  GERMAN      V. 

UiroucKout  llie  empire.  There  are  likewife  in  the  empire  fe£larics 
of  all  the  denominations  mentioned  under  the  article  of  the  European 
Veligions.  The  Roman  Catholic  church  acknowledges  the  fupremacy 
of  the  pope  ;  and  in  confequrnce  of  an  agreement  between  the  Ger- 
manic church  and  the  Holy  See,  the  latter  acfiuned  the  right  of  con- 
firming all  the  prelates  of  the  empire.  Their  fuperior  clergy  conlilla' 
of  eight  archbifhops,  forty  bifliops,  and  many  abbots  ;  fome  of  whom, 
as  well  as  mofl  of  the  archbifhops  and  bifhops,  are  fovcreign  princeS; 
There  is  a  very  great  number  of  Roman  Catholic  convents,  and  fevcral 
commanderics  of  the  knights  of  the  Teutonic  Order,  as  well  as  of  the 
Order  of  St,  John.  The  grand  maflcrs  of  thcfe  Order?  mufl  be  Roman 
Catholic  noblemen  ;  the  refidenceof  the  firft  is  Mergentheim,  in  Fran- 
conia  ;  that  of  the  latter  is  Ileiterflieim,  in  the  circle  of  the  Upptv 
Rhine. 

The  Pr  Jteftant  clergy  is  governed  by  affemblies,  called  Conli (lories, 
rinder  the  control  of  the  fovereign  of  each  (late.  It  is  compofed  b^ 
fuperintcndcntsgeneral,wlio  are  commonly  members  of  the  Confiflory, 
fuperintendcnts  or  infpeftors,  and  miniflers  of  the  parifhes.  All  the 
Koman  Catholics,  or  the  Corpus  Catholicorum.  is  under  the  direction 
of  the  elector  of  Mentz  ;  the  Corpus  Evangelicorum.  Or  the  Proteflauts, 
iinder  the  dircftion  of  the  eleftor  of  Saxony.  Thele  direftcrs  manage 
the  concerns  of  religion  at  the  diet.  To  balance  the  rights  and  in- 
fluence of  the  Catholics  and  Proteftants,  of  which  the  former  have  a 
majority  of  votes  on  the  diet,  the  ftatcs  of  cither  party  have  the  right 
of  fucceflion  (jus  eundi  in  partes.)  In  confcquence  of  this  right,  the 
Proteftants  or  Catholics,  if  they  are  afraid  that  their  interefls,  as  a  body, 
might  be  aflc6ted  by  a  majority  of  votes,  may  come  to  afeparate  refo- 
lutiou,  agreed  upon  amongft  tl-.^mfelves,  which  cannot  be  annihilated 
by  the  ordinary  manner  of  voting  ;  and  by  this  n^cans  they  can  defea.t 
any  attack  up-on  their  rcligiO'US  and  political  rights., 

Cr.KERAL  Remarks,  BE-5PE€TiKG  Tua  Mn.itARY,  |  The  German 
PoiiTics,  AND  Literature  ok  Germany.  ^empire,  when 
Cbnfidcrcd  as  one  fmgle  power  or  flate,  at  the  head  of  which  the  em- 
peror ftands.  is  of  no  great  political  confcquence  in  Europe,  becaufe, 
from  the  inequality  and  weak  connexion  of  its  parts,  and  the  different 
nature  of  their  government,  from  the  infignificancy  of  its  ill-compofed 
r.rmy.  and  above  all,  from  the  different  views  and  interefls  of  its  maf- 
tcrs,  it  is  next  to  impoITible  its  force  (Irouid  be  united,  compafl:,  and 
uniform.  'I'hcre  arc,  however,  in  this  empire,  two  potentates  entitled 
to  rank  among  the  firft  deciding  powers  of  Europe  ;  and  tl-.e  intrinfic 
power  of  Germanv,  in  fome  fenie.  is  fuperior  to  that  of  any  Eurppcan 
rounti  v.  The  number  of  foldiers  in  the  fervice  of  all  the  German 
princes  amount  to  500,000,  even  after  deducting  from  the  Pfuflian 
army  45.000  men  for  the  provinces  not  belonging  to  the  Gcrnian  eni- 
pire,  and  76. ceo  men  of  the  Auftrian  army,  for  the  kingdom  of  Plun- 
j^ary  and  the  Italian  dominions  of  Auftria,  The  aftual  revenues  of  the 
German  ftatcs  (exclufive  of  the  kingdom  of  Pruffia,  and  the  Auftrian 
dominions  not  belonging  to  Germany)  amoimt  annually  to  near  lOO 
millions  of  dollars,  or  near  18,000. cool,  fterling.  Confidering  the 
cheapncfs  of  victuals  and  labour  in  moft  parts  of  Germany,  this  fun» 
is  really  aftonifliing  ;  yet  the  effcfts  of  fo  much  national  wealth  is  much 
}pfs  perceptible,  than  it  would  be  in  France  or  England,  where  a  large 

pietropolii} 


GERMANY.  203 

liietropolis  would  colleft  it,  as  it  were,  into  a  focus,  andafiiil  its  circu- 
lation throughout  the  provinces.  Germany  neither  has,  or  can  have, 
properly  fpeaking,  a  capital,  while  it  is  divided  among  fo  great  a  num- 
ber of  fovereigns. 

The  Gentians  can  boaft.  of  a  greater  number  of  ufeful  difcoverics 
and  inventions  in  arts  and  fciences,  than  any  other  European  nation. 
They  have  the  honour  of  difcovering  the  Art  of  Printing  about  the 
year  1450.  It  would  be  eafy  to  enumerate  neaily  one  hundred  of  their 
inventions  without  filling  up  the  lift  with  mere  improvements  in  ma- 
chines and  mechanical  arts.  Ithprovements  of  this  fort  are  greatly  fa- 
cilitated by  a  concurrence  of  favourable  circumftanccs,  fuch  as  ^n  advan- 
tiigeous  fituation  for  commerce, long  and  unir.terrupted  peace,  great  and 
eafv  influx  of  wealth,  and  the  concomitant  increafe  of  luxury.  An  open 
and  eXtcnAvc  market  for  the  produflions  of  manufafturing  indultry, 
and  the  frequent  calls  of  luxury  for  gratifications  of  new-imagined 
wants,  multiply  tlie  arts  ;  the  latter  afnfl;  each  other  in  perfefting  their 
refpeftive  inftrumcnts,  and  afford  many  opportunities  for  ingenious 
combinations  of  mechanifm.  In  a  country,  whofc  commerce  is  con- 
fined by  natural  and  political  limits,  where  the  reward  of  genius  and 
induftry  is  not  always  opulence  and  fplendour,  the  national  chara6ler 
fhares  with  chance  alone  the  claim  to  a  number  of  important  inven- 
tions, fomeof  which  have  been  productive  of  the  principal  revolutions 
of  modern  life.  Literature  and  the  fciences  are  arrived  in  Germany 
at  a  very  high  degree  of  eminence,  both  with  refpeft  to  univerfality 
and  folidity.  Within  thefe  fifty  years  their  improvements  have  been 
rapid  and  aflonifliing.  The  German  language  has  been  greatly  culti- 
vated and  enriched  with  many  excellent  compofitions  in  all  branches 
of  polite  and  ufeful  literature,  which  have  been  marked  with  the  ap- 
j'laufe,  and  tranflatcd  into  the  languages  of  neighbouring  nations. — 
Manjf  branches  of  ufeful  knowledge,  hitherto  confined  to  particular 
claffes  of  men,  and  difficult  to  be  acquired,  have  been  reduced  to  a 
fcientific  form  in  Germany  ;  they  form  indifpenfiblc  parts  of  polite 
education,  and  are  publicly  taught  in  the  univerfitics.  'J  he  theory  of 
trades  and  mechanical  arts,  the  principles  of  private  and  public  occon- 
cmy,  of  internal  adminiftration,  and  the  fcience  of  finances  ;  the 
knowledge  of  the  political  fituation,  refources  and  wealth  of  every 
ftate,  have  been  added  to  the  eAablilhed  lift  of  academical  fciences, 
and  they  employ  the  talents  of  a  gi£at  number  of  writers,  under  the 
name  of  Technology,  Occonomy,  Sci'exTCC  of  Finances,  and  Statiftic. 

Many  other  fciences  have  undergone  cojifidcrable  changes.  Their 
principles  have  been  more  thoroughly  invcftigated,  their  proper  limits 
alTigned;  they  have  received  great  improvements  with  refpeft  to  me- 
thodical arrangement  and  praftical  utility.  The  fcience  of  education 
has  experienced  a  total  and  moil  advantageous  rcvoiulion.  In  no 
other  country  this  important  fcience  is  fo  univerially  and  fo  fucccis- 
fuUy  altendtd  to  ;  nor  can  any  country  boaft  of  fo  many  inftitutions 
cfedutation.  Upwards  of  50  writers,  pofTefi'ed  of  laudable  zeal  and 
great  abilities,  aflifted  b)'  praftical  experience,  and  cncourag'cd  by  iomc 
of  the  wifcft  and  moft  patriotic  fovereigns,  have  for  feme  ycais  paft 
applied  their  talents  entirely  to  the  improvement  of  the  method  of 
nidruAing,  and  to  the  eftablilhing  of  inflilutions,  Ccjlciilateu  to  pr( - 
mo^e  the  happinefsof  futuic  generations,     liic  benefit  i.d   labour,  or 

tiiofo 


t!D4  GERMANY. 

thefe  men  extend  to  the  lowefl  ranks  of  focietj'.  Several  country 
fchools  are  eftabliflied,  in  which  this  numerous  and  valuable  clafs  of 
people  are  inflruft^d  in  religion,  in  the  duties  of  their  ftation,  and  the 
proper  ufe  of  their  reafon  ;  and  where  they  are  brought  up  in  habits 
of  induftry,  which  attach  them  to  their  fituation  in  life.  The  great 
plan  thefc  friends  of  mankind  purfue,  is  to  render  education,  fo  long 
neglefted  by  ftatcfmen,  an  effential  part  of  internal  politics.  They 
inculcate  the  neceffity  of  beftowing  no  lefs  pains  on  the  formation  of 
aftive  habits,  the  early  impreflion  of  religious  and  moral  principles, 
the  developement  of  the  bodily  and  mental  powers,  by  the  eafieft  and 
moft  natural  fleps,  the  prefervation  of  the  health  of  young  people,  than 
on  their  progrefs  in  claffical  and  fcientifical  knowledge. 

The  progrefs  of  the  Germans  in  natural  philofophy  and  mathematics 
is  better  known  abroad,  than  their  progrefs  in  metaphyfics  and  divini- 
ty, which  has,  at  leaft,  kept  pace  with  the  former.  The  general  taftc 
for  literature  and  fcientiBc  inquiry,  which  is  the  bent  the  genius  and 
the  indudr/  of  the  nation  has  taken,  in  confequence  of  the  lingular 
political  conftitution,  has  diffufed  a  vafl  mafs  of  knowledge  through 
Germany,  efpecially  through  iis  northern  parts.  In  thefe  provinces 
the  number  of  literati  is  exceedingly  great  ;  they  may  be  faid  to  form 
a  particular  republic  of  letters,  dillinguiflied  by  liberality  of  manners, 
by  a  cpuCiderable  degree  of  independence,  and  a  veiy  perceptible  in- 
fluence on  the  government  of  the  flates,  by  the  direflion  of  the  public 
«pinio,n.  The  number  of  readers  in  the  German  empire,  and  in  the 
jneighbouring  countries,  efpecially  in  the  north  of  Europe,  where  the 
German  language  has  an  extenlivc  circulation,  is  large  enough  to  en- 
courage the  publication  of  no  Icfs  than  5000  annual  literary  produc- 
tions, of  which  two-thirds  are  original  performances,  and  one-third 
rranliations  from  other  languages.  It  is  true,  this  rage  of  writing  and 
of  reading  lias  fome  difadvantages  ;  among  which,  the  publication  of 
a  great  number  of  wretched  books  is  one  of  the  mod  confpicuous. — ■ 
Yet  tliefe  are  cither  calculated  for  a  particular  public,  or  tliey  are  foon 
buried  in  the  oblivion  they  deferve  ;  while,  on  the  oilier  iide,  the 
beneficial  confequences  refulting  from  this  univerfal  application  to 
literature  are  greatly  preponderant.  Bcfides  the  obvious  advantages 
of  deflroying  ignorance  and  prejudice,  of  fprcading  liberality  of  fenti- 
ment,  it  keeps  up  the  connexion,  otherwife  not  fufHcicntly  binding, 
hctv.cen  the  different  parts  of  the  empire,  it  excites  a  fuirit  of  enuila- 
lion,  it  infpires  a  Idluiary  dread  to  fovereigns  to  commit  fuch  aftions 
ns  might  draw  public  cenfure  upon  them,  it  acquaints  the  different 
claiTos  of  men  with  their  rights,  and  gives  energy  to  the  voice  and  the 
'.:omplaints  of  the  jKiblic.  Tiie  fciences  in  C'crmany  appear  in  no  un- 
impoitinit  point  of  view,  when  confidcred  as  the  means  of  affording 
a  comfortable  labhRcncc  to  an  affonifliing  number  of  people  employed 
in  ^caching,  or  in  writing  on  the  fciences,  and  to  jnany  tlioufands  of 
paper-manufa6turers,  printers,  and  bookfellcrs.  The  book  trade  is  no 
where  equally  important  ;  at  the  Leipzick  fair  Looks  are  fold  and  ex- 
changed 1.)  tlie  value  of  feveral  hundred  thoufand  dollars. 

There  are  38  univerfities  in  German)^,  of  whicii  19  belong  to  the 
Froteftants,  and  ij  to  tlie  Roman  Catholics  ;  though  the  latter  ought 
to  have  many  more,  coiilidcring  t;,e  propovLioa    of  their   numbers  to 

thofe 


MONARCHY    OF    PRUSSIA.  205 

thofe  of  the  Proteftants,  which  is  as  two  to  one.  Of  all  the  German 
inftitutions  of  education,  the  univerfittes  are  ftill  the  moft  faulty,  con- 
fidering  the  wants  of  our  age  ;  yet  moft  of  the  Protcftant  univcrfities 
in  Germany  are  the  lead  exceptionable  inftitutions  of  that  kind  in  Eu- 
rope. The  number  of  literary  and  fcientifical  focieties,  public  libra- 
riesj  academies  of  arts,  colleftions  of  piftures,  military  academies,  &c. 
is  greater  in  Germany  than  in  any  other  country. 

History.]  Charlemagne,  or  Charles  the  Great,  king  of  France, 
was  the  founder  of  the  German  Empire  in  A.  D.  800.  Leopold  II. 
late  Emperor  died  Feb.  1792.  The  German  Diet  was  to  meet  the 
4th  of  July  foUo-yving  for  the  Eleftion  of  a  SuccelTor  to  the  crown. 

Thofe  who  wifh  to  acquaint  themfelves  with  the  hiftory  of  the  Ger- 
man Empire  are  referred  to  the  Univerfal  Hiftory.  See  alfo  Ency- 
clopedia, Brittannica.  Article,  Germany — Publifliing  in  Philadelphia, 
by  Mr.  Thomas  Dobfon. 


MONARCHY     of     PRUSSIA. 

Boundaries  AND  NAME.]  T^^^A"""''^  is  bounded  on  the 
-■  X  north  by  part  ot  bamogUia  ;  louth, 
by  Poland  proper  and  Mafovia  ;  eaft.  by  part  of  Lithuania  ;  weft  by 
Polifli  Pruflia  and  the  Baltics. 

The  name  of  Pruflia  is  probably  derived  from  the  Borufli,  the  an- 
cient inhabitants  of  the  country. 

The  following  Table  from  Zimmerman  will  furnifti  the  readcc 
with  the  beft  information  concerning  the  Divifions,  Extent,  PopuU- 
tion,  and  Towns  of  the  Pruflian  Monarchy, 


}  TABLE. 


2oG 


MONARCHY    OF    PRUSSIA. 


6 

3      . 

X  2 

si 
6 

s 

CO 

1     ' 

u.fl 

■■\g 

! 

f 

c 

13 

0    t^ 

1 1 

;i| 

88 
?l  1 

.rl 

3  0 

— 0  d'6-o  0 

0    'o  0    "^  " 
0    0    0    M  CO 

fill" 

1  i  1  1  -g 

w  J2  'C -c  u 

— 0 

8 

re 

Population 
for  every 
fquare  mile. 

2        £ 

00 

00 

to 

j 
a. 

c2 

i        1 

1    i. 

0 

8 
8 

0" 

0^ 

8 
0" 

«3 

8 

0 

0 

0' 

1 

u 

3 

cr 

C/2 

00 

ill 

-^^^ 

0^ 

0 
0" 

0 

0" 

0 

0) 

As  the  Countries  belonging  to  this  Monarchy  are 
fcattered,and  without  any  natural  Connexion,  one 
cannot  afcertain  very  accurately  their  boundaries. 

The  Idtitufie  of  Pruflia  goes  to  55**  lat.  N. 

c 

ii      1 

0 
0 

J'     1 

i'   ! 

II      1 

J^    a 

1 

0 

s 
0 

c 

3 

5 

rt 
3 

u 

1 
1 

v5 
0 

3 

1 

C 
'So 

c 

> 

c 

1 

<^ 

3 

2 

"o 

a. 
'u 

•  S 

^      4r   o 


TABLE 


MONARCHY     OF    PRUSSIA. 


207 


11 

s2" 


o  o  o  o  o  o 
o  o  o  o  >o  o 

O  CO    ^„  9,  1>  ^ 


-o    I 


I    I 


Hill's 

i3     Q-  *-     u.     M 


o  o 
o  o 

tr  O 


i- 

h-o 


00     CTiOO 
"^   O    — 


^      1 

CTi 


1      1 


ii  o  c 
on  U  < 


005 


CO  o 


•2  t'B 


)3 


e 

o 

3 


TABLV: 


208 


MONARCHY    of    PRUSSIA. 


o 

l-i 

S 

<** 
6 

°?.8 

III 

si 

It 

(4  Towns.) 
Fecklenburg         — 
Lingen     —       —      1,800 

I 

^     i 

a 

(24  Towns.) 
Cleve             —         5,300 
Wefel             —         45600 
Duifburg         — 

.^     8 
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0 
0 

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for    every 
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Wl'ALTi^ 


MONARCHY     o?     P  R  U  S  S  I  A.  2^9 

Wealth,  coMMEPvCK,  &c.]  The  different  provinces  of  tha  Prirf- 
I'lan  monarchy  are  by  no  means  equal  to  one  another  witli  rcfoeft  to 
fertility  and  the  articles  of  their  produce.  The  kingdom  of  Prufiia, 
being  the  moft  northern  part  of  the  monarchy,  is  rich  in  corn,  timber, 
mannagrafs,  flax  and  peltry  of  all  forts,  and  exports  thefc  articles. — 
Amber  is  exported  annually,  to  the  value  of  20,000  dollars.  Pruflid 
wants  fait,  and  has  no  metals  but  Iron.  The  profits  of  its  fillieries  are 
confiderablc.  Silcfia  has  illvcr,  lead,  tin,  and  iron  ;  but  its  mines  are 
Oill  in  an  infant  (l.Uc  :  It  has  likewife  a  great  plenty  of  p't-coal,  dif- 
ferent forts  of  fait,  precious  (lones,  and  quarries  of  excellent  free-done. 
The  Iheep  and  goats  of  this  province  are  remarkably  good.  Of  vege- 
tables it  produces  lartrc  quantities  of  madder,  fome  tobacco,  wme,  and 
corn,  fufficient  for  the  confumption  of  this  province.  The  Marchc  of 
JJrandenburg  has  excellent  fliecp,  timber,  flax,  fiik,  falt-petre,  allum., 
and  a  very  fine  fort  of  clay,  ufed  in  the  china  manufaflure.  Pomcra- 
nia  exports  timber,  cattle,  and  corn.  Ilalberfladt  and  Magdeburg  arc 
remarkable  for  corn  and  lilk,  and  Wedphalia  for  corn  and  minerals. 
The  provinces  of  Weflphaiia  have  iron,  calamine,  pit-coal,  and  fome 
lead  and  copper.  The  induflry  of  the  PruiFian  nation,  encouraged 
chiefly  by  the  late  king,  the  wonder  of  the  age,  is  at  prefent  fo  great, 
that  not  only^i,20o  veifels,  and  i2,ooo  feamen  are  employed,  in  the 
maritime  provinces,  wliere  trade  was  formerly  at  a  very  low  ebb,  no 
more  than  500  fifliermen  being  employed  in  the  herring  fiflicry.  but 
that  the  produce  of  the  mines  is  made  to  amount  to  (.300,000  dollars, 
a,nd  gives  bread  to  90,000  families.  The  fum  accruing  to  the  king 
from  the  mines  amounts  to  Hoo.ooo  dollars,  and  the  profits  of  private 
proprietors  to  ,500;COo  dollars.  Before  the  commencement  of  the  late 
reign,  Pruflia  (according  to  Count  Ilerzberg)  had  but  a  few  filk  man- 
ufaftures  :  At  prefent  tiiey  employ  upwards  of  5.000  hands  ;  and  the 
value  of  goods  .manufaftured,  amounts  to  2.000,000  dollars  annually, 
one  fourth  of  which  is  exported.  Of  ;o,ooolb.  of  raw  filk,  required 
for  this  manufafture,  13,432  lb,  are  produced  in  the  PrulTian  domin- 
ions. Large  water-mills  are  crefted  for  fpinning  filk,  wool  and  thread. 
The  articles  fuoplied  by  thcfc  mills  arc  of  very  great  commercial  con- 
fequcncc.  Prufiia  exports  linen,  to  the  value  of  fix  millions  of  dollars^ 
chieflv  to  Soain  and  Italy,  and  woollens  to  the  value  of  four  millionS3 
fome  ef  which  finds  its  way  even  to  China,  through  RufFia.  Eafleriii 
Prufiia  exports,  aruTually,  10c. oco  flcin  of  flax,  10,000  fleinof  hemp, 
befides  ibme  thoufand  tons  of  flax  and  hemp-feed.  WeH  Prufiia  ex- 
ports linen  thread  to  the  value  of  500.000  dollars,  and  19,000  fi-cia 
of  flax.  The  iron  woiks  and  foundcries  of  the  county  of  Maik  bring 
into  circulation  about  one  million  of  dollars.  Thefe  articles  ?.dded'to 
the  timber  and  corn  of  lirandenburg  and  Pomerania,  each  of  which 
articles  is  exported  to  the  value  of  one  million  of  dollars  :  To  the  flax 
pnd  timber  of  PrufTia,  and  :othc  important  PollHi  trade  carried  on  by 
the  way  of  Koenigfbcrg,  Memel,  Elbing,  Dantzick,  and  Stettin,  turn 
the  balance  of  trade  confiderably  in  favour  of  the  Pruilun  dominions. 
There  are  in  all  about  123,000  hands  employed  in  the  manufdclures 
of  cloth,  filk,  linen,  leather,  &c.  The  manufatfure  of  porcclaine  em- 
ploy s  5,000  people.  The  cotton  manufafture,  with  refpeft  to  the  fine- 
fiefs  ciTjd  bcjufy  of  its  goods,  is  one  of  the  bcft  in  Europe,  Befides 
O  tii« 


£10  MONARCHY    of    P  R  U  S  S  I  A; 

the  above,  there  arc  many  manufaftures  of  glafs,  white  lead,  hard-ware, 
vitriol,  allum,  paper,  fugar,  tobacco,  &c.  The  number  of  people  work- 
ing in  the  principal  manufa6>.ures  of  Pruffia,  is  upwards  of  165000^ 
and  the  produc>:  of  their  induftry  is  ePtimated  at  upw^ards  of  30  mil- 
lions of  dollars.  Tlie  Imall  manufriftures  of  ftarch,  allum,  vinegar, 
bleaclied  wax,  tobacco  pipes,  arms,  tapefhry,  gloves,  are  not  included 
in  this  calculation,  vet  thev  produce  many  millions  of  dollars.  Afc 
Embden,  anEail-India  Company  has  been  eftabliflred  with  tolerable 
fuccefi. 

Army.]  In  1783,  the  Army  of  Pruffia  amounted  to  224, 43f 
ar.cn,  viz. 

Infantry.  Cavalry, 

In    tiie   March  —  —  46,488  4,187 

In  PrufTia  —  —  335947  12,229 

In    Fomcrania  —  —  12,670  8,430 

In   Magdeburg  —  — .  16,907  3579^ 

In    Weftphalia  —         —  13j990 

In    Silefia  —  —  40,168  l^,B6o 

In  178,5  the  army  amounted  to  192^377. 

At  Berlin  there  is  an  Ecole  Militaire,  and  a  fchool  for  cadets ;  Each 
regiment  has  its  court  of  juftice.  The  Pruihan  troops  are  laid  to  be 
the  befk  difciplined  of  any  in  the  world. 

Finances.]  The  Finances  of  PrulTia  amount  to  ag  millions  of  dol - 
lars  :  According  to  Bufching  to  18,500,000  only. 

From  the  Elcftorate  or  March  of  Brandenburg        —         6|millions 
From  Prufiia         —         —         . — .  —  —  4i 

From  Poinerania  —  —  —  —  —  2 

From  Magdeburg  and  Flalberftadt  —  —  2 

,,v..      From  Wellphalia  —         . —         — .         — ,         —        a 

'W    FromSiielia         —         _  __  __  __  6 

23 

According  to  Bufching. 

Pomerania  ■ .  2.000.000 

PrufTia  . . 4,000,000 

Sileda  ■ 4.500.00a 

March,  of   Brandenburg -^ »  3.300.000 

Magdelnirg  ■  . 

Flaibcrtftadt  . 

Cleve,   Mark,  and  Mocurs  . 

Miiiden  and  Ravenfberir  . . 


1,400,000 
5C0.000 

l.OCC.OOO 

000 


Oftfrienand  •  '—  . 900,000 


18.500.000 
The  revenues  arife  from  demefnes  of  the  king,  his  duties  of  cuftoms 
and  tolls,  and  the  lubfidies  yearly  granted  by  the  icveral  fhates.     Amber 
alone  is  faid  to  bring  him  in  26,000   dollars  annually. 

GovERN'MKNT.]  His  Prulfiau  Majeily  IS  ablolute  through  all  his 
dominions  :  The  government  of  this  kingdom  iscjtcrciicd  by  a  regen- 
cy of  four  Chancellors  of  State,  viz.  i.'The  Great  Mafler  :  2.  The 
Great  Burgrave  ;  3.  The  Great  Chancellor  :  And  4.  The  Great  Mar- 
flial.     There  arc   alfo  focie  other  councils,    aud  i7"Bailiv.ucks.     The- 

flatea 


MONARCHY    of    PRUSSIA.  mi 

ibtesconfift  :  i.Of  Counfellors  of  State  :  2.  Of  Deputies  from  the 
Nobility  :  And  3.  From  the  Commons.  Befides  theic  inftitutions, 
his  Majefty  has  erefted  a  board  for  commerce  and  navigation. 

General  Remarks.]  The  prcf^fnt  flourifliiniy  Hate  of  PrufTia,  a: 
country  by  no  means  remarkable  for  its  natural  riches,  is  an  uftonilh- 
ing  proof  of  what  a  finglc  great  man  is  able  to  efFeft,  who  unites  extra- 
ordinary ftrength  of  genius,  wit)i  laborious  and  perfcvering  aftivity. — 1 
This  monarchy  refembles  a  very  complicated  tnachinc,  which,  bv  its 
ingenious  and  admirable  conftruftion,  produces  the  greated  cfl\;B:s 
with  the  greateft  eafe,  but  in  which  the  yielding  of  a  wheel,  or  the 
relaxation  of  a  fpring,  will  put  a  flop  to  the  motion  of  the  whole.  The 
united  efFefts  of  flourifhing  finances,  of  prudent  occonomy,  of  accuracy 
and  difpatch  in  every  branch  of  admlniflration,  and  of  a  formidable 
military  flrength,  have  given  to  this  ftate  fuch  a  confcqueiice,  that  the 
tranquillity  and  fecurity,  not  only  of  Germany,  but  of  all  Europe, 
depend  in  a  great  meafure  on  the  politics  of  the  PrufTian  cabinet.  Tlics 
adminiflration  of  juftice  is  iikewife  admirably  fimplified  and  executed 
with  unparalleled  quicknefs.  Upon  the  whole,  the  reign  of  Frederick 
the  Great  may,  indeed,  be  confidered  as  the  mod  fpccious  argument 
in  favour  of  monarchical  government.  Improvements  have  been 
made  in  one  fingle  reign,  which,  in  a  country  where  the  governing 
powers  arc  lefs  united  and  more  limited,  would  have  required  feveraL 
ages,  and  the  mod  favourable  circumftances.  Difference  of  religion 
in  a  ftate,  is  commonly  the  caufe  of  many  difturbances  :  Under  the 
late  king,  all  profefTions  of  faith  lived  peaceably  together,  becaufe  the 
eftablifhed  religion,  which  is  the  reformed,  had  no  power  to  opprcis 
thofe  of  a  different  perfuafion.  Roman  Catholics  and  Jews  are  very 
numerous  in  the  Pruflian  dominions;  they  enjoy  tire  mofl.  perfcft 
freedom  in  the  exercifeof  their  religion. 

The  progrefs  which  the  arts  and  fciences,  and  efpecially  elegant  litera- 
ture, have  made  during  the  reign  of  this  great  man,  is  very  confidcrable. 
It  is  no  more  than  about  40  years  ago,  that  the  Germans,  though  great 
proficients  in  every  branch  of  fcieritific  knowledge,  paid  proper  atten- 
tion to  the  refinement  of  their  tafte,  and  the  cultivation  of  their  lan- 
guage. Yet  fuch  is  the  application  peculiar  to  the  Germans,  and  Li 
well  were  they  prepared  for  every  fpecies  of  compofition,  by  their  in- 
timate acquaintance  with  the  befli  ancient  and  moJern  writers  of  all 
nations,  that  having  once  laid  afide  the  fafhion  of  writing  in  Latin, 
they  were  able  (o  enumerate,in  a  fuort  period, matiy  excellent  poets  and 
elegant  writers  in  their  nati\e  language.  This  is  the  more  to  be  won- 
dered at,  as  the  late  kingof  Pruflla,  greatly  neglected  in  his  education, 
and  afterwards  con itant I y  furroundedbv  foreigners,  was  unacquainted 
with,  and  indifferent  to  the  energy  and  copioufnels  of  his  own  lan- 
guage, and  to  the  progrefs  his  countrymen  made  in  tade  and  •oinpofi- 
tion.  He  had,  hov/ever,  the  merit  of  encouraging  the  fciences  and 
fome  branches  of  literature  ;  and  fuc.li  is  the  coiniexion  between  the 
diflerent  branches,  that  if  fome  of  them  sre  patrni-.izc.d  by  grca*  and 
powerful  men,  all  tlie  other  brandies  will  partake  of  the  animating 
influence. 

History.]     Pruffii  was  anciently  inhabited  by  an  idolatrous  and 

cruel  people.    The  barbarity  and  ravages  they  were  contmually  makin<; 

lipon  their  neighbours,  obliged   Conud,  duke  of  M.i''ovia5  about   the 

O  2  middle 


212  MONARCHY    of    PRUSSIA. 

middle  of  the  thirteenth  century,  to  call  to  his  afliftance  the  knights  of 
the  Teutonic  order,  who  were  juft  returned  from  the  holy  land. — 
Thefe  knights  chofe  a  grand  mafter,  attacked  thofe  people  with  fuccefs, 
and  after  a  bloody  war  of  fifty  years,  reduced  them  to  obedience, 
and  obliged  them  to  embrace  chriftianity.  They  maintained  their  con- 
queft  till  1525,  when  Albert,  Margrave  of  blandenburg,  their  laft 
grand  mafter,  having  made  himfelf  mafter  of  all  Prufiia,  ceded  the 
weftern  part  to  the  king  of  Poland,  and  was  acknowledged  dul<eof 
the  eaftern  part,  but  to  be  held  as  a  fief  of  that  kingdom.  The  eleftor, 
Frederick-William,  furnamed  the  Great,  by  a  treaty  with  Poland  in 
1656,  obtained  a  confirmation  of-  this  part  of  Prufiia  to  him  and  his 
heirs,  free  from  vaflalage,  and  in  1663,  he  was  declared  independent 
and  fovereign  duke.  With  thefe  titles,  and  as  grand  mafter  of  the 
Teutonics,  they  continued  till  1701,  when  Frederick,  fon  of  Frederick- 
William  the  Great,  and  grand-father  of  the  late  king,  raifed  the  duchy 
of  Prufiia  to  a  kingdom,  and  on  January  18,  1701,  in  a  folemn  aflem- 
bly  of  the  ftates  of  the  empire,  placed  the  crown  with  his  own  hands 
upon  his  head  ;  foon  after  which,  he  was  acknowledged  as  king  cf 
Prufiia  by  all  the  other  European  powers.  Frederick  III.  died  Augufl 
17,1786,  and  was  fucceeded  by  his  nephew,  Frederick- William  who 
was  born  17440 


•JONARCHY 


AUSTRIA.  213 

MONARCHY     op    AUSTRIA. 

THE  Divifions,  Extent,  Population,   and   Chief  Towns  of  this 
Monarchy,  arc  noticed  in  the  following  Table. 


2; 

8  .^^8  8  a|8 

0    -^     'O 

■-  .i3  1-  ^  .T5  0  ^« 

Prague,               —              80,000 
Carlftad 

Eger 

11 

-     CO 

1 
i 

0 

8 

1 

0  cfoci  OMcToodod 

11',  1     1     ,' 
III' 

„  s  &-«    «      J  « 

Population  for 
each  fingle 
fquare  mile. 

w    0 

00 

0 

0 
a, 

c2 

88 
0  0 

CJ    -" 

8  ^^ 

0    C?i 

1 

0 

8 

CO 

1 

0 
0 
0^ 

1 
§ 

0 

1 

0 
8 

8 

1 

i 

— "2 — 

el 

<  i 

0 

•5- 
0" 

00 

0 

CO 

CO 

CO 

•0 

-O 
CO 
CO 

U3 

6 

c 
.2 
*S 

c 

3 
< 

'o 
c 
0 

ys 

*> 

Q 

A.  Countries    belonging  to  the   Gcr 

man  empire. 
i.  Circle  of  Auftria         —         — 

1 

rS 

1 

4 

G 

I 

.3 

> 

o 

"o 

'3 

CO 

1 
1 

0 

1 

G 

1 

.2 
< 

TAbLt: 

■H 


A. 


CO 

o 

H 

M 

o 

Names.                         Number  of  inhabitants. 
Milan               —                   —              132,000 
Pavia                   —              —                   27,600 
Cremona             —                  —            25,000 
Mantua              —              —                   23.000 

0000000 
c  0  5  0  0  0  0 

0    0    0    0    to  0    Cv> 

11", 11 

Oo-OHoIoe-h" 

'3 

0 

8 

10 

1 
1 

1-3 

o"o" 
0  0 

0  10 

'1 

i'l 

=   1 
"1      1 

N 

Hi 

M     U     ^ 

0  Jcq 

ul 

.2  t^  o 
1" 

en 

"5 
10 

C\ 

Tf    CO 

< 

.2 

0 

1 
a 
CO 

0 

8 
0" 

CO 

0 

CO 

0 
0 

8 
0 

d 

"•O 

88 
0  0 
0  0" 

eT 

0" 

CO 

CO 
'-0 

>-o 

CO 

0 

1.0 

CO    0 

CO     -1^ 

cf  0" 
M   0 

o 

0 

c 

'B  ^ 
3  X 
o  S 
>-> 

1 

1 

? 

a 

0 

1 
1 

to 
q 

.     '1 

1 

! 

.5 

1 
1 

c 
H 

I 
1 

'1 

HO 

Wealth 


A      U      S      T      R      I      A.  (215 

Wealth,  Commerce,  &c.]  The  provinces  of  the  Audi  ian  mon- 
«;rchy  are  not  only  favourably  fituated  as  to  climate,  but  they  mav  he 
reckoned  among  the  mod  fertile  in  Eu^rope.  There  is  fcarcc  any 
valuable  product  which  is  not  to  be  met  with  in  them.  Bohemia  pro- 
duces and  exports  flax,  wool,  hides,  fkins,  hops,  iron,  fleel,  tin,  cobalt, 
vitriol,  brimftone,  allum,  garnets,  and  other  precious  ftonss  ;  it  imports 
fait,  wine,  filk,  cotton,  fpiccs,  &c.  upon  the  whole,  the  value  of  exports 
exceeds  tliat  of  the  imports  by  two  millions  of  florins.  Silefia  exports 
large  quantities  of  linen,  and  Moravia  has  a  great  number  of  manufac- 
tures of  all  forts,  chiclly  of  cloth,  the  produce  of  which  amounts  to  the 
value  of  13  millions  of  florins.  Auflria  is  certainly  one  of  the  mod 
fertile  provinces  of  Germany.  The  lower  divifion  of  it  produces  up- 
wards of  6o,ooocwt.  of  fait,  value  4  I-  millions  of  florins,  the  expenies 
of  the  works  not  exceeding  one  million.  1'he  falTron  of  this  province 
is  remarkably  good.  The  woollen  manufafture  at  Lintz  is  very  confi- 
dcrable,  and  employs  upwards  of  25,000  people.  There  are  befides 
many  other  manufaftures,  vi/..  of  glafs,  of  hardware,  &c.  The  art  of 
»aking  iron-wire  is  carried  to  fuch  a  degree  of  perfeftion,  that  6130 
fifli-hooks,  worth  26, florins,  are  made  of  half  an  ounce  of  metal. — - 
Auftria  produces  2.000.000  eymers  of  wine,  of  which  a  great  part  is 
exported.  I'he  exports  of  Lower  Auftria  to  the  Levant,  are  comput- 
ed at  fix  millions  ;  but  the  imports,  confifling  of  the  articles  of  cotton, 
gOats  or  camel  hair,  fpiccs  and  coffee,  at  nine  millions.  The  diflrift 
comprehending  the  provinces  of  Stiria,  Cariiithia,  and  Carniola,  called 
by  the  German  geographers  Interior  Auflria,  is  famous  for  its  minerals. 
Behdcs  fome  gold,  upwards  of  1000  lb.  of  filvet,  300.000  lb.  of  quick- 
lilvcr,  one  million  cwt.  of  iron,  150  ooocwt.  of  Idll,  1500  cwt.  of  falt- 
petre,  and  great  quantilies  of  lead,  copper,  vitriol,  cobalt,  brirnftone, 
are  the  produce  of  thefe  rich  mines.  In  Carniola  the  linen  manufac- 
tures produce  to  the  value  of  400.000  flo.ins  of  that  article.  The 
centre  of  the  Auflrian  trade  is  the  harbour  of  Trieflc,  declared  a  free 
port  by  the  prefent  emperor,  who  is  dehrousto  cHablifh  there  an  Kaft- 
India  company.  Here  is  the  market  to  which  all  the  European  nations 
refort  for  the  produftions  of  the  Auflrian  dominions.  The  province 
of  Tyrol  has  alfo  rich  mines  ;  it  produces  wine,  and  has  manufafturcs 
of  glafs,  leather,  and  filk.  Lombardy,  the  population  of  which  is  pio- 
dijjous,  produces  va(ft  quantities  of  filk,  to  the  amount  of  4.500.000 
florins.  It  exports  alfo  corn  and  rice  for  700,000,  linen  for  400. ceo, 
cattle  and  hori'es  for  1.500.000  florins.  All  the  various  articles  of 
produce,  fcaitered  through  the  other  provinces,  are  found  united,  and 
in  a  much  greater  proponion.  in  the  kingdom  of  Hungary,  which,  it 
it  was  not  too  thinly  peopled,  would  be  the  richcll  country  of  Europe. 
It  produces  annually  25,000  lb.  of  hlver,  containing  gold.  In  1779, 
the  mines  of  Schcmnitz  and  Cremnilz  yielded  1215  lb.  of  gold.  Ihe 
goldwafh  of  the  Bannat  yields  upwards  of  1000  ducats.  It  is  fuppol- 
cd,  that  Hungary  and  Tranfylvania  together  produce  gold  and  iilver 
to  the  value  of  7,000,000  florins  annually.  34,000  cv.t,  of  copper,  be- 
lides  iron,  quickflver,  fait,  and  marble.  The  value  of  the  mines  of 
the  Auftiian  Monarchy  is  computed  to  amount  to  lo.ooo.oco  flonn.s. 
It  is  well  known  that  Hungary  produces  an  incredible  quantity  ot  ex- 
cellent wines,  the  moll  delicious  of  which  is  the  famous  lokav.  ii 
feveral  forts  of  the  Hungarian  wines  could  be  longer  kept,  and  i:  ^;' ' 


2i6  AUSTRIA. 

duties  on  them,  and  the  expenfes  of  carriage  were  not  fo  very  high, 
the  riches  accruing  from  them  to  this  country  would  be  immenfe.-— ? 
Among  the  other  valuable  produttions  of  Hungary,  we  fliall  mention 
hemp,  flax,  and  even  cotton,  barilla,  rice,  and  tobacco.  In  1779,  there 
were  exported  from  Triefte  160,759  lb.  of  inufF,  and  upwards  of 
3,oco,ooo  lb.  of  tobacco  in  leaves,  excluftve  of  2,500.000  lb.  ex- 
ported from  Fiume  and  Buhary.  This  province,  rich  in  every  rc- 
Ipeft,  fells  every  year  150,000  head  of  live  cattle,  and  40,000  hogs. — • 
Gallicia,  behdes  abounding  in  other  minerals,  is  famous  for  its  im- 
menfe  falt-works  at  Wielitzka.  This  mine  of  falt-rock  has  been  work- 
ed thcfe  600  years  paft  ;  it  extends,  according  to  Mr.  Coxc,  about 
669  feet  in  length,  1115  in  breadth,  and  743  in  depth.  It  yielded  to 
the  crown  of  Poland,  to  which  it  belonged  till  1773,  a  revenue  of 
three  millions  and  a  half  of  Polifh  florins  annually  :  it  has  been  ceded 
to  the  emperor  by  the  late  treaty  of  partition.  The  quantity  of  fait 
dug  out  every  year,  amounted  feme  years  ago  to  700.000  cwt.  The 
fait  works  of  Sambor  and  Bochnia  are  alfo  very  rich,  they  yield  falf  to 
the  value  of  one  million  of  florins.  The  few  preceding  fafts  fhew 
clearlv  the  value  of  thefe  provinces.  When  population  fhall  be  in- 
creafcd,  and  manufafturcs  cftablifhcd,  in  proportion  to  the  natural 
riches  of  the  country,  the  wealth  of  the  Auftrian  Monarchy  promifcs 
to  be  fupcrior  to  that  of  any  nation  in  Europe.  At  prefent  there  is  a 
great  want  of  navigable  canals  and  other  convenicneies  for  inland  com- 
nicrce.  Many  of  the  fpontaneous  produftions  are  not  fufRcicntly  at« 
tended  to,  as  for  inftance,  Oil.  The  Auflrian  Netherlands  have  been 
long  famous  for  their  fiflierics,  corn,  madder,  and  flax  of  a  fuperior 
finenefs,  of  which  the  Biabant  lace  is  made,  which  brings  a  great  deal 
of  m.oney  into  the  country. 

Vienna  is  the  capital  of  the  circle  of  Auftria,  and,  being  the  refidence 
of  the  emperor,  is  fuppofed  to  be  tlie  capital  of  Germanv.  It  is  a  Bobls 
and  a  ftrong  city,  and  the  princes  of  the  houfeof  Aufhriahave  omitted 
nothing  that  could  contribute  to  its  grandeur  and  riches.  A'^ienna 
contains  an  excellent  univerfity,  a  bank,  which  is  in  the  management 
of  her  own  magiflrates,  and  a  court  of  commerce  immediately  fubjcfb 
to  the  aulic  council.  Its  religious  buildings,  with  the  walks  and  gar- 
dens, occupy  a  f^xlh  part  of  tlie  town  ;  but  the  fuburbs  are  larger  than 
the  city.  It  would  be  cndlefs  to  enumerate  the  many  palaces  of  this 
capital,  two  of  which  are  imperial  ;  its  fquares,  academies,  and  libra- 
ries ;  and,  among  others,  the  fine  one  of  prince  Eugene,  with  his  and 
the  imperial  cabinets  of  curiofitie;;.  Among  its  rich  convents  is  one 
for  the  Scotch  nation,  built  in  honour  of  their  countryman,  St.  Colman, 
the  patron  of  Auftria  ;  and  one  of  the  fix  gates  of  this  city  is  called  the 
Scots  gate,  in  remembranceof  fome  notable  exploit  performed  thereby 
the  troops  of  that  nation.  The  inhabitants  of  Vienna,  including  the 
fuburbs,  are  computed  at  about  three  hundred  thoufand  ;  and  the  en- 
couragement given  them  by  their  fovercigns,  has  rendered  this  city  the 
rendezvous  of  all  the  nations  around. 

After  all  that  has  been  faid  of  this  magnificent  city,  the  mofl  candid 
and  fenhble  of  thofe  who  have  vifited  it,  arc  far  from  being  lavifh  in 
its  praife.  The  flreets,  excepting  thofe  in  the  fuburbs,  are  narrow  and 
dirty  ;  the  houfes  and  furniture  of  the  citizens  are  greatly  difpropor- 
tioned  to  the  magnificence  of  the  palaces,  fquares,  and  other  public 

buildings  j 


AUSTRIA. 


ii; 


tuildings  ;  but  above  all,  the  excefliva  impofls  laid  by  the  houfc  of 
Auflria  upon  every  commodity  in  its  dominions,  muft  always  keep  the 
manufafturing  part  of  their  fubjefts  poor.  His  late  imperial  majefty 
was  fenfible  of  thefe  truths  wiiich  were  plain  to  all  the  world  but  his 
predecefTors  and  their  counfellors  :  He  examined  things  with  his  own 
eyes,  and  dcfcended  from  that  haughtinefs  of  demeanour  which  rendered 
theimperial  court  folongdifagrceablc,  and  indeed  ridiculous,  to  the  reft 
of  Europe.  In  general,  the  condition  of  the  Auftrian  fubjefts  has  been 
greatly  meliorated  fince  the  acceflion  of  his  late  majcfhy  to  the  imperial 
throne  ;  great  encouragement  hath  been  given  to  the  proteftants,  and 
many  of  the  Catholic  religous  houfcs,  convents,  &c.  were  fuppreffed 
by  him. 

Finances.']  The  Finances  of  the  Auftrian  monarchy  amount  to. 
above  90  millions  of  florins,  exelufive  of  the  revenues  of  Galicia,  Lo- 
domiria,  and  Kuckovvina,  viz. 

Of  Bohemia  15,736,069 

—  Sileha  557>209 

—  Auftria  23,014,276 

—  Moravia  — —  5r7935i20 

—  Stiria  5,889,221 

—  Carintia  2,386,884 

—  Carniola  2,089,952 

—  Friaul  357^3^^ 

—  Tyrol  •  3,658,712 

—  Auftria  Interior  2,876,177 

—  Hungary  ■-  18,004,153 

—  Tranfylvania  3^9-i^i7<^7 

—  Lombardia  2,909,171 

—  Netherlands  .  3i^^ii^35 

—  lUyria  l,Ooo,©ool 

—  Buckowina  300,000  \-  Schloez. 

' —  Gallicia  and  Lodomiria  i  2,000,000  J 

The  debts  of  the  Auftrian  monarchv  amount  to  about  200  millions 
of  florins.  In  1 770,  the  public  expenditure  amounted  to  83I  millions, 
and  was  exceeded  by  the  revenue  by  upwards  of  lix  millions  remain- 
ing in  the  treafury. 

Army.]  The  Auftrian  army,  according  to  the  new  regulations  of 
1779,  amount  to  283,000  men.  The  infanfry  cenfifts  of  37  regiments, 
of  3 1 20  men  each,  or  in  all  1 77,840  men. 

Grenadiers  — ■  —  i^)^^^ 

Cavalry  —  —  44,ioc> 

Artillery  —  —  11,000 

Croats  "j 

Wallachian  I  — .  400,000 

Sclavonian  troops  J 

Pontoniers  —  —  6od 

Mineurs  —  —  640 

Sappeurs  —  —  '.iSo 

Tchaikifts  —  —  120O 

Engineers  —  —  200 

There  are  befides  the  general,  ftaff,  or  field  engineers,  &c.  Accord- 
ing to  others  300,000  men  (in  1783). 

Another 


2i8  AUSTRIA. 

Another  ftalement. 

Infantry  ■ 170,000 

Cavalry  •  ■  50,000 

Garrifons  and  other  corps  — —  60,069 

280,000 

There  is  at  Wienerifh  Neuftadt  a  famous  military  academy  for  460 
cadets  :  at  Vienna  an  academy  of  engineers,  and  each  regiment  has  a 

fchool,  in  which  forty  fons  of  foldiers  are  educated. 

General  Remarks.]  The  Auftrian  monarchy  wants  nothing  but 
a  long  peace  to  increafc  in  population  and  induflry.  In  both  refpeftg 
the  country  has  already  gained  mucli  by  the  wifdom  of  one  of  the  late 
emperors,  who  removed  one  of  the  greateft  obftacles  to  internal  im- 
provement, religious  intolerance.  The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is 
the  cltabliiiicd  religion  of  the  monarchy  :  There  are,  however,  at  lead 
80,000  Protefkants  in  the  provinces  belonging  to  the  German  empire. 
In  Hungary  the  number  of  Proteftants  is  fo  great,  that  iince  the  aft  of 
toleration  has  been  publiflied,  no  lefs  than  200  churches  have  been  al- 
lowed to  them.  There  are,  befides  many  thoufand  Greeks,  223,000 
jev/s,  and  about  50.000  Egyptians  or  Gypfies,  in  the  Auftrian  domin- 
ions. At  the  be^^innmg  of  the  prefent  reign,  there  were  upwards  of 
2000  convents  of  rnonks  and  nuns,  which  are  now  wilely  reduced  to 
1 1  43.  The  arts  a/id  fciences,  hitherto  greatly  neglefted,  begin  to  make 
coniiderable  progrefs.  The  emperor  Joleph  appropriated  the  greateft; 
part  of  the  revenues,  arifing  from  the  eftates  of  the  fecularifed  con- 
vents, to  the  improvement  of  the  fchools,  and  the  encouragement  of 
literarv  merit.  The  univerfities  of  the  Auflrian  dominions  are  not 
yet  equal  to  thofe  of  the  Proteflant  countries  of  Germany  ;  they  are  fix 
in  number,  at  Vienna,  Prague,  Peft,  Lemberg,  Louvain,  and  Frey- 
bourg,  in  Brifgau.  The  government  is,  in  certain  refpefts,  flriftly 
monarchical;  however,  in  the  provinces  of  Hungary,  Illyria,  Tran- 
fylvania,  Tyrol,  and  the  Netherlands,  the  dates  have  preferved  fo  much 
of  their  ancient  confequence,  as  to  prevent  new  taxes  from  being  im- 
pofed  on  thofe  provinces  without  their  coafent.  The  cities  of  BrulTels 
and  Milan  are  the  feats  of  the  two  viceroys,  or  governor-generals  of 
the  Netherlands  and  the  Italian  provinces.  Jofeph  II.  rendered  an 
elfential  fervice  to  humanfty,  in  abolifliing  the  fervitude  or  viilanagc 
©f  the  peafanls  of  Bohemia. 


::  iNGDOM 


B      O      H      E      M      I      A.  210 

KINGDOM    OF     BOHEMIA, 

BELONGING  TO  THE  AUSTRIAN  MONARCHY. 

Situation  and  Extent. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length      478  )    ^^^^,^^^   f  48  and  52  north  latitude. 

Breadth    322  /  \  12  and  19  caft  longitude. 

Boundaries.]  T>OUNDEDby  Saxony  and  Brandenburg,  on  the 
JLJ    North;  by  Poland  and  Hungary,   on  tlie  Eaft  ; 
by  Auftria  and  Bavaria,  on  the  South  ;  and  by  the  palatinate  of  Bava- 
ria, on  the  Wcfl  ;  formerly  comprehending,   I.  Bohemia  Proper  ;  2, 
Silefia  ;  and,  3.  Moravia. 

To  what  we  have  already  fald  of  Bohemia  under  the  head  of  Auftria, 
we  add  the  following  particulars  : — 

Mountains  and  rivers.]  Bohemia,  though  almoft  furroundcd 
with  mountains,  contains  none  of  note  or  diftinftion  ;  Its  woods  arc 
many,  and  the  chief  rivers  arc  the  Elbe,  Muldaw,  and  Egcr. 

Archbishoprics  AND  bishoprics.  |  Prague  is  the  only  Bohe- 
mian archbifhopric.  The  bilhoprics  are  Koningfgratz,  Bieflaw,  and 
Olmutz. 

Language.]  The  proper  language  of  the  Bohemians  is  a  dialc£l  of 
the  Sclavonian,  but  they  generally  fpeak  German  and  High  Dutch. 

University.]     The  only  univerfity  in  Boliemia  is  that  of  Prague. 

Cities  and  towns.]  Prague,  the  capital  of  Bohemia,  is  one  of  the 
fineft  and  moll  magnificent  cities  in  Europe,  and  famous  for  its  noble 
bridge.  Its  circumference  is  lo  large,  that  the  grand  Prulhan  army,  in 
its  laft  fiege,  never  could  completely  inveft  it.  I-ortliis  reafon  it  is 
able  to  make  a  vigorous  defence  in  cafe  of  a  regular  liege.  The  in- 
habitants are  thought  not  to  be  proportioned  to  its  capacioufnefs,  be- 
ing computed  at  80,000.  It  contains  92  churches  and  chapels,  and  40 
cloifters.  It  is  a  place  of  little  or  no  trade,  and  therefore  the  middling 
inhabitants  are  not  wealthy  ;  but  the  Jews  are  faid  to  carry  on  a  large 
commerce  in  jewels.  Bohemia  contains  many  other  towns,  fomc  of 
which  are  fortified,  but  they  are  neither  remarkable  for  ftrcngth  nor 
manufatlures.  Olmutz  is  the  capital  of  Moravia  :  It  is  well  fortified, 
and  has  manufaftures  of  woollen,  iron,  glafs,  paper,  and  gunpowder. 
Breflaw,  the  capital  of  Silefia,  hath  been  already  dcfcribed. 

Commerce  and  manufactures.]     See  Auftria. 

Constitution  and  government,],  The  forms,  and  only  the 
forms,  of  the  old  Bohemian  conftitution'ftill  fi.bfift  ;  but  the  govern- 
ment, under  the  emperor,  is  dcfpotic.  1  heir  flates  are  compofcd  of 
the  clergy,  nobility,  gentry,  andj'cprefentativcs  of  towns. 

History.]  The  Bohemian  nobility  ufed  to  eleft  their  own  princes, 
though  the  emperors  of  Germany  fomttimes  impofed  a  king  upon  them, 
and  at  length  ufurped  that  throne  themfclves.  In  the  year  1438,  Al- 
bert II.  of  Auflria,  received  three  crowns,  that  of  Ilungai}'.  the  Em- 
pire, and  Bohemia. 

In  1414  John  Hufs  and  Jerome  of  Prague,  two  of  the  firft  reformers, 
and  Bohemians,  were  burnt  at  the  council  of  Conftance,  though  the 
emperor  of  Germany  had  given  them  liis  proteftion.  This  occafioncd 
n  iiifurrcQiion  in  Bohemia  :  The  people  of  Prague,   threw  the  cmT   ■- 


»2& 


HUN 


ror*s  officers  out  of  the  windows  of  the  council-chamber  :  and  the  fa- 
mous Zifca,  aflemblihg  an  arfny  of  40.600  Bohemians,  defeated  the 
emperor's  forces  iufeverjil  engag^cments,  and  drove  the  Imperialiftsout 
of  the  kingdom.  The  divifions  of  the  Plullites  among  themfejves  en- 
abled the  emperors  to  keep  poileffion  of  Bohemia,  though  an  attempt 
was  made  to  throw  off  the  Imperial  yoke,  by  clefting,  in  the  year  1618, 
a  proteftdut  king,  in  the  perfon  of  the  Prince  Palatine,  fon-in4aw  to 
James  I.  of  England.  He  was  driven  from  Bohemia  by  the  emperor's 
o-cnerals,  and,  being  dripped  of  his  Other  dominions,  was  forced  tode- 
pend  on  the  court  of  England  for  a  fubhflcnce.  After  a  -war  of  30 
years  duration,  which  defolated  the  whole  empire,  the  Bohemiansy 
tiucethat  time,  have  remained  fubjtft  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria. 


HUNGARY. 

BELONGING   TO   THE  AUSTRIAN  MONARCHY, 
Situation  an'd  Extknt. 
Miles.  Degrees. 

Length      300  j  ^^^^^,^^^    r  17  and  23  eaft  longitude. 
Breadth    200  J  L  45  and  49  north  latituuc. 

Boundaries.]  'THHAT  part  of  Hungary  which  belongs  to  thr. 
X  houfe  of  Au'ilria  (for  it  formerly  included 
Tranfylvania,  Sclavonia,  Croatia,  Morlachia,  Servia,  Walachia,  and 
other  countries)  is  bounded  by  Poland,  on  the  North  ;  by  Tranfylva- 
nia and  Walachia,  Eafl  ;  by  Sclavonia,  South;  and  by  Auftria  and- 
Moravia,  Weft. 

The  kingdom  of  Huiigary  is  ufually  divided  into  the  Upper    and 
I.ov/er  Hungary. 

Upper  HUNGARY,  North  or 

THE  Danube. 

Chief  Towns. 

Prcfburg,  fituated  on  the  Danube, 

E.  Ion.  17-30.  N.lat.  48-20. 
Newhaufel,  N.  W. 
Lcopolftadt,  N.  W. 
Chrcmnits,  N.  W. 
Schemniis,  in  the  middle, 
Ffperies,  N. 
Chafchaw.  N. 
Tokay,  N.  E. 
Zotmar,  N.  K. 
Unguar,  N.  E. 
Mciigats,  N.  E, 
Waradiu  Great.  E. 
Segedm,  S,  E. 
Agria,  in  the  midale, 
Peft,  on  the  Danube,  oppofite  to 
Buda. 

To  which  may  be  added  Temefwar.  wliich  has  been  confidcred  as 
diftinft  frOHi  Hungary,  becaufe  it  was  formerly  governed  by  an  inde- 
pendent 


Lower   HUNGARY,  South  of 

THE  Danube. 

Chief  Towns. 

Buda,  on  the  Danube,  E.  Ion.  19- 

20.  N.  lat.  47-40. 
Gran,  on  the  ijanube,  above  Buda. 
Comorra,   on  the  Danube,   in  the 

ifland  of  Schut. 
Raab,  on  the  Danube,  oppofite  to 

the  ifland  of  Schut. 
Atleaburff,   W.  oppofite  to    the 

ifland  of  Schut." 
Weiikenburg,  or  Alba  Regalis,  fit- 

uatcd  £.  of  the  lake,  called  the 

Platten  fea. 
Kanifba,  S.  W\  of  the  Platten  fea. 
Five   Churches.    N.  of  the  river 

Drave. 


HUNGARY.  22t 

pendent  king  ;  and  it  has  fcveral  times  been  in  pofTefliOn  of  the  Turks  ; 
but  the  Aullrians  gaining  polFcilion  of  it,  it  was  incorporated  into  the 
kingdom  of  Hungary  in  1778.  The  province  of  Temcfwar  is  94  miles 
long,  and  67  broad,  containing  about  38.50  fquare  miles  ;  It  has  bceji 
Gtivide-d  into  four  diftri6i;s,  Ciadat,  Tcme{vvar,  Wcrfchez,  and  Luoos. 
■"iemelVar,  the  principal  town.is  fituated  K.lon.  22-15,     ^"^^  ^'^^'  45-54- 

AiR,  son,  AND  PRonucE."]  The  air,  and  confi^qwcntly  the  cli- 
raate  of  the  fouthcrn  parts  of  Hungary,  is  found  to  be  unheakhful,  ow- 
ing to  its  numerous  lakes,  ilagnated  waters,  and  marfhes  ;  but  the  nor- 
thern parts  being  mounUiiuous  and  barren,  tlie  air  is  fwcct  and  wholc- 
fome.  No  country  in  the  woi  Id  can  boall  a  richer  foil,  than  that  pluin 
which  extends  three  hundred  miles  from  Prefburg  to  Belgrade,  and 
produces  corn,  grafs,  efcuicnt  plants,  tobacco,  faffron,  afparagus,  mel- 
ons, hops,  pulfe,  millet,  buck-wheat,  delicious  wine,  fiuits,  of  various 
kinds,  peaches,  mulberry-trees,  chefnuts,  and  wood  :  Corn,  is  in  fucb 
plenty,  that  it  fells  for  one  fixth  part  of  its  price  in  F.ngland. 

Rivers.]  Thelc  are  the  Danube,  Drave,  Save,  Teyfie,  Merifli  and 
the  Temes. 

Water.]  Hungary  contains  feveral  lakes,  particularly  four  among 
the  Carpathian  mountains  of  confiderable  extent,  and  abounding  witli 
fifli.  The  Hungarian  baths  and  mineral  waters  are  efteemcd  the  moft 
(bvereign  of  any  in  Europe  ;  but  their  magnificent  buildings,  raifed  bv 
the  Turks,  when  in  polTcffion  of  the  country,  particularly  thofe  of 
Buda,  are  fuffered  to  go  to  decay. 

Mountains.]  The  Carpathian  mountains  which  divide  Hunga- 
ry from  Poland  on  the  noith,  are  the  chief  in  Hungary,  though  many 
detached  mountains  are  found  in  the  country.  Their  tops  arc  geue- 
rally  covered  with  wood,  and  on  their  fides  grow  the  richeft  grapes  in 
the  world. 

Metals  axd  Minerals.]  Hungary  is  remarkably  well  (locked 
with  both.  It  abounds  not  only  with  gold  and  filver  mines,  but  with 
plenty  of  excellent  copper,  vitriol,  iron,  orpiment,  quickfilvei,.  crvfo- 
colla,  and  terra  figillata.  Before  Hungary  became  the  feat  of  deftruc- 
tive  wars  between  the  Turks  and  Chriftians,  or  fell  under  the  power 
of  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  thofe  mines  were  furnifheJ  with  proper  woiks 
and  workmen,  and  produced  vaft  revenues  to  the  native  princes. — 
The  Hungarian  gold  and  filver  employed  mint-houfcs,  not  only  in 
Hungary,  but  in  Germany,  and  the  continent  of  Europe  ;  but  all  ihofe 
mines  are  now  greatly  diminifhed  in  their  value,  their  works  being  dc- 
ftroyedor  demoliIl\ed  ;  fome  of  them  however  flill  fubfifl,  to  the  great 
emolument  of  the  natives. 

Vegetable  akd  animal  producttox's.]  Hungary  is  remarka- 
ble for  a  fine  breed  of  horfes,  generally  moufe-coloured,  and  highly 
efleemed  by  military  officers,  fothat  great  numbers  of  them  arc  export- 
ed. There  is  a  remarkable  breed  of  large  rams  in  the  neighbourhood 
of  Prefburg.  Its  other  vegetable  and  animal  produftionsare  in  goreral 
the  fame  with  thofe  of  Germany,  and  the  neighbouring  countries. — 
The  Hungarian  wires,  however,  particularly  Tokav,  are  preferable  to 
thofe  of  any  other  country,  at  leaft  in  Europe. 

Population,  iNHAniTANTS,  MANNERS,  "^^  Before  the  Turks  got 
cijstomSjAnd  diversions.  J  polVefTion  of  ConftantinQ- 

ple,  it  is  faidj  tliat  Plungary  was  one  of  the  moft  populous  and  power- 
ful 


222  H      U       N      G      A      R      Y. 

ful  kingdoms  in  Europe  ;  and  if  the  houfe  of  Auftria  fhould  give  tlid 
proper  encouragement  to  the  inhabitants  to  repair  their  works,  and 
clear  their  fens,  it  might  become  fo  again  a  century  hence.  Hungary 
at  prefent,  is  thought  to  contain  about  three  millions  170,000  in- 
habitants. 

The  Hungarians  have  manners  peculiar  to  themfelves.  They  pique 
themfelves  on  being  defcended  from  thofe  heroes,  who  formed  the 
bulwark  of  Chriftendom  againft  the  infidels.  In  their  perfons  they 
are  well  made.  Their  fur  caps,  their  clofe-bodied  coats,  girded  by  a 
falh,  and  their  cloak  or  mantle,  winch  is  fo  contrived  as  to  buckle  un- 
der the  arm,  fo  that  the  right  hand  may  be  always  at  liberty,  give  them 
an  air  of  military  dignity.  The  men  fhavc  their  beards,  but  preferve 
their  whifkers  on  their  upper  lips.  Their  ufual  arms  are  a  broad-fword 
and  a  kind  of  pole-ax,  befides  their  fire-arms.  The  ladies  are  reckoned 
handfomer  than  thofe  of  Auftria,  and  they  have  a  fable  drefs,  with 
fleeves  ftrait  to  their  arms,  and  their  ftays  faftened  before  with  gold, 
pearl,  or  diamond  little  buttons.  Both  men  and  women,  in  what  they 
call  the  mine  towns,  wear  fur  and  even  flieep-flvin  dreffes.  The  inns 
tipon  the  roads  are  mod  miferable  hovels,  and  even  thofe  feldom  to 
be  met  with.  The  hog..,  wliich  yield  the  chief  animal  food  for  their 
peafants,  and  their  poultry,  live  in  the  fame  apartment  with  their  own- 
ers. The  gout  and  the  fever,  owing  to  the  unwholefomenefs  of  the 
air,  are  the  predominant  difeafes  in  Hungary.  The  natives  in  general 
leave  trade  and  manufaftures  to  the  Greeks  and  other  flrangers  fettled 
in  their  country,  the  flatnefs  of  which  renders  travelling  commodious, 
either  by  land  or  water.  The  diverhons  of  the  inhabitants  are  of  the 
warlike  and  atliletic  kind.  They  are  in  genpral  a  brave  and  magnani- 
mous people.  Thsir  ariceflors,  even  fince  the  beginning  of  the  prefenfc 
century,  were  fo  jealous  of  their  liberties,  that  rather  than  fubmit  to 
the  tv'.annv  of  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  they  often  put  themfelves  under 
the  proteftion  of  the  Ottoman  court  ;  but  their  fidelity  to  the  late 
emprefs-queen,  notwithftanding  the  provocations  they  received  from 
her  houfe,  will  be  always  remembered  to  their  honour. 

The  inhabitants  of  Temefwar,  a  province  lately  incorporated  into 
tlic  l;ingdom  of  Hungary,  are  computed  at  about  450,000.  There  are 
in  this  country  many  faraons,  or  jjvpfies,  fuppofed  to  be  real  defcend- 
'»nts  of  the  ancient  Egyptians.  They  are  faid  to  refemble  the  ancient 
Egyptians  in  their  features,  in  their  propenfity  to  melancholy,  and  in 
many  of  their  manners  and  cuftoms  ;  and  it  is  aflerted,  that  the  lalcivi- 
cus  dances  of  Ifis,  the  worfhip  of  onions,  many  famous  Egyptian  fu- 
perftitions  and  fpecifics,  and  the  Egyptian  method  of  hatching  eggs  by 
means  of  dung,  are  (lili  in  ufe  among  the  female  gypfies  in  Temefwar. 

Rei.icion.]  The  clLahliihed  religion  of  the  Hungarians  is  the 
Roman  Catholic,  though  the  major  part  of  the  inhabitants  are  proteft- 
ants.  or  Greeks  ;  and  they  now  enjoy  the  full  cxercife  of  their  rclig- 
ous  liberties. 

Archbishoprics  and  bishoprics.]  The  archbiflioprirsare  Pref- 
burg.  Gran,  and  Colocza.  The  biflioprics  are,  Great  Waradin,  Agria, 
Vefprin,   Raab,  and  live  Churches. 

Lang t; AG B.  1  As  the  Hungarians  are  mixed  witli  Germans,  Scla- 
vonians,  and  Walachians,  they  have  a  variety  of  dialefts,  and  one  of 
them  ij  faid  to  approach    near   the  Hebrew.     The  better  And  middle 

ranks 


H      U      N      G      A      R      Y. 


2=3 


ranks  fpeak  German,  and  almofl;  all  even  of  the  common  people  fpeak 
Latin,  either  pure  or  barbarous,,  fo  that  the  Latin  may  be  faid  to  be 
here  flill  a  living  language. 

Unmversities.]  In  the  univerfities  (if  they  can  properly  be  fo  called) 
of  Firnan,  Buda,  Raab,  and  Cafchaw,  are  proFeffors  of  the  feveral  arts 
and  fcienccs,  who  ufed  generally  to  be  Jefuils  ;  fo  that  the  L\itheran& 
and  Calvinifls,  who  arc  more  numerous  than  the  Roman  Catholics  in 
Hungary,  go  to  the  German  and  other  univerfities. 

Antiouities  AND  CURIOSITIES,!  Thc  artificial  curiofitics  of 
NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  J  this  country  confift  of  it s  bridg- 
es, baths,  and  mines.  The  bridge  of  Effeck,  built  over  the  Daniibe, 
and  Drave,  is  properly  fpeaking,  a  continuation,  of  bridges,  five  miles 
in'length,  fortified  with  towers  at  certain  diftances.  It  was  an  impor- 
tant pafs  during  the  wars  betwcn  the  Turks  and  Hungarians.  A 
bridge  of  boats  runs  over  the  Danube,  half  a  mile  long,  betvv'een  Buda 
and  Peft  ;  and  about  twenty  Hungarian  miles  diftant  from  Belgrade, 
are  the  remains  of  a  bridge,  erefted  by  the  Romans,  judged  to  he  the 
moft  magnificent  of  any  in  (he  world.  The  baths  and  mines  here  liave 
nothing  to  diftinguifh  them  from  the  like  works  in  other  coun- 
tries. 

One  of  the  moft  remarkable  natural  curiofities  of  Hungary,  is  a  cav- 
ern in  a  mountain  near  Szelitze  ;  the  aperture  of  this  cavern,  which 
fronts  the  fouth,  is  eighteen  fathoms  high,  and  eight  broad  ;  itsfubter- 
raneous  pallagesconfift  entirely  of  folid  rock,  flretching  away  farther 
fouth  than  has  been  yet  difcovered  ;  as  far  as  it  is  prafticable  to  go,  the 
height  is  found  to  be  50  fathoms,  and  the  breadth  26.  Many  other 
wonderful  particulars  are  related  of  tins  cavern,  which  is  an  article  in 
natural  philofophy. 

Cities,  TOWNS  FORTS,  AMD  OTHER  "\  Thefe  arc  greatly  decayed 
EDIFICES,  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE.  J  fiom  their  ancicut  magnifi- 
cence, but  many  of  the  fortifications  are  ftill  very  flrong,  and  kept  in 
good  order.  Prefburg  is  fortified.  In  it  the  Hungarian  regalia  were 
kept,  but  were  lately  removed  to  Vienna.  The  crown  was  lent  in  the 
year  1000  by  pope  Sylvefter  II.  to  Stephen,  king  of  Hungary,  and  was 
made  after  that  of  the  Greek  emperors  ;  it  isof  folid  gold,  weighing  nine 
marks  and  three  ounces,  ornamented  with  53  faphires,  50  rubies,  one 
large  emerald,  and  338  pearls.  Bcfides  thefe  ftones  are  the  images  of 
the  apoftles  and  thc  patriarchs.  The  pope  added  to  this  crown  a  fil- 
ver  patriarchal  crofs,  which  was  afterwards  infcrtcd  in  thc  arms  ol  Hun-' 
gary.  At  the  ceremony  of  the  coronation,  a  bifhop  carries  it  before  the 
king.  From  the  crofs  is  derived  the  title  of  apoftolic  king  ;  thc  ufeof 
which  was  renewed  under  the  reign  of  theemprefs  queen  Maria  Thc- 
refa.  The  fceptre  and  the  globe  of  the  kingdom  arc  of  Arabian  gold  ; 
the  mantle,  which  is  of  fine  linen,  is  the  work  of  Gifcle,  fpoufe  of  St. 
Stephen,  who  embroidered  in  gold  the  image  of  Jefus  Chrifl  crucified, 
and  many  other  images  of  the  patriarchs,  and  apofJes,  witli  a  number 
of  itdcriptions.  The  fword  is  two  edged,  and  rounded  at  thc  pomt. 
Buda,  formerly  the  capital  of  Hungary,  retains  little  of  its  ancient  mag- 
nificence, but  its  ftrength  and  fortifications  ;  and  the  fame  may  be  faid 
of  Peft,  which  lies  on  the  oppofite  fide  of  the  Danube.  Raab  is  like- 
wife  a  ftrong  city,  as  arc  Gran  and  Cormorra.  Tokay  lias  been  alrea- 
dy mentioued  for  thc  excellency  of  its  wines, 

C  O  >J  M  F.  R  C  E. 


^24        TRANSYLVANIA,  SCLAVONIA,    &c, 

COMMBRCE   AND  MANUFACTURES.]       See  Auftria. 

Constitution  AND  government.]  The  Hungarians  diflikc  the 
term  of  Oueen,  and  even  called  their  late  fovereign  king  Therefa. — , 
Their  government  preferves  the  remains  of  many  checks  upoa  the  re- 
gal power.  They  have  a  diet  or  parliament,  a  Hungary-ofilce,  which 
refembles  our  chancery,  and  which  rehdes  at  Vienna  ;  as  the  ftadthol- 
der's  council,  which  comes  pretty  near  the  Britifli  privy-council,  but 
has  a  municipal  jurifdjclion,  does  at  Prcfburg.  Every  royal  town  has 
its  fenatc  :  and  theGelpan  chafts  refembles  the  Englifh  juftices  of  the 
peace,  Belides  this,  they  have  an  exchequer  and  nine  chambers,  an'J 
other  fubordinate  courts. 

Military  strength  and  revenue.]    See  Auftria. 

History.]  The  Huns,  after  fubduing  this  country  in  the  middle 
of  the  third  century,  communicated  their  name  to  it,  being  then  part 
of  the  ancient  Pannonia.  They  were  fucceeded  by  the  Goths  ;  the 
Goths  were  expelled  by  the  Lombards  ;  they  by  the  Avari,  and  the 
Sclavi  were  planted  in  their  flead  in  the  beginning  of  the  9th  century. 
At  the  clofe  of  it,  the  Anigours  emigrated  from  the  banks  of  the 
"V^olga,  and  took  poffelhon  of  tlic  countrv.  Hungary  v/as  formerly  ar> 
alfernblage  of  different  flates,  and  the  firfi;  who  aliumed  the  title  of 
king,  was  Stephen,  in  the  year  9()7,when  he  embraced  ch;-iftianity.  In 
his  reign,  the  form  of  government  was  eftabliflied,  and  the  crown  to 
be  ele£live.  About  the  year  1310,  king  Charles  Robert  afcended  the 
throne,  and  fubdued  Bulgaria,  Servia,  Croatia,  Dalmatia,  Sclavonia, 
and  many  other  provinces  ;  but  many  of  thofe  conquefts  were  after- 
wards reduced  by  the  Venetians,  Turks,  and  other  powers.  In  the 
i5th  century,  Huniades,  who  was  guardian  to  the  infant  king  Ladif- 
iaus,  brav^ely  repulfed  the  Turks,  when  they  invaded  Hungary  ;  and 
upon  the  death  of  Ladiflaus,  the  Hungarians,  in  14,38,  raifcd  Matthias 
Corvinus,  Ton  of  Huniades,  to  their  tlirone.  Lewis,  king  of  Hunga- 
ry, in  i5ii6,  was  killed  in  a  battle,  fighting  againll  Solyman,  emperor 
of  the  Turks.  This  battle  had  almoft  proved  fatal  to  Hungary  ;  but 
the  archduke  Ferdinand,  brother  to  the  emperor  Charles  V.  having 
married  the  fifler  of  Lewis,  he  claimed  the  title  of  Hungary,  in  which 
he  fucceeded,  with  fome  difhculty,  and  that  kingdom  has  ever  fmce 
belonged  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  though  by  its  conflitution,  its  crowi:) 
ought  to  be  elective. 


TRANSYLVANIA,  SCLAVONIA,    CROATIA, 
AND    HUNGARIAN     DALMATIA. 

WE  have  thrown  thofe  countries  under  one  divifion,  for  feveral 
reafons,  and  particularly  becaufe  we  have  no  account  fuf- 
ficiently  exaft  of  their  extent  and  boundaries.  The  beft  account  of 
them  follows ;  Tranfylvania,  belongs  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  and  is 
bounded  on  the  North,  by  the  Carpathian  mountains,  which  divide  it 
from  Poland  ;  on  the  Eaft,  by  Moldavia  and  Walachia  ;  on  the  South, 
by  Walachia  ;  and  on  the  Weft,  by  Upper  and  Lower  Hungary.  It 
lies  between  22  and  25  degrees  of  caft  longitude,  and  45  and  48  of 
north  latitude.  Its  length  is  extended  about  185,  and  its  breadth  I120 
miles;  and  contains  nearly  14,400  fquare  miles,    but  it  is  furrounded 

on 


TRANSYLV  ANI  A,  SCL  A  V  ONI  A,  <2:c.      2^5 

on  all  fides  by  high  mountains.  Its  produce,  vegetables  and  animals, 
are  almon:  the  fame  with  thofc  of  Hungary.  The  air  is  wholelbme  and 
temperate  ;  but  their  wine,  thouoh  good,  is  not  equal  to  the  Hunga- 
rian. Its  chief  city  is  Ilcrmilhftadt,  and  its  interior  government 
ftill  partakes  greatly  of  the  ancient  feudal  fyftem,  being  compof- 
cd  of  many  independent  dates  and  princes.  They  owe  not  much 
more  than  a  nominal  fubjoftion  to  the  Auftrians,  who  leave  them  in 
pofTeHion  of  mod  of  their  privileges.  Catholics,  Lutherans,  Calvin- 
ifts,  Socinians,  Arians,  Greeks,  Mahometans,  and  other  feftaries,  here 
enjoy  their  fevcral  religions.  Tranfylvania  is  thought  to  add  but  littla 
to  the  Auflrian  revenue,  tliough  it  exports  fome  metals  and  fait  to 
Hungary.  The. other  large  places  are  Sagefwar,  Millenback,  and 
Nemark.  All  forts  of  provilioiis  are  very  cheap,  and  excellent  in  their* 
kinds.  Ilermanftadt  is  a  lar>TC,  llrong,  and  well  built  city,  as  are  Clau- 
fenburg  and  Weiffenburg.  The  feat  of  government  is  at  Hermanfbadt, 
and  the  governor  is  alhfted  by  a  council  made  up  of  Roman  Catholics, 
Calviniits,  and  Lutherans.  The  diet,  or  parliament,  meets  by  fum- 
tnons,  and  receives  the  commands  of  their  fovereign,  to  whom  of  late 
they  have  been  more  devoted  than  forme: ly.  They  have  a  liberty  of 
making  remonflrances  and  reprefentations  in  cafe  of  grievances. 

Tranfylvania  is  part  of  the  ancient  Dacia,  the  inhabitants  of  which 
long  employed  the  Roman  arms,  before  they  could  be  fubducd.  It 
was  over-run  bv  the  Goths  on  the  decline  of  the  Roman  empire,  and 
then  by  the  Huns.  Their  defcendants  retain  the  fame  military  charac- 
ter. The  population  of  the  country  is  not  afcertained  ;  but  if  the 
Tranfylvanians  can  bring  to  the  field,  as  has  been  alfcrtcd,  30,000 
troops,  the  whole  number  of  inhabitants  muft  be  confiderable.  At 
prcfcnt  its  military  force  is  reduced  to  lix  regiments  of  1,500  man  each  ; 
but  it  is  well  known,  that  during  the  lad  two  wars,  in  which  the  houfc 
of  Auftria  was  engaged,  the  Tranfvlvanians  did  great  icrviccs.  Iler- 
manftadt is  its  only  bilhopric  ;  and  the  Tranfylvanians  at  prcfent  feem 
to  trouble  themfelves  little  either  about  learning  or  religion,  though 
the  Roman  Catholic  is  the  eftablilhed  church.  Stephen  I.  king  of 
Hungary,  introduced  Chrillianity  there  about  the  year  1000,  and  it 
was  afterwards  governed  by  an  Hungarian  vaivod,  or  viceroy.  'Ihc 
various  revolutions  in  their  government  prove  their  impatience  under 
flavery  ;  and  though  the  treaty  of  Carlowitz  in  1699,  gave  the  love- 
reignty  of  Tranfylvania,  as  alfo  of  Sclavonia,  to  the  houle  of  Auflria^ 
vet  the  natives  enjoy  what  we  may  call  a  loyal  ariflocracy,  which  their 
fovereigns  do  not  think  proper  to  invade.  In  Oftober,  1784,  on  ac- 
count of  the  real  or  feigned  oppreflions  of  the  nobility,  near  16,000  af- 
i'embled  and  committed  great  depredations  on  thofe  whofe  conduft 
had  been  refented.  Several  had  their  palaces  burnt,  and  were  glad  tf' 
cfcape  with  their  lives.  The  revolters  were  difappointed  in  their  at- 
tempt on  Claufenhurg  ;  and  afterwards  offered  to  feparatc  and  go 
home  in  peace,  on  the  terms  of  a  general  pardon,  better  treatment  fronx 
the  nobility,  and  a  freedom  from  valfalage.  Little  is  knovvn  of  thff 
termination  of  this  revolt,  further  than  the  account  of  feveral  of  the 
leaders  having  been  taken  and  executed,  and  the  application  of  fome 
lenient  meafures,  by  which  tranquillity  was  refloren. 

Sclavonia  lies  between  the  ibili  and  23d  degrees  of  eaft  longitude, 

and  the  45th  and  47th  of  north  latitude.     It  is  thought  to  be  about 

P  200 


'.30      T  R  A  N  S  Y  L  V  A  K  I  A,  S  C  L  A  \'  O  K  I  A,  Sic» 

260  miles  in  lengtli,  and  60  in  breadth,  and  contains  about  10,000 
fquare  miles.  It  is  bounded  by  the  Drave  on  the  North,  by  the  Da- 
nube on  the  Eaft,  by  the  Save  on  the  South,  and  by  Kiria  in  Auftria 
on  the  Weft.  The  reafon  why  Hungary,  Tranfylvania,  Sclavonia,  and 
the  other  nation,  fubjeft  to  the  houfe  of  Auflria  in  thofe  parts,  contain 
a  furprifing  variety  of  people,  differing  in  name,  language,  and  man- 
ners, is  becaufe  liberty  here  made  its  laft  ftand  againft  the  Roman  arms, 
which  by  degrees  forced  the  remains  of  the  different  nations  they  had 
conquered  into  thofe  quarters.  Tlie  thicknefs  of  the  woods,  the  ra- 
pidityof  the  riverS,  and  the  llrength  of  the  country,  favoured  their  refin- 
ance ;  and  their  dcfcendants  notwithfianding  the  power  of  the  Turks, 
the  Auftrians,  the  HungariaYis,  and  the!  Poles,  ftill  re^in  the  fame  fpi- 
rit  of  independency.  Without  minding  the  arrangements  made  by 
the  fovereigns  of  Europe,  thev  are  quiet  under  the  government  that 
leaves  them  mod  at  liberty.  That  thev  are  generous,  as  well  as  brave, 
appears  from  their  attachment  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  which,  till  the 
laft  two  warsj  never  was  fenfible  of  their  value  and  valour  ;  infomuch 
that  it  is  well  known,  that  they  prcierved  the  pragmatic  fan£lion,  and 
kept  the  imperial  crown  in  that  family.  The  Sclavonians  formerly 
gave  fo  much  work  to  the  Roman  arms,  that  it  is  thought  the  word 
jJave  took  its  original  from  them,  on  account  of  tiie  great  numbers  of 
them  who  were  carried  into  bondage,  fo  late  as  the  reign  of  Charle- 
magne. Though  Sclavonia  yields  neither  in  beauty  nor  fertility  to 
Hungary  and  Tranfylvania,  yet  the  ravages  of  war  are  ftill  vifible  in 
the  face  of  the  country,  which  lies  in  a  great  meafure  unimproved. — 
The  Sclavonians  are  zealous  Romrai  Cacholics,  though  Greeks  and 
Jews  are  tolerated.  Here  we  meet  with  two  biflioprics  ;  that  of  Pofe- 
ga,  v/hicli  is  the  capital  of  the  countiy,  and  Zagrab,  which  lies  on  the 
Drave  ;  but  we  know  of  iw  univcrlities.  ElTek  is  a  large  and  ftrong 
town,  remaikable,  as  before  noticed,  for  a  wooden  bridge  over  the 
Drave,  and  adjoining  marfhes  five  miles  long,  and  fifteen  paces  broad, 
built  by  the  Turks.  Waradin  and  Pcterwaradin  are  places  noted  in 
the  wars  between  the  Auftrians  and  Turks^  The  inhabitants  are 
compofed  of  Servians,  Radzians,  Croats,  Walachians,  Germans,  Hun- 
garians, and  a  vaft  number  of  other  people,  whofe  names  were  never 
known  even  to  the  Auftrians  themfelves,  but  from  the  military  mufter 
rolls,  when  they  poured  their  troops  into  the  field  during  the  tM'O  laft 
wars.  In  1746,  Sclavonia  was  united  to  Hungary,  and  the  ftates  fend 
rcprcfentatives  to  the  diet  of  Hungary. 

Croatia  lies  between  the  15th  and  17th  degrees  of  eaft  longitude, 
and  the  45th  and  ,47th  of  north  latitude.  It  is  80  miles  in  length,  and 
70  in  breadth,  and  contains  about  2,500  fquare  miles.  The  manners, 
government,  religion,  language  and  cuftoms  of  the  Croats,  are  fimilar  to 
thofe  of  the  Sclavonians  and  Tranfylvanians,  who  are  their  neighbours. 
They  arc  excellent  irregular  troops  and  as  fuch  are  famed  in  modern 
hiftorv,  under  the  name  of  Pandours,  and  various  other  defignations. 
The  truth  is,  the  houfe  of  Auftria  finds  its  intereft  in  futFering  them, 
and  the  neighbouring  nations,  to  live  in  their  own  manner.  Their 
towns  are  blended  with  each  other,  there  fcarcely  being  any  diftinftiou 
of  boundaries.  Carol (ladt  is  a  place  of  feme  note,  but  Zagrab  is  the 
capital  of  Croatia.  Ail  the  fovereignty  exercifed  over  them  by  the 
/vuibians  teems  to  confift  in  t-he  milit^iry   arrangements   for  bringing 

them 


rOLAND    INCLUDING    LITHUANIA.  iif 

Vhem  occafionally  into  the  field.  A  viceroy  prefides  over  Croatia, 
jointly  with  Sclavonia,  and 

Hungarian  Dalmatia  :  This  lies  in  the  upper  part  of  the  Adriatic 
fea,  and  ccnfuls  of  live  diftrifts,  in  which  the  mo[l  remarkable  places 
are  the  two  following  :  Segna,  whifch  is  a  royal  free  town,  fortified, 
both  by  nature  and  by  art,  and  is  fituatcd  near  the  fea,  in  a  bleak, 
mountainous,  and  barren  foil.  The  bifhop  of  this  place  is  a  fuffragan 
to  the  archbifhop  of  Spalatro.  Here  are  twelve  churches,  and  two 
convents.  Tnc  governor  refides  in  the  old  palace,  called  the  Royal 
Caftle.  2.  Ottofchatz,  a  frontier  fortification  on  the  river  Gatzka. 
'I'hat  patt  of  the  fortrefs  where  the  governor,  and  the  greateft  part  of 
the  garrifon  refide,  is  furrounded  with  a  wall,  and  fome  towers  :  But 
the  left  of  the  buildings,  which  are  mean,  ure  ereftcd  on  piles  in  the 
water  ;   fo  that  one  neighbour  cannot  vifit  another  without  a  boat. 

Near  Segna  dwell  tlie  Ufcocs,  a  people,  w4io  being  galled  by  op- 
prelfion,  efcaped  out  of  Dalmatia,  from  whence  they  obtained  the 
name  of  Ufcocs,  from  the  word  Scoco,  which  fignifies  a  defcrter.  They 
are  alfo  called  fpringers,  or  leapcrs,  from  the  agility  with  which  they 
leap,  rather  than  Walk,  along  this  rugged  arid  mountainous  country. 
Some  of  them  live  in  fcattered  houfes,  and  others  in  large  villages. 
They  are  a  rough,  favage  people,  large  bodied,  courageous,  ^nd  given 
to  rapine  ;  but  theit  vifible  employment  is  grazing.  They  ufe  the 
Walachian  language,  and  in  their  religious  fentiments  and  mode  of 
worfhip  approach  neareft  to  the  Greek  church  ;  but  fome  of  them  are 
Roman  Catholics. 

A  part  of  Walachia  belongs  alfo  to  the  emperor^  as  well  as  to  the 
Turks,  which  lies  to  the  eaft  of  Tranfylvania,  and  its  principal  towns 
are  Tregonitz,  Buchareft,  and  Severin. 


POLAND,  INCLUDING  LITHUANIA. 

SilUATJON      AND      ExTENT. 


Miles.  Dcg 


r^es. 


Length  700"!      ,    .  f  16  and  34  eafl  lonsfitude. 

T).     J  ^    CO     f     between     <     r  j  ^    t   1     •      1 

Breadth  boo  J  ,  L  4°  30  and  ^j  35  north  latitude; 

fiouNDAKiES.]   TJEFORE  the  late  extraordinary  partition  of  thlg 

XJ   country,  the  kingdom  of  Poland,  with  the  great 

duchy  of  Lithuania  annexed  (anciently  called  Sarrnatia)  was  bounded 

on  the  North  by  Livonia,  Mufcovy,  and  the  Baltic  fea  ;  on  the  eaft  by 

Mufcovy  ;  on  the  South  by  Hungary,  Turkey,  and  Little  Tartary  ;  on 

fhc  Weft  by  Germany  :   And  had  the  form  of  its  government  been  as 

perfect  as  its  fituation  was  compaft,   it  might  ha7e  been  probably  one 

of  the  moft  powerful  kingdoms  in  the  world.     Its  grand  divifions  are 

exhibited  in  the  following  Table, 


.A  B  L  E, 


22^ 


POLAND     iNCLUDii^G    LITHUANIA. 


o 

u 

s 

3 
C   •" 

"■IS 

il 

o 

y 

o 

CO 

c 
o 

Warfaw,  50,000  inhabitants 
(8,000  Diindents  B.) 

Pofen,          4,650 

Fraufladt,  4,000 

Gnefen, 

563  houfes  B. 

Krakow,    18 — 20,000 
with  the  fuburbs  B. 

Sandonicerz,     2,060 

Lubbin,            26,614 

Chelm,               '  875 

Koreflc,              2,000 

Kaminiek,          1,120  B. 

?    8     ^^^^ 

<y\       c'         cj    r>>oo 

0      cT     m"  «"  »r 

f3                =                 C    L^         - 

S      2      It^-S 

:2    ^ 

<>> 

< 

.9 

.2 

s 

.3 
'-^ 

^  SO 

d  d'  d 
•o  o  o 
CO  o  o 
oo'oo"  d 

H 

o 
o 

c» 

•1 

0 
O 

CO' 

8 
0^ 

CO 

ei 

c 
o 

■  "> 
Q 

c 

PS 

a 

u 

i 

3  ^ 

■^  =^ 
"*     4 

\c 

o 

J 

o 

CO 

f 
> 

1 

1 

a 
z 
<; 

o 
o 

bO 
C 

< 

i.  Great  Poland,  divided  into  iz  Diflrifts called 
Woidwodfhips 

b.  Little  Poland,  divided  into 

1.  Three  Woidwodfhips 

2.  Polachia,   properly  Podlachin,   divided   intc 

3  Counties 

3.  Chelm,  the  remaining  part  of  Red  RuflTia 

4.  Podolia  and  Bratzfaw 

5.  Kow 

6.  Volhynia 

£5.  Lrreat  Duchy  of  Lithuania             — 

1.  Lithuania,  properly  divided  into  two  Woid 

wodfhips 

2.  White  Ruflia,  only  2  Woidwodfliips  remain- 

ing after  the  partition 

3.  Black  Ruflia,  divided  into  3  diftrifts 

4.  Polefia 

5.  Duchy  of  Szamaite 

The 


POLAND     iKcif  a:.vc    LITHUANIA. 


229 


Tlie  following   ftatcs  are   alfo  generally  confidered  as  belongintr  to 
Poland,  notwithflanding  they  are  not  its  fubjefts. 

1.  The  Republic  of  Danzig.  33  villages.     The  town  contains  about 
50,000  inhabitants. 

2.  The  Republic  of  Thorn,  42  villages,  almoft  all  under  tlic  fover- 
cignty  of  Pruifia.     The  town  contains  20,000  inhabitants. 

3.  The  Duchy  of  Courland  and  Scmgallen. 


Square 
Miles. 

Population. 

Population 
for  every 
fquare  mile. 

Towns. 

i.  Curlandia  "I 
2.  Scmgallen  J 

4,112 

300,000 

73 

Goldingen 

Liebau 

Mitau,   the  refi- 

dence,  has 
11,000  inhabit. 

There  are  in   Poland 
Noblemen's   eftatcs 
Abbeys  — 

Convents  of  Monks 
. Nuns 


2,377  villages 

22,032 

37 

579 

86 

1,674,328 

1,243,000 

500.000 


Houfes  in  general  -^  — 

Peafants  —  —  — 

Jews  —  —  — 

Climati-..]  The  air  of  Poland  is  fuch  as  may  be  expefted  from  fo 
f  xtcnfive  but  level  a  country.  In  the  north  parts  it  is  cold,  but 
healthy.  The  Carpathian  mountains,  which  feparate  Poland  from 
llungarv,  are  covered  with  everlafling  fnow,  which  has  been  known 
to  fall  in  the  midfl.  of  fummer.  Upon  the  whole,  however,  the  climate 
of  Poland  is  temperate,  and  far  from  being  fo  unfettled,  either  in  win- 
ter or  fummer,  as  might  be  fuppofed  from  fo  northerly  a  fituation,  but 
the  air  is  rather  infalubrious  by  rcafon  of  the  numerous  woods  and 
morafles. 

Soil,  rKOtn^CE  and  waters,]  Poland  is  in  general  a  level  coun- 
try, and  the  foil  is  fertile  in  corn,  as  appears  from  the  vaft  qiantities 
that  are  fent  from  thence  down  the  ^'^iflula,  to  Dantzic,  and  which  are 
bought  up  by  the  Dutcli,  and  other  nations.  The  paflures  of  Poland, 
efpccially  in  Podolia,  are  rich  bevond  cxprcflion  :  and  it  is  faid  one 
can  hardly  fee  the  cattle  that  graze  in  the  meadows.  Mere  are  mines 
of  fdver,  copper,  iron,  fait  and  coals.  Lithuania  abounds  in  iron 
ochre,  black  agate,  feveral  fpccies  of  copper  and  iron  pyrites,  and  red 
and  grey  granite  ;  falfc  precious  ftones,  and  mnrine  pctrcfa6llons.  'i  he 
inferior  parts  of  Poland  contain  fovefls,  \\  hich  furnifli  timber  in  fuih 
great  quantities,  tliat  it  is  emplo)cd  in  houfc  building,  inflead  of 
bricks,  flonc,  and  tiles.  \''arious  kinds  of  fruits  and  herbs,  and  Jo-.nc 
grapes,  are  ])roduccd  in  Poland,  and  are  excellent  when  they  meet 
with  culture,  but  their  wine  fcldom  or  never  comes  to  pcrfcftior. 
Pohnd  producci  various  kinds  of  clays  fit  for  uipes  arid  earthen  warf. 

The 


530         POLAND    INCLUDING    LITHUANIA. 

The  water  of  many  fprings  is  boiled  into  fait.  The  virtues  of  a  fpring, 
in  the  palatinate  of  Cracow,  which  increafes  and  decreafes  with  the, 
moon,  are  faid  to  be  wonderful  for  the  prefervation  of  life  ;  and  it  ia 
reported,  that  the  neighbouring  inhab!tan':s  commonly  live  to  lOO  and 
fomeofthem  150  years  of  age.  This  fpring  is  inflammable,  and  by 
applying  a  torch  to  it,  it  flames  like  the  fubtleft  fpirit  of  wine.  'J  he 
flame  however  dances  on  the  furface,  without  heating  the  water  ;  and 
if  neglefted  to  be  extinguiflied,  which  is  eafily  efi^efted,  it  corrimuni-. 
cates  itfclf.  by  fubtcrraneous  conduits,  to  the  roots  of  trees,  in  a  neigh- 
bouring wood,  which  it  confumes  ;  and  about  35  years  ago,  the  flames 
are  faid  to  have  laftcd  for  three  years,  before  they  could  be  entirely  ex- 
tinguifhed. 

Rivers.]  The  chief  rivers  of  Poland  are,  the  Viflula  or  Weyfel, 
the  Neifter,  Neiper  or  Borifhhenes,  the  Bog,  and  the  Dwina. 

Lakes.]  The  chief  of  the  few  lakes  contained  in  Poland,  is  Gopto, 
in  the  palatinate  of  By;?efly  ;  and  Birals,  or  the  White  Lake,  which 
is  faid  to  dye  thofe  who  wafii  in  it  of  a  fwarthy  complexion. 

Animal  productions.]  The  forefts  of  Warfovia  or  Mafovia 
contain  plenty  of  uri,  or  bufl^aloes,  whofe  flefli  the  Poles  powder, 
and  efteem  it  an  excellent  difli.  Horfes,  wolves,  boars,  the  glouton, 
lynx,  elks,  and  deer,  all  of  them  wild,  Are  common  in  the  Polifli 
fore{ls  ;  and  there  is  a  fpecies  of  wild  horfes  and  affes,  and  wild 
oxen,  that  the  nobility  of  the  Ukraine,  as  well  as  natives,  are 
fond  of.  A  kind  of  wolf,  refembling  a  hart,  with  fpots  on  his  belly 
and  legs,  is  found  here,  and  affords  the  heft  furs  in  the  country  ; 
but  the  elk  v/hich  is  common  in  Poland,  as  well  as  in  fome  other 
northern  countries,  is  a  very  extraordinary  animal.  The  flefli  of 
the  Polifli  elk  forms  the  mofl:  delicious  part  of  their  greateft  feafls. 
His  body  is  of  the  deer  make,  but  much  thicker  and  longer  ;  the 
legs  high,  the  feet  broad  and  cloven,  the  horns  large,  rough  and 
broad,  like  a  wild  goat's.  Naturalifts  have  oblerved,  that  upon  dif- 
fering an  elk,  there  was  found  in  its  head  fome  large  flics,  with  its 
brains  almcfl  eaten  away  ;  aiid  it  is  an  obfervation  fufficientiy  attefted, 
that  in  the  large  woods,  and  wilderqefies  of  the  North,  this  poor  ani- 
mal is  attacked,  towards  the  winter  chiefly,  by  a  larger  fort  of  flies, 
that,  through  its  ears,  attempt  to  take  up  their  winter  quarters  in  its 
head.  This  pcrfecution  is  thought  to  affeft  the  elk  with  the  falling- 
ficknefs,  by  which  means  it  is  taken,  which  would  otherwife  prove  no 
eafy  matter. 

Poland  produces  a  creature  called  bohac  :  It  refembles  a  guinea-pig, 
but  feems  t©  be  of  the  beaver  kind.  They  are  noted  for  digging  holes. 
m  the  ground,  which  they  enter  in  Oftober,  and  do  not  come  out,  ex- 
cept occafiQnally  for  food,  till  April  :  They  have  feparate  apartments 
for  their  provifions,  lodgings,  and  their  dead  ;  they  live  together  by 
10  or  12  in  a'  herd.  Lithuania  is  rich  in  ornitholygy  ;  among  the 
birds  of  prey  are  the  eagle  and  vulture.  The  wwz'z,  or  little  fpecies 
of  titmoufe,  is  frequently  found  in  thel'e  parts,  famous  for  the  won- 
drous flruSiure  of  its  pendent  neft,  formed  in  the  fliape  of  a  long  purie 
with  amazing  art. 

The  Poles,  in  their  perfons,  make  a  noble  appearance  ;  their  com- 
plexion is  fair,  and  their  fhapes  are  well  proportioned.  They  are 
brave,  honeft,  and  hofpitable  :  And  their  women  fprightly,  yet  jnodefi;, 
"  '    ■  and 


POLAND    iN'CLUDiNG    LITHUANIA. 


231 


and  fubmiflive  to  theiv  hufbands.  Their  diverfions  are  warlike  and 
manly  :  vaulting,  dancing,  and  "riding  the  great  horfc,  hunting,  fltait- 
ing,  bull  and  bear  baiting.     They  ufually  travel  on  horieback. 

The  Poles  before  the  late  revolution,  were  divided  into  nobles,  cler- 
gy, citizens,  and  peafants  ;  1  he  peafants  were  divided  into  two  forts 
thofe  of  the  crown,  and  thofc  belonging  to   individuals. 

WEAifrn'AND  COMMERCE,]  Pjland  has  been  confidered  as  one 
of  the  weakcft  ftates  in  Europe,  on  account  of  the  opprefUon  of  the 
tradefpeoplc  in  the  towns,  and  the  flavery  of  the  peafantry.  The  cir- 
culating fpecie  is  valued  at  only  13  millions  and  a  half  of  German  dol- 
lars ;  and  intereft  is  ftill  as  high  as  from  7  to  10  per  cent.  If  the  fkill 
of  the  natives  in  agriculture  bore  any  proportion  to  the  fertility  of  the 
foil,  Poland  mull  needs  be  one  of  the  richefl  countries  in  the  world  ; 
for  though  a  large  part  of  it  lies  uncultivated,  it  exports  no  inconfider- 
able  quantity  of  corn  :  The  forcfts  and  mines  of  Poland,  if  duly  at- 
tended to,  and  alfo  its  furs  and  cattle,  might  produce  a  very  large  fum. 
There  are  few  manufaftures  in  this  kingdom  excepting  thofe  at  Grod- 
now.  Want  of  induftry  and  of  freedom,  have  been  the  chief  reafons 
that  the  balance  of  trade  has  been  fo  much  againfl  Poland.  The  ex- 
ports are  corn,  hemp,  flax,  horfes,  fomc  of  them  wild  horfes,  cattle, 
(about  100,000  oxen  every  year)  peltry,  timber,  metals,  manna,  wax, 
honey,  and  fome  other  lefs  confiderable  articles  :  The  value  of  them, 
in  the  year  1777,  amounted  to  nearly  30  millions  of  dollars  :  The  im- 
ports confifling  chiefly  in  wine,  cloth,  filk,  hardware,  rold,  filver, 
Eaft  and  Well-India  goods,  were  fuppofcd  to  amount  to  no  lefs  than 
47  millions  of  dollars. 

Learning  and  learned  men. J  Though  Copernicus,  the  threat 
yeftorer  of  the  true  agronomical  fyflem,  Vorflius,  and  fome  other 
learned  men,  were  natives  of  Poland,  yet  its  foil  is  far  from  being  fa- 
vourable to  learning.  Latin  is  Ipokcn,  though  incorreftly,  by  the  com- 
mon people  in  fomc  provinces.  But  the  contempt  which  the  nobility, 
who  heretofore  placed  tlieirthief  importance  in  the  privileges  of  their 
xank,  have  ever  Hiewn  for  learning  ;  the  fervitude  of  the  lower  people, 
and  the  univerfal  faperllition  among  all  ranks  of  men,  thefe  circum- 
ftanceshave  greatly  retarded  the  progrcfs  of  letterr,  in  this  kingdom. — 
However,  of  late,  a  tafte  for  fcience  hath  fpread  itfclf  among  the  nobles, 
and  begins  to  he  regarded  as  an   accoraplilhijient. 

Universities.]  The  univerfities  of  Poland  are  thofe  of  Cracow, 
Wilna,  and  Pofna  or  Pofcn.  The  firll  confifls  of  eleven  colleges,  anci 
has  the  {upcrviforHiip  of  14  grammar  fchools  difperfed  through  the. 
city,  the  number  of  fludents  1111778,  amounted  to  600.  Wilna  wi: 
under  the  fuperiutendance  of  the  Jel'uits,  but  hnce  their  fupprellioi: 
the  king  hath  eflablifhed  a  committee  of  education,  who  awQint  pru- 
fefforsand  dire,£l  their  lalaries  and  lludics  :  That  of  Pofna  was  ralhci 
a  Jefuit's  college  than  an  univerfity. 

Antiquitiss  Ai,'D  c u R ics >T I E s,  "1  TJie  frequent  incurfions  of 
natural  AND  ARTii-iciAr,.  J  thc  Tartars,  and  Other  barbat.- 
ous  nations,  into  Poland,  probably  forced  the  women  fometimes  tc^ 
leave  their  children  expofed  in  the  woods,  where  we  luufl  fuppofe 
they  were  nurfed  by  bears  and  other  wild  bea lis,  otherwifc  it  is  difficult 
to  account  for  their  fubfillenco.  It  is  certain  that  fuch  beings  ha\'c 
been  found  in  the  woods  botli  of  Poland  and  Germany,  divcftcd  of  al- 

moU 


232         POLAND    iNCLUDiKG    LITHUANIA. 

moR  all  the  properties  of  humanity  but  the  form.  When  taken,  thcv 
generally  went  on  all-fours  ;  but  it  is  faid  that  fome  of  them  ha.ve,  by 
proper  management,  attained  to  the  ufe  of  fpecch. 

The  fait  mines  of  Poland  confift  of  wonderful  caverns,  feveral  hun- 
dred yards  deep,  at  the  bottom  of  which  are  many  intricate  windings 
and  labyrinths.  Out  of  thefe  are  du?  four  different  kinds  of  fait  ;  one 
extremely  hard,  likecryftal  ;  another  foflcr,  but  clearer  ;  a  third  white, 
but  brittle  ;  thefe  are  all  brackilh  ;  but  the  fourth  isfomewhat  frefher. 
Thefc  four  kinds  arc  dug  in  different  mines,  near  the  city  Cracow  ;  on 
one  lide  of  them  is  a  ftream  of  falt-water,  and  on  the  other,  one  of  frefh. 
The  revenue  ariRng  from  thofe,  and  other  Uh  mines,  is  very  confider- 
able,  and  formed  part  of  the  royal  revenue  before  feized  by  Auftria  j 
the  annual  avera;fe  profit  of  thofe  of  Wiclitzka,  eight  miles  from  Cra- 
cow was  about  98,000!.  flerling.  Out  of  fome  mines  at  Itza,  about  70 
miles  north-eaft  of  Cracow,  are  dug  feveral  kinds  of  earth,  v/hich  are 
excellently  adapted  to  the  potter's  ufc,  and  i'upply  all  Poland  with 
earthen  ware.  Under  the  mountains  adjoining  to  Kiow,  in  the  dcfci  tr. 
of  Podolia  are  feveral  grottos,  where  a  great  number  of  human  bodies 
are  preferred,  though  buried  a  great  number  of  years  hnce,  being  nei- 
ther fo  hard  nor  fo  black  as  the  Egyptian  mummies.  Among  them  are 
two  princes,  in  the  habits  they  ufed  to  wear.  It  is  thought  that  this 
preierving  quality  is  owing  to  the  nature  of  the  foil,  which  is  dry  and 
iandy.  Poland  can  boafk  of  few  antiquities,  as  old  Sarmatia  was  never 
perfcflly  known  to  the  Romans  themielves.  Its  artificial  rarities  are 
but  fevv,  the  chief  being  the  gold,  filver,  and  enamelled  vcifels,  prefcnt, 
ed  by  the  kings  and  prelates  of  Poland,  and  preferved  in  the  cathedral 
of  Gnefna, 

Cities,  towns,  forts,  amp  other?  Warfaw  lies  on  the  Vif- 
Epii"iCF.s,  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE,  j  tula,  and  almolt  in  the  ccn^ 
tre  of  Poland.  It  is  the  royal  relidence  ;  and  contains  many  magnifi- 
cent places  and  other  buildings,  befides  churches  and  convents.  It 
contains  about  50,000  inhabitants,  fome  fay  more,  among  whom  is  a 
great  number  of  foreigners.  The  ftreets  are  fpacious  but  ill  paved, 
and  the  gveateft  part  of  the  houfes,  particularly  in  the  fuburbs,  are 
mean  v/ooden  hovels.  The  city  exhibits  a  ftrong  ccntraft  of  wealth 
and  poverty,  as  did  every  part  of  this  [till  the  late  happy  revolution 
in  favour  of  liberty  )  imhappy  and  oppreffed  country.  It  has  little  or 
no  commerce.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  Cracow,  which  is  the  capital 
(though  that  honour  is  difputed  by  Warfaw)  ;  for  we  are  told,  that 
notwithftandlng  it  lies  in  the  neighbourhood  of  the  rich  falt-mines,  and 
is  faid  to  contain  fifty  churches  and  convents,  its  commerce  is  inconfi- 
derable.  The  city  ftands  in  an  extenfive  plain,  watered  by  the  \'^iflula, 
and  with  the  fuburbs  occupif  s  a  vafh  fpacc  of  ground,  but  all  together 
contains  no  more  than  18  or  20,000  fouls.  It  is  furrounded  with  high 
brick  walls,  flrengthened  with  round  and  fquare  towers  in  the  ancient 
llyle  of  fortification,  and  is  garrifoned  M'ith  600  Ruffians.  Grodno, 
though  not  the  capital,  is  the*principal  town  in  Lithuania,  but  a  large 
Ind  ^haggling  place,  containing  ruined  palaces,  falling  houfes,  and 
't.vretched  hovels,  with  about  2,200  inhabitants,  [Zimmermann.] — 
(Guthrie  fays  7.000.)  A  large  proportion  of  thefe  are  employed  in 
new  manufaftures  of  cloths,  camblets,  linen,  cotton,  filk,  Huff's,  &t. 
cflabliflied  there  by  the  king  in  1776.     Ke  hath  alio  eftablifbed  in  this, 


POLAND    iKCLDDiNC    LITHUANTA.  -233 

place,  an  academy  of  phyfic  for  Lithuania,  in  which  10  fludents  are 
inftrufted  for  phyfic,  and  20  for  furgery,  all  taught  and  maintained  at 
his  own  cxpcnfe.  s 

Dantzic  is  the  capital  of  Polifh  Pruffia,  and  is  famous  in  hiftory  on 
many  accounts,  particularly  that  of  its  being  formerly  at  the  head  of 
the  Hanfcatic  affociation,  commonly  called  the  Hanfe-towns.  It  is 
fituated  on  the  Viflula,  near  five  miles  from  the  Baltic,  and  is  a  laroe, 
beautiful,  populous  citv  ;  its  houi'cs  generally  are  five  flories  high  ; 
and  many  of  its  ftrcets  are  planted  with  chcfnut-trces.  It  has  a  line 
harbour,  and  is  ftill  a  mofl.  eminent  commercial  city,  although  it  fcems 
to  be  fomewhat  paft  its  meridian  glory,  which  was  probably  about 
the  time  that  the  prefident  de  Thou  wrote  his  much  efteemed  Hijloria 
Jui  Tcmpo-i'is ,  wherein,  under  the  year  1607,  he  fo  highly  celebrates  its 
commerce  and  grandeur.  It  is  a  republic,  claiming  a  fmall  adjaccnl; 
territory  about  forty  miles  round  it,  which  were  under  the  prote6tion 
of  the  king  and  the  republic  of  Poland.  Its  magiftracv.  and  the  majo- 
rityofits  inhabitants,  are  Lutherans;  although  the  Romanids  and 
Calvinii'is  are  equally  tolerated  in  it.  It  is  rich,  and  has  26  pariflies, 
with  many  convents  and  hofpitals.  The  inhabitants  have  been  com- 
puted to  amount  to  200,000  ;  but  later  computations  fall  very  confider- 
ably  fhort  of  it  ;  as  appears  by  its  annual  bill  of  mortality,  exhibited 
by  Dr.  Bvfching,  who  tells  us,  that  in  the  year  1752,  there  died  but 
iS^Sperfons.  Its  own  fhipping  is  numerous  ;  but  the  foreign  fljips 
conftantly  reforting  to  it  are  more  fo,  whereof  io>4  arrived  there  in 
the  year  1752  ;  in  which  year  alfo  1288  Polifli  vcifcls  came  down  the 
Vifiula,  chiefly  laden  with  corn,  for  its  matchlefs  grainaj  ics  ;  from 
whence  that  grain  is  dillributed  to  many  foreign  nations  ;  Poland  being 
juftly  deemed  the  greateft  magazine  of  corn  in  all  Europe,  and  Danizic 
the  greateft  port  for  diflributing  it  every  where  :  Bcfidcs  whidi, 
Dantzic  exports  great  quantities  of  na^'al  ftores,  and  a  vafl  variety  of 
other  articles.  Dr.  Bufching  affirms,  that  it  appears  from  ancient  re- 
cords, as  early  as  theyear  997,  that  Dantzic  was  a  large  commercial  city, 
and  not  a  village  or  inconfiderable  town,  as  fomc  pretend. 

The  inhabitants  of  Dantzic  have  often  changed  their  mafters,  and 
have  fometimes  been  under  tl-^e  proteftion  of  the  Lnglifli  and  Dutch  ; 
but  generally  have  fhewn  a  great  predileftion  for  the  kingdom  and  re- 
public of  Poland,  as  being  lefs  likely  to  rival  them  in  their  trade,  or 
abridge  them  of  their  immunities,  which  reach  even  to  the  privilege 
of  coining  money.  Though  ftrongly  fortified,  and  poifeffed  of  150 
large  brafs  cannon,  it  could  not,  through  its  fuuation,  ftand  a  regular 
liege,  being  furrounded  with  eminences.  In  1734,  the  inhabitants 
difcovered  a  remarkable  attachment  and  fidelity  towards  Staniflaus, 
king  of  Poland,  not  only,  when  his  enemies,  the  PrufTians,  were  at  their 
gates,  but  even  in  poffelfion  of  the  city. 

Tlie  reafon  why  Dantzic,  Thorn,  and  Elbing,  have  enjoyed  privi- 
leges, both  civil  and  religious,  very  different  from  thofe  of  the  reft  of 
Poland,  is,  becaufe  not  being  able  to  endure  the  tyranny  of  the  Teu- 
tonic knights,  they  put  themfelves  under  the  protection  of  Poland,  re- 
fcrving  to  themfelves  large  and  ample  privileges. 

This  city,  as  well  as  that  of  Thorn,  were  exempted  by  the  king  of 
Pruflia  from  thofe  claims  which  he  lately  made  on  the  neighbouring 
countries  j  notVvilhftanding  which,   his  PrufTian   majefty,  foon   after, 

thought 


234  POLAND    INCLUDING    LITHUANIA, 

thought  proper  to  feize  on  the  territories  belonging  to  Dantzic,  under 
pretence  of  their  having  been  formerly  part  of  Pplifli  PruRja.  He  then 
proceeded  to  poffcfs  himfelf  of  the  port-duties  belonging  to  that  city, 
and  erefted  a  cuftom-houfc  in  the  harbour,  \vhere  he  laid  arbitrary 
and  infupportable  duties  upon  goods  exported  or  imported.  To  com- 
plete the  fylhem  of  oppreflion,  cuRom-houfes  were  erefted  at  the  very 
gates  of  Dantzic,  fo  that  no  perfons  (hould  go  in  or  out  of  the  town^ 
without  being  fearched  in  the  (Irifteft  manner.  Such  is,  the  treatment 
which  the  city  of  Dantzic  has  received  from  the  king  of  Prufha,  though 
few  cities  have  ever  exifted,  which  have  been  comprehended  in  fo 
many  general  and  particular  treaties,  and  v/hofe  rights  and  liberties 
have  been  fo  frequently  fecured,  and  guaranteed  by  fo  many  great 
powers,  and  by  fuch  a  long  and  jegular  fucceflion  of  public  atts,  as 
that  of  Dantzie  has  been.  In  the  year  J784,  it  was  blockaded  by  his 
troops,  on  various  pretences  ;  by  the  interpofition  of  the  emprefs  of 
Ruflla,  and  of  the  king  of  Poland,  they  were  withdrawn,  and  a  nego-' 
ciation  carried  on  by  deputies  at  Warfaw  ;  which  was  concluded  on 
the  ytli  of  September,  by  whi^h,  if  acceeded  to  by  the  citizens,  the 
place  and  trade  of  the  city  are  to  be  reftored  to  its  former  {lability. 
The  city  of  Thorn  was  alfo  treated  by  the  king  of  Pruflia  in  the  fame 
unjuft  and  oppreflive  manner  with  that  of  Pantjic,  and  is  now  added 
to  his  dominions. 

Akmy.]      In   the  year   17S4,  the   Army   of  Poland    confiftcd   of 
17,404  men. 

A.  Army  of  the  Crov^n,  or    of   Poland. 

General  Staff  —  —  —  27 

Cavalry  _  __  «_  5,483 

Infantry  —  • —  -—  7}7^'-^ 


B.  Army  of  Lithuania. 

General   Staff             —  — 

Cavalry                   — •  — -                  — 

Ipfantry                — .  — ,                  .^ — 

4,132 
Accorduig  to  an  aft  of  the  fenate,  in  1776,  the  crown  army  ought 
to  amount  to   1,3,409,  and  that  of  Lithuania  to  4770  men.     The  whole 
military   eftabiifhment    is    fubjeft  to    the  regulations    of    the    confeil 
permantnt. 

Finances.]  The  Revenue  and  Expenfes  on  a  medium  of  three  years 
1782 — 1784 — are  as  follows. 
Revenue  —  —  3»  1 935^35  German  dollars. 

Expenfes  —  —  2,825,453 

Private  chatouUe  of  the  king,    1,333,000  florins. 
The  debts  of  Polar^d   run  high  ;  the  whole  amount  is  eftimated  at 
130  million  of  florins,  of  which  only  1,144,000  florins  were  acknowl- 
edged  by  the  diet,  and  half  a  million  of  florins  every  year  is  appro- 
priated to  the  payment  of  them. 

RELicioy.]  The  eflablifhed  religion  is  the  Roman  Catholic  : — 
Proteflants,  to  whom  the  name  of  DifTidents  is  now  confined,  are  tol- 
erated.    In  former  times,  the  rights  and  numbers  of  the  Protefl:ants 

were 


13,27a 

26 

2*425 
i,68t 

POLAND.    ixcLUDiNG     LITHUANIA. 


23i 


were  fo  gi'eat,  that  they  claimed  equal  authority  with  the  Roman  Cath- 
olics ;  and  about  1573,  both  parties  were  called  diffidcntcs  quoad  re.^ 
ligionem.  Yet  afterwards,  the  Proteftants  fufFered  veiy  great  opprel'- 
fion  till  after  the  late  civil  wars  ;  their  rights  were,  at  length,  fettled 
in  1778,  by  the  interference  of  the  neighbouring  powers.  Bclidcs 
Calvinifts  and  Lutherans,  tliere  a)e,  in  Poland,  congrcgationsof  Orceins 
Unitarians  and  Arians,  all  of  whom  are  now  comprehended  under  the 
name  of  Dilhdenls.  In  Poland,  the  power  of  the  pricfts,  and  the  au- 
thority of  the  Pope,  was  lately  vcyy  great.  The  Pope's  nuncio  had  a 
very  extenfive  ecclcfiallical  jurifdi6lion.  At  the  head  of  the  Roman 
Catholic  clergy  is  the  primate  of  Poland,  who  is  arcjibifliop  of  Gnefen  ; 
He  ftiles  himfelf  a  prince  :  He  had  the  firft  rank  among  tlic  fcnators, 
and  islcgatus  natus  of  the  Holy  Sec,  There  were  (17B7)  in  Poland, 
12  bifliopricks,  37  abbeys,  ,579  convents  of  men,  and  86  of  women. — 
The  knights  of  Malta,  refiding  in  Poland,  belong  likewife  to  tlie  clergy. 
The  Lutheran  church,  is  governed  by  a  Prefbytery,  or  confiftory  of  the 
Antiftitcs  of  the  cliurch  and  the  minifters  :  There  are  great  contefls 
fubfjfling  between  the  adherents  of  this  church  and  tlie  Catholics. — 
The  Calvinifts  have  one  fenior  general  and  three  feniors,  to  whom  the 
government  of  their  cliurch  is  entrufled. 

Constitution  and  covernme n  r,]  Whole  volumes  have  been 
written  upon  this  fubjeft.  Before  the  lafl  revolution,  it  difiered  little 
from  an  ariftocracy  ;  hence  Poland  hath  been  called  a  kingdom  and 
commonwealth.  The  king  was  the  head  of  the  republic,  and  v.'as 
eleftcd  by  the  nobility  and  clergy  in  the  plains  of  Warfaw.  They 
elefted  him  on  horfeback  ;  and  in  cafe  there  fhould  be  a  refraftory 
minority,  the  majority  had  no  control  over  them,  but  to  cut  them  in 
pieces  with  tlieir  fabres,  but  if  the  minority  were  fufficiently  ftrong,  a 
qivil  war  enfued.  Immediately  after  his  eleftion,  he  v^s  to  fign  the 
paBa  conventn  of  the  kingdom,  by  which  he  cnga^^cd  to  introduce  no 
foreigners  into  the  army  or  government;  fo  that  in  fad  he  was  no 
more  than  prefident  of  the  fenate,  which  was  compofed  of  the  primate, 
the  archbifliop  of  Lemburg,  fifteen  bilhops,  and  130  laymen,  conlift- 
ing  of  the  great  officers  of  Hate,  the  Palatines,  and  Caflcllanls, 

The  diets  of  Poland  were  ordinary  and  extraordinary  :  The  former 
met  once  in  two,  and  fometirncs  three  years  ;  the  latter  was  furrimoned 
by  the  king,  upon  critical  emergencies  ;  but  one  dilTenting  voice  ren- 
dered all  their  deliberations  ineffeftual.  But  this  form  of  government 
no  longer  exifls  in  Poland.  A  glorious  revolution  has  lately  been  ef- 
fefted  without  bloodfhcd,  and  almoft.  without  oppofuion,  in  favour  of 
civil  and  religious  liberty.  Its  commencement  may  be  daced  from  the 
14th  of  April  1791,  a  day  wliich  v/ill  hereafter  be  memorable  in  the 
annals  of  Poland.  In  the  fefficn  of  that  day  a  law  was  unanimoufly 
paffcd  by  the  diet  relative  to  cities  and  tlieir  inhabitants,  wliich  reflores 
them  to  their  primitive  rights,  allbciates  them  with  the  legillaiivc  pow- 
er, and  will  ferve  as  a  bafis  for  ftill  more  extenfive  regulations,  to  re- 
duce the  different  orders  of  citizens,  to  that  relative  equalitv,  which 
conftitutes  the  very  foul  cf  a  folid  and  jufl  conllitution.  Upon  this 
occafion,  the  plan  of  M.  Suchorzewfkia,  member  from  Kplifli,  was 
adopted.  The  fubftancc  of  the  principles  which  have  been  decreed 
agreeable  to  this  projeft,  is,  "  To  deftroy  the  difference  of  orders  and 
cJaffes;  to  grant  liberty  to  all  citizens,  without  diRin61ion  ;  to  rcftorc 

Nobilitv 


236         POL  A  N  D     INCLUDING    L  1  T  H  U  A  N  I  A. 

Nobility  to  its  true  origin,  that  is,  to  the  prerogative  of  merit  and  vir- 
tue :  But  at  the  fame  time,  to  effe6l  thcfe  different  changes  by  degrees, 
and  with  luch  precautions  as  will  procure  the  fuccefs  of  them."  Po- 
land may  therefore  date  her  reftoration  from  that  day  ;  for,  with  fuch 
principles  as  thefe,  uniformly  followed  up,  fhe  will  become  powerful 
from  her  external  llrength,  and  will  be  truly  independent. 

When  the  National  AflTembly  of  France  reduced  the  Nobility  to  an 
equality  with  the  citizens,  the  greater  number  of  its  members  confifled 
of  the  Titrs  Etat  ;  but  when  Poland  railed  her  citizens  to  that  equality, 
the  diet  confided  of  Nobility  only.  And  yet  there  was  no  divihon 
within  doors,  nor  commotion  witliout.  Eloquent  and  perfuafivc  as 
the  king  is  on  all  occafions.  on  this  he  feemed  lo  out  dohimielf.  The 
iubjeft  touched  his  heart  ;  lie  fpoke  with  an  uncommon  degree  of  fire 
and  enthuiiafm,  and  his  hearers  caught  the  flame. 

Count  Malachowfky  and  Prince  Sapaicha.  marflials  of  the  diet,  were 
particularly  animated  and  happy  in  the  arrangement  and  folidity  of 
their  arguments.  Prince  Adam  Czartoryfki  Wawrzecki.  and  Xiem- 
ccwicz,  membeis  for  Livonia,  alfo  diflinguiflied  themfclves  in  a  re- 
markable manner:  "  None  of  us,''  faid  this  laft  gentleman,  fpeaking 
«jf  the  excluiion  of  all  fuch  as  are  not  Nobles,  from  offices  of  truft  and 
honours,  "  knows  who  were  the  anceftors,  or  what  was  the  religion  of 
"Washinoton  and  Fraxki  in  ;  but  all  of  us  know  what  important 
fcrvices  thefe  illuftrious  charafters  rendered  to  their  country.  Let  not, 
therefore,  the  modcfty  of  citizens  prcfcribe  limits  to  our  generofity.  Let 
us  notaik,  nor  look  into  eld  papers  to  afcertain,  what  they  have  a  right 
to  demand  ;  but  let  us  grant  them,  out  of  our  own  free  accord,  all  that 
the  welfare  of  our  own  country  requires  that  they  fhould  pofl'cfs." 
The  new  confiitution  for  fubflance  is  as  follows. 

1.  The  Catholic  Religion  fliall  be  the  governing  religion  of  the  States, 
raid  the  king  fliall  profefs  iti  But  all  other  forms  of  worflrip  fiiall  be 
admitted,  and  a  general  toleration,  civil  and  religious,  fliall  be  a  fun- 
damental law  of  the  kingdon. 

2.  The  ancient  privileges  and  rights  of  the  noblefle  are  approved 
and  confirmed. 

3.  At  the  fame  time  all  the  rights  and  privileges  of  the  people  ;if- 
ferted,  renewed  or  granted  to  them  during  the  prefeiit  diet,  are  equally 
i-atified  and  confirmed. 

4.  All  fl:rangers  who  arrive  and  fettle  in  Poland,  fliall  enjoy  full  and 
:ntire  liberty. 

5.  The  peafantry  are  taken  under  the  proteftion  of  the  laws  and  of 
government.  They  are  relieved  from  all  arbitrary  impofitions,  and  do 
lot  depend  henceforth,  in  what  regards  their  rights  and  labours,  only 
m  the  contracts  which  they  fhall  make  with  their  feigniors.  All  for- 
;ign  labourers  are  free  to  enter  and  fettle  in  Poland,  or  to  depart,  ful- 
iling  only  the  obligations  of  the  contrafts  they  may  have  made  with 
he  proprietors  of  the  foil. 

6.  The  government  of  Poland,  fliall  be  compofed  of  three  branches, 
n-  diftinft  parts  ;  the  legiilative  power,  the  executive  power,  and  the 
udicial  power. 

7.  The  legiflative  power  belongs  exclufively  to  the  ftatcs  aflcmbled 
n  the  diet,  and  compofed  of  the  two  connc6ied  chambers,  viz.  the 
enate  and  the  chamber  of  Nuncios, 

8.  The 


POLAND     iNCMjDiNG     L  1  T  H  U  A  N  I  A.  237 

8.  The  king  (Inll  cxcrcifc  the  executive  power  with  his  council* 
This  council  fhall  be  compofed  of  the  primate  and  five  minifters,  who 
ihall  each  have  a  department.  No  order  of  the  king  can  be  put  in 
execution  unlefs  it  is  figned  by  the  minifters,  whofc  lives  and  for- 
tunes {hall  be  refponiible  to  each  diet  for  the  orders  they  fliall  fign.  As 
loon  iS  two  thirds  of  the  diet  fhall  demand  the  change  of  miniUers, 
the  king  {hall  bo  bound  to  difmifs  them,  and  to  name  others  in  their 
place. 

9.  The  eleftion  of  king  fliall  never  fell  heieafter  on  an  individual. 
A  whole  family  fhall  be  elefted  when  the  royal  family  fliall  be  ex- 
tinft. 

to.  In  cafe  of  the  minority  of  the  king,  his  tutelage  and  the  regen- 
cy, (liallbein  the  hands  of  the  queen  mother  and  the  council,  refpon- 
fible  to  the  diet. 

11.  The  education  of  the  King's  children  is  confided  in  like  man- 
ner. 

12.  The  judicial  power  fliall  be  fixed  for  each,  palatinate,  territory, 
and  diflrift.     The  judges  {hall  be  elefted  at  the  dictines. 

The  following  articles  were  afterwards  added  to  the  new  conftitu- 
tton,  and  have  received  the  unanimous  fanftioa  of  the  diet. 

*'  No  government,  though  it  were  the  moft  perfcft  that  can  be  im- 
agined, can  fubfift  unlel's  the  executive  power  be  enabled  to  aft  with 
the  fullefl  energy. 

Jufl  and  equitable  laws  are  the  foundation  of  national  happinefs'. 
All  the  good  effefts  to  be  expcfted  from  them,  mufb  depend  on  their 
having  been  vigoroufly  executed. 

Experience  has  taught  us,  that  to  a  want  of  this  executive  energy, 
Poland  owes  all  its  misfortunes. 

For  thofe  reafons,  after  having  infured  liberty  to  the  Polifh  nation, 
and  having  made  it  independent  ;  after  having  fccurcd  to  it  the  right 
of  making  laws,  and  of  watching  over  the  executive  authority,  and 
alfo  of  choofing  all  public  magiftrates  ;  we  entruft  the  king,  and  his 
council,  with  the  fupreme  execution  of  the  laws. 

The  executive  power  fhall  be  under  a  drift  obligation  to  fuperin- 
tend  the  execution  of  the  laws,  and  exemplarily  to  conform  to  them. 
It  {liall  aft  in  all  cafes  permitted  by  the  law  :  In  all  fuch  cafes  which 
require  a  fuperintendance,  execution,  and  even  a  coercive  force.  All 
magi{lrates  are  bound  to  obey  it  implicitly  ;  and  by  it  they  are  liable 
to  be  punifhed  for  neglcft  of  duty  or  difobedience. 

The  executive  power  fhall  neither  make  laws  nor  explain  them.  It 
fhall  not  impofe  taxes,  or  lay  contributions.  It  fhall  uot  contraft 
debts,  nor  make  the  lead  alteration  in  the  colleftion  of  the  revenue-, 
and  finally,  it  fhall  neither  declare  war,  nor  make  peace  ;  nor  make 
any  treaties  with  other  powers.  It  {hall  only  be  enabled  to  have  a 
temporary  correfpondence  with  foreign  courts,  fo  far  as  the  fafcly  and 
tranquillity  of  the  ilate  may  require  ;  and  for  this  it  fhall  be  accounta- 
ble to  the  following  legiflature." 

The  king  declared  that  the  conftitution  had  been  formed  out  of  the 
£nglijh  and  American  forms  of  government. 

Remarkable  events.]  During  the  years  1769,  1770,  and  177 J, 
confufion,  devallation,  and  civil  war,  raged  in  Poland,  by  which  the 
whole  face  of  the  country  was  almoil  deftroyed  ;  many  of  the  prinai- 

pal 


s^8  POLAND    INCLUDING    L  I  T  H  U  A  N  I  A. 

pal  Polifli  families  retired  into  foreign  ftates  with  their  effefts  ;  and 
had  it  not  been  for  a  body  of  Ruffian  troops  which  afted  as  guards  t6 
the  king  at  Warlaw,  that  city  had  likewife  exhibited  a  fcene  of  plunder 
and  malfacre.  To  thefe  complicated  evils,  were  added,  in  the  year 
1770,  that  moft  dreadful  feourgc  the  peililence,  which  fpread  from  the 
frontiersof  Turkey,lo  the  adjoining  provinces  of  Podolia,  Volhinia,  and 
the  Ukraine;  and  in  thefe  provinces  it  is  faid  to  have  fwept  off  250,000 
of  the  people.  Meanwhile,  fome  of  the  Polifh  confederates  interceded 
iivith  the  Turks  to  affift  them  againft  their  pov/erflil  eppreiTors  ;  and  a 
war  enfued  between  the  Ruffians  and  the  Turks  on  account  of  Poland. 
But  it  has  been  obfervcd.  that  the  conduft  of  the  Grand  Signior  and 
of  the  Ottoman  Porte  towards  the  diftreffed  Poles,  were  ftriftly  juft 
and  honourable,  and  the  very  reverfe  of  that  of  their  Chriftian,  Catho- 
lic, and  Apollolic  neighbours. 

In  17S4,  the  emprefs  of  Ruffia  tranfmitted  to  the  court  of  Warfaw 
an  aft  of  renunciation,  figned  with  her  own  hand,  and  fealed  with  the 
leal  of  the  empire,  wlierein  flie  declares,  "  That  {he  did  by  no  means 
arrogate  either  to  herfelf^  her  heirs  and  fucceffors,  or  to  her  empire, 
any  right  or  claim  to  the  diftrifls  or  territories,  Which  were  aftually  in 
poffeflion,  or  fubjeft  to  the  authority  of  the  kingdom  of  Poland,  or 
great  duchy  of  Lithuania  ;  but  that,  on  the  contrary,  her  faid  majeRy 
would  guarantee  to  the  faid  kingdom  of  Poland  and  duchy  of  Lithuania, 
all  the  immunities,  lands,  territories,  and  diftrifts,  which  the  faid  king- 
dom and  duchy  ought  by  right  to  poffeis,  or  did  now  aftually  poffefs  ; 
and  would  at  all  times,  and  for  ever,  maintain  them  in  full  and  fre« 
enjoyment  thereof,  againft  the  attempts  of  all  and  every  one  who^ 
{hould  at  any  time,  or  on  any  pretextj  endeavour  to  difpoffefs  them  of 
the  fame."  In  the  fame  year  did  the  king  of  Pruffia  fign,  with  his 
own  hand,  an  aft,  wherein  he  declared,  that  he  had  no  claims,  formed 
no  pretenhons  on  Poland,  or  any  part  thi^reof  :  That  he  renounced 
sU  claims  on  that  kingdom,  either  as  king  of  Prufiia,  eleftor  of  Bran- 
denburg, or  duke  of  Pomerania."  In  the  fame  inftrument  he  guaran- 
tees,  in  the  moft  folemn  manner,  the  territories  and  rights  of  Poland 
againft  every  power  whatever,  The  emprefs-queen  of  Hungary,  fo 
late  as  the  month  of  January  1771,  wrote  a  letter  with  her  own  hand 
to  the  king  of  Poland,  in  which  flie  gave  him  the  ftrongeft  affurances, 
"  That  her  friendfhip  for  him  and  the  republic  was  firm  and  unaltera-- 
ble  :  That  the  motion  of  her  troops  ought  not  to  alarm  him  :  That  flic 
had  never  entertained  a  thought  of  feizing  any  part  of  his  dominions, 
nor  would  even  fuffer  any  other  power  to  do  it."  From  whicli,  ac- 
cording to  the  political  creed  of  princes,  we  may  infer,  that  to  guaran- 
tee the  rights,  liberties,  and  revenues  of  a  ftate,  means  to  annihilate 
thofe  liberties,  feize  upon  thofe  rights,  and  appropriate  thofe  revenues 
to  their  own  ufe.  Such  is  the  faith  of  princes,  the  inftability  of  human 
tiolitics,  and  of  human  affairs. 

On  September  3d,  I771,  an  attempt  was  rriade  by  Ko2'.in{ki,  an  of- 
ficer among  the  Polifh  confederates,  and  fevefal  others,  tO  aflafTinate 
the  king  of  Poland,  in  the  ftieets  of  Warfawi  His  majefty  received 
two  wounds  on  his  head,  one  fiom  a  ball,  and  the  other  from  a  fabre ; 
notwithftanding  which  he  had  the  good  fortune  to  efeape  with  life, 
by  Koz.infki's  relenting,  for  which  his  own  life  waS  faved,  and  he 
now   refidcs  in  the  papal  tcritories.  with  an  annual  penfton  from 

the 


I^OLAND     iKCLu3(iSG     LITHUANIA.  239 

the  king.  Pulafki,  another  of  the  confpirators,  diflinguifhed  himfelf 
in  the  American  fervice,  and  was  killed  in  attacking  the  Britifh  lines 
at  Savannah,  in  1779. 

The  following  year,  1772,  it  appeared,  that  the  king  of  Prufha,  the 
emperor  and  emprefs  queen,  and  the  emprefs  of  Ruffia,  had  entered 
into  an  alliance  to  divide  and  difmember  the  kingdom  of  Poland  : 
though  PrulTia  Was  formerly  in  a  flate  of  vaflalage  to  Poland,  and  the 
title  of  king  of  PrufTiav/as  never  acknowledged  by  the  Poles  till  1764. 
Ruffia  in  the  beginning  of  the  17th  century  Taw  its  capital  and  throne 
poffefled  by  the  Poles,  while  Auftria  in  1683  was  indebted  to  a  king  of 
Poland  for  the  prefervation  of  its  metropolis,  and  almoft  for  its  very 
exiftence.  The  three  allied  powers,  afting  in  concert,  fet  up  their  for- 
mal pretenfions  to  the  refpeftive  diflrifts  which  they  had  allotted  for 
and  guaranteed  to  each  other  :  Polilh,  or  Weftern  PrufTia,  and  fomc 
diftrifts  bordering  upon  Brandenburgh,  for  the  king  of  PrufTia  5  almoft 
all  the  i'outh-eaft  parts  of  the  kingdom  bordering  upon  Hungary,  to- 
gether with  the  rich  falt-works  of  the  crown,  for  the  emprefs  queen 
of  Hungary  and  Bohemia  ;*  and  a  large  diftrift  of  country  about  Mo- 
hilow,  upon  the  banks  of  the  Dnieper,  for  the  emprefs  of  Ruflia-t — 
But  though  eacit  of  the  powers  pretended  to  have  a  legal  title  to  the 
territories  which  were  allotted  them  refpcftively,  and  publiflied  man- 
ifeflos  in  juftification  of  the  mcafures  which  they  had  taken,  yet  as 
they  were  confcious  that  the  fallacies  by  which  they  fupported  their 
pretenfions  Were  too  grofs  to  impofe  upon  mankind,  they  forced  the 
Poles  to  call  a  new  diet,  and  threatened  them,  that  if  they  did  not 
Confent  unanimoufly  to  fign  a  treaty  for  the  ceding  of  thofe  provinces 
to  them  refpeftively,  the  whole  kingdom  would  be  laid  under  a  milita- 
i-y  execution,  and  treated  as  a  conquered  flate.  In  this  extremity  of 
diftrefs,  feveral  of  the  Polifh  nobility  protefted  againfl  this  violent  a£i; 
of  tyranny,  and  retired  into  foreign  flates,  choofing  rather  to  live  in 
exile,  and  to  have  all  their  landed  property  ccnfifcated,  than  be  the 
inftruments  of  bringing  their  country  to  utter  ruin  ;  but  the  king  of 
Poland  was  prevailed  upon  to  fign  this  aft,  and  his  example  was  follow- 
ed by  many  of  his  fubjefts. 

As  to  the  king  of  Pruflia,  his  conduft  in  Poland  was  the  mofl  tyran- 
nical and  oppreffive  that  can  be  conceived.  It  was  in  the  year  1771 
that  his  troops  entered  into  Great  Poland,  and  during  the  fpace  of  that 
year  he  carried  off  from  that  province,  and  its  neighbourhood,  at  a 
moderate  computation,  12.000  families.  On  the  29th  of  Oftober,  in 
the  fame  year,  an  edift  was  publifhed  by  his  Fruirian  majefly,  com- 
manding every  perfon,  under  the  fevereft  penalties,  and  even  corporal 
punifhment,  to  take  in  payment  for  forage,  provifions,    corn,   hoi  ies, 

&c. 

•  The  diftria  claimed  by  Auftria,  was  "  all  that  traft  of  land  lying  on  the  right  fiJe  of 
the  Viftula,  from  Silefia  above  Sandornir  to  the  mouth  of  the  San,  and  from  thfncs  by 
Franepolci  Zamoife,  ar.d  Rubieffow,  to  the  Bog  ;  from  the  Bog  along  the  frontiers  of  Red 
Ruffia  to  Zabras,  on  the  borders  of  Volhinia  and  Podolia,  and  from  Zabras  in  aftr.iit  !inc  to 
the  N'ieper,  where  it  receives  the  Sbrjtz,  taking  in  a  part  of  Podolia,  and  then  along  the 
houndiries  fepar.iting  Podolia  from  Moldavia.  This  country  is  now  incorporated  with  Auf 
tria,  under  the  appellation  of  the  kingdonss  of  Caliciaand  Lodomiria. 

+  The  Ruffian  claims  comprife  Polifli  Livonia,  that  part  of  the  palatinate  of  Polotlk  to 
the  call  of  Duna — the  pahitinates  of  Viteplk,  Micifiaw  and  two  portion';  of  the  palatinsfe  of 
Min(k.  This  tradt  of  land  (Polifh  Livonia  excepted)  is  fituated  in  White  Rufiia,  aid  in- 
dudes  full  one  third  of  Lithuania.  It  is  now  divided  into  the  governments  of  Poloiik  zui 
Mohilef, 


240         POLAND    iscLUDiKG    LITHUANIA. 

&c.  the  money  offered  by  his  troops  and  comrailTaries.  This  money 
wasciiher  filver  bearing  the  imprellion  of  Poland,  and  exatlly  worth 
One-third  of  its  nominal  value,  or  ducats  flruck  in  imitation  of  Dutcli 
ducats,  feveteea  per  cent,  inferior  to  the  real  ducats  of  Holland.— 
With  this  bale  money  he  bought  up  corn  and  forage  enough,  not  on- 
ly to  fupply  his  army  for  f.vo  whole  years,  but  to  llock  magazines 
in  the  country  itfelf,  where  the  inhabitants  were  forced  to  come 
and  re-purchafe  corn  for  their  daily  fubliftence  at  an  advanced  price, 
and  with  good  money,  his  cominiiraries  rcfufing  to  take  the  fame 
coin  they  had  paid.  At  the  lowed  calculation  he  gained,  by  this 
moft  wicked  manceu.vre,  feven  millions  of  dollars.  Having  ftrip- 
pcd  the  country  of  money  and  provihons,  his  next  attempt  was  to  thin 
it  ftill  more  of  its  inhabitants.  To  people  his  own  dominions,  at  the 
expenis  of  Poland,  had  been  his  great  aim  ;  for  this  purpofe  he  hit 
upon  a  new  contribution  ;  every  town  and  village  was  obliged  to  fur- 
nifti  a  certain  number  of  marriageable  girls  ;  the  parents  to  give  as  a 
portion,  a  feather-bed,  four  pillows,  a  cow,  two  hogs,  and  three  ducats 
in  gold.  Some  were  bound  hand  and  foot,  and  carried  off  as  criminals. 
His  cxaftions  from  the  abbeys,  convents,  cathedrals,  and  nobles,  v/ere 
£b  heavy,  and  exceeded  at  lalt  their  abilities  lb  much,  that  their  priefts 
abandoned  their  churches,  and  the  nobles  their  lands.,  Thei'e  exac- 
tions continued  with  unabated  rigour,  from  the  year  1771,  to  the  time 
the  treaty  of  partition  \v^.5  declared,  and  poffeihon  taken  of  the  prov- 
inces ufurped.  From  thefe  proceedings  it  would  appear  that  his  Pruf- 
fianmajefty  knew  no  rights  but  his  own  ;  no  pretentions  but  thole  of 
Brandenhurgh  ;  no  other  rule  of  juftice  but  his  own  pride  and  ambi- 
tion. 

The  violent  difmembermcnt  and  partition  of  Poland  *  has  juflly  been 
confidered  as  the  firft  great  bieach  in  the  modern  political  fyftem  of 
Europe.  The  furprile  of  a  town,  the  invafion  o^  an  infignificant  prov- 
ince, or  the  cleftion  of  a  prince,  who  had  neither  abilities  to  be  /eared, 
nor  virtues  to  be  loved,  would  fome  years  ago  have  armed  one  half  of 
Europe,  and  called  forth  all  the  attention  of  the  other.  But  the  de- 
llruftion  of  a  great  kingdom,  with  the  confequent  derangement  of 
power,  dominion,  and  commerce,  has  been  beheld  by  the  other  nations 
of  Europe  with  the  moflaftonifhing  indifference  and  unconcern.  The 
courts  of  London,  Paris.  Stockholm,  and  Copenhagen,  remonflrated 
againfl  the  ufurpations,  but  that  was  all.  Poland  was  forced  to  fub. 
mit,  and  the  partition  was  ratified  by  their  diet,  held  under  the  bribes 
and  threats  of  the  three  powers.  In  the  fenate  there  was  a  majority 
of  fi.x,  but  in  the  lower  houfe,  the  affembly  of  nuncios,  there  was  but 
one  vote  in  favour  of  the  meafure,  54  againfl  53.  This  is  a  very  alar- 
ming circumflance,  and  Ihews  tliat  a  mofl  important,  though  not 
happy  change,  has  taken  place  in  that  general  fyllem  of  policy,  and 
arrangement  of  power  and  dominion,  which  had  been  for  feme  ages  an 
obje6l  of  unremitting  attention  with  mofl  of  the  flates  of  Europe. 
Former  kings  might,  perhaps,  on  fome  occafions,  difgovcr  rather  more 
anxiety  about  preferving  the  balance  of  power   in  Europe  than  was 

neceffary  : 

•  The  kingdom  of  Poland,  previous  to  itsdifmembciment,  contained  14,000,000  inhabi- 
tants :  Atprelent  they  are  I'uppfed  not  to  contain  9,000,000  ;  and  of  this  difterence  the 
Auftrians  have  acquired  2,500,000  fouls,  by  their  furrepuiious  part  of  the  provinces, 
thovigb  thofe  now  polTefled  by  Kuliia  arc  the  moft  extcnfive  in  territory. 


SWITZERLAND. 


241 


nSceflary  :  but  it  has  been  well  remarked,  that  the  idea  of  confiderlng 
Europe  as  a  vaft  commonwealth,  of  the  fcveral  parts  being  diftinft  and 
feparate,  though  pfolitically  and  commercially  united,  of  keeping  them 
independent,  though  unequal  in  power,  and  of  preventing  any  one, 
by  any  means,  from  becoming  too  powerful  for  the  reft,  was  great  and 
liberal,  and,  though  the  refult  of  barbarifm,  wais  founded  upon  the 
m£>ft  enlarged  principles  of  the  wifeft  policy. 

Staniflaus  Auguftus,  the  prefent  king  of  Poland,  whofe  rfiemory  is 
endeared  to  all  lovers  of  liberty,  by  the  lat€  memorable  Revolution,  was 
born  in  1732,  and  crowned  king  of  Poland  in  1764.  This  prince, 
while  a  private  nobleman,  refided  fome  time  in  London,  and  is  a 
fellow  of  the  Royal  Society.     Long  may  he  live  ! 


SWITZERLAND. 

Situation  and  Extent. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length     260  7      u  f  /    ^  ^"*^   ^  ^    ^^^  longitude. 

Breadth    100  j  t  4^  ^^^  4^  north  latitude. 

P  -,TTis  bounded  by  Alface  and  Su^bia,  in  Germany,  On 

iiouNDARiES.JJ^^j^g  North;  by  the  lake  of  Conftance,  Tirol,  and 
Trent,  on  the  Eaft  ;  bv  Italy,  on  the  South  ;  and  by  France,  oa 
the  Weft. 

Divisions.]     Sv;itzerland  is  divided  into  thirteen  cantons,  \vhich 

{land  in  point   of  precedency  as  follows  :   i.  Zurich;   2.  Berne;  3. 

,  Lucerne  ;  4.  Uri  ;  5.  Schweitz  ;  6.  Underwalden  ;  7.  Zug  ;  8  Claris  ; 

9.  Bafil  ;  10.  Fribourg  ;     11.  Soleure  ;     12.  SchafFhaufen  ;   13.  Ap- 

J)enzel. 

The  beft  account  we  have  of  the  dimenfions  and  principal  towns 
of  each  canton,  is  as  follows  : 


42 


SWITZERLAND, 


Countries  Names. 
Switzerland. 

Square 
Miles. 

5- 

Chief  Cities". 

fBerne 
Zurich 

3,346 

Ul 

~7 

Berne 

7.8 

34 

33 

Zurich 

Calvinifts.        -^  Schaffhaufen 

140 

n 

9 

Schaffhaufen 

Bafil 

240 

21 

18 

BASIL /47-4oN.lat. 
I  7-4oE.lon. 

f  Lucerne 

460 

33 

35 

Lucerne 

Underwalden 

270 

23 

16 

Stantz 

Uri 

612 

48 

21 

Altorf 

Catholics.          ^  Suiffe 

250 

27 

13 

Suilfe 

Fribourg 

370 

24 

21 

Fribourg 

Zug 

112 

iB 

10 

Zug 

l^Soleure 

253 

31 

24 

Soleure,  or  Solothum 

Calvinifts  and  f  Appenzel 
Catholics.       I  Claris 

270 

23 

21 

Appenzel 

"57 

24 

18 

Claris 

fBaden          ] 

Baden 

Bremgarten  V 

216 

26 

12 

Bremgarten 

Thefubjeasof 

Mellingen 

Mellingen 

theSwifsjCal- 

Pvheint'hal 

40 

20 

5 

Rheineck 

vinifls     and  <(  Thurgau 

1*9 

18 

11 

Frowanficld 

Catholics. 

Lugano       ^ 

Lugano 

Locarno       1 

850 

Locarno 

Mendris       j 

5^  li" 

Mendris 

LMaggia       J 

Magta 

Swifs  Allies, 

Calvinifts              Grifons 

2.270 

100162 

Co  ire 

Subjefts  of  the  f  ChiavannaT 
Grifons,    Cal-  <  Bormio  &  > 

47-2 

42. 

34 

Chiavanna 

vinifts&Cath.  [Valtelinc    J 

360 

27 

'9 

Sondrio 

rXockenburg 
Calvinifts.         ^  Geneva 

168 

27 

8 

Liechtenfteg 

160 

13 

11 

Geneva 

[  Neufchatel 

320 

qL', 

?.c 

Neufchatel 

fValais 

^,^87 

80 

30 

Sion 

Catholics.         ^  Bafte 

LSt.  Gall 

270 
144 

>3 

16 

Delfperg 

20 

IC 

St.  Gall 

ivi  1 J 1  n3n  i(f*n    m    Aira/*f 

Tota^ 

12.884 

iVJL  Ul  JlCJUlV^li  J    III     AlilaCV' 

is  alfo  united  to  them. 

Air,  CLIMATE,  son.,  AND  FACE  "I         This     being    a    mountainous 
OF  THE  COUNTRY.  J    country,  lying  upon   the   Alps, 

(which  form  an  amphitheatre  of  more  than  100  miles)  the  frofts  are 
confcquently  bitter  in  winter,  the  hills  being  covered  with  fnowfome- 
tim.es  all  the  year.  In  fummer  the  inequality  of  the  foil  renders  the 
fame  province  very  unequal  in  its  feafons  ;  on  one  fide  of  thofe  moun- 
tains the  inhabitants  are  often  reaping,  while  they  are  fowing  on  an  = 
other.  The  vallics,  however,  are  warm  and  fruitful,  and  well  culti- 
vated, and  nothing  can  be  more  delightful  than  the  fummer  months  in 
this  charming  country.    It  is  fubjed  to  rains  and  tempcfts  ;  for  which 

reafon 


SWITZERLAND,  243 

Jeafon  public  granJiries  are  every  \vhere  erefted  to  fupply  the  failure 
of  their  crops.  The  water  of  Switzerland  is  generally  excellent  and 
often  defcends  from  the  mountains  in  large  or  fmall  catarads  which 
have  a  delightful  effctt. 

There  is,  perhaps,  no  country  in  the  world  Wherein  the  advanta- 
geous efFo£>s  of  unw-iuiedandperfevcring  ii^duflry  are  more  remarka- 
bly conTpicuoas  than  in  Svviir.erbnd.  In  pafling  over  the  mountain- 
ous parts  of  it,  the  traveller  is  ftruck  with  admiration,  to  obferve  rocks 
that  were  formerly  barren,  now  planted  with  vines,  or  abounding 
with  rich  pafliire  ;  and  to  mark  tlie  traces  of  the  plough  along  the 
f.des  of  precipices  fo  deep,  that  a  horlc  could  not  even  afcend  ihcm 
without  great  difficulty.  In  {hort,  the  inhabitants  fcem  to  have  fur- 
mounted  every  obdruaion  which  foil,  fituation,  and  climate  had 
thrown  in  their  way,  and  to  have  fprcad  fertility  over  various  fpots  of 
the  country,  which  nature  feemed  to  have  configned  to  cvcrlaftinp- 
barrennefs.  The  feet  of  the  mountains,  and  fometimes  alfo  the  very 
fummits,  are  covered  with  vinevards,  cornfields,  meadows,  and  paf- 
ture-grounds.  Other  parts  of  this  country  arc  more  dreary,  confiding 
almofl  entirely  of  barren  and  inacceffible  rocks,  fome  of  which  are 
continually  covered  with  fuow  or  ice.  The  vallies,  between  thefc 
icy  and  fnov/y  mountains,  appear  like  fo  many  fmooth  frozen  lakes, 
and  from  them  vaft  fragments  of  ice  frequently  fall  down  into  the  more 
fruitful  fpots  beneath.  In  fome  parts,  there  is  a  regular  gradation 
from  extreme  wildnefs,  to  high  cultivation  ;  in  others  the  tranfitions 
are  very  abrupt,  and  very  ftriking.  Sometimes  a  continued  chain  of 
cultivated  mountains,  richly  clothed  with  wood,  and  duddcd  all  over 
with  hamlets,  cottages  above  the  clouds,  paftures,  which  appear  fuf- 
pended  in  the  air,  exhibit  the  mod  delightful  landf-jape  that  can  be 
conceived  ;  and  in  other  places  appear  rugged  recks,  catarafts,  and 
mountains  of  a  prodigious  height,  covered  with  ice  and  fnow.  In 
ihort,  Switzciland  abounds  with  the  mod  pifturcfqiie  fccnes  ;  and 
riere  are  to  be  found  fome  of  the  mod  fublime  exhibitions  of  nature, 
in  her  mod  awful  and  tremendous  forms. 

Rivers  and  lakes.]  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Rhine,  which  rifes 
in  the  chain  of  mountains  bordering  on  St.  Gothard,  the  Aar,  thft 
Reufs,  the  Tchn,  tlie  Oglio,  and  the  Rhone.  The  lakes  arc  thofe  of 
Geneva,  CQndance,Thun,  Lucerne,   Zurich,   Biel,  and  Brien. 

Metals  and  minerals.]  The  mountains  contain  mines  of  iron, 
crydal,  virgin  fulphur,  and  fprings  of  mineral  waters. 

Vegetable  AND  animal  productions.]  Switzerland  produces 
fheep  and  cattle,  wine,  wheat,  barley,  oats,  rye,  flax,  and  h^mp  ;  plenty 
of  apples,  pears,  nuts,  cherries,  plums,  and  cheinuts  ;  the  parts  towards 
Italy  abound  in  peaches,  almonds,  figs,  citrons,  and  pomegrantes  ;  and 
mod  of  the  cantons  abound  in  timber,  Beddes  game,  fiiln,  and  fowl, 
arc  alfo  found,  in  fome  of  the  higher  and  more  inacceffible  parts  of 
the  Alps,  the  bouquetin  and  the  chamois  ;  whole  activity  in  fcouring 
along  the  deep  and  craggy  rocks,  and  in  leaping  over  the  precipices, 
is  hardly  conceivable.  The  blood  of  both  thefe  animals  is  of  fo  hot 
a  rrature,  that  the  inhabitants  of  fome  of  thefe  mountains,  who  arc 
very  fuhjeft  to  pleurihcs,  take  a  few  drops  tjf  it,  mixed  with  water, 
as  a  remedy  for  that  diforJer.  The  flcdi  of  the  chamois  is  cdeemcd 
very  deKcious.  Among  the  Alps  is  like  wife  found  a  fpccies  of  hares, 
^  2  which 


244  S    W    I    T    Z    E    R    L    A    N    D.     ' 

which  in  fummer  is  faid  pcrfeftly  to  refemble  other  hares,  but  in  winter 
becomes  all  over  white,  lb  thai  they  are  fcarcely  diftinguifliable  among 
the  fnow.  But  this  idea  hath  been  lately  exploded,  nor  is  it  certain 
whether  the  two  fpecics  ever  couple  together.  The  white  hare  feldom 
quits  his  rocky  refidence.  Here  are  alfo  yellow  and  white  foxes, 
which  in  winter  fometimes  come  down  into  the  vallies. 

PoruxATiGN,  xNHAUiTANTs,  MANNKRSj"^       According  to  thc  befl 
cusTOiNTS,  AND    DIVERSIONS.  /  accounts,  the  cantons  of 

Switzerland  contain  about  2,000,000  of  inhabitants,  who  are  a  brave, 
hardy,  induilrious  people,  remarkable  for  their  fidelity,  and  their  zeal- 
ous attacliment  to  the  liberties  of  their  country.  Like  the  old  Romans, 
they  are  equally  inured  to  arms  and  agriculture.  A  general  fimplicity 
of  manners,  an  open  and  unafi'efted  franknefs,  together  with  an  invin- 
cible fpirit  of  freedom,  are  tlie  moft  diftinguifliing  charafterifticks  of 
the  inhabitants  oF  Switzerland.  They  arc  in  general  a  very  enlighten- 
ed nation  ;  their  common  people  are  far  more  intelligent  than  the  lame 
rankof  men  in  moft  other  countries  ;  a  tafte  for  literature  is  very  prev- 
alent among  thofe  wlio  are  in  better  circumftances,  and  even  amongft 
many  of  the  lowei'l  rank  ;  and  a  genuine  and  unartful  goad  breeding 
is  very  confpicuous  in  the  Swifs  gentry.  On  the  firft  entrance 
into  this  country,  the  traveller  cannot  but  obferve-  the  air  of  content 
and  fatisfaftion  which  appears  in  the  countenances  of  the  inhabitants. 
The  clcanlinefs  of  the  houfes,  and  of  the  people,  is  peculiarly  flriking  ; 
and  in  all  their  manners,  behaviour,  and  drefs,  fome  ftrong  outlines 
may  be  traced,  which  diftinguilh  this  happy  people  from  the  neigh- 
bouring nations,  who  labour  under  the  opprelfions  of  defpotic  govern- 
ment. Even  the  Swifs  cottages  convey  the  livelieft  image  of  clcanli- 
nefs, eafe,  and  fimplicity,  and  cannot  but  ftrongly  imprefs  upon  the 
obferver  a  moft  plcahng  conviftion  of  the  peafaut's  happinefs.  In 
fome  of  thc  cantons,  each  cottage  has  its  little  territory,  confifting  gen- 
erally of  a  Held  or  two  of  fine  pafture  ground,  and  frequently  fkirted 
'with  trees,  and  well  fiipplied  with  water.  Sumptuary  laws  are  in 
force  in  moft  parts  of  Switzerland  ;  and  no  dancing  is  allowed,  except 
upon  particular  occafions.  Silk,  lace,  and  fcveral  other  articles  of 
luxury,  are  totally  prohibited  in  fome  of  thc  cantons  ;  and  even  the 
head-drelfes  of  the  ladix^s  are  regulated.  All  games  of  hazard  are  alio 
flriftly  prohibited  •,  and  in  otiier  games,  the  party  vv^ho  lofes  above  fix 
ilorins,  which  is  about  nine  fliillings  of  our  money,  incurs  a  conlidera- 
bl'efine.  Their  cUvcrfions,  therefore,  are  chiefly  of  the  aftive  and 
warlike  kind  ;  and  as  their  time  is  not  wafted  in  games  of  chance, 
"many  of  them  employ  part  of  their  leifure  hours  in  readings  to  the  great 
improvement  of  their  undcrft.andings.  Thc  youth  are  diligently  train- 
ed to  all  the  martial  exercifcs,  fuch  as  running,  wreftling,  throwing 
the  hammer,  and  fiiooting  both  with  the  croisbow  and  mulket. 

Rk  r  iGiON.  ]  Though  all  tlie  Swifs  cantons  form  but  one  political 
republic,  yet  thev  are  not  united  in  religion,  as  the  reader,  in  the  tabic 
prefixed,  may  perceive.  Thofc  difierences  in  religion  formerly  creat- 
ed many  republican  commotions,  which  fecm  now  to  have  fubfided. — ■ 
Zuinglius  was  the  apoftle  of  protcftantifm  in  Switzerland.  He  was 
a  moderate  reformer,  and  differed  from  Luther  and  Calvin  only  in  a 
few  fpeculative  points  ;  fo  that  Calvinifm  is  faid  to  be  the  religion  of 
thc  pj\Jtell.ant  Swillcs.     iiul  this  mult  be  underftood  chicfiv  with  re- 

ipca, 


SWITZERLAND.  245 

fpeft  to  the  mode  of  church  government  ;  for  in  feme  doftrinal  points 
they  are  far  from  being  univerl'ally  Calviniftical.  'I'herc  is,  however, 
too  much  religious  bigotry  prevalent  among  them  ;  and  though  they 
are  ardently  attached  to  the  intercfhs  of  civil  liberty,  their  loniimcnls 
.on  the  fubjeft  of  religious  toleration  are,  in  general,  much  Icfs  liberal. 
Language.]  Several  languages  prevail  in  Switzerland;  but  the 
moft  common  is  German.  The  SwifTes  'who  border  upon  Trance 
fpeak  a  baflard  French,  as  thofe  near  Italy  do  a  corrupted  Latin  or 
Italian. 

Learning  and  learned  men.]  Calvin,  whofe  name  is  fo  well 
known  in  all  proteftant  countries,  inftituted  laws  for  the  city  of  Gene- 
va, which  arc  held  in  high  eflcem  by  the  mod  learned  of  that  country. 
The  ingenious  and  eloquent,  but  deiflical  J.  J.  Rouflcau  too,  whofe 
works  the  prefent  age  have  received  with  fo  much  approbation,  was  a 
citizen  of  Geneva.  Rouileau  gave  a  force  to  the  T'rench  language, 
which  it  was  thought  incapable  of  receiving.  In  England  he  is  gener- 
ally known  as  a  profe-writer  only,  but  the  French  admire  hnn  as  a  poet, 
His  opera  of  the  Dcvin  du  Village  in  particular  is  much  ellcemcd.  M. 
Bonnet,  and  Meff.  de  SaufTure,  De  Luc,  De  Lolmc,  the  Marquis  Bec- 
caria  and  Lavater,  alfo  del'crve  to  be  mertioned  with  applaufe,  and 
will  be  remembered  till  the  Alps  fhall  be  no  more. 

Universities.]  The  univcrfity  of  Baiil,  which  was  founded  in 
1459,  has. a  very  curious  phylic-garden,  which  contains  the  choiceft 
exotics  ;  and  adjoining  10  the  library,  which  contains  fomc  valuable 
manufcripts,  is  a  Mufeum  well  furnifhed  with  natural  and  artificial 
curiofities,  and  with  a  great  number  of  medals  or  paintings.  In  the 
cabinets  of  Erafmus  and  Amerbach,  which  alfo  belong  to  this  univerfi- 
tv,  there  are  no  lefs  than  twenty  original  pieces  of  Holbein  ;  for  one 
of  which,  reprefenting  the  death  of  our  blclled  Saviour,  a  thoufand 
ducats  have  been  offered.  The  other  vmiverlities,  which  indeed 
are  commonly  only  ililed  colkges,  are  thoi'e  of  Born,  Laufanne,  and 
Zurich. 

Antiquities  and  curiosities,  1  Every  diftrirt  of  a  canton 
NATURAL  and  ARTIFICIAL.  Jin  this  mcuutaJnous  couutry, 
prefents  the  traveller  with  a  natural  curiofity  ;  fotnetimes  in  thefliape 
of  wild  but  l)eautiful  profpefts,  interfperfed  with  lofty  buildings,  and 
wonderful  hermitages,  efpecially  one,  two  leagues  from  Friburg. — 
This  was  formed  by  the  hands  of  a  fingle  iiermit,  who  laboured  on  it 
for  25  years,  and  was  living  in  1709.  It  is  the  greateft  curiofity  of. 
the  kind  perhaps  in  the  world,  as  it  contains  a  chapel,  a  parlour  28 
paces  in  length,  1  2  in  breadth,  and  20  feet  in  height,  a  cabinet,  a  kitch- 
en, a  cellar,  and  other  apartments,  with  the  altar,  benches,  flooring, 
ceiling,  all  cut  out  of  the  rock.  At  the  famous  pafs  of  Pierre  Pcrtuisy 
the  road  is  carried  through  a  folid  rock,  near  50  feet  thick,  the  height 
of  the  arch  26,  and  its  breadth  25.  The  marcalites,  falfe  diamonds, 
and  other  (tones,  found  in  thofe  mountains,  are  juftly  ranked  among 
the  natural  curiohties  of  the  country.  The  ruins  of  Ccxlar's  wall, 
which  extended  18  miles  in  length,  from  Mount  Jura  to  the  banks  of 
Lake  Lcman,  are  flill  dilccrnible.  Many  monuments  of  antir;uity  have 
been  difcovered  near  the  baths  of /iadcn,  which  were  i;nown  to'the 
Romans  in  llie  time  of  Tacitus.  Switzerland  boafts  of  rru'ny  noble  le- 
|igio^s  buildings,  p.micularly  a  college  of  jrfiifs  :  and   many  cabinets 


246  SWITZERLAND. 

oF  valuable  manufcripts,  antiques,  and  curiofities  of  all  kinds.  Near 
Rofmiere,  is  a  famous  fpring  which  rifes  in  ihemidft  of  a  natural  bafon 
cf  12  fquare  feet  :  The  force  that  afts  upon  it  tnuft  be  prodigious  ; 
after  a  great  fhower  of  rain,  it  carries  up  a  column  of  water  as  thick  as 
a  man's  thigh,  nearly  a  foot  above  its  furface.  Its  temperature  never 
X'aries  ;  its  furface  is  clear  as  cryfta!,  and  its  depth  unfathomable  '; 
probably  the  end  of  fome  fubtcrrancous  lake,  that  hath  here  found  an 
ilTue  for  its  waters. 

Cities.]  Of  thefe  themoH;  confiderable  is  the  city  of  Bern,  Hand- 
ing on  the  river  Aar.  This  city  and  canton,  it  is  faid,  forms  aimoft  a 
third  of  the  Helvetic  confederacy,  and  can,  upon  occafion,  fit  out 
100,000  armed  ir.en.  All  the  other  cities  in  Switzerland  are  excel- 
lently well  provided  with  arfenals,  bridges,  and  public  edifices.  Bafil 
is  accounted  by  fome  the  capital  of  all  Switzerland.  It  is  fituated  in 
a  fertile  and  delightful  country,  on  the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  and  the 
confines  of  Alface  and  the  empire.  It  contains  two  hundred  and 
twenty  (Ireets,  and  fix  market-places.  The  town-houfe,  which  ftands 
on  the  river  Birfec,  is  fupported  by  verv  large  pillars,  and  its  great 
hail  i.i  finely  painted  by  the  celebrated  Ilans  Holbein,  who  was  a  na- 
tive of  this  citv.  The'fituaticn  of  Bafil  is  pleafing  :  The  Rhine  di- 
vides it  into  the  upper  and  lower  town,  and  it  is  confidered  as  one  of 
the  keys  of  Switzerland.  Baden  is  famous  for  its  antiquity  and  baths. 
Zurich  is  far  lefs  confiderable  than  Bern,  but  in  the  arfenal  is  fhewn 
the  bow  of  the  famous  William  Tell,  and  in  the  library  is  a  manufcript 
cf  excellent  letters,  written  bythe  unfortunate  La-dy  Jane  Gre/,  to  the 
judicious  reformer  BuUingcr,  in  elegant  Latin  and  German. 

To  prevent  a  repetition,  I  fhall  here  mention  the  city  of  Geneva, 
which  is  an  aflTociate  of  Switzerland,  and  is  under  the  protcftion  of 
the  Helvetic  body,  but  within  itfelf  is  an  independent  ftate,  and  repub- 
lic. The  city  is  well  built,  and  well  fortified,  and  contains  £4,000 
inhabitants,  mofl:  of  whom  are  Calvinifts.  It  is  fituated  upon  the 
afflux  of  the  Rhone  from  the  large  |ine  lake  of  Geneva,  It  is  celebrat- 
ed for  the  learning  of  the  piofcflbrs  of  its  univerfity,  and  the  good 
government  of  its  colleges,  the  purity  of  its  air,  and  the  politenefs  of 
its  inhabitants.  By  its  fituation,  it  is  a  thoroughfare  from  Germany, 
France,  and  Italy.  It  contains  a  number  of  fine  manufaftures  and' 
artifts;  fo  that  the  protefiants,  efpecially  fuch  as  are  of  a  liberal  turn, 
efleem  it  a  moft  delightful  place.  But  the  fermentation  of  their  poli- 
tics, and  particularly  the  ufurpation  of  the  Senate,  hath  divided 
the  citizens  into  parties,  «nd  the  late  ftruggle  of  Patricians  and  Ple- 
beians had  nf  arly  ruined  ail.  The  citv  is  now  under  the  proteftion 
of  Frapce,  or  rather  its  magiftrates  and  council,  the  partisans  of  ariflo- 
cracy  ;  many  of  its  valuable  citizens  have  accordingly  left  the  place, 
and  fought  refuge  and  prcteftion  in  Ireland  and  other  parts. 

Commerce  and  manufactures,]  The  produftions  of  thcloom, 
linen,  dimity,  lace,  fl:ockings,  handkerchiefs,  ribands,  filk  and  painted 
cottons,  and  gloves,  are  common  in  Switzerland,  and  the  inhabitants 
arc  nov/  beginning,  notwithftanding  their  funiptuary  laws,  to  fabricate 
filks,  \-clvets,  and  woollen  manufa£lnres.  Their  great  progrefs  in  thofe 
rnanufaftures,  and  in  agriculture,  gives  them  a  profpcft  of  being  able 
{oon  to  make  confiderable  exports. 

Constitution  and  government.]  Thefe  arc  very  complicated 
heads,  though  belonging  to  the  fame  body,  being  partly  arillocratical, 

and 


SWITZERLAND. 


£47 


and  partly  democratical.  Every  canton  is  abfolute  in  its  own  juvifdic- 
tion,  byt  thofe  of  ^ern,  Zurich,  and  Lucerne,  with  other  dependencies, 
are  ariftocratical,  with  a  certain  mixture  of  democracy,  Bern  excepted. 
Thofc  of  Uri,  Schweitz,  Underwakl,  Zug,  Claris,  and  Appcnzel,  are 
4emocratical.  Bafil,  though  it  has  the  appearance  of  an  aridocracv, 
rather  inclines  to  a  democracy.  But  even  thofe  ariflocracics  and  dr- 
jpocracies  differ  in  their  particular  modes  of  government.  However, 
Iiji  all  of  them  ths  real  intcrefls  of  the  people  appear  to  be  much  attend- 
e(i  tQ,  and  they  enjoy  a  degree  of  happinefs  not  to  be  expcfted  in  dcf- 
pptic  governments.  Each  canton  hath  prudently  reconciled  itfelf  to 
the  errors  of  its  neighbour,  and  cemented,  on  the  bafis  of  aileftion,  a 
fyllem  of  mutual  defence.  ^ 

The  confederacy,  conhdered  as  a  republic,  comprehends  three  divi- 
lions.  The  fir  ft  are  the  Swiffes,  properly  fo  called.  The  fecond  are 
the  Grifons,  or  the  dates  confederated  with  the  SwifTes,  for  their 
common  protedion.  The  third  are  thofe  prefefturcs,  which,  though 
(ubjeft  to  the  other  two,  by  purchafe  or  otherwife,  preferve  each  its 
own  particular  magiftrates.  Every  canton  forms  within  itfelf  a  little 
republic  ;  but  when  any  controverfy  arifes  that  may  afl\;6l  the  whole 
confederacy,  it  is  referred  to  the  general  diet,  waich  iia  at  Baden, 
where  each  canton  having  a  vote,  everv  q':eltioa  is  decided  by  the 
majority.  The  general  diet  confifts  of  two  deputies  from  each  canton, 
befides  a  deputy  from  the  abbot  of  St,  Gall,  and  the  cities  of  St.  Gall 
^ndBien.  It  is  obferved  by  Mr.  Coxe,  to  whom  the  public  have  been 
indebted  for  the  beft  account  of  Switzerland  that  has  appeared,  that 
there  is  no  country  in  which  happinefs  and  content  more  univerfally 
prevail  among  the  people  :  For  whether  the  government  be  arifto- 
craticrd,  democratical,  or  mixed,  a  general  fpirit  of  liberty  pervades 
;md  aftuates  the  fcveral  conftitutions  ;  fo  that  even  the  oligarchical 
ilates  (which,  of  all  others,  are  ufually  the  moft  tyrannical)  are  here 
peculia,rly  mild  ;  and  the  property  of  the  fubject  is  fecurely  guarded 
againfl  every  kind  of  violation.  A  harmony  is  maintained  by  the  con- 
currence of  their  mutual  felicity  ;  and  their  fumptuary  laws,  and  equal 
divifion  of  thdr  fortunes  among  their  children,  feem  to  enfure  its  con- 
tinuance. There  is  no  part  of  Europe  which  contains,  within  the 
fame  extent  of  region,  fo  many  independent  commonwealths,  and 
fuch  a  variety  of  different  governments,  as  are  colleftcd  together  in 
this  rcmar^table  and  delightful  country  ;  and  yet,  with  fuch  wifdom 
was  the  Helvetic  union  compofed,  and  fo  little  have  the  Swils,  of  hte 
years,  been  aftuated  by  the  fpirit  of  conqucft,  that  fince  the  firm  and 
complete  eftabliflrment  of  their  general  confederacy,  ih.cy  have  fcarccly 
ever  had  occaiion  to  employ  their  arms  againfl  a  foreign  eneiay  ;  and 
have  had  no  hollile  commotions  among  themfclves,  that  were  not  very 
loon  happily  terminated. 

Reven-i-'es  as'u  tax!-s.]  TIic  varlcty  of  cantons  that  conftitute 
the  Swifs  confederacy,  renders  it  difficult  to  give  a  pncife  accouiU  of 
their  re  venue^s.  Thofe  of  the  canton  of  Bern  are  fa  id  to  amount  ,in- 
nually  to  300,000  crowns,  and  thofe  of  Zurich, to  150,000  ;  the  other 
cantons  in  proportion  to  their  produce  and  manufaftures.  Whatever 
is  faved,  after  defraying  the  ncceil'ary  expeufes  cf  government,  is 
laid  up  as  a  common  fhock  ;  and  it  has  been  faid,  that  the  SwilT;-* 
arcROlfeaed  of  rco,oool.  (Icrling  in  tjie  En^lifli  funds,  befide:  thrir 
in  other  ba'ilss,  '  ' 


2i8  S    W    I    T    Z    E    R    I,    A    N    B. 

The  revenues  arife,  j.  From  the  profits  of  the  demefne  lands  ;  8, 
The  tenth  of  the  produce  of  all  the  lands  in  the  country  ;  3.  Cuftonis 
and  duties  on  merchandife  ;  4.  The  revenues  arifing  from  the  fale  of 
fait,  and  feme   cafual  taxes. 

MiiiTARY  STRENGTH.]  The  Internal  ftrength  of  the  Swifs  cantOHS, 
independent  of  the  militia,  confifts  of  13,400  men,  raifed  according  to 
the  population  and  ahilities  of  each.  The  ceconomy  and  wifdom  v^rith 
■which  this  force  is  raifed  and  employed,  are  truly  admirable,  as  are 
tlic  arrani^emf.nts  vvliich  are  made  by  the  general  diet,  for  keeping  up 
tliat  pi  eat  boly  of  militia,  from  which  forcian  Rates  and  princes  are 
iupplicd.  fo  as  to  benefit  the  flate,  without  any  prejudice  to  its  popu- 
lation. Kvcry  burufier,  peafant,  and  fubjcft,  is  obliged  to  exercife 
himfclf  m  the  ufc  of  arms  ;  toappear  on  the  ftatcddays  forfhootingata 
mark  ;  to  furnifli  himfeif  with  proper  clothing,  accoutrements,  powder, 
and  ball  ;  and  to  be  always  ready  for  the  defence  of  his  country.  The 
Swifs  engage  ir|  tlie  fervice  of  foreign  princes  and  dates,  either  merely 
as  guards,  or  as  marching  regiments  In  the  latter  cafe,  the  govern- 
ment permits  the  enlifting  volunteers,  though  only  for  fuch  ftates  as 
they  are  in  alliance  with,  or  with  whom  they  have  entered  into  a 
previous  agreement  on  that  article.  But  no  fubjeft  is  to  be  forced 
-.nto  foreign  fervice,  or  even  to  be  enlifted  without  the  concurrence  of 
the  magiftracv. 

History.]  The  prefent  Swiffes  and  Grifons,  as  has  been  already 
mentioned,  are  the  defcendants  of  the  ancient  Hclvetii,  fubdued  by  Ju- 
lius Coslar,  Their  mountainous,  uninviting  fituation,  formed  a  belter 
Security  for  their  liberties,  thai^  thieir' forts  or  armies  ;  and  the  fame  is 
the  cafe'  at  pi-efeht.  '  They'  continued  long  under  little  better'than  a 
nominal  fuhjefiiori  to  the  Burgundians  and  Germans,  till  about  the 
yc:rr  1300,  when  the  emperor  Albert  I.  treated  them  with  fo  much 
rigour,  that  they  petitioned  him  againft  the  cruelty  of  his  governors. 
This  ferved  only  to  double  the  hardlliips  of  the  people  ;  and  one  of 
Albert's  Auflrain  governors,  Grefler,  in  the  wantonnefs  of  tvranny, 
fet  up  a  hat  upon  a  pole,  to  which  he  ordered  the  natives  to  pay  aS 
much  refpeft  as  to  himfelf.  One  >V'illiam  Tell,  being  obferved  to 
pafs  frequently  without  taking  notice  of  the  hat,  and  being  an  excel- 
lent rriarkfman,  the  tyrant  condemned  him  to  be  hanged,  unlefs  he 
cleft  an  apple  upon  his  fon's  head,  at  a  certain  diflance,  with  an  ar- 
j-ow.  Teh  cleft  the  apple  ;  and  Grefler  afking  hitn  the  meaning  of 
another  arrow  he  favv  ituck  in  his  belt,  he  bluntly  anfwered,  that  it 
was  intended  for  hiS  [Grciler's]  heart,  if  he  had  killed  his  fon.  Tell  was 
condemned  to  prifon  upon  this  ;  but  making  his  efcape,  he  watched 
his  opportunity,  and  fhot  the  tyrant,  and  thereby  laid  the  foundation^ 
ofi he  KeTvetic  liberty. 

It  appears,  however,  that  before  this  event,  the  revolt  of  the  Swifs 
from  the  Auflrain  tyranny  had  h&en  planned  by  fome  noble  patriots 
among  them.'  Their'meafures  were  fo  juft,  and  their  courfe  fo  intrep- 
id, that  they  foon  effefted  a  union  of  feveral  cantons. 

Zurich,  driven  by  bppreflion,  fought  firft  an  alliance  with  Lucerne, 
Uri,  Suilfe,  and  Undcrwald,  on  the  principles  of  mutual  defence  ;  and 
the  frequent  fucceifes  of  their  arms  a;gain{l  Albert,  duke  of  Auftria,  in- 
fenfibly  formed  the  grand  Helvetic  union.  They  firft  conquered 
^Ic'ris  and  Zug,  and  admitted  the.Ti  to  an  equal  participation  of  their 

■        '  rights, 


NETHERLANDS.      24^ 

rights.  Berne  united  itfelf  in  1353;  Friburg.  and  Soleure,  130  year^ 
after  ;  Bafil  and  ScaffhauTcn,  in  1501  ;  and  Appenzel  in  1513,  com- 
pleted the  confederacy,  which  rcpaatedly  defeated  the  united  power^ 
of  France  and  Germany;  till  by  the  treaty  of  Weftphalia  in  i648,ihcir 
confederacy  was  declared  to  be  a  free  and  independent  ftate. 

Neufchatel,  hnce  theyear  1707,  hath  been  under  the  dominion  of  the 
king  of  Pruffia,  but  the  inhabitants  are  free  to  ferve  any  prince  what- 
ever, and  by  no  means  bound  to  take  an  aftive  p^irt  in  his  wars.  The 
king  hath  the  power  of  recruiting  among  them,  and  of  naming  a  gov- 
ernor, but  there^-enuc  he  derives  is  not  above  5000!.  yearly,  great  part 
of  which  is  laid  out  on  the  roads  and  other  public  works  of  the  coun- 
try. With  regard  to  the  military  charaftcr,  and  great  actions  of  the 
Swifles,  we  refer  the  reader  to  the  hiftorics  of  Europe. 


NETHERLANDS. 

TH  E  feventeen  provinces,  which  are  known  by  the  name  of  the 
Netherlands,  were  formerly  part  of  Gallia  Belgica,  and  after- 
wards of  the  circle  of  Belgium  ot  Burgundy,  in  the  German  empire. 
They  obtained  the  general  name  of  Netherlands,  Pais-Bas,  or  Low 
Countries,  from  their  htuation  in  refpeft  of  Germany. 

Extent,     situation,     and    BonNr«ARiES    of    the    Seventeew 
Provinces. 

Length  360  -1    ,^^  f  49  and  54  ^'^;.'l^''' 

Breadth  260  J  |_     2  and    7  Ealt  Ion. 

They  are  bounded  by  the  German  fea  on  the  North  ;  by  Germany, 
Eaft  ;  by  Lorrain  and  France,  South  ;  and  by  the  Britifti  channel, 
Weft. 

We  (hall,  for  the  fake  of  perfpicuity,  and  to  avoid  repetition,  treat  of 
the  feventeen  provinces  under  two  great  divifions  :  Firft,  the  Aor- 
them,  which  contains  the  fcven  United  Provinces,  ufually  knowr^ 
by  the  name  of  Holland  :  Secondly,  the  Southern,  containing  the 
Auftrian,  and  French  Netherlands. 

Divisions,  Population,  &c.  of  the  Seven  United  Provinces,  are 
^§  in  the  following  Table, 


TABLE. 


^53 


NETHERLANDS. 


O 

*-* 

8 
I 

> 

,o 
CO 

20  Towns  in  all.                       inhabitants. 

Mimweguen              —         —           12,000 

Nut-pheu 

Arnheim          —         —           —         80QO 

88g8888§88 

0  q  0  o_^  q  0^  0  00^  q  0 
iN~  0  t^co"  cf^  d^  0  c^  eP  r^ 

el 

1^111,11" 
II       '1 

ii=s°.  J' 

^  S  S"'^  "E  ^  :S  -^  H  ^ 

Eo   ^  oj^o  w'vJio  0 

<  c^  K  ^  Q  ri:  Q  <  E  cj 

37  Towns — 400  Villages. 

5  Towns — 110  Villages. 

Utrecht         —         —          —         30,000 

Amersfort 

Population 
For  each  fui- 
jle  fq.  mils. 

O     M 

O    ^> 

0 

Population. 

2,ooo,OQO  Peftel. 

2,758,632  according 
to  a  public  ace.  given 
in  1785. 

■ 

3 

8 

0 
0" 

00 

C7^ 

0 
0 
q 

00 

0" 

°2 

0 
0 

0 

0 

X) 

o 

-a 

c 

G 

o 

Q 
a 

0 

■n   4 

fS  ■\ 
0  •" 

C-'  t 
CO 

T' 

p 

0*  0 

-t     c 

\ 

1 

1.  Province  of  Ge  ider. 
Subdivided  into  the  dillrifts  of  Nimwe- 
guen,  Zutphen,  and  Arnheim 

2.  Holland,  viz. 
North  Holland 
South  Holland 
Weftfriefland 

J         3.  Zeei.and. 
I.  Part  near  the  Eaft  Scheld 
2.  Part  near  the  Weft 

iLxtent 


NETHERLANDS. 


I  o  o  o 

«;  o  o  o 

"  c  o  ": 

°  rpoT  d 


I   1 


^  -r1  C3  ^ 


c 


aii 


■  N 


o  o  o  o 

O    O    O  <<D 

O   "O  ^o  o 


I    o 


I        o  ^ 

I    nj    4J    t,    O 

-  £i  i3   -  5, 

CQ  CQ  C2  5>  ; 


Guy 


<.6- 


s 


w 


c 

<    re   O  »< 

0??N 


to 


> 
c 

«  c 

C    u 


S  2 

r^  o 

HI 


G    O 

V 

3 


'J-  6 
c 


u 

if 

c  .-> 
o  2  03 


POSSESSIONS. 


=52  NETHERLANDS. 

POSSESSIONS, 

f.  In  Asia. 
1.  THE  coafts  of  the  ifland  of  Java  ;  the  capital  of  which  is  Bata< 
via,  the  feat  of  the  governor-general  of  all  the  Eaft  Indian  fettlements 
of  the  Dutch.  2.  Some  fettlements  on  the  coafts  of  Sumatra.  3.  Th« 
greatefl  part  of  the  Molucca  or  Spice  Iflands,  chiefly  Amboyna,  Banda, 
Ternate,  Tidor,  Motyr,  Bachian  ;  fettlements  or  faftories  on  the  ifland 
of  Celebes,  &c.  4.  On  the  coafts  of  Malabar  and  Coromandel  ;  Sedrai- 
patam,  Bimlipatam,  Tegapatam,  Cochin,  and  Canannore  ;  faftories  at 
Surat,  Petra,  &c.  alfo  in  the  gulf  of  Perfia,  at  Gamron,  Baflbra,  &c. 
.5.  On  the  ifland  of  Ceylon  :  The  chief  place  is  Colombo  ;  they  have 
befides  Trinconornale,  Jafnapatam^  Negambp,  and  a  great  number  pf 
'lodges  or  factories, 

2.     In     A  F  R  t  c  A. 

I.  The  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  a  large  fettlement,  of  which  the  Capetown, 

with  its  fortrefs,  is  the  capital.  There  is  alfo  a  French  colony  at  the 
Cape,  called  Nouvelle  Rochelle.  The  governor  of  the  Cape  docs  not 
depend  on  the  governor  of  Batavia,  but  is  under  the  immediate  con- 
trol of  the.  fta.tes  of  Holland,  z,  George  dc  la  Mina,  and  other  for* 
trelfes  and  faftories  in  Guinea. 

3.     In     A  M  E  R  I  c  A. 
f.  The  iflands  of  St.  Euftatia,   Saba,   Curacoa.     2.  The  colonies  of 
EiTequibo,   Demcrara,    Surinam,  and  Berbice,   on  the    continent  of 
jGuiana, 

Rivers  and  harbours.]  The  rivers  are  an  important  confidera- 
tion  to  the  United  Provinces  ;  the  chief  of  vyhich  are  the  Rhine,  one 
of  the  largeft  and  fineft  rivers  in  Europe  ;  the  Maefe,  the  Scheld,  and 
the  Vecht.  There  are  many  fmall  rivers  that  join  thefe,  and  a  pro- 
digious number  of  canals  ;  but  there  are  few  good  harbours  in  the 
United  Provinces  ;  the  beft,  are  tliofe  of  Rotterdam,  Helvoetfluys,  and 
rlufliing  ;  that  of  Amflerdam,  though  one  of  the  largeft  and  fafeft  in 
Europe,  has  a  bar  at  the  entrance  of  it,  over  which  large  veifels  cannpt 
pafs  without  being  lightened. 

Wealth  and  commerce.]  The  Seven  United  Provinces  afford 
a  ftriking  proof,  that  unwearied  and  perfevering  inquftry  is  capable 
of  conquering  every  difadvantage  of  climate  and  fituation.  The  air 
and  the  water  are  here  nearly  equally  bad  :  The  foil  produces  natur- 
ally fcarcely  any  thing  but  turf  ;  and  the  pofleflion  of  this  very  foil 
^s  difputed  by  the  Ocean,  who  rifing  confiderably  above  the  level  of 
the  land,  can  only  be  prevented  by  ftrong  and  expenfive  dykes, 
from  overtlowirg  a  fpot  which  feems  to  be  ftolen  from  his  natural 
domains.  Notwithftanding  thefe  difftculties,  which  might  feem  in- 
surmountable to  a  lefs  laborious  race  of  inhabitants,  the  infinite  labours 
of  the  patient  Dutchmen  have  rendered  this  fmall,  and  feerningly  in- 
fignificant  territory,  in  faft,  one  of  the  richeft  fpots  in  Europe,  both 
y»ith  refped  to  populatipu  and  property.     Ip  ptl^er  couqtrjeS;  which 

are 


NETHERLANDS.  £33 

are  poflefled  of  a  variety  of  natural  produftions,  we  are  not  furprifed 
to  find  manufaftures  employed  in  multiplying  the  riches  which  the 
bounty  of  the  foil  beftows.  But  to  fee,  in  a  country  like  Holland, 
Jarge  woollen  manufaftures,  where  there  are  fcarce  any  flocks  ;  num- 
berlcfs  artifts  employed  in  metals,  where  there  is  no  mine  ;  thoufands 
of  faw-mills,  where  there  is  fcarce  any  forcft  ;  an  immenfe  quantity 
of  corn,  exported  from  a  country  where  there  is  not  agriculture  enough 
to  fupport  one-half  of  its  inhabitants,  is  what  muft  flrikc  every  atten- 
tive obferver  with  admiration.  Among  the  moft  valuable  natural 
produftions  of  the  United  Netherlands,  we  may  reckon  their  excellent 
cattle.  Of  vegetables  they  export  large  quantities  of  madder,  which 
is  chiefly  cultivated  in  the  province  of  Zeeland  :  The  ifland  of  Schou- 
"wen  produces  annually  2,000,000  lb.  Formerly,  England  bought  of 
this  article  to  the  value  of  almoft  300,000!.  fterling.  The  moft  con- 
fiderable  revenue  arifesfrom  the  fifheries.  Sir  William  Temple  fays, 
that  in  his  time,  the  Dutch  fiftieries  yielded  a  clearprofit  of  many  mill- 
ions of  florins.  At  prefcnt,  however,  fome  branches  of  the  fifherics, 
for  inn:ance,  the  whale  fHhery,  are  become  fo  infignificant,  that,  in 
order  to  keep  them  up  in  fome  degree,  the  ftates  are  obliged  to  allow 
a  bounty  of  30  florins  for  every  man  employed  in  the  whale  fifliery. 
This  branch,  which  formerly  employed  250ve{rels,  requires,  at  pvcfent 
little  more  than  100.  The  number  of  fhips  formerly  engaged  in  the 
herring  fifhery  is  reduced  from  upwards  of  2000  to  lefs  than  200,  acid 
the  profits  earned  by  them  do  not  quite  amount  to  one  million  of  flor- 
ins. This  fifhery  maintains,  however,  even  now,  no  lefs  than  20,000 
people.  Cod,  another  important  article  of  the  fifliery,  is  caught  near 
the  Dogger  Bank,  and  near  the  coaft  of  Holland.  About  140  velfcls 
are  employed  in  that  branch. 

The  Dutch  were  formerly  in  poflefllon  of  the  coafting  trade  and 
freight  of  almoft  all  other  trading  nations  :  They  were  alfo  the  bankers 
for  all  Europe  :  advantages  by  Vv'hich  they  have  gained  immenfe  lums. 
Yet  thefe  advantages  did  not  continue  to  be  fo  lucrative,  when  the 
other  European  nations  began  to  open  their  eves  lo  far  as  to  employ 
their  own  fliipping  in  their  trade,  and  to  eftablifh  banks  of  their  own. 
Notwithftanding  thefe  deduftions,  the  Dutch  trade  is  ftill  immenfe  : 
In  confequence  of  their  vaft  wealth,  they  regulate  ftill  the  exchange 
for  all  Europe  ;  and  their  country  is,  as  it  were,  the  univerlal  warc- 
houfe  of  the  commodities  of  every  quarter  of  the  globe. 

The  trade  of  Holland  extends  to  every  country  of  the  world  ;  and, 
in  fome  of  its  branches,  they  have  totally  excluded  their  European 
competitors.  To  begin  with  the  countries  of  Europe,  the  trade  of  tlie 
Dutch  to  Ruflia  is  confiderablc  :  They  exported  to  Pcteriljurg  alone, 
in  1754,  goods  to  the  value  of  420,000  rubles,  bcfides  what  was  fent  ta 
Archangel,  Riga,  &c.  They  imported  goods  from  RulTia  (o  the  value 
of  about  300,000  rubles.  The  exports  of  the  Dutch  to  Dantiick,  the 
centre  of  the  Polifti  trade,  amounted,  in  1771,  to  upwards  of  five  mill- 
ions of  florins  ;  their  imports  from  Dantzick  to  2,500,oooflorins.  A 
confiderable  trade  is  carried  on  with  Sweden  and  Dcnmerk.  The 
Dutch  trade  in  the  Baltic,  if  not  equal  to  the  Englifh,  is,  at  Icaft,  next 
to  it  in  importance  ;  yet,  in  proportion  as  the  other  EuropL-"aH  nations 
arc  endeavouring  to  Ihare  in  the  profits  of  the  trade  to  the  Baltic  lea, 
the  profits  of  the  Dutch  hjive  naturally  decrralcd.     In  : lie  Atlantic 

Ocean, 


«54  1?    E    T    H    E    R    L    A    N    D    5. 

Ocean,  the  Dutch  trade  is  of  very  great  extent  :  Fr^)m  Pbfta^al  atici 
Spain  they  draw  ready  money,  but  to  France,  On  the  coitrary.  they 
pay  a  large  balance  of  it.  They  fupply  Italy  with  moil  -i^liropean  and 
Indian  goods  ;  their  tr^de  to  the  Levant,  though  at  prefent  ou  the 
decline,  is  fliil  very  profitable.  A  particular  hoard  of  the  I-cvant 
trade  was  erefted  in  1624.  Tlie  good  fortune  of  th-  Dutch,  in 
rendering  themfelves  the  cxclufive  mailers  of  the  fpice-traci-^.  and  of 
very  large  territories  in  the  Eaft-Indies.  will  enable  thtrm  to  fipport 
for  a  long  while,  a  veiy  extenriv?e  trade  in  Europe.  Their  Eal>  India 
Company  was  erefted  in  the  year  i6ci:,  by  uniting  fcveral  final  1  trad- 
ing focieties  into  one,  to  whom  tn--.  flates  granted  the  priv'lo^c  o^  an 
cxclufive  trade.  The  original  capital  did  not  exceed.  6. 459, 8, 10  llortns, 
divided  into  fhares  of  3000  florins  each  ;  with  this  frti.^.ll  fmh  ti^ey 
formed  fettlements,  ?.nd  conquered  feveral  pro'inces  in  Alia  niuck 
larger  than  the  Seven  United  Provinces  together.  Thfe  Companv  is 
now  divided  into  fix  chambers  of  proprietors.  tfVablifhed  at  Amfter- 
dam,  Middlebuig,  Delft,  Rotterdam,  Hoorn,  and  Enkhu.izen,  each  of 
■which  is  under  the  management  of  their  own  direftors.  Called  Bcwind- 
hebbers.  The  Stadtholder  is  the  firfl  of  the  dire6lors  of  each  cha'-nber, 
and  confequently  the  head  of  the  Eafl-India  Company.  The  gov- 
ernor-general of  the  Dutch  poilelfions  in  the  Eaft-lndies,  is  appointed 
by  the  Company,  and  refiding  at  Batavia,  is  invefted  with  very  ample 
powers  :  He  is  prefident  of  the  council  of  Batavia,  callfd  the  Court 
or  Council  of  India.  Among  the  monopolies  of  the  Eaft-India  Com- 
pany, the  fpice-trade,  comprehending  the  articles  of  cloves,  mace,  nut- 
meg, cinnamon,  &c.  is  the  rno.l  valuable,  and  forms  a  very  great 
branch  of  the  Aiiatic  as  well  as  European  commerce  of  Holland  : 
750,ooolb.  of  cloves  are  annually  fold  in  India,  and  360.006  carried 
to  Europe  :  The  Company  pays  on  the  fpot  only  eight  flivers  per 
pound,  but  the  freight  and  other  charges  raife  this  price  to  43  ftivers, 
and  the  Company  fells  it  at  no  lefs  t'lan  75  flivers.  e50;6oo  lb.  of 
nutmeg,  the  produce  of  the  ifland  of  Banda,  arc  fold  in  Europe,  and 
100;000  lb.  in  India:  The  prime  coft  is  fomewhat  more  than  one  fti- 
vcr  per  pound  ;  including  charges,  the  pound  flands  the  Company  in 
about  25  ftivers,  and  is  fold  by  the  Company  at  upwards  of  50  fti- 
vers weft  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  at  about  40  ftivers  eaft  of  it. 
Of  cinnamon,  ?oo,ooolb.  are  fold  in  India,  and  400,000  in  Europe.-— 
The  Java  coffee  if  the  beft  we  know  of  after  that  of  Mecca  in 
Arabia.  Other  great  branches  of  this  trade  are  rice,  cotton,  pep- 
per, &c.  articles  of  great  importance,  but  not  in  the  exclufive  poffef- 
lion  of  the  Dutch.  The  whole  profits  of  the  trade  of  the  Eaft-India 
Company  is  computed  at  12.700.000  florins  annually  ;  but  this  ftate- 
ment  feems  tx)  fall  fhort  of  the  real  produce  :  Yet,  upon  the  whok, 
the  affairs  of  the  Eaft-India  Company  are  very  much  on  the  decline. 
The  Dutch  have  hitherto  been  the  only  European  nation  permitted  to 
carry  on  a  dji  reft  trade  to  Japan:  The  profits  of  this  trade,  however, 
have  alfo  dedlined,  and  are  fuppofed  to  amount,  at  prcfent,to  no  more 
than  50.000  fiorins.  The  Weft-India  Company  is,  by  no  means,  fo 
confiderable  ks  the  Eaft-India  Company.  It  carries  on  a  trade  both  to 
the  Weft-Intiies  and  to  the  Coaft  of  Guinea  ;  on  the  latter  chiefly  for 
flaves.  Diffiinft  from  this  company  are  the  two  companies  which 
trade  to  Surinam  and  Bcrbice  ;  The  Stadtholder  is  the  head  of  all 
thefe  trading^  companies.  The 


NETHERLANDS.  255 

The  town  of  Amfterdam  has  more  than  one-half  of  the  tfzde  of  Hol- 
land ;  and  in  this  celebrated  center  of  immenfe  commeiGe,  a  bank  is 
eftablifhedof  that  fpecies  called  a  Giro-bank,  of  very  great  wealth  ani 
greater  credit. 

In  Holland,  the  inland  trade  is  very  much  facilitated  by  meaas  of 
the  numerous  canals,  which  crofs  the  country  in  every  dirc£tion. — ■ 
The  number  of  manufaftures  eftablifhed  in  the  United  Provinces  is 
aftonifhing.  Saardam,  for  inftancc,  a  village  in  North  Holland,  ton- 
tains  about  900  windmills,  partly  corn-mills,  partly  faw  and  paper- 
mills,  and  mills  for  the  making  of  white  lead,  &c.  In  former  times, 
the  Dutch  were  the  exclufive  polTeffors  of  feveral  ingenious  manufac- 
tures and  arts  ;  for  in  fiance,  the  refining  of  camphor  and  borax,  the 
cutting  and  polifliing  of  diamonds,  the  refining  of  lugar,  &c,  but  at 
prefent  thefe  myfteries,  very  few  of  them  excepted,  are  in  the  hand:. 
of  many  other  nations  ;  to  whole  commercial  ignorance  and  want  of 
jnduftry  in  former  times,  the  Dutch  were  indebted  for  immenfe  gains, 
which  have  dccreafcd  with  their  caufes  ;  Among  the  reft,  the  woollen 
manufatlory  has  iuffered  a  prodigious  decreafe.  From  thelc  facts  it 
appears,  that  the  Dutch  trade  is  no  longer  in  its  ancient  flouriiliin^ 
ftate,  to  which,  even  if  the  frugality  and  induftry  of  the  nation  had 
not  been  diminifhed  by  too  great  wealth,  the  rivalfhip  of  other  nations, 
and  the  commercial  knowledge  of  the  age,  will  never  fuffer  it  to  rife 
again. 

PoPBLATiON,  INHABITANTS,  MAN-  7        Tlic  Seven  United  Provin- 
NERS,  CUSTOMS,  AND  DIVERSIONS,   f  cCs  are  perhaps  the  beft  peo- 
pled of  any  fpot  of  the  fame  extent   in  the  world.     This  will  appear 
from  the  table  which  is  prefixed. 

The  manners,  habits,  and  even  the  minds  of  the  Dutch  (for  fo  the 
inhabitants  of  the  United  Provinces  are  called  in  general)  feem  to  be 
formed  by  their  fituation,  and  to  arife  from  their  natural  wants.  Their 
country  which  is  prelcrved  by  mounds  and  dykes,  is  a  perpetual  in- 
centive to  labour  ;  and  the  artificial  drains  with  which  it  is  every 
where  interfered,  muft  be  kept  in  perpetual  repair.  Even  what  may 
be  called  their  natural  commodities,  their  butter  and  cheefe,  are  pro- 
duced by  a  conllant  attention  to  the  laborious  arts  of  life.  Their  prin- 
cipal food  they  earn  out  of  the  fea,  by  their  herring-fiflieties  ;  for  they 
difpofe  of  mofl:  of  their  valuable  fifhes  to  the  Englifh,  and  other  na- 
tions, for  the  fake  of  gain.  The  air  and  temperature  of  their  climate 
incline  them  to  phlegmatic,  flow  difpofitions,  both  of  body  and  mind. 
Their  tradefmen  in  general  are  reckoned  honeft  in  their  dealings, 
and  very  fparing  of  their  words.  Smoaking  tobacco  is  pra£lifcd  by 
old  and  young  of  both  fexes  ;  and  as  they  are  generally  plodding  upon 
ways  and  means  of  g£tting  money,  it  is  faid  no  people  are  fo  unfociablc. 
In  whatever  relates  to  the  management  of  pecuniary  afiairs,  the 
Dutch  are  certainly  the  moft  expert  of  any  people  ;  as  to  the  knowl- 
edge of  acquiring  wealth,  they  unite  the  no  lefo  neceffary  fcience  of 
prcfcrving  it.  It  is  a  kind  of  general  rule  for  every  man  to  fpend  leis 
than  his  income,  be  that  what  it  will  ;  nor  docs  it  often  enter  into  the 
heads  of  this  fagacious  people,  that  the  common  courfe  of  expenccs 
fhould  equal  the  revenue  ;  and  when  this  happens,  they  think  at  Icaft 
they  have  lived  that  year  to  know  purpofe  ;  and  the  report  of  it  ufcd  to 
difcredit  aman  among  them,  as  much  as  any  vicious  or  prodigal  extrava- 
gance docs  in  other  countries.  But  this  rigid  frugality  is  not  fo  univcifal 

among 


2^6       NETHERLANDS. 

among  the  Dutch  as  it  was  formerly ;  for  a  greater  degree  of  luxury  arid 
cxtra\'agancehas  been  introduced  among  them,  as  well  as  the  otherna- 
tions  of  Europe,     Gaming  is  likewife  praftifed  by  many  of  their  fafh- 
ionable  ladies,  and   Tome  of  them  difcovcr  more  propenfityto  gallantry 
than  was  known  here  in  former  times.  No  country  can  vie  with  Holland 
in  the  number  of  thofe  inhabitants,  whofe  lot,  if  not  riches,  is  at  leaft  a 
comfortable  fufliciency  ;  and  where  fewer  failures  or  bankruptcies  oc- 
cur.    Hence,  in  the  midfl  of  a  world  of  taxes  and  contributions,  fuch 
as  no  other  country  does  experience,    they  flourifh  and   grow    rich. 
From  this  fyftematic  fpirit  of  regularity  and  moderation,  joined  to  the 
moll  obflinate  perfeverance,  they  fucceeded  in  the  ftupendous  works, 
of  draining  their  country  of  thofe  immenfe  deluges  of  water,  that  had 
overflowed  fo  large  a  part  of  it  during  many   ages,    while  at  the  fame 
time  they  brought  under  their  fubjeftion  and  command  the  rivers  and 
leas  that  furround  them,  by  dykes  of  incredible  thicknefs  and  ftrength, 
and  made  them  the  principal  bulwarks  on  which  they  rely  for  the  pro- 
te6lion   and  fafety  of  their  territories  againft  the  danger  of  an  enemy. 
This  they  have  done  by  covering  their  frontiers  and  cities  with  innum- 
erable fluices  ;  by  means  of  which,  at  the  fhor tefl  notice,  the  mofl  rapid 
inundations  are  let  in,  and  they  become   in    a  few   hours  inacccflible, 
irom  that    frugality   and  perfeverance,   by   which  they  have  been  fo 
■much    charafterifed,    they    were   enabled,     though    labouring    under 
the   difficulties,   not   only  to   throw   off  the    Spanifh    yoke,    but  to 
attack    that   powerful    nation   in  the  mod    tender  parts,    by    feizing 
her  rich  galleons,   and  forming  new  eftablifhments  in  Africa,  and  the 
Eaft  and  Weft  Indies,  at  the  expence  of  Spain,  and  thereby  becoming, 
from  a  defpicable  province,  a  mofl  powerful   and  formidable    enemy. 
Equally  wonderful  was  the  rife  of  their  military  and  marine  eflablifh- 
ments,  maintaining,    during  their  celebrated  contention  with    Lewis 
XIV.  and  Charles  H,  of  England,  not  lefs  than  150,000  men,  and  up- 
wards of  80   fliips  of  the  line.     But   a  fpirit  of  frugality  being' now 
lefs  univerfal  among  them,    the    rich   traders  and  mechanics    begin  to 
approximate  to  tlie   luxuries  of  Englifh  and  French  drefhng  and  liv- 
ing ;  and  their  nobility  and  high  magifliates,  who  have  retired  from 
trade,  rival  thofe  of  any  other  pare  of  Europe  in  their  table,  buildings, 
furniture  and  equipages. 

The  diverhons  of  the  Dutch  differ  not  much  from  thofe  of  the  En- 
glilh,  who  feem  to  have  borrowed  from  them  the  neatnefs  of  their 
drink ing-bootlts,  fkittle  and  other  grounds,  and  fmall  pieces  of  water, 
which  form  the  amufcments  of  the  middling  ranks,  not  to  mention 
their  liand-organs,  and  other  mufical  inventions.  They  are  the  beffc 
fkaters  upon  the  Ice  In  the  world.  It  is  amazing  to  fee  the  crowds  in 
ii  liard  frofi  upon  the  ice,  and  the  great  dexterity  both  of  men  and 
women  in  darting  along,  or  rather  flying,  with  inconceivable  velocity, 
Languagk.]  The  natural  language  of  tlie  United  Provinces  is  Low 
i^utch,  which  is  a  corrupt  dialeft  of  the  German  ;  but  the  people  of 
i^afhion  fpeak  Englifh  and  French. 

Leajrning  and  learned  men.]  Erafmus  and  Grotlus,  who  were 
both  natives  of  this  country,  ftand  at  the  head  almofl  of  learning  it- 
felf,  as  Boerhaave  does  of  medicine.  Haerlem  difputes  the  invention 
of  printin<T  with  the  Germans,  and  the  magiftrates  keep  two  copies  of 
.-i  book  cfitttled  S^ieculun  SrJ.-ja*i:r.is,  printed  by  Kodcr  in  1440  ;  and 

the 


NETHERLANDS.  257 

the  mod  elegant  editions  of  the  claffics  came  from- the  Dutch  prefles 
of  Amfterdam,  Rotterdam,  Utrecht,  Leyden,  and  other  towns.  The 
Dutch  have  excelled  in  controverfial  divinity,  which  infmuated  itfelf 
fo  much  into  the  fhate,  that  before  principles  of  univerfal  toleration 
prevailed,  it  had  almoft  proved  fatal  to  the  government  ;  witnefs  the 
violent  difputes  about  Arminianifm,  free-will,  predeftination,  and 
the  like.  Befides  Boerhaave,  they  have  produced  excellent  writers 
in  all  branches  of  medicine.  Grcevius  and  Burman  (land  at  the  head 
of  their  numerous  commentators  upon  the  clafTics. 

The  fcientific  and  literary  ftate  of  Holland  feems  to  be  involved  in 
the  decline  of  its  political  confequence.  Its  univerfities  were  former- 
ly much  more  attraftive  and  frequented,  but  their  improvements  have 
not  kept  pace  with  the  progrefs  and  the  wants  of  the  age.  They  are 
five  in  number,  at  Leyden,  Franeker,  Utrecht,  Groeningen,  and  Har- 
derwyck  ;  and  fome  of  their  regulations  are  defervjng  of  much  praife; 
Befides  the  univerfities,  there  are  feveral  good  fchools  in  the  United 
Provinces,  among  which  the  Academical  Gymnafium,  or  Athenaeum. 
of  Amfterdam,  is  entitled  to  particular  notice.  Many  refpeftable  fci- 
entific focieties  are  eftabliflied  in  Holland,  and  one  at  Batavia.  The 
public  libraries  of  the  univerfities  were  more  celebrated  wh'le  fcarce 
books  and  manufcripts  were  held  in  more  general  eftimation.  but  ia 
utility  and  extent,  they  are  not  to  be  comparc-.d  with  the  great  libr  iries 
in  other  countries  :  Yet  numerous  private  libraries  fupply  their  defi- 
ciencies, and  facilitate  the  refearches  of  the  ftudious.  Public  and  pri- 
vate colleftions  of  natural  curiofities,  antiquities,  paintings,  &c.  are 
very  numerous  in  a  country  were  the  habit  of  collefting  has  been  ren- 
dered general  by  the  fpirit  of  commerce. 

Antiouities  AND  CURIOSITIES,  "1  The  prodigious  dykes,  lome 
NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  jof  which  are  faidiobei7  ells 
in  thicknefs  ;  mounds,  and  canals,  conftrufted  by  the  Dutch,  to  pre- 
i'erve  their  country  from  thofe  dreadful  inundations  by  which  it  for- 
merly fufFered  fo  much,  are  ftupendous  and  hardly  to  be  equalled..— 
A  ftone  quarry  near  Maeftricht,  under  a  hill,  is  worked  into  a  kind 
of  fubterraneous  palace,  fupported  by  pillars  twenty  feet  high.  The 
ftadthoufe  of  Amfterdam  is  perhaps  the  beft  building  of  that  kind  in 
the  world  :  It  ftands  upon  13,659  large  piles,  driven  into  the  ground  ; 
and  the  infide  is  equally  convenient  and  magnificent.  Several  mu- 
feums,  containing  antiquities  and  curiofities,  artificial  and  natural,  are 
to  be  found  in  Holland  and  the  other  provinces,  particularly  in  the 
univerfity  of  Leyden  ;  fuch  as  the  effigies  of  a  peafant  of  Ruifia,  who* 
fwallowed  a  knife  ten  inches  in  length,  and  is  faid  to  have  lived  eight 
years  after  it  was  cut  out  of  his  ftomach  ;  but  the  truth  of  this  feems 
to  be  doubtful.  A  fhirt  made  of  the  entrails  of  a  m^n.  Two  Egyp- 
tian mummies,  being  the  bodies  of  two  princes  of  great  antiquity.  All 
the  mufcles  and  tendons  of  the  human  body,  curioudy  fet  up,  by  pro- 
feftbr  Stalpert  Vander-Wcil. 

Cities,  TOWNS,  AND  OTHER  EDi-"l  Amfterdam.  which  is  built 
FiCES,  f  UBLic  AND  PRIVATE.  J  upon  piles  of  wood,  is  thought 
fo  be,  next  to  London,  the  moft  commercial  city  in  the  world.  Its 
convenicncies  for  commerce,  and  the  grandeur  of  its  public  works, 
are  almoft  beyond  defcription.  In  this,  and  all  other  cities  of  the 
United  Provinces,  tije  beauty  of  the  canals,  and  walks  under  trees 
P.  planted 


258  N    e"   T    H    £    R    L    A    N    D    :5. 

planted  on  their  borders,  are  admirable  ;  but  above  all,  we  are  ftrucfe 
with  the  neatnefs  and  cleanlinefs  that  is  every  where  ol3ferved  within 
doors.  This  city,  however,  labours  under  two  great  difadvantages  ; 
bad  air,  and  the  want  of  frefh  wholefome  water,  which  obliges  the  in- 
habitants to  preferve  the  rain  water  in  refervoirs.  Rotterdam  is  next 
to  Amfterdam  for  commerce  and  wealth.  The  Hague,  though  but  a 
village,  is  the  feat  of  government  in  the  United  Provinces,  and  is  cel- 
ebrated for  the  nragniHcence  and  beauty  of  its  buildings,  the  refort  of 
foreign  ambaffadors  and  ftrangers  of  all  diftinftions  who  live  in  it,  the 
abundance  and  cheapnefs  of  its  provifions,  and  the  politenefs  of  its  in- 
habitants. It  is  no  place  of  trade,  but  it  has  been  for  many  years  not- 
ed as  an  emporium  of  pleafure  and  politics.  Leyden  and  Utrecht  are 
fine  cities,  as  well  as  famous  for  their  univerfities.  Saardam,  though  a 
wealthy  trading  place,  is  mentioned  here  as  the  workfliop  where  Pe- 
ter the  Great  of  Mufcovy,  in  perfon,  fervcd  his  apprenticelhip  to  fhip-- 
building,  and  laboured,  as  a  common  handicraft.  The  upper  part  of 
Gelderland  is  fubjeft  to  Pruflia,  and  the  capital  city  Gelder. 

Inland  NAVIGATION,  CANALS,  AND  "I       The  ufual  way  of  pafling 
MANNER  OF  TRAVELLING.  / from  town  to  town  is  by  cov- 

cred  boats,  called  treckfcuits,  which  are  dragged  along  the  canals  by 
horfes,  on  a  flow  uniform  trot,  fo  that  pafTengers  reach  the  different 
towns  where  they  are  to  flop,  precifely  at  the  appointed  inflant  of' 
time.  This  method  of  travelling,  though  to  ftrangers  rather  dull, 
is  extremely  convenient  to  the  inhabitants,  and  very  cheapV  By 
means  of  thefe  canals,  an  extenfive  inland  commerce  is  not  only  car- 
ried on  through  the  whole  country,  but  as  they  communicate  with  the 
Rhine  and  other  large  rivers,  the  produftions  of  the  whole  earth  are 
conveyed,  at  a  fmall  expenfe,  into  various  parts  of  Germany,  and  the 
Auflrian  and  French  Netherlands.  A  treckfcuil  is  divided  into  two 
different  apartments,  called  the  roo/and  the  ruim  ;  the  firft  for  gentle- 
men, and  the  other  for  common  people,  who  may  read,  fmoke,  eat, 
drink,  or  convcrfe  with  people  of  various  nations,  drefTes,  and  lan- 
guages. Near  Amfterdam  and  ocher  large  cities,  a  traveller  is  afton- 
ifhed  when  he  beholds  the  efFcfts  of  an  extenfive  and  flourifhing  com- 
merce. Here  the  canals  are  lined  for  miles  together  with  elegant, 
neat,  country-houfes,  feated  in  the  midft  of  gardens  and  pleafure 
grounds  intermixed  with  figures,  biifls,  ftatues,  temples,  ,&c.  to  the  ve- 
ry water's  edge.  Having  no  oojefts  of  amufement  beyond  the  limits 
of  their  own  gardens^  the  families  in  fine  weather  fpend  much  of  their 
time  in  thefe  little  temples,  fmoking,  reading  or  viewing  the^pafTengers, 
to  whom  they  appear  complaifant  and  polite. 

Government.]  Since  the  great  confederation  of  Utrecht,  made 
in  the  year  1579,  the  Seven  United  Provinces  mufh  be  looked  upon  as 
one  political  body,  united  for  the  prefcrvation  of  the  whole,  of  which 
each  fmgle  province  is  governed  by  its  own  laws,  and  exercifes  moft 
of  the  rights  of  a  fovereign  ftate.  In  confequcnce  of  the  union,  the 
Seven  Provinces  guarantee  each  other's  rights,  they  make  war  and 
peace,  they  levy  taxes,  &c.  in  their  joint  capacity  ;  but  as  to  internal 
government,  each  province  is  independent  of  the  other  provinces,  and 
of  the  fupreme  power  of  the  republic.  The  Seven  Provinces  rank  in 
the  fame  order  in  which  they  are  placed  in  the  preceding  table,  I'hey 
fend  deputies,  chofen  out  of  the  provincial  flates,to  the  general-affem'- 

bly. 


NETHERLANDS.       r.59 

Uy,  called  the  Stages-General,  which  is  invefted  with  the  fuprcmc  Ic- 
giflative  power  of  the  confederation.  Each  province  has  the  right  to 
fend  as  many  deputies  as  it  pleafes,  but  it  has  only  one  voice  in  the 
alfembly  of  the  States.  According  to  the  lateft  regulations,  that  alfem- 
blyis  compofed  of  58  deputies.  In  affairs  of  great  confequcncc?,  fucli 
as  declaring  war  and  making  peace,  a  fecret  committee  is  chofen  out 
of  thefc  deputies^  called  the  Secrette  Befoigne,  \n  which  the  province  of 
Holland  has  two  voices. 

At  the  head  of  this  republican  government  there  has  ufually  been, 
and  is  at  prefent,  the  Prince  Stadtholder  or  governor,  who  exercifes  a 
very  conlidcrable  part  of  the  executive  power  of  the  flatc.  It  appears 
from  hiftory,  that  the  United  Provinces  were,  at  different  times,  with- 
out a  Stadtholder  ;  but  thefe  periods  were  ufually  very  turbulent  ;  and 
tvhenever  a  war  broke  out,  the  republic  was  always  under  the  necelTity 
of  chooling  again  a  Stadtholder.  It  fhould  feem,  therefore,  that  the 
dignity  and  the  power  of  a  Stadtholder,  is  elfential  and  falutary  to  the 
conftitution  of  the  United  Provinces.  There  have,  however,  conllant- 
ly  been,  and  there  are  now,  two  oppofite  parties  in  the  ftate,  one  of 
which,  who  call  themfelves  the  patriois,  are  averfe,  and  the  other  are 
attached  to  tlie  power  of  the  Stadtholder.  This  dignity,  though  here- 
ditary, and  of  the  greateft  weight  in  the  flate,  cannot  be  confidered 
otherwife  than  the  firft  office  entruded  to  a  fubjeft  of  the  republic,  and 
falls  confiderably  fliort  of  the  rnofh  limited  fovereignty.  The  Stadthol- 
der is  not  entitled  to  a  vpice  in  the  fupreme  legiilative  affembly,  but  he 
may  be  prefent  at  their  meetings.  He  is  captain-general  and  high- 
admiral  of  the  land  and  naval  forces  of  the  republic  ;  and  he  enjoyed, 
before  the  late  troubles,  a  very  ample  patronage  in  confequence  of 
this  military  command.  He  is  prefident  of  the  Eafl  and  Wcfl-India 
Companies,  and  Stadtholder  of  each  fingle  province,  but  with  unequal 
prerogatives.  In  fome  of  the  provinces  he  has  the  cxclufive  right  of 
nominating  the  magifliates  of  the  towns,  and  the  power  of  pardoning 
criminals  ;  in  fome  h"e  has  a  fhare  in  the  legiflative  power,  and  a  voice 
in  the  affembly  of  the  flates  of  the  province  ;  in  others  he  has  either 
not  all  or  none  of  thefe  rights.  The  party  of  the  patriots  have,  within 
thefe  few  years,  been  much  intent  on  curtailing  and  reflraining  witmu 
narrow  limits  the  power  of  the  Stadtholder.  Another  great  dignity 
in  the  republic,  the  influence  of  which  is  ufually  oppofed  to  the  Sta'dt- 
holder's  intereft,  is  the  place  of  Grand  Penfionary,  formerly  called 
the  advocate  of  the  republic.  The  Grand  Penfionary  is,  by  virtue"  of 
his  place,  perpetual  member  of  the  higheft  legiflative  alTemblies,  the 
flates-^eneral  and  the  fecret  committee. 

The  departments  which  are  employed  in  fuch  public  affairs  as  con- 
cern all  the  Seven  Provinces  are  the  following  :  1 .  The  Council  of  State, 
compofed  of  twelve  members,  chofen  by  the  Seven  Provinces,  under 
the  prefidency  of  the  Stadtholder.  It  has  its  treafurer  and  fecretary, 
and  is  next  in  rank  to  the  States-General.  2.  The  Department  of  the 
Revenue,  confifling  of  fourteen  members.  3.  The  Army  and  Navy 
Treafury  :  This  department  has  the  revifion  of  the  accounts  of  the 
military  expenditure,  anJ  is  compofed  of  four  members.  Each  prov- 
ince is  governed  by  the  affembly  of  its  refpc6live  flates.  Thefe  dates  arc, 
in  almofl  ail  the  provinces,  compofed  of  the  nobilitv,  or  great  land- 
holders, and  of  the  towns.  "  In  the  affombly  of  the  flares  of  the  prov- 
R«  -  •■      '"^^ 


aSo  NETHERLANDS. 

ince  ftf  Holland,  the  Great  Penfionary  prefidcs  :  The  towns  are  gor- 
erned  by  their  own  eleftive  magiftrates,  whofe  jurifdiftion  is  confined 
within  the  walls  of  the  towns  ;  Certain  diftrifts  in  the  provinces  have 
their  courts  of  juftice,  and  each  province  has  a  general  court,  to  which 
appeal  lies  from  the  inferior  courts  and  the  town  magiftrates.  Thefe 
tribunals  are  called  by  the  name  of  the  provinces  in  which  they  are 
eftablifhed,  de  HoJ  van  Holland,  de  Hoj van  Gcldren,  &c.  each  of  them 
makes  ufe  of  a  particular  code  of  laws,  adapted  to  the  ancient  cuiloms 
and  rights  of  the  provinces  ;  where  thefe  laws  are  deficient,  rccourie 
muft  be  had  to  the  Roman  law. 

Finances.]  The  public  revenue  is  to  be  confidered  in  two  differ- 
ent points  of  view,  as  it  is  raifed  for  the  ufe  of  the  whole  confederation, 
or  for  the  expenditure  of  each  fmgle  province.  According  to  the  lateft 
account,  which  is  believed  to  be  authentic,  the  annual  income  of  all 
the  Seven  Provinces  amounts  to  upwards  of  forty-five  millions  of  flor- 
ins, or  nearly  4,5co,©ool.  fterling.  The  revenue  of  the  province  of 
Holland,  which  is  by  far  the  richeft,  and  the  moft  powerful  of  the 
Seven,  is  computed  at  upwards  of  twenty  millions  of  florins.  Thirteen 
millions  and  a  half  of  this  fum,  making  the  ordinary  redinary  revenue 
of  Holland,  arife  from  the  houfe  and  land-tax,  and  from  the  excife  and 
ftamp-duties  ;  the  remainder,  or  the  extraordinary  revenue  of  this 
province,  is  made  up  by  contributions  of  the  hundredth,  two  hundredth 
and  four  hundredth  parts  of  the  income  of  lands,  annuities  and  capitals. 
The  general  finances  of  the  republic,  for  the  fupport  of  the  whole  po- 
litical body,  arife,  i.  From  the  revenues  of  Dutch  Brabant,  or  the  lands 
of  the  generality  :  2.  From  the  duties  on  experts  and  imports  :  3.  From 
confifcated  goods,  and  the  fums  paid  by  the  privileged  trading  com- 
panies :  4.  From  the  yearly  contributions  of  the  different  provinces^ 
according  to  the  following  rates  :  Of  every  100  florins  contributed, 

Flor.  Stivers.  Doits* 

The  Province  of  Guelder  pays  — 

Holland         — 

■ .  Zeeland  — 

~'       • Utrecht  —  — 

''   '      '  '    -        Friefland         —  — 

•"     ."■'     '  ■      '     -  Overylfel  — 

■'  •  Groeningen  — 

•    '*"■  ^  ■ County  of  Drcnthc  — 

100  o        ,0 

The  debts  of  the  republic  exceed  2000  millions  of  florins.  The 
province  of  Holland  alone  owed,  in  1  768,  450  millions,  but  almofl  the 
whole  of  this  fum  to  its  own  fubjefts  ;  but,  on  the  other  fide,  has  lent, 
on  very  advantageous  conditions,  large  fums  of  money  to  other  ftates. 
In  the  year  1781,  there  were  due  the  following  fums  : 

1.  From  England,  —  —  165  million  of  florins. 

1.  — -—    France,  —  —  170 

3.  Qermany,  Denmark,  Sweden  and  \ 

•  RuflTra        —  —  r^o 

.585 
The  United  Provinces  draw  more  than  25  millions  per  annum  from 
thefe  c«untn«s  »s  the  intercfl  on  the  large  capitals  lent  them. 

Army.} 


5 

11 

2 

57 

14 

8 

9 

1 

10 

a 

15 

5 

11 

10 

11 

!^ 

10 

8 

5 

»5 

6 

0 

J9 

10 

N    E    T    H    K    R    L    A    N    P    S.  iSt 

Armt.^     In  time  of  peace,  the  (landing  army  is  as  follows  : 
Cavalry. 

Men. 
Regiments — Efcadrons. 

J.  Guard  of  the  Stadtholdor  —  174 

3.  Dutch  GuartJs         —  —  238 

6. Cavalry  (336  men  each)  — '  2016 

2. .       Dragoons  —  •—  1008 


3456 
Intantry. 

1   Regiments  of  Dutch  Guards  1,116 

1    of  Swifs  Guards  1,120 

i;^  _^___  of  national  and  Germ.  "1  00 

troops  (71c  men  each)      /  ^®' 

1  of  Walloons                          1,080 

3 of  Scotchmen            2,160 

5 of  S\\4fs                        3,600 

X  of  Marines                        —  720 

I  of  Artillery              «■  J, 800 

4  companies  of  Miners                             ■  208 

Corps  of  Engineers                      97 


36,281 
Some  of  the  guards,  and  the  three  Scotch  regiments,  are  at  prefent 
dilbanded.  In  ihc  year  1784,  when  Holland  was  threatened  with  a 
war  by  the  Emperor,  the  army  was  incrcafcd  to  upwards  of  50,000 
men.  Befirles  the  Stadtholdcr,  who  is  the  head  of  the  Army,  in  times 
pf  war  and  danger,  a  field  marfhal  general  is  appointed. 

Navy.]     The  Navy  of  Holland,   in  1782,  tonfifled  of  42  fhips  of 
the  line — 43  frigates,  and  10  cutters — 
Rates.]       8  fhips  of  70 — 74  guns. 

12   so— 5^ 

14  40—44 

is 36 — 

}6  20 — 24  Hilt.  Port.  1783. 

(In  1784)  43  fhips  of  the  line. 
43  fvigates. 

The  five  chambers  of  the  admiralty  have  the  management  of  all  naval 
affairs.  The  Stadtholder,  in  the  capacity  of  high-admiral  of  the  re- 
public, prefides  in  the  five  chambers  of  admiralty.  He  formerly  ap- 
pointed the  flag  officers,  but  this  privilege  has  been  of  late  difputcd  by 
the  States-general.  He  has  a  tentli  fhare  of  all  the  prizes  made  during  a 
war.  The  fleet,  which  is  divided  into  three  fquadrons,  is  diftributed 
between  the  harbours  of  Amfterdam,  called  the  Texcl,  and  that  of 
Rotterdam,  in  the  province  of  Holland^  and  the  fea-port  towns  of  Zee- 
land. 

Religion-.]  The  Calvinift,  or  reformed  religion,  is  eftablifhedin 
Holland  ;  the  Lutheran,  the  Roman  Catholic,  many  other  Chriftian 
feftsjand  thcjcws,  arc  tolerated.  The  Synod  of  Dordrecht,  or  Dort  held. 
in  i6i8.  made  the  llriftcft  notion  of  predcftination  an  cflcntial  article  of 


e62  N     E    T     H     E     R     L     a     N     D     S. 

faith  in  the  Dutch  church.  None  but  Calvinlfts  can  held  any  em- 
ployment of  truft  or  profit.  There  is,  properly  fpeaking,  no  difference 
of  rank  among  the  clergy  :  The  church  is  governed  by  fynods,  com- 
pofed  of  the  miniilers  and  antiftites,  or  prefbyters.  Befides  nine  fy- 
nods for  fingle  provinces,  there  is  one  great  national  fynod  ;  fubjecl, 
however,  to  the  control  of  the  Stjtes-general,  which  are  confidered 
as  the  head  of  the  church.  The  French  and  Walloon  Calvinift 
churches  have  fynods  of  their  own.  There  are,  in  the  Seven  Provin- 
ces, [579  paftors  or  miniilers  of  the  eflahlifhed  church,  90  of  the  Wal- 
loon church,  800  Roman  Catholic,  53  Lutheran,  43  Arminian,  and 
312  Anabaptift  miniflcrs.  In  the  Eaft-Indies  there  are  46,  and  in  the 
Weft-Indies  nine  clergymen  of  the  eftabliihed  church. 

General  remarks.]  The  natural  and  political  fituation  of  the 
Dutch  nation  may  be  compared  with  the  colonies  of  Canadian  beavers, 
who,  by  unwearied  labour  and  mutual  afliftance,  are  enabled  to  build 
fecure  habitations  on  the  banks  of  rapid  rivers,  and  to  form  focleties 
rendered  durable  and  invincible  by  the  tie  of  ly-m  union  :  Yet  their 
^  w^ondcrful  fabric  would,  by  diffenfion  and  feparation,  foon  fink  into 
inhgnificance  or  annihilation.  When  we  cQnfider  what  Holland  was 
before  the  union  of  Utrecht,  and  when  we  afterwards  fee  the  inhabit- 
antsof  thatfwampyfpot  aflume,  for  no  inconfiderable  period  of  time,  the 
arbitrium  of  Europe  and  the  Indies,  it  is  not  without  regret  we  wit- 
nefs  the  decay  of  their  power,  that  moll  admirable  monument  of  hu« 
man  exertion  and  induftry.  An  impartial  obferver,  however,  who 
cannot  wifh  to  fee  the  benefits  of  aftivity  confined  to  one  fpot,  and  ex- 
torted from  the  ignorance  and  weaknefs  of  other  nations,  will  be  com- 
forted by  the  conlideration,  that  Holland's  exclufive  advantages  are 
lefTened  by  the  general  increafe  of  induftry  and  happinefs  throughout 
all  I'ne  ftates  of  Europe,  and  not  by  any'of  thofe  great  calamities  or 
revolutions,  which  have  put  a  period  to  the  power  of  other  commer- 
cial ftates.  Its  decline  is  gentle  and  gradual  :  Yet  fo  high  was  the  em- 
inence Holland  was  arrived  ^,  that  it  is  ftill  poffeffcd  of  great  power 
and  confequence.  It  may  long  continue  to  be  the  centre  of  union  of 
the  great  European  commerce  and  the  afylum  of  religious  and  civil 
liberty,  if  the  moft  dangerous  enemies  of  this  ftate,  civil  diffenfions, 
and  the  extinftion  of  public  virtue,  do  not  haften  its  gliding  down  the 
flope  of  ruin,  and  render  it  an  cafy  prey  to  an  infxdious  neighbour,  who 
feemseven  now  to  be  willingly  acknowledged  as  their  mafter,  by  a 
miftaken  and  corrupted  part  of  the  nation. 

History.]  Thefe  provinces  were  originally  an  affcmblage  of  fev- 
eral  lordfhips,  dependent  upon  the  kings  of  Spain  ;  from  whofe  yoke 
they  withdrew  themlelves  during  the  reign  of  Phillip  II.  in  the  year 
1579,  under  the  conduft  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  formed  the  re- 
public now  called  the  Seven  United  provinces,  or  Holland.  The  of- 
fice of  Stadtholder,  or  Captain-general  of  the  United  Provinces,  was 
made  hereditary  in  the  Prince  of  Orange's  family,  not  excepting  fe- 
males, 1717. 

AUSTRIAN 


NETHERLANDS.  263 

AUSTRIAN    AND    FRENCH    NETHERLANDS. 

Situation  and    e-k.tent. 
^^  Miles.  Degrees. 

Length  200  ~)    ,  149  and  52  north  latitude. 

Breadth  200  /  ^'''^^"'^  J     2  and    7  eaa  longitude. 
D  T>  O  U  N  D  E  D  bv  the  United    Provinces,    on    the 

iJ0UNDARiEs.£^  North  ;  by  Germany,  Eaft  ;  by  Lorrain,  Cham- 
paign, and  Picardy,  in  France,  South  ;  and  by  another  part  of  Picardy, 
and  the  Engliih  fea,  Weft. 

As  this  country  belongs  to  three  difFerent  powers,  the  Auflrians, 
French,  and  Dutch,  we  {hall  be  more  particular  in  dillinguilhing  the 
provinces  and  towns  belonging  to  each  ftate, 

1,  Province  of  BRABANT. 

Subdivifions.  Chief  Towns. 

'Boifledi 


}.  Dutch  Brabant 


n    fBoineduc  ] 

I  Breda  I  N, 

{  J  Bergeu-op-ZoomJ 
,0  Grave,  N.E. 

J  I^Steenbergcn  j 

■^  rBruffels,  E.l( 

I  J  Louvain     "1 

j  j  Vilvorden  > 

J  LLaudcn      J 


Bruflels,  E.  Ion.  4  deg.  6  min.  N.  lat.  50-5<9, 
Aullrian  Brabant    \  -j  viSenl  inthe  middle. 


2.  ANTWERP;  and,  3.  MALINES,  are  provinces  independent  of 
Brabant,  though  furrounded  by  it,  and  fubjeft  to  thehoufe  of  Ajuftria. 

4.  Province  of  L  I  M  B  U  R  G,  S.E. 

"]    fLimburg,E.lon.6-5.N.lat.50-37fubjetltoAuf. 
j       Maeftricht  ^ 

Chief  towns  >-<  Dalem  I  fubjea  to  the 

iquemontjOr  j       Dutch. 
""  enburg       J 


I    I  Fauq 
J     tValk 


^.  Province  of  LUXEMBURG. 

Subdivifions.  Chief  Towns. 

Aullrian  Luxemburg  Luxemburg,  E.  Ion.  6-8.  N.  lat.  49-45. 

French  Luxemburg    }  {  M^Xedy     }  ^- ^* 

6.  Province  of  N  A  M  U  R,  in  the  middle,  fubjed  to  Auftria. 

■]    r  Namur,  on  the Sambre and MaefcjE, Ion. 4-50. 
Chief  towns  i  -I      N.  lat.  50-30. 

J    [Charleroy  on  the  Sambre, 

7.  Province^ 


2^4 


NETHERLANDS. 


Subdivlflons, 
Auftrian  Halnault 


Province  of  HAINAULT. 
Chief  Towns. 


HMons,  E.  Ion,  3-53.  N.  lat.  50-30  "1  in  the  mii- 
Aeth     Enguien  /    die. 


French  Hainault        ]  {  L.^d^rec'''""  ^°"'^'^"     ^^''^^  }  S.  W 


8.   Province  ofCAMBRESIS. 


Subjeft  to  France. 


HCambray,E.of  Arras,E.lon.3-i5.N.lat.50-i5. 
Cr«  - 


rcvecour,  S.  of  Cambray, 


9.  Province  of  A  R  T  O  I  S, 


SubjeS;  to  France. 


Subdivifions. 
Dutch  Flanders 


Auftrian  Flanders 


-\    rArras.S.W.onthe  Scrape,E.lon.2-5.N.lat.5t- 
I    j  St.  Omer,  E.  of  Boulogne  [20. 

'   j  Aire,  S.  of  St.  Omer 
r<  S.  Venant.  E.  of  Aire 

Jj  Betl>une,  S.  E.  of  Aire 
[^Terouen,  S.  of  St.  Omer. 

10.  Province  of  FLANDERS. 

Chief  Towns. 

Sluys,  N.  Axel,N.Hum,N.Sas  van  Ghent,  N. 
"]    f Ghent,  onthe  Scheld,  E.lon.  3-36.  N.lat.  §t, 
Bruges     T 

Oftend      V  N.  W.  near  the  fea, 
Newport  J 
Oudenard  on  the  Scheld. 


I       Courtray  1 
Dixmude  5 


on  the  Lis. 


French  Flandera 


Ypres,  N.  of  Lifle 
Tournay  on  the  Scheld 
^Menin  on  the  Lis. 
Lifle,  W.  of  Tournay 
Dunkirk,  on  the  coaft  E.  cf  Calais 
Douay,  W.  of  Arras 
Mardike,  W.of  Dunkirk 
St.  Amand,  N.  of  Valenciennes 
Gravelin,  E.  of  Calais. 


Air,  SOIL,  and  prodoce.3  The  air  of  Brabant,  and  upon  the 
coaft  of  Flanders,  is  bad  ;  that  in  the  interior  parts  is  more  healthful, 
and  the  feafons  more  fettled,  both  in  winter  and  fummer,  than  they 
are  in  England.  The  foil  and  its  produce  are  rich,  efpecially  in  corn 
and  fruits.  They  have  abundance  of  pafture  ;  and  Flanders  itfelf  has 
been  reckoned  the  granary  of  France  and  Germany,  and  fometimes  of 
England.  The  moft  barren  parts  for  corn  rear  far  more  profitable 
crops  of  flax,  which  js  here  cultivated  to  great  perfeftion.  Upon  the 
whole,  the  Auftrian  Netherlands,  by  the  culture,  commerce,  and  in- 
duftry  of  the  inhabitants,  was  formerly  the  richeft  and  moft  beautiful 
fpot  in  Europe,  whether  we  regard  the  variety  of  its  manufaftures,  the 
magnificence  and  riches  of  its  cities,  the  pleafantnefs  of  its  roads  and 

villages, 


NETHERLANDS.  265 

villages,  or  the  fertility  of  its  land.  If  it  'mi  fallen  off  in  later  times, 
it  is  owing  partly  to  the  negle£b  of  its  government,  but  chictly  to  its 
vicinity  to  England  and  Holland  ;  but  it  is  flill  a  mofl-  defiiable  and 
agreeable  country.  There  are  few  or  no  mountains  in  the  Nether- 
lands :  Flanders  is  a  flat  country,  fcarcely  a  fingle  hill  in  it.  Brabant, 
and  the  reft  of  the  provinces,  confifl  of  little  hills  and  vallies,  woods, 
inclofed  grounds,  and  champaign  fields. 

Rivers  AND  CANALS.]  The  chief  rivers  are  the  Maefe,  Sambre, 
Demer,  Dyle,  Nethe,  Geet,  Sannc,  Ruppel,  Scheld,  Lis,  Scarpe,  Dculc, 
and  Dender.  The  principal  canals  are  thofe  of  Bruffels,  Ghent,  and 
Oftend. 

Metai.s  AMD  MINERALS.]  Mines  of  iron,  copper,  lead  and  brim- 
ftone,  are  found  in  Luxemburgh,  and  l.imburg,  as  arc  fome  marble 
«;juarries  ;  and  in  the  province  of  Namur  there  arc  coal-pits,  and  a 
fpecies  of  bituminous  fat  earth,  proper  for  fuel,  with  great  plenty  of 
folhle  nitrs. 

Inhabitants,  roputATiON,  mak-I      The  Flemings  (for  fo  the  in- 

NERS,  CUSTOMS,  AND  DIVERSIONS.  /  habitants  of  Flanders  and  the 
Auftrian  Low  Countries  are  generally  called)  are  faid  to  be  a  heavy, 
blunt,  honeft  people  ;  but  their  manners  are  fomewhat  indelicate.— 
Formerly  they  were  known  to  fight  defperately  in  defence  of  their 
country  ;  at  prefent  they  make  no  great  figure.  The  Auflrian  Neth- 
erlands are  extremely  populous;  but  authors  differ  as  to  their  num- 
bers. Pejhaps  we  may  fix  them  at  a  medium  at  a  million  and  a  half. 
Tliey  arc  ignorant,  and  fond  of  religious  exhibitions  and  pageants.— 
Their  other  diverfions  are  the  fame  with  thofe  of  the  peafants  of  the 
neighbouring  countries. 

Dress  and  languagb.]  The  inhabitants  of  French  Flanders  arc 
mere  Frenchmen  and  women  in  both  thefe  particulars.  The  Flem- 
ings on  the  frontiers  of  Holland,  drefs  like  the  Dutch  boors,  and 
their  language  is  the  fame  ;  but  the  better  fort  of  people  fpeak  French, 
%nd  drefs  in  the  fame  tafte. 

Religion.]  The  eftablifhed  religion  here  is  the  Roman  Catholic  ; 
but  Proteflants,  and  other  fefts,  are  not  molefted. 

Learning,  learned  men,!       The  fociety  of  Jefuits  formerly 
and  artists.  /produced  the  mofl  learned  men  in 

the  Auflrian  Low  Countries,  in  which  they  had  many  comfortable 
fettlements.  Works  of  theology,  and  the  civil  and  canon  law,  Latin 
poems  and  plays,  were  their  chief  produftions.  Strada  is  an  elegant 
hillorian  and  poet.  The  Flemifh  painters  and  fculptors  have  great 
merit,  and  form  a  fchool  by  themlelves.  The  works  of  Rubens  and 
Vandyke  cannot  be  fufficiently  admired.  Flamingo,  or  the  Flemings 
models  for  heads,  particularly  thofe  of  children,  have  never  yet  been 
equalled  ;  and  the  Flemings  formerly  engroffed  tapeftry-weaving  to 
themfclves. 

Universities.]  Lou  vain,  Douay,  Tournay,  and  St.  Omer.  The 
firfl  was  founded  in  1426,  by  John  IV.  duke  of  Brabant,  and  enjoys 
great  privileges.  By  a  grant  of  pope  Sixtus  IV.  this  univcrAty  has 
the  privilege  of  prefenting  to  all  the  livings  in  the  Netherlands,  which 
right  they  enjoy,  except  in  Holland. 

AlfTJftUlTIES 


^66       NETHERLANDS. 

Antiquities  AND  curiosities, "1  Some  Roman  monuments  of 
NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  J  tcmpjcs  and  Other  buildings 
are  to  be  found  in  thefe  provinces.  Many  curious  bells,  churches,  and 
the  like,  ancient  and  modern,  are  alfo  found  here  ;  and  the  magnifi- 
cent old  edifices  of  every  kind,  feen  through  all  their  cities,  give  evi- 
dences of  their  former  grandeur.  In  1607,  fome  labourers  found  1600 
gold  coins,  and  ancient  medals  of  Antonmus  Pius,  Aurelius,  and  Lu- 
cius Verus. 

Cities."]  This  article  has  employed  feveral  large  volumes,  pub* 
liflied  by  different  authors,  but  in  times  when  the  Auflrian  Nether- 
lands were  far  more  flourifliing  than  now.  The  walls  of  Ghent,  for- 
merly the  capital  of  Flanders,  and  celebrated  for  its  linen  and  woollen 
manufafturcs,  contain  the  circuit  of  ten  miles  ;  but  now  unoccupied, 
and  great  part  of  it  in  a  manner  avoi4.  Bruges,  formerly  fo  noted 
for  its  trade  and  manufaftures,  but  above  all  for  its  fine  canals,  is  now 
dwindled  to  an  inconfiderable  place.  Oftend  is  a  tolerably  convenient 
harbour  for  traders  ;  and  foon  after  the  late  rupture  between  Great 
Britain  and  Holland,  became  more  opulent  and  populous.  In  1781  it 
was  vifited  by  the  emperor,  who  granted  to  it  many  privileges  and 
franchifes,  and  the  free  exercife  of  the  proteftant  religion.  Ypres  is 
only  a  flrong  garrifon  town.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  Charleroy  and 
Namur,  which  lie  in  the  Auflrian  Hainault. 

Louvain,  the  capital  of  the  Auftrian  Brabant,  inflead  of  its  flourifli- 
ing manufa£lories  and  places  of  trade,  now  contains  pretty  gardens, 
walks,  and  arbours.  Bruffels  retains  fomewhat  of  its  ancient  manu- 
faftures  ;  and  being  the  refidence  of  the  governor  or  viceroy  of  the 
Auflrian  Netherlands,  it  is  a  populous,  lively  place.  Antwerp,  once 
the  emporium  of  the  European  continent,  is  now  reduced  to  be  a 
tapeftry  and  thread  lace-fhop,  with  the  houfes  of  fome  bankers,  jewel-, 
lers,  and  painteirs  adjoining.  One  of  the  firft  exploits  of  the  Dutch, 
foon  after  they  threw  off  the  Spanifli  yoke,  was  to  ruin  at  once  the 
commerce  of  Antwerp,  by  finking  veffels,  loaded  with  ftone,  in  the 
}2K)uthof  the  Scheld  ;  thus  fhutting  up  the  entrance  of  that  river  to 
fiiips  of  large  burden.  This  was  the  more  cruel,  as  the  people  of  Ant- 
werp had  been  their  friends  and  fellow-fufferers  in  the  caufe  of  liber- 
ty, but  they  forefaw  that  the  profperity  of  their  own  commerce  was  at 
ftake. 

It  may  be  obferved  here,  that  every  gentleman's  houfe  is  a  caftle  or 
chateau,  j  and  that  there  are  more  flrong  towns  in  the  Netherlands  than 
in  all  the  reft  of  Europe  ;  but  fince  the  decline  of  their  trade,  by  the 
rife  of  the  Englifh  and  Dutch,  thefe  towns  arc  confiderably  dimin- 
ifhcd  in  fize,  and  whole  ft reets,  particularly  in. Antwerp,  are  in  ap- 
pearance uninhabited.  In  the  Netherlands,  provifionsare  extremely 
good  and  cheap.  A  flranger  may  dine  in  Bruifcls,  on  feven  or  eight 
difhes  of  meat,  for  lefs  than  a  fhilling  Englilh.  Travelling  is  fafe,  rea- 
fonable  and  delightful  in  this  luxurious  country.  The  roads  are  gen- 
erally a  broad  caufeway,  and  run  for  I'ome  miles  in  a  ftraight  line,  till 
they  terminate  with  the  view  of  fome  noble  buildings.  At  Caflel,  in 
the  French  Netherlands,  may  be  feen  thirty-two  towns,  itfelf  being  on 
a  hill. 

Commerce  and  manufactures.]  The  chief  manufaftures  of  the 
French  and  Auftrian  Netherlands,  are  their  beautiful  linens  and  laces  5 
in  which,  potwithftanding  the  boafted  improvements  of  their  neighs 

bourSj 


FRANCE.  s£y 

!  bovirs,   they  are   yet   unrivalled  ;    particularly   in  that  fpecics  called 
•  cambrics,  from  Cambray,  the  chief  place  of  its  manufafture.      Thefe 
ttanufaftures  form  the  principal  article  of  their  commerce. 

Constitution  AND  GOVERNMENT.]  The  Auftrian  Netherlands 
are  flill  confidered  as  a  circle  of  the  empire,  of  which  the  archducai 
houfe,  as  being  fovereign  of  the  whole,  is  the  fole  direftor  and  fum- 
moning  prince.  This  circle  contributes  its  fhare  to  the  impofts  of  the 
empire,  and  fends  an  envoy  to  the  diet,  but  is  not  fubjeft  to  the  judi- 
catories of  the  empire.  It  is  under  a  governor-general,  appointed  by 
the  court  of  Vienna,  who,  at  prefcnc,  is  his  ferene  highnefs,  piince 
Charles  of  Lorrain,  uncle  to  the  late  emperor.  The  face  of  an  alTcm- 
bly,  or  parliament,  for  each  province  is  ftill  kept  up,  and  confifts  of 
the  clergy,  nobility,  and  deputies  of  towns,  who  meet  at  Brufl'els. — . ' 
Each  province  claims  particular  privileges,  but  they  are  of  very  little 
efFeft  ;  and  the  governor  feldom  or  never  finds  any  refiftance  to  the 
will  of  his  court.  Every  province  has  a  particular  governor,  fubjeft 
to  the  regent  ;  And  caufes  arc  here  decided  according  to  the  civil  and 
canon  law. 

Revenues.]  Thefe  rife  from  the  demefnelands  and  cuftoms  ;  but 
fo  much  is  the  trade  of  the  Auftrian  Flanders  now  reduced,  that  they 
are  faid  not  to  defray  the  expenfe  of  their  government  ;  but  by  the 
late  reduftions  of  the  garrifons,  this  is  now  altered.  The  French 
Netherlands  bring  in  a  confiderable  revenue  to  the  crown. 

Military  Strength,]  The  troops  maintained  here  by  the  em- 
peror are  chiefly  employed  in  the  frontier  garrifons.  Though,  by  the 
barrier  treaty,  the  Auftriaus  were  obliged  to  maintain  three-fifths  of 
thofe  garrifons,  and  the  Dutch  two  ;  yet  both  of  them  were  miferably 
deficient  in  their  quotas,  the  whole  requiring  at  leaft  30,000  men,  and 
in  time  of  war  above  10.000  more,  but  the  prefent  emperor  has  de- 
molifhed  the  fortifications  of  moft  of  the  places,  and  rendered  the  gar- 
rifons ufelefs. 

History.]  Flanders,  originally  the  country  of  the  ancient  Belgac, 
was  conquered  by  Julius  Casfar,  forty-feven  years  before  Chrift ;  paflT- 
ed  into  the  hands  of  France,  A.  D.  412  ;  and  was  governed  by  its  earls, 
fubjeft  to  that  crown,  from  864  to  1369.  By  marriage  it  then  came 
into  the  houle  of  Auftria  ;  but  was  yielded  to  Spain  in  1556.  Shook 
cfi"  the  Spanilh  yoke  1572,  and  in  the  year  1725,  by  the  treaty  of  Vi- 
enna, warf annexed  to  the  German  empire.     See  Univerfal  Hiftory. 


FRANCE. 

Situation    and    extent. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length     600  "1    ,  f    5  weft  and  8  Eaft  longitude. 

Breadth    500/  '^^^^^'^^^  \  42  and  51  North  latitude. 

IT  is  bounded  by  the  Englifti  channel  and  the  Nether- 
lands, North  ;  by  Germany,  Switzerland,  and  Italy, 
Eaft  ;  by  the  Mediterranean  and  the  Pyrenean  mountains,  which  di- 
vide it  from  Spain,  South  ;  and  by  the  Bay  of  Bifcay,  Weft. 

Divisions.]     .\s  in  the  following  Tabic.  TABLE. 


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POSSESSIONS 


^7^  P        I^        A        N        C        E. 

Possessions   in    the  othir  Parts  cy   the  Globe. 

I.     In    ASIA. 

^    Somediftrjftsonthe  coaft  of  Coromande},  of  which  PondJcherrv 

ts  the   capital.     Some  lefs   confidcrable  fettlements  on  the   Ma  abar 

coail  and  in  Bengal,  and  feveral  faftories.  Malabar 

2.     In    AFRICA. 

In  Barbary  Baftion  de  France.     The  ifland  of  Goree,  part  of  Sene- 

gambja,  Fort  I  ou.son  the  Senegal,  and  Podar,  Galam,  Por^end^c  Fort 

Arguin.     On  the  coaft  of  Guinea,  Francois       In  the  Tn<5  !r^  <^       ?i 

the  iftand5  of  Bourbon  and  Ille  de  France!  ^'''  '^^ 

2-    In  ami: R  IC  A. 

The  North-American  iflandsofSt.PicrrcandMiqueion.   IntheWefl 
Indies,  the  largeft  part  of  the  ifland  of  St.  Doming^,  the"hand   of  Mar. 

ns'^'/.^A^'^'^-^^Pr"'  ^'r^V'"'  ^^^"^  ^^^-^^'  slkrtinandTobagt 

AlUhetrffe'Sil'"'^'"^ 
habitams      P°^'^'°"''  ^"^^^^"g  ^o  Neckar,  contain  about  6bo,ooo  in- 

as  tolJov  s  .       Each  difti  ift  to  be  divided  into  cantons  of  about  four 
fquare  leagues  each,   with  at  leaft  one  primary  affembly  in  each  can 

there  js  to  be  only  one  alTemb  v  ;  but  if  thev  amonnt  fo  tU  .  l     * 

.here  are  .o  b=  uvo  .<re,.blies  of  ^.o  cachl'l^h  oTdi^ary    ffrrivTo 
confift  as  nearly  as  poffibk,  of  6oo,  which  ftall  be  .he  mean  nTrii^J 
the  leaft  to  be  440.      The  number  of  deputies  fent  to  the  „.,;^^,1  V 
fembly  by  each  diftrift,  to  be  !„  proportLn  to  th    potation    tax'; 
and  territory,  jointlv  conftdered  "  i*  t^"i«»"on,   raxes 

Name.]  France  took  its  name  from  the  Francs  or  Freemf»  =,  r^.«„» 
nation,  reftlefs  and  enterp.  ifmg,  who  conquererthe  G  r^he^ncfen" 
inhabitants  ;  and  the  Roman  force  not  being  able  to  reprefs  them  they 
were  permuted  to  fettle  in  the  country  by  treaty  ^  '     ^ 

Water.]  No  nation  is  better  fupplied  than  France  is  with  whole, 
fome  fprings  and  water  ;  of  which  the  inhabitants  make  ex^e  lemufr 
by  the  help  of  art  and  engines,  for  all  the  convcniencies  of  life  * 

Mountain's.]  1  he  chief  mountains  in  Franr<-  «v  ;»,  k  j 
the  Alps,  which  divide  France  from  It^^  tt  P;:;„^twhth  di^id'^e 
France  from  Spam  ;  Vauge,  which  divide  Lorrain  from  Bur£indv 
andAlface:  Mount  Jura,  which  divides  Fr.nche  Comptrfrom  W 
zerland;theCevennes  in  the  province  of  Languedoc^and  Mo^nt' 
Dor,  in  the  province  of  Auvergne.  iviounr 

north  and  north-weft  being,  witraTL  wL'd^^^  ^m  Z  Zt 
to  the  fca,  computed  to   run  about  500  miles      fhe  RV,nn.  L, 
fouth-weftto  Lyons,  and  then  runs'on  ?u    fouth^flHt  ?a"u  intTthS 
M=d,.erranea«.    The  Garronne  rifes  tn  the  Pyrenean  mouSs,  ,a£ 


N        C        E.  VB 


U^  courfe  fii-ft,  north-eaft,ancnias  a  communication  with  the  Meditcr^ 
il.couiu,m    ,  work  of  Lewis  XIV.      1  he  Seine, 

™a"fte  S/l^s  ;rth;  north.weflviraingT;oyes  Pans,  and 
Rouen   in  its  wa;,    and   falls  into  the   Enghfh  channel  at  Havre.         o 

hefe  wc  m  y  ad^!  the  Saone,  which  falls  into  the  Rhone  at  Lyons  ;  th. 
1  rente,  which  rifes  near  Havre  deCrace,  and  d.fcharges  ulc  f  ,n  the 
Rw  of  hUcav  at  Rcchfort.  The  Rhine,  which  nfes  m  Swuzerland, 
,^te  aft  rn  boundary  between  Frarace  and  Germany  and  recen-est^hc 
Mo  elle  and  the  Savte^in  its  palfage.  The  Somme  winch  runs  nonh- 
weft  hrough  Picardv,  and  falls  into  the  Engblh  channe  below  Abbe- 
^llc  IheVar,  wh  ch  rifes  in  the  Alps,  and  runs  fouth  dmdnig 
France  /rom  Italy,  and  falUng  ir.o  the  Med.terranean,  weft  o  N.^^^ 
The  Adour  runs  from  eaft  to  weft,  through  Gafcoigne,  and  talk,  nito 
the  Rav  of  Bifcav,  below  Bayonne.  .  . 

'' Thelaft  advantage,  both  /n  commerce  and  -nven:ency   wh.ch  an- 
fes  to  France   from  thofe   rivers,  is    greatly  improved  by  the  aiiih.ial 
vers  and  canals   which    form    the    chief  glory  of  the  rc,gn  o    Lewis 
XIV.  That  of  LangtieJoc  was  begun  in  the  year  1 666,  and  completed  :a 

68o  •  It  was  intended  for  a  communication  between  the  ocean  and  Ore 

MSi;er:an:an,forthefpeedierpa(rageoftheFi-enchfl^tbutthou^ 

wasearried  on  at  an  immenfe  expenfe,  for  lOO  m>  es,  ovei  hills  and  va. 

es  and  even  through  a  mountain  in  one  pla<  e,it  has  not  anfwered  that 

"pofe.       Bv  the  c°anal  of  Calais,  travellers  eaf.ly  pafs  by  water  from 

he?ce  to  St.'  Omer,  Gravdme,  Dunkirk,  Ypres,  ar^d  other  places.-- 
The  canal  of  Orleans  is  another  noble  work,  and  runs  a  courfe  of 
eighteen  leagues,  to  the  immenfe  benefit  of  the  public  and  the  royal 
revenue,  nance  abounds  with  other  Canals  of  the  hke  kind  which 
render  her   inland  navigation  inexprefllbly    commodious   and  bencR- 

'' tew  lakes  are  found  in  thts  country.  There  is  one  at  the  top  of  a 
hill  near  Alegre,  which  the  vulgar  report  to  ^^^^^/i^^^^^^^- •  ^  ^.^'^ '^ 
another  at  IlToire,  in  Auvergne  :  and  one  at  LaBeifc,  in  which  if  >oU 
throw  a  ftone,  it  caufes  a  noife  hke  thunder.  ,  ■  t   ,  ,,  „^.^ 

Mineral  waters  akd  \  The  waters  of  Bareges,  which  lie  near 
kLakk.b.e  srKt.os.  )the  borders  of  Spain,  ^^^^^V^^^^ 
mountains,  have  of  late  been  preferred  to  all  the  others  ol  t.ance.Jor 
L  recovery  of  health.  Some  think,  however,  that  the  cures  per- 
formed by  them,  are  more  owing  to  their  accidental  tnccefs,  and  the 
falubriiyofthe  air  and  foil,  than  to  the  ^^''-^l' ''^  l^^'' "^''Z'-J^,^^ 
waters  of  Sultzabach  in  Alface  are  faid  to  cufe  the  palfy  weak  nerv  es, 
and  the  ftone.  At  Bagueiis,  not  far  from  Bareges,  are  feveral  whole- 
fome  minerals  and  baths,  to  which  people  refo.t  at  ipring  and  autumn. 
Forces,  in  Normandy,  is  celebrated  for  its  mineral  waters -,  and  the  e 
of  slAmand  cure  the  gravel  and  obftruaions.  It  wou Id  be  endlds 
to  enumerate  all  the  other  real  or  pretended  minera  wells  In  France. 
There  is  a  fpring  near  Aigne  in  Auvergne-,  which  bods  violently,  ami 
makes  a  noife  like  water  thrown  upon  lime  ;  it  has  hule  or  no  talte, 
but  has  a  poifonous  quality,  and  the    birds  that    dno^   of  it  die  m- 

^Ml'iAisANDMiNERAts.]  Langucdoc  is  faid  to  contain  veins  of 
gold  and  filver.  Alface  has  mines  of  hlver  and  copper,  but  thc>  arc 
toeextenfvvet^be  Avrought.,     Alabaftel,  black  marbl*,  P^?^'' ^^^ 


^74  F        R        A         N        C        E, 

is  a  mine  ofchall        Ant        ■  ^^^.^^'"'^^^,  m  Coin inges,  there 

&c.  and  the  foreil  of  Fontainblcan  near  as  lariie  and  n^r  S  '  t  r^ 
mairisaforeftoFtan  ftraight  timber,  oT  J o^tVels'  Md'^s^t^^^ 
a.  ge  numbers  of  v.aods,fome  of  them  defervmg   the   name  of  foreft/ 

!;rh^Sna\E;r" '"  "^^^^'^^^^  ^^'^^  ^^^^  ^--^^^  ^^^'^ 

WrALTH   Axo    Commerce.]        France  is  fttuated  in   a  very 

^rnf  ^.K  '^  ^"  ""^  mo.mtams,  the  lower  branches  of  whkh 
cro  he  greateft  part  of  the  kingdom  ;  i^  confequently  abounds 
wuh   large    rivers,    200  of  which   are   navigable,   and  k  I   coS- 

on":  ^fTe  °T?  ^'^^^  ""^^^'^  ^^^'^"-^4-  render  this  "ngdL 
one  of  the  ncheft  countries  of  Europe,  bJth  with  refpeft  tLaN 
nralproduaions  and  commerce.  One  of  the  moft  valuable  a  ticks  o 
produce  IS  wine,  the  great  ftaple  commodity  of  France,  i, 600  000  acresof 
gioundarehudout  m  vineyards;  and  the  net  profits  f^or.acTacre 
are  edimated  at  from  4I.  to  7I.  ftcrlin^  Arrnvdir,  ;'°"'J^'=VC'^e 
agents,  the  yearly  value\f  all  ?he  wi^e^iidetV^t^J  Lun^\!Z 
?h.  K^rr  r'V  7^  '^f'  °^^'^^  vvineexported  annually,  to  rmimons 
The  bea  forts  of  I<rench  wine  are,  champaign,  burgundv  ^oS' 
mufcat,  front.gniac,  eremitage,  cote  roti,  ic!  k  thl  inferfo"  fo'ts 
brandy  and  vinegar  ,s  made  in  large  quantities.  Vines  profieMhough 
andpSJd^    -almofl  every  province  of  France,    cx^ept^NoVmand'y 

fhS.T.'ftfi"''?  ''"  ""'^'"^  to  encourage  and  improve  agriculture  ;  yet 

PuTdor"Fr""d'l^'"^^r  ^^'^■"'  '^'  ^■"^^--'  Alf^c/ and  Lat 
^n,  °  IZ  '""^  ^^'''P  T^'"'^  ^^  imported  from  the  north,  might  be 
moie  profitably  cultivated  in  the  kingdom  in  larger  nuantkies 
than  hitherto.  The  filk  raifed  in  confiderable  quantities  Tnfome 
provinces  does  not  however  fufficiently  fupply  the  numerous  ma^! 
ufaftures  ;    about  .oo.ooolb.  are   produced    in '  Languedoc,   and    no 

Tvo  ^^  T  "^"""^'^  1\'  ™"^  '^P^'-^^"^  ^'^^  mfnufaaurefare  a 
Lyons  and  Tours  ;  at  the  laft  mentioned  place  thei^  are  faid  to  be 
7000  looms,  and  at  the  firft  as  many  as  18,000.      This  muft  be  under! 

Ev  tti.Tn'"?  A  ''T-  P'^'^r ''"S  '^'  '"P"^  °^  '^'  ^^'^^  ^f  Nantes. 
By  this  un)uft  and  impolitic  meafure  a  very  great  number  of  Protef^ 

an  manufafturers  were  expelled  the  kingdom,  and, carried  their  val- 
ot?lrTc^  nT  l''^7i^^°^-t"<=«-  .  Next  tothefe  two  cities,  thofe 
ot  Fans,  Chatillon,  and  Nimes,  are  diftinguifhed  for  their  filk  manu-^ 

fa6lure«„- 


FRANCE.  £;5 

fa6^iares.  The  firft  filk  manufaflure  was  eftablifhed  at  Tours  by  Louis 
XI.  in  the  year  1470.  At  the  large  fair  of  Beaucaire  there  ufed  to  be 
fold,  in  a  few  days,  goods  to  the  value  of  6,000,000  livres,  by  far  the 
greateft  part  of  which  were  filks.  '  Even  now  this  trade  is  of  an  amaz- 
ing extent  ;  7000  balls  of  filk,  of  ifio.lb.  each,  of  which  however  a 
great  part  is  imported  from  abroad,  arc  conveyed  annu.dly  to  Lyons. 

Olive  oil  is  one  of  the  principal  comnaodilies  of  France  ;  moll  of 
it  is  produced  in  the  provinces  of  Provence  and  Languedoc.  The 
county  of  RoufiUon  alone  giins  annually  200,000  livres  by  this  article  ; 
the  confumptian  of  it  in  France  is  however  fo  great,  that  fome  oil  is 
ftill  imported  from  Itaiy.  The  inferior  fort  of  oil  is  ufed  in  making 
foap  ;  there  are  at  Merfcilles  alone  thirty-fix  foap  manufaftures,  France 
abounds  in  excellent  and  high-flavoured  fruits,  as  grapes,  apples,  lem- 
ons, oranges,  chefnuts.  &c.  and  hkewife  in  ©lanna,  falfron,  and  woad, 
A  great  quantity  of  kermes  and  fodi  is  produced  in,  the  moll  fouther- 
ly  parts.  Salt  is  obtained  in  great  plenty  ;  the  duties  on  this  article, 
though  very  oppr^ive  to  the  fuhjctt,  are  one  of  the  largeft  branches 
of  the  revenue  ;  They  are  farmed  at  54  miliions  of  livres  annually. 
The  fait  however  is  not  remarkable  for  its  purity.  The  conlumption. 
of  tobacco  in  France  amounts  to  ao  millions  of  pounds;  15  millions 
are  raifed  in  the  country,  and  five  millions  imported  by  fmuggling. 

Horfes,  cattle,  and  afl'es,  are  not  remarkably  good,  except  in  a  fev/ 
difl:ri£ls.  The  flocks  of  fheep,  though  numerous,  are  not  able  to  fup- 
ply  the  large  woollen-manufa£lurcs.  Picardy,  alone,  however,  pro- 
duces annually  6oo,00olb.  of  wool  ;  and  fo  many  live  flieep  have 
been  fmugglcd  over  from  England  into  Normandy  and  Brctagne,  that 
the  flocks  of  thofe  two  provinces  are  thought  to  be  not  inferior  to 
thofe  of  England.  By  the  fame  clandefline  traffick  Englifh  wool  is 
imported  to  the  value  of  loo.oool.  flerling.  The  French  cloth-innn- 
ufa£tures  are  rifen  to  very  great  confequence  ;  the  lucil  confiderable 
among  them  are  thofe  at  Amiens,  Abbeville,  Lyons,  Sedan,  Paris, 
Rouen,  RyfTel.  &c.  In  the  government  of  Lyons  woollens  are  manu- 
faftured  to  the  value  of  i3,oco,ooo  livres,  two  thirds  of  which  are  ex- 
ported. In  Bretagne  there  are  800  looms  for  ligiit  fluffs  ;  the  manu- 
iaclures  at  Abbeville  have  confiaerably  injured  thole  of  England  ; 
as  have  likewife  tliofe  in  Languedoc  and  Provence,  eipecially  by  their 
concurrence  and  fupeiior  demand  in  the  Levant  market. 

The  mineral  kingdom  in  F''rance  has  hitherto  not  afTordcd  very 
large  trcafures.  Some  iilver  is  found  in  Alface,  at  St.  Marie  aux 
mines,  and  Moncrif ;  copper  and  iron,  almoft  fuIEsient  for  the  de- 
mand of  the  manufaftures.  is  found  in  Rouflillou,  Bigorre,  Foix,  Na- 
varre, Gafcogne,  Normaadie,  Bretagne,  and  Orleanois.  Many  of 
thefe  mines  contain  lead.  However,  fleel  is  annually  imported  to  the 
value  of  3,000,000  livres.  Mineralogy  has  hitherto  been  in  an  infant 
ftate  ;  but  when  duly  attended  to,  the  mines  of  France  are  likely  to 
yield  very  ample  profits. 

There  arc  manufaftuaes  of  ailum,  vitriol,  and  fa]tpet»-e  ;  in  Franche 
Comte  1,200,000  lb.  of  the  latter  article  are  annually  obtained. 

France  has  very  important  fiflieries.     About  50,000  tons  of  herrings 
are  cauglit  annually  by  the  French  fifhcrmen  ;  liie    filhery   of   ancho- 
vies is  faid  to  be  worth  two  million  of  livres.  I'he  French  fifliorieson 
the  (>Jorth- American  coafls  were  efti mated,   befoj.e  the  year   1744,  at 
$»  i,ooo,oool. 


276  FRANC        E. 

J,ooo,oog!.  fterling;  they  have  fince  decreafed,  but  it  is  likely  they 
will  be  foon  worth  nearly  as  much  as  before,  in  confequence  of  the 
celTions  made  to  France  by  the  peace  of  1783.  In  1768,  the  French 
fent  114  veHelsto  Newfoundland,  which  brought  home  a  cargo  of 
cod,  worth  3,000,000  livres  ;  but  the  profits  arifing  from  this  branch 
of  fifliery  are  not  very  conhderable. 

To  enumerate  the  many  manufaftures  of  articles  of  luxury  eftablifh- 
ed  in  France,  would  exceed  the  limits  of  (his  book  ;  it  is  fufficiently 
known,  that  France  has  long  ago  taken  the  lead  in  fafhions,  and  has 
had  the  good  foi tune  of  feeing  them  imitated  and  a<iopted  by  mofl: 
other  nations  of  Europe.  This  fortunate  pre-eminence  is  a  very  great 
fource  of  profits.  In  the  year  1773,  there  were  in  France  1500  lilk- 
mills,  2t,ooo  looms  for  filk  ftuffs,  12,000  for  ribbands  and  lace,  20,000 
for  filk  flockings  ;  and  the  different  filk  manufaftures  employed 
2,000,000  perforts. 

As  a  commercial  ftate,  France  follows  immediately  after  England 
and  Holland.  Its  trade  is  carried  on  with  all  Europe  ;  that  branch  of 
it  which  was  carried  on  publickly  with  England  was  hitherto  not  ve- 
ry confiderable.  It  exported  to  England  in  the  year  1785,  goods  to 
the  value  of  H7.366I.  flerling,  and  imported  from  England  to  the  val- 
ue of  358,2441.  flerling.  But  the  fmuggling  trade  between  both  coun- 
tries is  carried  on  to  a  great  amount.  It  was  publickly  flated  in  the 
Houfe  of  Commons,  that  only  60,000  cags  of  fpirits  paid  the  duties, 
and  3,000,000  cags  were  fmugglcd  ;  the'greateft  part  of  which  were 
French  fpirits.  The  French  have  made  themfelves  mafters  of  the 
greateil  fhare  of  the  Levant  trade  ;  they  export  tlie  produce  of  their 
manufaftures,  chiefly  woollens,  and  Wefl  Indian  goods,  from  Mar- 
feillcs  to  Conflantinople,  Smyrna,  Syria,  and  Egypt.  They  take, 
however,  fo  large  quantities  of  the  produce  of  thefe  countries  in  re- 
turn, that  they  are  obliged  to  pay  a  balance  in  ready  money.  The 
f'rench  enjoy  fome  valuable  commercial  privileges  in  Turke^'.  Their 
African  and  Eail-India  trade  is  likewife  unprofitable  ;  but  their  Wefl- 
India  poHeflions,  which  are  admirably  cultivated  and  governed,  make 
ample  amends  for  theie  lofTes  by  the  mary  articles  of  commerce  they 
fupply,  which  are  valued  at  125,000,000  livres.  Before  the  late 
American  v/ar,  the  balance  cf  commerce  in  favour  of  France  was  ef- 
timated  at  70,000,000  livres,  and  it  is  faid,  that  it  has  not  diminifhed 
fince.  Inland  trade  is  greatly  facilitated  by  numerous  navigable  canals 
in  feveral  parts  of  the  kingdom.  The  principal  trading  towns  arc, 
Paris,  Lyons,  MarfeiUcs,  Bourdeaux,  Nantes,  Rouen,  St.  Malo  Ro- 
chelle,  RyiTel,  Havre  de  Grace^  Dunkiik,  &c.  ' 

TIk:  landtrade  of  France  to  Switzerland  and  Italy  is  carried  on  by  way 
of  Lyons— To  Germany,  through  Metz  and  Strafburgh— To  the  Ne- 
therlands, through  Li  fie— To  Spain  (a  mofl  profitable  one,)  throuah 
Rayonne  and  Perpignan.  As  for  the  naval  commerce,  her  ports  m  the 
channel,  and  on  the  weflern  ocean,  are  frequented  by  all  the  trading 
nations  in  Europe,  to  the  great  advantage  of  France,  more  efpecially 
relpe£bng  w!,at  is  carried  on  witli  England,  Holland,  and  Italy.  The 
trade  from  her  Mediterranean  ports  (more  particularly  from  Marfeilles) 
with  Turkey  and  Africa  has  long  been  very  confiderable. 

The  Weft  India  iflands,  before  the  late  difhurbances,  pruduced  an- 
nually, an  an  average,  Sugar,  224,coo,ooclbs— Collee,   6c,ooo,ooolbs, 

Cotton, 


FRANCE.  277 

Cotton,  7,70o,ooolbs — Indigo,  2,2ooO;OOolbs,  with  many  other  arti- 
cles. Total  value  of  Wefl-India  produfts,  190^000,000  livres,  or 
400.000I.  Sterling.  France  exports  to  the  amount  of  102.000.000 
livres,  u^hich  dedufted  from  190,000.000  livres,  (the  whole  value) 
leaves  88,000,000  livres  or  4oo,oo®l.  fterling  for  home  confumption. 

The  Newfoundland  Fiflicries  employ  annually  264  fhips,  containing 
27,439  tons,  and  9,403  men.  Total  value  of  the  Fiflrery,  6,000.000 
or  270,0001.  Sterling. 

The  Eaft-India  importation  i§  valued  at  18,000.000  livers,  or 
Soo.oool.  Sterling. 

Total  Exports  of  France  332,000,000  livers,  or  Z'.  15,000,000  Sterl. 
Imports  256,000,000  livreSjOr /'.1 1,640,000 

Balance  in  favour  of  France  '         '  ^L  3'3^°'°°° 

One  great  difadvantage  to  the  commerce  of  Francois,  that  the  pro- 
feffion  of  a  merchant  is  not  fo  honourable  as  in  England  and  fome 
«ther  countries,  fo  that  the  French  nobility  think  it  below  them  ; 
which  is  the  reafon  that  the  church,  the  lav/,  and  the  army,  are  fo  full 
of  that  order.  A  great  number  of  the  cities  of  France,  till  the  late 
revolution,  had  the  privilege  of  coinage,  and  each  of  them  a  partic- 
ular mark  to  diftinguifli  their  refpedive  pieces  ;  which  was  very 
embarrkfhng,   efpecially  to  ftrangers. 

Trade  was  much  benefited  in  France  by  the  following  circumflances 
and  regulations  :  Firft,  By  the  great  fubordination  the  lower  clafTes  of 
the  people  were  kept  in  habits  of  fobriety  and  induftry  ;  this  was  perhaps 
one  of  the  Jezo  good  confequences  of  the  feverity  of  a  ftrift  monarchi- 
cal government,  which  may  in  fome  mcafure  palliate  fome  other  hard- 
fhips  refulting  from  it.  Secondly,  No  goods  were  permitted  to  be  of- 
fered for  fale  which  had  not  previoufly  been  examined  by  proper  of- 
ficers, in  order  to  prevent  impofitions  on  the  purchafer.  Thirdly, 
The  French  colonies  were  under  the  neceflity  of  being  fupplied  with 
almoft  all  neceffaries  from  the  mother  country.  Fourthly,  In  the 
ports,  for  inftance,  at  Bourdeaux,  the  commodities  imported  by  mer- 
chants were  depofited  in  the  royal  warehoufes  adjoining  the  cuflom- 
houfe,  and  the  duties  of  the  whole  purchafe  were  not  paid  at  once,  but 
only  the  duties  of  fuch  parts  of  it  as  the  merchant  took  out  gradually 
from  the  warehoufes  for  fale. 

The  bank  of  France,  called  the  CaiflTe  d'Efcompte,  enjoys  confidera- 
ble  credit.  There  is  only  one  trading  company,  viz.  the  Eafl-India 
Companv  ;  the  flock  of  which  amounts  to  only  ten  millions  of  livres, 
and  whofe  aftjirs  are  under  the  management  of  twelve  adminiflraiors. 

Le.vr.ning  a.vu  learned  .mf.n.]  The  fciences  have  rifen  to  a  very 
great  height  in  this  kingdom,  and  this  nation  can  boafl  of  having  pro- 
duced great  mafler-pieces  in  almofl  every  branch  of  fcientific  knowl- 
edge and  elegant  literature.  The  influence  of  a  fuperftitious  religion 
on  fcicnce  has  been  lefs  felt  in  France  than  in  other  Catholic  countries  ; 
probably  from  the  emulation  of  the  Catholics  with  their  Proteftant 
countrymen,  who  for  many  years  enjoyed  free  exercife  of  their  relig- 
ion, and  who  made  great  progrefs  in  Icienccs.  During  the  laft  hun- 
dred years,  the  French  language  has  acquired  the  great  privilege  of  be- 
ing generally  introduced  as  a  polite  language  into  all  other  Europeari 
countries.  Befides  the  excellence  of  the  French  writers  of  the  age  of 
^.Quis   XV,    the  circulation    of   that  language  mud  be    attribute^ 


ft^8  FRANCE. 

to  the  frequent  wars  and  ne<JOC!at:ons  of  the  French,  to  (he  pfCvV 
alcncc  ot  their  fdfhions,  and  to  ih-  difperfion  of  feveral  liundred 
thoufand  baniflied  Proteftants  over  other  countries,  where  the  polite- 
nefs  of  their  Tnanners  cffcftcd  a  prpdileftion  for  their  language, 

Lewis  X]y.  was  the  Auguftus  of  France.  The  proteftion  he  gave 
to  letters,  and  the  peniions  he  bcftowed  on. learned  men,  both  at  home 
and  abroad,  which:  bv  cakuld»iun.  did  not  aroount  to  above  i2,oool. 
per  armum,  ha\"e  gained  him  more  glory  than  all  th^  military  entcr- 
prifes,  upon  which  he  expended  foLinany  millions.  The  learned  men 
who  appeared  in  France  during  this  reign,  are  too  numerous  to  be 
mentioned.  Their  tra^TJc  poets,  Racine  and  Corneille,  have  deferved- 
Iv  obtained  a  very  high  reputation  :  The  firfl  was  difiinguifhed  for 
ikill  in  moving  the  pafiions  ;  the  fecond  for  majefty  ;  and  both,  foi* 
the  {Irength  and  juftnels  of  th«ir  painting,  the  elegance  of  their  taftc, 
and  their  ftrift  fdherenre  to  the  rules  of  the  drama.  Moliere  would 
have  exhaufted  the  fubjtfts  of  comedy,  v/ere  they  not  every  where 
inexhauilible,  and  particularly  in  France.  In  works  of  fatire  and  in 
criticilm,  Boileau,  who  was  a  clofe  imitator  of  the  ancients,  poffelTed 
uncommon  merit.  But  FVance  Iras  not  yet  produced  an  epic  poem 
that  can  be  mentioned  with  Milton's  ;  nor  a  genius  of  the  fame  exten- 
five  and  univerfal  kind  with  Shakefpcare,  e.^ually  fitted  for  the  gay  and 
the  ferious,  the  humorous  and  the  fublimr.  In  the  eloquence  of  the 
pulpit  and  of  the  bar,  the  French  are  greatly  fuperior  to  the  Englifh  : 
Bolfutt,  Bourdaloue,  Flechier,  MafTillon  and  Saurin,  have  carried  pul- 
pit eloquence  to  a  degree  of  perfeftion  which  the  Englifh  may  ap- 
prach  to,  but  can  hardly  be  expefted  ever  to  furpafs.  The  genius, 
}irwcver,of  their  religion  and  government,  was  extremely  unfavourable 
to  all  improvements  in  the  moft  ufeful  branches  of  phil'ofophy.  ■  All  the 
cflablifhments  of  Lewis  XIV.  for  the  advancement  of  fcience.  were  not 
able  to  countcibahmce  the  influence  of  the  clergy,  and  that  the  court 
andmini{h-y,whohad  an  equal  intereftin  concealing  the  natural  rights 
ot  mankind,  and  every  found  principle  of  government.  The  French 
have  not  thereferc  fo  many  good  writers  on  moral,  religious,  or  politic 
cal  lubjefts,  as  have  appeared  in  Great  Bi  itain.  But  France  has  pro- 
duced lome  great  men  who  do  honour  to  humanity  ;  whofe  career  no 
pbftacle  could  flop,  whofe  freedom  no  government,  however  dofpotic, 
no  religion  however  fuperftitioui,  could  curb  or  rellrain.  As  an  hif- 
torian,  Dc  Thou  is  entitled  to  the  higheft  praifa  ;  and  who  is  ignorant 
of  Pafcal,  or  of  the  archbifliop  of  Cambray  ?  Few  men  have  done  more 
fcj-vice  to  religion,  either  by  their  writings  or  their  lives.  As  for 
Montefquieu,  he  is  an  honour  to  human  nature  :  He  is  the  iegiflato>r 
of  nations  ;  his  v.'orks  are  read  in  every  country  and  language,  and 
wherever  they  go  they  enlighten  and  in\'igorate  the  human  mind. 

In  the  Belles  Lettres  and  mifcellaneous  way>  no  nation  ever  produ- 
ced more  agreeable  writers  ;  among  whoiii  we  may  place  Montaigne, 
D'Argens,  Voltaire  and  Marmontel,  as  the  moft  confiderable, 

Delcartes  ranks  among  the  greateft  ph:lofophers  in  modern  times. 
He  was  the  fird  who  applied  algebra  to  the  folution  of  geometrical 
problems,  which  naturally  paved  the  way  to  the  analytical  difcoveries 
of  Nev/ton.  Many  of  the  prefent  age  are  excellent  mathematicians  ; 
particularly  D'Alembert,  who,  with  all  the  prccifion  of  a  geometrician, 
has  united  the  ty.l?nts  cf  a  lir.c  v/riter. 

Since 


FRANCE.  2-^ 

•Since  the  beginning  of  the  prefent  century,  the  French  have  vied 
with  the  Englifla  in  natural  philofophy.  Buffon  is  to  be  regarded  as  a 
philofophical  painter  of  nature;  and,  under  this  view,  his  Natural 
Hiftory  is  the  firfl  Work  of  its  kind. 

Their  painters,  PouHin,  l.e  Brun,  and  above  all  Le  Sueur,  did  hon- 
our to  the  age  of  Lewis  XI\'^.  They  have  none  at  prefent  to  compare 
with  them  in  the  more  noble  kinds  of  painting  ;  but  Mr.  Greufc,  for 
portraits  and  converfation-pieces,  never  perhaps  was  excelled. 

Sculpturii  is  in  general  better  underftood  in  France  than  in  moft 
other  countries  of  Europe.  Their  treatifes  on  fliip-building  and  cnfri- 
neeriiig  ftand  unrivalled  ;  but  in  the  praftice  of  both  they  arc  outdone 
fcy  the  Englifli.  No  genj^us  has  hitherto  equalled  Vauban  in  the  theo- 
ry or  practice  of  fortification.  The  French  were  long  fuperior  to  the 
Englilli  in  architefture. 

We  flrall  conclude  this  head  with  obferving,  that  the  French  have 
now  finilhed  the  Encyclopedic,  or  general  dittionary  of  arts  and  fcien- 
ces,  which  was  drawn  up  bv  the  mofk  able  maflcrs  in  each  branch  of 
litemture,  in  e8  voluvnesin  folio  (fix  of  which  are  copper-plates)  under 
the  direftion  of  Meffieurs  D'Alembert  and  Diderot,  and  is  one  of  the 
moil  complete  colleftions  of  human  knowledge. 

Ukiversities  and  ruuLic  colleges.]  Thefe  literary  inftitu- 
tions  received  a  prefent  Icfs  by  the  expulfioh  of  ihe  Jefuits,  who  made 
the  languages,  arts,  and  fciences,  their  particular  lludy,  and  taught 
them  all  over  P' ranee  ;  but  as  the  extinction  of  this  body  of  men  has 
ferved  to  lefl'en  the  influence  of  fuperftition  in  France,  there  is  rcafon 
to  believe  that  the  interefts  of  real  learning  and  fcience  have,  upon  the 
whole,  been  promoted  by  that  event.  It  is  not  within  our  plan  to  de- 
icribe  the  different  governments  and  conftitutions  of  every  univerfity 
or  public  college  in  France  ;  but  they  are  in  number  twentv-eiglit,  as 
follows  :  Aix,  Angiers,  Aries,  Avignon,  Beran(j:on,  Bourdeaux,  Bour- 
ges,  Caer^  Cahors,  Del,  Douay,  La  Fleche,  Montauban,  MontpcUier, 
Nantes,  Orange.  Orleans,  Paris,  Perpignan,  Poitiers,  Pont-a-MoulIbn, 
Richlieu,  Rheims,  Soiilons,  Stralbourg,  Touloufe,  Tournoife,  and 
A'alence, 

AcADiiMiEs.]  There  are  eight  academies  in  Paris,  namely,  three 
literary  ones,  the  French  Academy,  that  of  Infcriptions,  and  that  of 
the  Sciences  ;  one  of  painting  and  fculpture,  one  of  architcfture,  and 
three  for  riding  th':  great  horfc,  and  other  military  exercifes. 

Antiquities  and  curiosities,  "I  Few  countries,  if  we  except 
NATURAL  AND  ajitiucial,  /  It aly,  can  boaft  of  more  valua- 
ble remains  of  antiquity  than  France.  Some  of  the  French  antiquities 
belong  to  the  time  of  the  Celts,  and  confequcntly,  compared  to  tliem, 
thofe  of  Rome  aie  modern.  Father  Mahillon  has  given  us  a  molt  cu- 
rious account  of  the  fepulchrcs  of  their  kings,  which  have  been  dif- 
covered  fo  far  back  as  Pharamond  ;  and  fome  of  thera,  when  broke 
open,  were  found  to  contain  ornaments  and  jewels  of  value.  At 
Rheims,  and  other  part?  of  France,  are  to  be  leen  triumphal  arches  ; 
but  the  mod  entire  is  at  Orange,  ere£ted  on  account  of  the  victory  ob- 
tained over  the  CimbrI  and  Teuiones,  by  Caius  Marius  and  Luftatius 
Catulus.  After  (iaul  was  reduced  to  a  Roman  piovitice,  the  Romans 
took  vaft  delight  in  adorning  it  with  magniHccn'  edifices,  both  civil 
and  iacred  ;  foiwe  of  which  are  more  entire  than  anv  to  be  met  with  in 

It.ly 


-So  FRANCE, 

It:.ly  itfelf.  The  ruins  of  an  amphit'heatre  are  to  be  found  in  Chalons, 
and  likewife  at  Vienne.  Nifmes,  however,  exhibits  the  mpft  valuable 
remains  of  ancient  architeflure  of  any  place  in  France.  The  famous 
Pont  du  Garde  was  raifed  in  the  Auguftan  age  by  the  Roman  colony 
of  Nifmes.  to  convey  a  ftream  of  water  between  two  mountains  for 
the  ufe.  of  that  city,  and  is  as  frefh  to  this  day  as  Weftminfter-bridge  : 
It  confuls  of  three  bridges,  or  tires  of  arches  one-  above  another  ;  the 
height  is  174  feet,  and  the  length  extends  to  723,  -The  moderns  are 
indebted  for  this,  and  many  other  ftupcndous  aqucdufts,  to  the  igno- 
rance of  the  ancients,  that  all  ftreams  will  rife  as  high  as  their  heads. 
Many  other  ruins  of  antiquity  are  found  at  iSiifmes  :  but  the  chief,  are 
the  temple  of  Diana,  whofe  vefliges  are  ftill  remaining  ;  the  amphithe- 
atre, which  is  tliought  to  be  the  fineft  and  moft  entire  of  the  kind  of 
any  in  Europe  ;  but  above  all,  the  houfe  erefted  by  the  emperor  Adrian, 
(Called  the  Maifon  Quarree.  The  arcliitefture  and  fculpturc  of  this 
building  arc  fo  exquifitely  beautiful,  that  it  enchants  even  the  mofl 
ignorant  ;  and  it  is  ftill  entir.e,  being  very  little  affefted  either  by  the 
ravages  of  time,  or  the  havoc  of  war.  At  Paris,  in  La  Rue  de  la 
ilarpe,  may  be  feen  the  remains  of  a  palace,  or  Thermse,  fuppofed  to 
have  be.en  built  l>y  the  emperor  Julian,  furnamed  the  Apollate,  about 
the  year  356,  after  the  fame  mode!  as  the  baths  of  Dioclefian.  The  re- 
mains  of  this  ancient  ediiice  are  many  arches,  and  v.'ithin  them  a  large 
faloon.  It  is  fabricated  of  a  kind  of  maRic.  the  compofition  of  which 
is  not  now  known,  intermixed  with  fraall  fquare  pieces  of  free-ftone 
and  bricks. 

In  A'lcs  in  Pro^«encc  is  to  be  feen  an  obelifk  of  oriental  granite, 
■which  is  52  feet  high,  and  fevcn  feet  diameter  at  the  bafe,  and  all  but 
pne  llonc.  Roman  temples  are  frequent  in  France.  The  mofh  par- 
ticular are  in  Burgundy  and  Guienne  ;  and  other  places,  befides  the 
neiglibourhood  ()f  Nifmes,  contain  magnificent  ruins  of  aquedufts. 
The  paffage  cut  through  the  middle  of  a  rock  near  Brian^on  in  Dau- 
phiny,  is  thought  to  be  a  Roman  work,  if  not  of  greater  antiquity. 
The  round  buckler  of  maffy  filver,  taken  out  of  the  Rhone  in  1665, 
being  twenty  inches  in  diameter,  and  weighing  twenty-one  pounds, 
containing  the  Dory  of  Scipio's  continence,  is  thought  to  be  coeval 
with  that  great  general.  It  would  be  endlcls  to  recount  the  different 
monuments  of  antiquity  to  be  found  in  Fiance,  particularly  in  the 
cabinets  of  the  curious. 
■'  Cities  and  towns.]  The fe  are  numerous  in  France  ;  of  which 
'  wc  l|iall  mention  only  P^ris,  Lille,  and  their  priptipal  fea-ports,  Brell 
and  Toiilon. 

Liile,  in  French  Flanders,  is  thought  to  be  the  mofl:  regular  anc^ 
Arongeft  fortiticatiori  in  Europe,  and  was  the  mafter-piece  of 
the  famous  Vauban.  It  is  generally  garrifoned  with  above  10,000 
regular^  ;  and,  for  its  magnificence  and  elegance,  it  is  called  Little 
Paris.  Its  manufaftures  of  filk,  cambric,  and  camblets,  are  very  con- 
fiderable  ;  and  its  inhabitants  amount  to  about  100.000.  Dunkirk, 
which  the  French  U'cre  obliged  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht  to  dcmolifli, 
is  ftill  a  thprn  in  the  fide  of  {.lie  Englin-i,  by  being  a  harbour  for  their 
Smugglers,  and  may  now,  |3y  an  article  in  the  lall  treaty  of  peace,  be 
put  into  what  condition  the  French  miniftiy  may  pleale.  The  reft  of 
French  Flanders,  and  its  Netherlands,  abound  \yilh  fortified  towns, 
v/feich  carry  on  veiy  gainful  manufaftures.  Moving 


FRANCE.  aSt 

Moving  fouthward,  we  come  to  the  Ifle  of  France  ;  tlic  capital  of 
which,  and  of  ihe  whole  kingdom,  is  Paris.  The  population  of  Paris, 
according  to  Guthrie  docs  not  exceed  7  or  800,000  ;  according  to 
Zimmermann  680.0000  •,  fo  that  if  Aitkin's  corjcfturc  refpcfling  the 
population  of  London  be  near  the  truth,*  the  population  of  Paris  ex- 
ceeds that  of  London. 

Paris  is  divided  into  three  parts  ;  the  city,  the  univerfity,  ami  that 
which  was  formerly  called  the  Town.  The  city  is  old  Paris  ;  the  uni- 
verfity and  the  town  are  tlie  new.  Paris  is  faid  to  be  the  paradifc  of 
fplendor  and  difhpation.  The  tapcftry  of  the  Go1-)elincs+  is  unequal- 
led for  beauty  and  richnefs.  The  Louvre  is  a  building  that  does  hon- 
to  architefture  itfelf  ;  and  the  inftitution  of  the  French  academy  far 
exceeds  any  thing  of  the  kind  in  England,  or  elfewhere.  The  Thuil- 
leries,  the  palace  of  Orlean's,  er,  as  it  is  called,  Luxembourg,  where  a 
•valuable  coUeftion  of  paintings  are  fliewn,  the  royal  palace,  the  king's 
library,  the  guild-hall,  and  the  hofpital  for  the  invalids,  are  fupcrb  to 
the  higheft  degree.  The  city  of  Paris  is  faid  to  be  fifteen  miles  in  cir- 
cumference. The  hotels  of  the  French  nobleffe  at  Paris  take  up  a 
great  deal  of  room  with  their  court-yards  and  gardens  •,  and  fo  do  their 
convents  and  churches.  The  Ilreets  are  very  narrow,  and  the  houfes 
very  high,  many  of  them  feven  ftories.  The  river  Seine,  runs  through 
the  centre  of  the  city,  but  it  is  too  far  dillant  from  the  fea  ff.r  the  pui- 
pofes  of  navigation  ;  over  it  are  many  flone  and  wooden  bridges.  The 
police  of  Paris  is  fo  well  attended  to,  that  quarrels,  accidents,  or  felo- 
nies, feldom  happen  ;  and  flrangers,  from  all  quarters  of  the  globe,  let 
their  appearance  be  ever  fo  uncommon,  meet  with  the  moft  polite 
treatment.  The  ftreets  are  patrolled  at  night  by  horfe  and  foot  ;  fo  ju- 
idicioufly  ftationed,  that  no  offender  can  efcape  their  vigilance.  They 
likewife  vifit  the  publicans  precifely  at  the  hour  of  twelve  at  night,  tQ 
fee  that  the  company  are  gone  ;  for  in  Paris  no  liquor  can  be  had  after 
that  time.  The  public  roads  in  France  are  under  the  fame  excellent 
regulation,  which,  with  the  torture  of  the  rack,  prevents  robberies  in 
.that  kingdcm  ;  but  for  the  fame  reafon,  when  robbeiies  do  happen, 
ihey  are  always  attended  with  the  death  of  the  unfortunate  traveller. 

The  environs  of  Paris  are  very  plcafant,  and  contain  a  number  of 
fine  feats,  fmall  towns,  and  villages  ;  fomc  of  them  being  fcaitcrpd  on 
the  edges  of  lofty  mountains  rifing  from  the  Seine,  are  remarkably  de- 
lightful. 

The  palace  of  Vcvfaillcs,  which  flands  twelve  miles  fiom  Pari-s^ 
though  magnificent  and  expenliv*  beyond  conceptioji,  and  adorr.c.L 
with  all  that  art  can  furnilh,  is  properly  a  coUeftion  of  buildings. 
each  of  exquilite  architc£lure,  but  not  forming  a  whole,  agreeable  lu 
the  grand  and  lublirac  of  that  art.  The  gardens  and  waterworks, 
(which  are  fupplied  by  means  of  prodigious  engines  acrofs  the  Seine 
at  Marli,  about  three  miles  diftancc)  are  aftonifhing  proofs  of  the  fer- 
tile genius  of  man,  and  highly  worthy  of  a  flrangers  attention.  Tria- 
non, Maili.  St.  Germain  en  Laye,  Meudon,  and  other  royal  palaces, 
are  laid  out  with  tafle  and  judgment  ;  each  h^s  its  peculiar  beauties  for 
the  entertainment  and  amulement  of  a  luxurious  court. 

Breft 

♦  See  pare  94.  Note. 

+  One  GohUi,  a  noted  dyer  at  Rlieims,  wns  tKe  fiift  who  fettled  in  this  place,  in  th« 
reign  of  Francis  I.  and  ihe  houfe  has  retained  his  name  ever  (ince  j  and  here  the  great  Col- 
j^rt^  about  the  year  1667,  ellubhlhcd  that  yaluabk  manut'ddory. 


&^2  PRANCE. 

Brefi;  is  a  fmall,  but  very  ftrong  town,  upon  the  Englifh  channe!, 
rvTjth  a  moft  fpacious  and  fine  fortified  road  and  harbour,  the  beft  and 
fdfefl  in  all  the  kingdom  :  Its  entrance  however,  is  faid  to  be  difficult, 
by  reafon  of  many  rocks  lying  under  water.  At  Bred  is  a  court  o( 
admiralty,  and  academy  for  fea-affairs,  docks,  and  magazines  for  all 
kinds  of  naval  (lores,  ropc-yards,  ftorc-houfes,  &c.  infomuch  that  it 
may  now  be  termed  the  capital  receptacle  for  the  navy-roval  of  France, 
and  is  admirably  well  adapted  for  that  end. 

Lewis  XIV.  rendered  Toulon,  from  a  pitiful  village,  a  fea-port  of 
great  importance.  Pie  fortified  both  the  town  and  harbour,  for  the  re- 
ception and  protcftion  of  the  navy-royal.  Its  old  and  its  new  irarbour. 
iie  contiguous  ;  and  by  means  of  a  canal,  fhips  pais  from  the  one  to 
other,  both  of  them  having  an  outlet  into  the  fpacious  outer  harbour 
Its  arfenal,  eftablifhed  alfo  by  that  king,  has  a  particular  ftorehoufe  for 
each  fhip  of  war,  its  guns,  cordage,  &c.  being  feparately  laid  up. 
Here  are  fpacious  workfhops  for  blackfmiths,  joiners,  carpenters, 
lockfmiths,  carvers,  &c.  Its  ropewalk,  of  Hone,  is  320  toifes  or  fa- 
thoms in  length,  witli  three  arched  walks.  Its  general  magazine  fup- 
plies  whatever  may  be  wanting  in  the  particular  itore-houfes,  and  con- 
tains  an  immenfe  quantity  of  all  kinds  of  flores,  difpofcd  in  the  great- 
ell  order.  The  other  principal  towns  in  France  are  jnentioned  in  the 
Table. 

Religio?,'.]  The  eflabliflied  religion  of  this,  kingdom  before  the 
late  Revolution  was  the  R.oman  Catholic  ;  and  fince  the  year  1685,  in 
which  the  edift  of  Nantes  was  repealed,  greatly  to  the  prejudice  of  the 
kingdom,  no  other  Chriflian  fed  was  legally  tolerated.  In  fomc  parti 
of  the  kingdom,  at  Bourdcaux  and  Metz,  Jews  were  tolerated  under 
certain  reftriftions.  The  fefcl  of  Janfenifts  are  very  numerous.  The 
Galilean  church  has  always  bs-cn  able  to  defend  its  liberties  againfl:  the 
encroachments  of  papal  powei-,  and  it  adopted  only  fuch  parts  of  the 
canon  law  as  did  not  militate  againft  its  rights.  The  bilhoprics  and 
prebends  M'ere  entirely  in  the  gift  of  the  king.  No  other  Catholic 
i'tate,  except  thofe  of  Italy,  had  fo  numerous  a  clergy  as  France  :  there 
herein  this  kingdom  fo  late  as  1784,  18  archbifliops,  iti  bifliops, 
166,000  clergymen,  5.J00  convfents,  containing  200,000  perfons  devo- 
ted to  a  mcnallic  life.*  The  numbers  of  the  clergy  were  then,  howev- 
er, greatly  decreafing,  and  according  to  fome  ilatemefrts,  they  did 
not  amount  to  more  than  130,000  perfons.  The  revenues  amounted  to 
121  millions  of  livres,  but  they  were  fubje^l  to  heavy  taxation.  The 
jncomeof  the  bifliops  alone  v/as  eftimated  at  6,0(So.cqo  of  livres.  Ev- 
■•"y  diocele  had  a  court,  called  bureau  dioufuin,  the  jurifdi6lion  of 
which  rcfpefted  the  contributions  payable  by  the  clergy,  and  was  lim- 
ited to  lums  under  20  livres.  From  thefe  courts  appeal  might  be  made 
to  nine  chavibres  cukfiajiiqnes  fuptriairts. 

The  unfettled  Hate  of  aflairs  in  France,  render  it  difficult,  if  not  im- 
■poffible,  to  give  a  juit  account  of  the  prefent  flate  of  Religion  in  that 
kingdom. 

Statement 

*  Since  fhe  RevolutioB  a)l  religious  hoiifes  have  been  (upprcffed,  and  their  imraenfe  funds 
appropriated  to  public  ufes.  The  revenues  of  the  ecclefiaftics  of  ail  kinds  amounted  to 
f,  6,ooo,coo  l^eriing. 


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FRANCE.  289 

Army.]     la  1784  the  whole  French  army  confided  of 

Infantry,  144,624 

Cavalry,  58,176 

Minenrs,  9)798 

Jingineers,  326 


Total,  212,924 

The  following  is  faid  to  be  an  aftual  ftatement  of  the  French  army, 
as  reported  to  the  national  aircmbly,  in  the  lummer  of  1792,  by  a  com- 
mittee of  twelve,  appointed  for  the  purpofe  : 

TROOPS       OF       THE       LINE. 

Marjhai  Luckner. 
FfFcftive  men  in  the  field,  23,049 

In  the  feveral  garrifons,  15)375 

Total,  38,424 

To  complete  the  regiment  of  which  thefe  troops 

conhft,  there  are  wanting,  5409 


So  that  when  the  regiments  are  complete,  the 

number  of  effcftive  men  will  be,  43j833 

M.  la  Fayette. 
Effcdive  men  in  the  field,  23,227 

In  the  feveral  garrifons,  ^5t^"7 


Total,  38,354 

Wanting  to  complete  the  feveral  regiments,  7020 

When  complete  they  will  be,  455374 

M.  Lamoliere, 

In  the  field,  20,943 

In  garrifon,  11,630 


Total,  Z'i,573 

Wanting  to  complete  the  feveral  regiments,  4,924 


When  complete  they  will  be,  37>497 

M,Montefquku, 

In  the  field,  23,380 

Ingairifon,  10,841 


Total,  34,221 

Vv'anting  to  complete  the  feveral  regiments,  8,650 

When  complete  thev  will  be,  "  38,871 

Of  the  four  armies,  the  troops  in  the  field,  including  fomo  compa- 
nies lately  joined,  arc  90,599  ;  in  garrifon  54,173;  making,  together, 
144,772.  Wanting  to  complete  the  regiments  21,885  ;  fo  that,  when 
completed,  the  four  armies  will  confiftof  166,657. 

In  the  interior  of  the  kingdom  arc  21,373  men  ;   and  when  the  reg- 
iments arc  completed  they  will  be  26,375. 
In  the  colonics  there  are  12.564. 

X  The 


290  FRANCE. 

The  whole  effe£live  men  of  the  troops  of  the  line,  are  178,518;  an 
wheii  completed  they  will  be  205,286. 

^  N  A  T  J  O  N  A  t      GUARDS. 

With  Luckncr  21,000 

With  Favette  22,000 

On  the  Rhine  16,000 

In    the   South  25,000 

In   the    Colonies  5,000 

In  the    Interior  3;500 


Total,  92,500 

The  troops  lately  voted  by  the  national  aflembly,  and  partly  raifed, 
will  amount  to  171,774.     The  troops  of  the  line  and  volunteer  nation- 
al guards,   when   completed  will  amount  to  400,000;   and  of  thefe 
271,000  are  aftually  in  the  field,  or  in  earrifon. 
Navy.]     In  1785,  France  had  256  {hips,  viz. 

Ships   of  the  line  72 

Frigates  74 

Corvettes  '  aS 

Gallies  36  . 

Cutters  27 

J     Fire-fhips  19 

256 

In  the  year  1780,  178a,  the  number  of  fhips  was  266. 

The  navy  department  is  divided  into  the  weftern  and  eaftern  depart- 
ments fdu  Ponent  &  du  Levant  J  the  firft  of  which  has  again  three  fub- 
divilions.  The  chief  ports  of  the  royal  navy  are  thofe  of  Toulon, 
Breft,  Port  Louis,  Rochefort,  and  Havre  de  Grace  ;  that  of  Cherbourg 
has  lately  been  repaired. 

All  naval  affairs  are  under  the  management  of  the  Secretaire  de  la 
Marine;  the  chief  commander  of  the  fleet  is  the  Lord  Admiral  of 
France.  There  are  in  France  fix  naval  academies,  and  many  military 
fchools,  for  the  formation  of  fea  and  land  officers. 

Constitution.]  The  French  conftitutton,  finally  decreed  by  the 
National  Alfembly,  and  prefented  to  the  king  on  the  3d,  and  accepted 
by  him  on  the  t3thofSept.  1791,  contains  a  declaration  of  the  rightsof 
a  man  and  citizen  ;  a  guarantee  of  natural  and  civil  rights,  and  a  frame 
of  government.  The  declaration  afferts,  among  other  things,  That  all 
men  are  born  and  remain  free  and  equal  in  rights — That  thefe  rights 
are  liberty,  property,  fecurity  and  refiflance  againft  opprelTion — That 
the  principle  of  fov^ereignty  refides  effentially  in  the  nation — That  lib- 
erty confifts  in  the  power  of  doing  every  thing,  except  that  ^vhich  is 
hurtful  to  another — That  the  law  has  a  right  to  forbid  thofe  aftions  on- 
ly that  are  hurtful  to  fociety — That  the  law  is  the  exprefTion  of  the 
general  will — That  no  perlon  can  be  accufed,  arrefted  or  detained,  ex- 
cept in  the  cafes,  and  according  to  the  forms,  prefcribed  by  the  law— 
That  no  perfon  fhall  be  molefled  for  his  opinions,  even  fuch  as  are*  re- 
ligious, provided  they  bo  confident  with  public  order — That  every 
citizen  may  freely  fpeak,  write  and  publifh  his  fentiments  ;  fubjeft, 
however,  to  anfwer  for  the  abufe  of  that  liberty,  in  cafes  determined 
by  the  law — That  fociety  has  a  right  to  demand  from  eVery  public 

agent, 


FRANCE.  agi 

a^ent,  an  account  of  his  adminiftration — That  no  pcrfon  can  be  dcpri" 
ved  of  his  property,  except  when  the  public  neceflity,  legally  afcer- 
taincd,  (hall  evidently  require  it,  and  on  condition  of  ajuft  and  pre- 
vious indcmnlficaticn. 

The  conilitution,  eftablifhcd  on  thefe  principles,  declares,  That 
there  is  no  longer  nobility  or  peerage,  or  hereditary  diftinftions,  or  dif- 
tinftions  of  orders,  or  feudal  fyftem,  or  patrimonial  jurifdiftion,  or  any 
of  the  titles,  denominations  and  prerogatives  derived  from  them,  or  any 
orders  of  chivalry,  corporations  or  decorations,  for  which  proofs  of 
nobility  were  required,  or  which  fuppofed  diftinftions  of  birth,  or  any 
other  fupcriority,  but  that  of  public  officers,  in  the  cxercife  of  their 
funftions — That  no  public  ofHce  is  any  longer  falcable  or  hereditary — ■ 
That  the  law  no  longer  recognizes  religious  vows  or  any  other  engage- 
ments contrary  to  natural  rights,  or  to  the  conilitution. 

The  confiilutitjn  guarantees,  as  natural  and  civil  rights,  among  others, 
That  all  citizens  are  admifT.ble  to  places  and  employments  without  any 
diftinftion.  but  that  of  ability  and  virtue — That  all  contributions  fhall 
be  divided  equally  among  all  the  citizens  in  proportion  to  their  mean 
— That  the  fame  crimes  fhall  be  fubjeft  to  the  fame  punifhments  with- 
out any  diftin£lion  of  perfons — That  the  citizens  have  a  right  to  choofe 
the  minifters  of  their  wotfliip — It  promifcs  that  a  national  feftival 
fhall  be  eftablifhed  to  preferve  the  memory  of  the  French  revolution, 
&c.  and  that  a  code  of  civil  law  {hall  be  framed  for  the  common  ufe  of 
the  whole  kingdom. 

By  the  confhitutlon,  the  kingdom  is  one  and  indivifible  ;  its  territo- 
ry, for  adminiftration,  is  divided  into  83  departments,  each  depart- 
ment into  diftrifts,  each  diftrift  into  cantons. — Thofe,  by  the  conflitu- 
tion,  are  French  citizens  who  are  the  offspring  of  French  men  or 
French  women,  whether  born  in  the  kingdom,  or  in  foreign  countries, 
provided  their  fixed  refidencc  be  in  France. — The  legiflatulc  may  nat- 
uralize a  foreigner  on  no  other  condition  than  that  of  his  refiding  ia 
France,  and'taking  the  civic  oath. —  The  civic  oath  is — "  Ifzvear  to  be 
faithful  to  the  nation,  the  lazo  and  the  king;  and  to  maintain  uiih  all  my 
pozccr  the  conjlitution  of  the  kingdom  decreed  by  the  National  Afjanbly  dur- 
i7ig  the  years  /ySg,  lyqo,  and  lyoi. 

The  conftitution  declares.  That  the  fovereignty  is  one,  indivifible, 
unalienable,  and  impiefcriptible,  and  it  belongs  to  the  nation — That 
the  nation,  from  which  alone  flow  all  powers,  cannot  exercife  them^ 
but  by  delegation — The  French  conftitution  is  reprefentative — The 
reprefentatives  are  the  legifiative  body  and  the  king. 

The  government  is  monarchical.  The  legillative  power  is  delegated 
to  a  National  AlTembly,  confifting  of  one  chamber  ivily  ;  compofcd  of 
reprefentatives,  freelv  chofcn  by  the  people  every  two  years,  and  to  be 
exercifed  by  this  afTcmbly,  with  the  fanftion  of  the  king,  in  manner 
iiereafter  determined — -The  kgiflative  body  (hall  not  be  difiblved  by 
the  king. The  executive  power  is  delegated  to  tlic  king,  to  be  exer- 
cifed under  his  authority,  by  minifters  and  other  refponfible  agents,  in 
manner  afterwards  determined. 

The  conftitution  declares,  that  the  number  of  reprefentatives  to  the 

iegiOative  body  (hall  be  745  ;  and  that  they  fhcU  be  dillributed  among 

the  83  departments,  according  to  the   three  proportions   of  land,  of 

population,  and  the  contribution  dircft. — Of  the  745  reprefentatives, 

X  a  247 


592  FRANCE. 

e47  are  attached  to  the  land — 249  to  the  population,  and  249  to  the 
contribution.  In  order  to  form  a  legillativc  National  Aflembly,  the 
aftive  citizens  fiiail  convene  every  two  years  on  the  fecond  Sunday  in 
March,  if  not  fooner  convoked,  in  primary  afTemblies,  in  the  cities  and 
cantons.  To  be  an  aSlivi  citizen,  it  is  neceffary  to  be  a  Frenchman,  or 
to  have  become  a  Frenchman — 'to  have  attained  25  years,  complete — = 
to  have  refided  in  the  city  or  canton  during  the  period  determined  by 
law — to  pay  a  contribution,  to  the  value,  at  lead,  of  3  days  labour — not 
to  be  a  fervant  receiving  wages — to  be  infcribed  in  the  municipality  of 
the  place  of  his  refidence,  in  the  lift  of  the  national  guards — and  to 
have  taken  the  civic  oath. — Every  6  years  the  legiftative  body  (hall  fix 
the  maxinum  and  jninimum  of  the  value  of  a  days  labour.  The  prima- 
ry alTemblies  (hall  name  eledors,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  aftive 
citizens  reliding  in  the  city  or  Canton,  viz.  one  eleftor  for  100  aftive 
citizens;  two  eleftors,  from  150  to  250,  and  fo  on  in  this  proportion. 
In  order  to  be  nominated  an  eleftor,  a  man  muft  have  the  qualifications 
of  an  aftive  citizen,  and  alfo,  in  towns  of  above  6000  fouls,  muft;  poffefs 
property,  or  the  ufufruft  of  property,  valued  on  the  rolls  of  contribu- 
tion at  a  rent  equal  to  the  local  value  of  200  days  labour  ;  or  be  the  ren- 
ter of  a  habitation,  valued,  on  the  fame  rolls,  at  a  rent  equal  to  the  value 
of  150  days  labour.  In  towns  of  lefs  than  6000  fouls — muft  poffefs 
property,  or  the  ufufruft  of  property,  valued  as  above,  at  a  rent,  equal 
to  150  days  labour  ;  or  be  the  renter  of  a  habitation,  valued  at  a  rent, 
equal  to  100  days  labour  ;  and  in  the  country — muft  poffefs  property  or 
the  ufufruft  of  properly,  valued,  as  above,  at  a  rent  equal  to  150  days 
labour  ;  or  of  being  farmer  or  leffee  of  property  valued  at  a  rent  equal 
to  400  days  labour. 

The  eleftors  named  in  each  department  fhall  convene,  of  full  right, 
if  they  have  not  been  convoked  by  the  proper  officers,  on  the  laft  Sun- 
day in  March,  to  choofe  the  number  of  reprel'entatives,  whofe  nomina- 
tion fhall  belong  to  their  department,  and  a  number  of  fubftitutes  e- 
qual  to  a  third  of  the  reprefentatives.  The  rcprefentatives  and  fubfti- 
tutes fh  ill  be  chofen  by  a  majority  of  voters,  from  the  aftive  citizens 
of  the  department.  All  aftive  citizens,  whatever  be  their  ftate,  pro- 
feffion,  or  contribution,  may  be  chofen  as  reprefentatives  of  the  nation, 
except  minifters  and  other  agents  of  the  executive  power,  commiffion- 
ers  of  the  national  treafury,  colleftors  and  receivers  of  the  direft  contri- 
butions, fuperintendants  of  the  indireft  contributions  and  national 
domains,  civil  and  military  officers  of  the  king's  houfehold.  The  e>:- 
ercife  of  the  municipal,  miniftrativc  and  judiciary  functions,  fhall  be 
incompatible  with  the  funftion  of  a  reprefentative  of  the  nation  dur- 
ing every  period  Of  the  legillaturc.  The  members  of  the  legiftative 
body  may  be  re-elefted  to  a  fubfequent  legiflature,  but  not  afterwards, 
until  an  interval  of  one  legiftature.  The  reprefentatives  named  in  the 
departments,  fhall  not  be  reprefentatives  of  a  particular  department, 
but  of  the  whole  nation,  and  no  inftruftions  can  be  given  them. 

No  aftive  citizen  can  enter  or  vote  in  an  aUcmbly,  if  he  be  armed. 
In  no  cafe,  and  under  no  pretext,  fliall  the  king,  or  <-iny  agents  named 
by  hjm,  interfere  in  queftions  relative  to  the  regularity  of  the  convora- 
tion,  the  fitting  of  affemblies,  the  form  of  eleftions.  or  the  politital 
rights  of  citizens,  without  prejudice  to  the  fun^lionsof  the  king's  com- 
miffioners,  in  caies  dctarmined  by  law,  when  queftions  relative  to  the 
political  rights  of  citizens  are  to  be  brought  before  the  tribunals. 

The 


FRANCE.  893 

The  reprefentatives  fhall  convene  on  tTic  firft  Monday  of  May,  at 
the  place  of  the  fitting  of  tlie  laft  legiflature.  Thr  clden;  of  their 
number  fhall  prcfide  in  order  fo  verify  the  powers  of  the  reprcfenta* 
tives  prcfent.  When  373  reprefentatives  Ihall  be  prefect,  and  their 
powers  verified,  they  (hall  conllitute  thcmfelves  under  the  title  of  "The 
Legiflative  National  Aflemblv" — name  a  prcfident,  vice  prefident, 
and  fecrctaries,  and  enter  on  bufmefs.  The  reprefentatives  fliall  pro- 
nounce in  a  body,  in  the  name  of  the  French  people,  the  oath — "  To 
iiVE  iREE,  OR  DIE." — They  {hall  then  individually  take  the  civic 
oath.     The  reprefentatives  of  the  nation  are  inviolable. 

The  royalty  is  indivifiblc,  and  delegated  hereditary  to  the  race  on 
the  throne  from  male  to  male,  and  by  order  of  primogeniture  to  the 
perpetual  exclufion  of  women,  and  their  defcendants. — The  perfon  of 
the  king  is  inviolable:  His  only  title  is  "King  of  the  French." 
There  is  no  authority  in  France  fuperior  to  that  of  the  law.  The  king 
reigns  only  by  it,  and  it  is  only  in  the  name  of  the  law  that  he  can  re- 
quire obedience.  The  king,  on  his  acceflion  to  the  throne,  or  at  the 
period  of  his  majority,  ihall  take  to  the  nation,  in  the  prefence  of  the 
legiflative  body,  the  oath  *'  To  be  faithful  to  the  nation  and  the  law,  to 
employ  all  the  power  delegated  to  him.  to  maintain  the  conllitution  de- 
creed by  the  Conftituent  National  Affembly  in  the  years  1  789,  1790, 
1791,  and  to  caufe  the  laws  to  be  executed."  If  the  king  does  not 
take  this  oath  within  one  month  after  an  invitation  by  the  legiflative 
body,  or  if,  after  taking  it,  he  (hall  retraft  ;  if  the  king  put  himfelf  at 
the  head  of  an  army,  and  dircft  the  forces  of  it  againft  the  nation,  or 
if  he  do  not  oppofe,  by  a  formal  aft,  any  fuch  enterprize  undertaken 
in  his  name  :  or  if  the  king  fhall  go  out  of  the  kingdom,  and  if  after 
being  invited  bv  a  proclamation  of  the  legiflative  body,  he  do  not  re- 
turn, in  the  delay  to  be  fixed  by  the  proclamation,  and  not  to  be  lefs 
than  two  months  ;  in  either  of  thefe  cafes  he  fhall  be  held  to  have  ab- 
dicated the  throne,  be  ranked  in  the  clafs  of  citizens,  and  may  be  accu- 
fed  and  tried  like  them,  for  afte  poflerior  to  his  abdication.  The  con- 
lUtution  provides  for  the  fplendor  of  the  throne  by  a  civil  lift,  and  al- 
lows tiieking,  befides  the  guard  of  honour,  a  guard  paid  out  of  the  civil 
liil.  not  exceeding  1200  infantry  and  600  hoife. 

The  king  is  a  minor  till  the  age  of  18  complete  ;  and  during  his 
minority  there  fhall  be  a  regent  of  the  kingdom,  who  mufl:  be  a  rela- 
tion of  the  king,  the  next  in  degree  according  to  the  order  of  fuccelhon 
to  the  throne,  25  years  of  age.  a  Frenchman,  refidcnt  in  the  kingdom, 
not  a  prefumptive  heir  to  any  other  crown,  and  have  previoufiy  taken 
the  civic  oath  ;  or  if  the  minor  king  have  no  relation  thus  qualified,  a 
regent  fliall  be  chofen  by  eleftors  in  each  di drift,  appointed  for  the 
purpofe.  The  regency  of  the  kingdom  confers  no  right  over  the  per- 
fon of  the  minor  king;  tlie  care  of  whom  flrall  be  confided  to  his 
mother  :  or,  in  cafe  he  have  no  mother,  or  ftie  be  legally  difqualified, 
to  the  legiflative  body. 

The  prefumptive  heir  to  the  crown  fhal!  bear  the  name  of  Royal 
prince.  He  cannot  go  out  of  the  kingdom,  without  a  decree  of  the  Na- 
tional Afl"embly  and  the  confent  of  the  king  :  If.  when  out  of  the  king- 
dom, he  be  required  by  the  legiflative  body  to  return  to  1' ranee,  and 
refufc,  he  is  held  to  have  abdicated  t)ic  right  of  fucceflion  to  the 
throne.     To  the  king   alone,  belongs  the    choice   and    re  vocation  oi 

rwiiullers  j 


294 


RAN 


ininifters  ;  who  are  refponfible  for  all  the  offences  committed  by  them 
againftthc  national  fafety  and  the  conftitution  ;  and  in  no  cafe  can  the 
written  or  verbal  order  of  a  Ving,  fhclter  a  minifter  from  refponfibility. 

The  conftitution  delegates  to  the  legiflative  body,  the  powers  and 
funftions  which  are  ufually  given  to  fuch  bodies.  The  king  can  only 
invite  the  legiflative  body  to  take  an  objeft  into  confideration.  War 
cannot  be  refolved  on  but  by  a  decree  of  the  National  AlTembly,  palled 
on  the  formal  and  ncceffary  propolition  of  the  king,  and  fanftioned  by 
him.  It  belongs  exclufively  to  the  legiflative  body  to  ratify  ti^aties  of 
peace,  alliance  and  commerce.  The  executive  power  cannot  march, 
or  quarter,  or  ftation  any  troops  of  the  line  within  30.000  toifes  of  the 
legiflative  body,  without  their  confent.  The  deliberations  of  the  leg- 
iflative body  fhall  be  public,  and  the  minutes  of  the  fittings  be  printed. 

The  decrees  of  the  legiflative  body  are  prefented  to  the  king,  who 
may  refufe  them  his  alTent  ;  but  his  refufal  is  only  fufpenflve.  When 
the  two  following  legiflatures  fhall  fucceffively  prefent  the  fame  de- 
cree, in  the  fame  terms  in  which  it  was  originally  decreed,  the  king 
Ihall  be  deemed  to  have  given  his  fanftion.  The  king  muft  exprefs 
his  affent  or  refufal  within  two  months  after  the  decree  is  prefented  to 
him.  If  he  aflents,  he  muft  fay — "  The  king  confents  and  will  caiifeit  to 
be  executed." — If  he  refufes,  he   muft  fay — ^' The  king  will  examine." — 

When  the  legiflative  body  is  definitively  conftituted,  it  fliall  fend  a  de- 
putation to  inform  the  king.  1  he  king  may  every  year  open  the  feflion, 
and  propofe  the  objefts,  which,  during  its  continuance,  he  chinks 
ought  to  be  taken  into  confideration  ;  this  form,  however,  is  not  to  be 
confidered  as  necefl'ary  to  the  aftivity  of  the  legiflative  body.  Eight 
days,  at  leaft,  before  the  end  of  each  feffion,  the  legiflative  body  fhall 
fend  a  depution  to  the  king,  to  announce  to  him  the  day  on  which  it 
propofes  to  terminate  its  fittings  :  The  king  may  come  in  order  to  clofe 
the  feffion. 

The  fupreme  executive  power  refides  exclufively  in  the  hands  of  the 
king,  who  is  the  fupreme  head  of  the  general  adminiftration  of  the 
kingdom,  and  alfo  of  .the  land  and  fea  forces.  He  appoints  ambaffa- 
dois — beftows  the  command  of  armies  and  fleets,  and  makes  all  other 
appointments,  and  tranfafts  all  other  bufinefs  which  commonly  apper- 
tain to  the  office  of  fupreme  magiftrate.  The  king  alone  can  interfere 
in  foreign  political  connexions,  conduft  negotiations,  make  prepara- 
tions of  war,  diftribute  the  land  and  fea  forces,  as  he  fhall  judge  moft 
fuitable,  and  regulate  their  direftion  in  cafe  of  war.  Every  declara- 
tion of  war  fhall  be  made  in  thefe  terms — "  By  the  king  of  thx  French, 
in  the  name  of  the  Nation." — It  belongs  to  the  king  to  agree  upon  and 
fign,  with  all  foreign  powers,  all  treaties  of  peace,  alliance  and  com- 
merce, and  other  conventions,  which  he  fliall  judge  neceffary  for  the 
welfare  of  the  ftate,    faving  the  ratification  of  the  legiflative  body. 

The  judicial  power  can,  in  no  caie,  be  cxercifcd  by  the  legiflative 
body  or  the  king.  Juftice  fliall  be  gratuitoufly  rendered  by  judges 
chofen  for  a  time  by  the  people,  inftituted  by  letters  patent  of  the 
king,  who  cannot  refufe  the  fame  ;  and  who  cannot  be  depofed,  except 
from  a  forfeiture  duly  judged,  or  fufpended,  except  from  an  accufation 
admitted.  The  public  accufer  fhall  be  named  by  the  people.  The 
tribunals  cannot  either  interfere  in  the  exercife  of  the  legiflative  pow- 
er, or  fufpend  the  execution  of  the  laws,  or  undertake  the  adminiflra- 


RAN 


*95 


tive  funftions.  There  fhall  be  one  or  more  judges  of  peace  In  the 
cantons  and  in  the  cities.  In  criminal  matters,  no  citizen  can  be 
judged,  except  on  an  accufation  received  bv  jurors  or  decreed  by  the 
legislative  body  in  tlic  cafes  in  which  it  belongs  to  it  to  profccnte  the 
accufations.  After  the  accufation  fiiall  be  admitted,  the  fatl  fhall  be 
examined,  and  declared  by  the  jurors.  Tlie  party  accufed  fhall  have 
the  privilege  of  rcjefting  twenty.  The  jurors  who  declare  the  faft 
fliall  not  be  fewer  than  twelve.  The  application  of  the  law  fhall  be 
made  by  judges.  The  procefs  fhall  be  public,  and  the  accufed  cannot 
be  denied  counfel.  No  man  acquitted  by  a  legal  jury,  can  be  appre- 
hended or  accufed  again  on  account  of  the  fame  faft. 

For  the  whole  kingdom  there  fhall  be  one  tribunal  of  errors,  eftab- 
liflKd  near  the  legiflative  body.  Its  funftions  fhall  be  to  pronounce, 
on  applications  to  quafn  judgments,  tendered  by  the  tribunals  in  the 
laft  refort — On  applications  to  refer  caufcs  from  one  tribunal  to  ano- 
ther on  lawful  grounds  of  fufpicion — On  queflions  refpefting  jurif- 
diftion  or  cognizance,  and  fuits  brought  againfl  a  whole  tribunal  for 
illegal  or  corrupt  judgment — The  tribunal  of  errors  can  never  de- 
termine on  the  merits  of  a  cafe. 

A  high  national  court,  compofcd  of  members  of  the  tribunal  of  er- 
i-ors  and  high  jurymen,  fhall  have  cognizance  of  the  crimes  of  miniflers 
ijnd  principal  agents  of  the  executive  pov/a',  and  of  crimes  againfl  the 
general  fafety  of  the  Rate,  when  the  legiflative  body  fliall  have  ilfued 
a  decree  of  accufation.  They  fhall  not  convene  but  on  the  proclama- 
tion of  the  legiflative  body,  and  at  thediftance  of  30,000  toifcs  at  lealt 
from  the  place  where  tiie  legiflature  fliall  hold  its  feffions. 

The  conftituent  national  aiTcmbly  declares,  that  the  nation  has  the 
unalienable  right  of  altering  the  conftitution  ;  and  the  conilitution  ac- 
cordingly, prefcribes  the  mode  in  which  alterations  fhall  be  made. 

The  French  colonies  and  pofTcfiions  in  Afia,  Afrigi  and  America, 
although  they  conftitute  a  part  of  the  French  empire,  are  not  included 
in  the  prefent  conftitution. 

The  Conflituent  National  AfTembly,  commits  this  depofit  to  the  fi- 
d.^lity  of  the  legiflative  bod)-,  of  the  king  and  of  the  judges  ;  to  the  vig- 
ilance of  fathers  of  families,  to  wives  and  mothers  ;  to  the  afFc&ion  of 
young  citizens,  and  to  the  courage  of  Frenchmen. 
(Signed)  VERNIER,  Prelidcnt. 

History  OF  fue  late  Revolution-.]  To  give  fome  idea  of  the 
Oiign  of  this  mcmoriable  event,  we  muft  take  notice,  that  the  liberties 
of  France,  as  well  as  thofe  of  Britain,  were  fccured  by  their  parlia- 
ments ;  but  in  the  French  conftitution  there  was  this  capital  defet^, 
that  the  offices  of  its  members  were  attached  to  particular  families,  ti- 
tles, or  fituations  ;  fo  that  though  the  fanftion  of  parliament  was  re- 
quifite  for  rendering  every  a£t  of  the  king  valid,  they  never  were  in  a 
condition  to  refufe  it.  By  degrees  it  was  generally  perceived  by  the 
people,  that  this  cxcefiive  power  with  which  the  monarch  was  invcft- 
ed  did  not  originate  either  in  the  principles  of  the  conftitution,  or  the 
natural  rights  of  mankind  ;  but,  as  the  kings  were  always  in  pof- 
feihon  of  a  great  ftanding  army,  any  attempt  at  innovation  would  have 
been  exceedingly  dangerous.  After  the  conclufion  of  the  treaty  of 
Paris  in  176;^,  the  French  minillry  feemed  to  adopt  a  plan  different 
from  what  they  had  formerly  purl'ucd,     Juftly  fuppofing  that  the  im- 

mcp.fe 


296  FRANCE. 

mcnfe  trade  carried  on  by  the  Britifh  v/as  the  true  fource  of  their  pow- 
er, they  lefiiened  the  army  in  order  to  incrcaCe  the  marine  ;  and  in  this 
they  fucceededfo  well,  that  in  the  laft  war  the  French  navy  became 
much  mftre  formidable  to  Britain  than  ever  it  had  been.  But  by  this 
improvement,  the  power  of  the  king,  whofe  dcfpotifm  could  only  be 
fupported  by  a  great  (landing  army,  was  leffened  of  courfe.  The  army 
>vhich  afTifted  the  Americans  imbibed  from  them  enthufiaflic  notions 
of  liberty,  which  they  would  probably  diffufe  among  their  country- 
men, and  confequently  render  them  more  impatient  of  the  tyranny  they 
laboured  under  than  they  were  before.  Befides  this,  the  vafl  expenfes 
attending  the  war  with  Britain  had  augmented  the  national  debt  far  be- 
yond every  refource  which  the  kingdom  could  afford,  fo  that  govern- 
ment were  put  to  the  laft  fhift  in  order  to  carry  on  the  neceifary  opera- 
tions.  In  1776,  the  finances  had  been  put  under  the  direftion  of  M. 
Neckar,  a  native  of  Switzerland,  and  a  Proteftant,  by  whom  a  general 
reformatien  was  made  throughout  every  department  in  the  revenue. 
In  the  beginning  of  the  year  :  780,  a  variety  of  unneceffary  ofHces  in 
the  royal  houfchold  were  abolifhed,  as  well  as  many  falutary  regula- 
tions made  for  the  public  benefit.  By  his  aftivity,  the  excefs  of  dif- 
burfements  abo\^c  the  revenue,  which  in  the  year  1776,  had  amounted 
to  at  leaft  a  million  fterling,  was  converted  into  an  excefs  of  revenue 
above  the  difburfements,  amounting  to  44,5,000!.  Thefe  reformations, 
however,  not  being  calculated  to  pleafe  fuch  as  had  found  their  in- 
tereft  in  the  abufcs  of  revenue,  he  was  difmiiled,  and  others  more  a- 
greeable  to  the  views  of  the  courtiers  appointed.  Succeeding  minif- 
ters  being  endowed  neither  with  the  integrity  nor  abilities  of  M.  Nec- 
kar, the  finances  and  credit  of  the  nation  were  on  the  point  of  being 
entirely  ruined,  when  the  afTembly  of  notables  was  convened.  This  af- 
feinbly  had  been  inftituted  in  the  early  ages,  and  was  compofed  of  arch- 
bifliops,  bifliops, .^''arious  prefidcnts  of  the^difFerent  parliaments,  and 
deputifs  of  the  different  ftates.  Thus  it  was  a  proper  reprefentation  of 
the  wliolc  kingdom,  and  as  fuch  had  been  frecjuentiy  called  in  times  of 
public  danger  and  diftrefs.  The  miniffcr  at  this  lime  was  M.  de  la  Cal- 
onnc,  who  is  acknowledged  not  to  be  poffeffed  of  that  difmtereffednefs 
for  which  M.  Neck-ir  was  fo  eminently  diftinguilhed.  He  isfaidtohave 
preventcdtheAffcmbly  from  fitting,  from  the  29th  of  January  1787,  when 
it  was  convened,  to  the  2 2d  of  February  ;  and  Co  ihis  the  fubfequcnt 
levolulion  is  laid  immediately  to  have  been  owing  ;  as,  during  the  in- 
terval, an  opportunity  was  given  to  the  members  of  ton\'errmg  with 
each  other,  communicating  their  complaints,  and  forming  fchemcs  for 
rcdrefs. 

When  the  Affcmbly  at  laft  met  for  burmcf?.  tlie  liing  told  them, 
that  the  objcft  of  their  meeting  was  to  improve  the  revenues  -,  to  after- 
tain  their  freedom  by  a  more  equal  partition  of  taxes  :  to  difetigage  tnQ 
commerce  of  the  kingdom  from  lome  o{  its  cmbaraffments  ;  and  to  iup- 
port,  as  far  as  poihble.  the  poorer  part  of  the  community.  M.  de  Ca- 
lonne  acknowledged  tlic  deficiency  of  the  annual  revenue  to  l>e  about 
80  millions  of  livres  (about  three  m.illions  fterling)  which  deficiency 
he  traced  as  far  back  as  the  time  of  Cardinal  Flcury,  preceptor, 
and  afterwards  miniftcr  to  Louis  XV.  The  Abbe  Terai,  he  faid, 
had  found  the  deficiency  at  74  millions,  and  left  it  at  40 ;  while 
M.  Neckar,  who  had  found  it  at  37  in  the  year  1  7 7(1,  had  left  it  at  56 

in 


F        R.        A        \'       C       Y.  ^t§7 

in  1780  ;  and  in  :8  months  after  tliat.  lime  it  had  lifen  to  80.  M.  Nec- 
kar  offered  to  refute  this  charge  ;  but  Calonne  rcfufed  to  enter  int/> 
any  difcufTion  of  the  matter,  and  the  king  would  not  allow  oT 
an  inquiry.  On  a  fair  ftate  of  the  cafe,  however,  it  appeared  that  the 
deficiency  of  the  revenue  was  at  leafk  130  millions  ;  and  this  was  the 
more  alarming,  as  during  the  adminiftration  of  Calonne,  no  lefs  than 
fix  hundred  millions  of  debt  had  fallen  in.  The  remedy  he  piopnfed 
was  a  general  tax  on  land,  and  a  ftamp  aft.  This  lafl,  called  the  7m- 
ire,  occafioned  the  greateil  alarm.  It  was  even  faid,  that  every  letter, 
which  at  any  time  might  be  adduced  as  a  proof  in  a  proccfs  at  law,  was 
to  be  ftamped.  Calonne's  fpeech  was  publilhed  and  feverely  criticifed  ; 
he  was  fuppofcd  to  have  traced  the  deficiency  of  the  revenue  very 
high,  in  order  to  conceal  his  own  faults  ;  and  he  was  oppofed  by  the 
nobility  ai)d  clcrgv  ;  whofe  privileges  he  was  fuppofed  to  have  invaded 
by  his  land  tax.  In  fhort,  fo  great  were  the  difficulties  and  embarraff- 
ments  of  the  minif>er,  tliat  he  appealed  from  this  Aflembly  to  the  peo- 
ple, blaming  the  Notables  for  their  oppofition,  as  he  did  not  mean  to 
impofe  any  new  tax  on  the  people,  but  to  relieve  them.  In  a  general 
meeting,  on  the  23d  of  April,  the  king  exprefted  his  forrow  for  the 
vaft:  deficiency  of  revenue,  and  promifed  a  more  exaft  economy  for  the 
future  ;  but  concluded  with  mentioning  the  ftamp  aft.  The  Notables 
received  the  fpeech  with  the  utmoR  applaiife,  but  ventured  to  inquire 
into  the  neceltity  of  a  new  tax,  the  propofed  term  of  its  duration,,  and 
the  nature  and  extent  of  the  favings  to  be  made  by  it.  This  uncom- 
mon boldnefs  did  not  give  offence  :  The  king  condefcended  to  enter 
into  particulars,  and  calculated  the  incrcafe  of  revenue  at  40.millions : 
The  Notables  proceeded  in  their  inquiries,  and  it  was  now  fuggcllcd 
that  an  Affcmbly  of  the  States  fliould  be  called,  as  the  Notables  were 
r.ot  competent  to  impofe  a  new  tax.  As  ilie  deliberations  of  the  Not- 
ables were  not  carried  on  in  fecret,  this  propolal  wasinfhantly  circulat- 
ed through  the  capital,  and  fuppofed  to  be  a  new  difcovery.  The  Nota- 
bles were  foon  afte^  difiblved,  without  having  accomplifhed  any  things 
excepting  the  juftification  of  M.  Ncckar.  During  their  refearches  into  • 
the  affairs  of  the  revenue,  it  was  foimd,  that  at  the  end  of  his  admin- 
iftration,  there  was  an  excefs  of  ten  millions  annually,  while  at  prefenf 
the  fix  hundred  millions  which  were  fallen  in,  had  not  been  accounted 
for,  and  a  deBciencv  of  between  130  ^ni  ijo  millions  was  to  be  fup-. 
plied. 

The  Affcmbly  of  Notables  v»'as  fuccccded  by  the  eflabliflimcnt  of  the 
Council  of  Finance;  a  free  pa  ffagc  for  corn  was  allowed  fiom  one 
province  to  another  :  and  the  Corvee.;,  or  pcifonal  fervices  to  the  lord, 
were  aboliihed  by  edift  •,  but  at  the  fame  time,  the  flamp  aft  was  el^ab- 
liffied.  It  extended  to  all  letters  and  commiirions  foi  every  office  and 
place,  either  honorary  or  ufeful  ;  for  every  grant,  title,  or  ccncefficn  ; 
certificates  for  fludy  :  grants  under  the. privy  fcal  ;  commiffions  in  the 
affairs  of  the  king  ;  accounts  and  receipts  of  every  l<ind,  &c.  &c. 

The  weight  of  this  tax  was  looked  upon  to  be  fo  intolerable,  that 
the  parliament  refufcd  to  regiRer  it.  InRead  of  this,  they  called,  in 
their  turn,  for  accounts,  till,  in  the  difcuffion  of  the  allair,  it  was  alio 
fuppofed  to  be  difcovered,  that  the  parliament  had  no  right  to  tax,  but 
that  it  exiRed  only  in  the  States  Cicneral.  'J'he  peers  were  convened 
by  the  parliament  on  the  30th,  ardjcined  wiih  them  in  all  their  views, 

A  bed 


19«  "f        R        A        N"        C        E, 

A  bed  of  juflice  was  held  by  the  king  on  the  5th  of  Auguft,  at  which 
the  parliament  was  obliged  to  attend,  and  the  edi£l  was  regiftered  not- 
ivith Handing  their  ptotell  to  the  contrary.  Ten  days  after,  they  were 
banifiied  to  TroyeS;  and  the  edi£t  regiftered,  by  authority,  in  the  Cham- 
ber of  Accompts,  and  the  Couit  of  Aids  ;  though  each  bodv  joined  tlve 
parliament  in  their  oppofition  and  protefls,  applauding  them  for  their 
firmnefs  and  propriety  of  cpnduft. 

The  banifhment  of  the  parliament  of  Paris,  v^as  refented  fo  much  by 
the  whole  nation,  that  in  a  fliort  time  it  was  found  nccellary  to  recall 
them,  and  matters  were  for  a  time  conciliated  ;  though  on  this  occa- 
fion^  it  is  faid,  that  the  parliament  departed  from  the  principles  they 
had  formerly  proceeded  upon.  Difturbances,  however,  were  very  foon 
revived.  The  parliament  of  Bourdeaux  was  banifhed  in  the  month  of 
Auguftj  the  fame  year,  and  the  confequcnces  were  fimilar  to  what  have 
been  related  concerning  that  of  Paris.  The  latter  was  fcarcely  recall- 
ed, when  they  were  dclircd  to  regifler  a  loan  to  be  taken  up  by  gradual 
inftalments,  which,  the  minifter  pretended,  would  in  1792,  render  the 
revenues  more  than  equivalent  to  the  expenles  ;  but  as  this  loan  a- 
snounted  to  no  lefs  than  340  millions,  fomcwhat  more  than  15  millioas 
flerling,  the  parliament  hcfitated,  notwithflanding  all  the  manoeuvres 
of  the  minifter.  At  lad  the  king  himfelf  came  to  the  houfe,  and  held 
what  is  caJled  a  Royal  Seffion.  The  cdifts  were  now  regiftered,  but 
the  duke  of  Orleans  protefled,  in  the  prefence  of  the  king,  againft  the 
legality  of  the  proceeding.  The  parliament  protefled  againft  the  le- 
gality of  the  felhon  iiielf,  but  to  no  purpofc.  The  duke  of  Orleans, 
with  four  others,  were  baniflied  ;  the  king  called  for  the  journals  ot 
the  houfe,  deftroyed  the  proteft,  and  forbade  it  to  be  inferted  again. 
Great  clamours  v.'ere  raifed  by  the  banifhment  of  the  duke  of  Orleans, 
and  other  members  of  parli.iment  ;  remonftranccs  were  prefenled  by 
the  parltamcnls  rf  Paris,  Bourdeaux,  and  Rennes,  but  tlie  exiles  were; 
liot  recalled  till  the  fpring  of  1780. 

Towards  the  end  of  1 787,  matters  were  apparently  in  a  flate  of  tran- 
quillity, the  loans  being  filled,  and  the  royal  payments  exaft.  Secret 
difcontents  and  commotions,  hov/ever,  had  undoubtedly  taken  place  ; 
the  paflion  for  liberty,  which  had  already  difpla)'ed  itfclf  in  great  free- 
dom of  fpeech,  continued  to  gain  ground,  and  at  laft  broke  forth  with 
irrefiflible  fury  in  the  month  of  June,  1789.  The  National  Affembly, 
or  Eftatcsof  the  Kingdom,  were  then  fitting,  and  had  been  fo  for  fom& 
time,  -when  on  the  20th  of  the  mo«th,  an  addrefs  to  the  king  was  pre- 
fentrd  by  the  nobility,  complaining  that  "  the  deputies  of  the  Third 
Eftatehaduttempted  to  centre, in  theirown  perfons,  the  whole  authority 
of  the  States  General,  without  waiting  for  the  concurrence  of  the  oth- 
er orders,  or  the  fanftion  of  his  Majefty— that  they  had  attempted  to 
convert  their  decrees  into  laws  ;  and  had  ordered  them  to  be  printed, 
publiflicd  and  diftributedin  the  provinces  ;  had  repealed,  and  re-ena£l- 
ed  the  taxes,  and  feemed  to  attribute  to  themfelves  the  united  rights 
of  the  monarch,  and  the  three  great  orders  who  compofe  the  States 
General."  In  confequence  of  this  the  king  iffued  a  proclamation,  in- 
timating that  he  would  hold  a  Royal  Seflion  in  two  days.  At  nine  in 
the  morning,  Mr.  Baillie,  the  prefident  of  the  commons,  went  to  the 
hall  with  his  two  fecretaries,  but  found  the  door  Ihut,  and  guarded  by 
foldiers  ;  the  hall  was  alfo  filled  with  foldiejs,  and  all  the  benches  toru 


N         C         E. 


«99 


up.  The  commanding  officer  informed  them  that  he  had  orders  to  al- 
low nobody  to  enter  the  hall  ;  to  which  the  prefident  replied,  that  he 
had  no  orders  to  difcontinue  the  meetings  of  the  National  Aflembl)'  ; 
but  was  again  told,  that  pofuive  orders  had  fecen  given  to  allow  no- 
body to  enter  the  halls  of"  the  States  General  before  the  Royal  Seihons. 
It  was  then  moved  by  Mr.  Target,  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  member  for 
Paris,  that  an  oath  fhould  be  taken  by  all  the  members  of  the  Affembly, 
that  they  were  called  together  to  fix  the  conftitution,  and  operate  the 
regeneration  of  public  order  ;  that  nothing  could  prevent  them  from 
continuing  their  deliberations,  in  whatever  place  they  were  compelled 
to  hold  tl\eir  meetings  ;  that  wherefoever  the  members  arc  collefted. 
there  the  National  Affembly  is ;  and  that  each  member  take  a  fulemn 
oath  never  to  feparate,  but  to  alfemble  together  wherever  eircumftan- 
ces  require,  until  the  conflitutioh  be  eftablifhed,  and  confoiidated  on 
proper  foundations. 

This  propofal  was  received  with  loud  acclamations  ;  the  oath  was 
figned  by  the  prefident  and  members,  as  well  as  by  the  deputies  from 
St.  Domirgo,  who  requefted  leave  to  do  (o  ;  after  which  the  National 
Affembly  proceeded  to  bulinels.  They  began  with  refolving  that  an 
addrefs  fhould  be  prefented  to  the  king,  for  augmenting  the  pay  of  the 
national  troops  of  France,  to  an  equality  with  thofe  of  foreigners  ia 
the  French  fervice,  viz.  from  four  and  a  half  to  fix  and  half  fous  per 
day  ;  thus  conciliating  the  armv  to  their  fide,  in  cafe  there  fliould  be 
occafion  for  their  affiftance  in  the  affair.  Thefe  proceedings  were  fav 
from  being  agreeable  to  his  Majefty.  On  the  :23d  of  June,  he  held  a  fef- 
fion  of  the  Three  Eftates,  to  whom  he  made  a  fpeech,  complaining  that 
he  was  not  feconded  in  his  benevolent  intentions ;  that  the  States  Gene- 
ral had  been  fitting  m.ore  than  two  months,  without  having  even  agreed 
on  the  preliminaries  of  their  operations.  Inftead  of  confulting  the 
good  of  their  country,  they  had  raifed  an  oppofition,  and  made  pre- 
tenfions  to  which  they  were  not  entitled.  His  Majefty  confidcred  it 
as  incumbent  upon  him  to  dcflroy  the  feeds  of  thefe  tatal  divifions,  and 
he  called  upon  the  two  principal  claffes,  the  nobility  andclergy,to  aflift 
him  in  his  endeavours,  and  to  propofe  a  rc-union  of  conlultatloii  and 
opinion,  which  ought  to  take  place  for  the  general  good  of  the  king- 
dom. A  declaration  was  then  read  by  the  keeper  of  the  leals,  confill- 
ing  of  3^  articles,  by  way  of  conceffion  to  his  fubjefts,  the  moft  remark- 
able of  which  were  the  ahoUtion  oi  lettres  ds  cachet;  the  liberty  of 
the  prefs  left  to  the  judgment  of  the  States  ;  the  prefent  States  Gene- 
ral to  fix  the  manner  of  convening  the  next,  and  to  form  the  provincial 
flates  ;  cuftom  houfes  to  be  removed  to  the  frontiers  ;  the  fait  duty  to 
be  foftened  till  it  could  be  abolifhed  •,  civil  and  criminal  juftice  to  bo 
reformed  by  the  king  ;  corvees  and  mortmain  to  be  abolifhcd,  and  no 
tax  impofed  without  the  confent  of  the  States,  &c.  After  this  declara- 
tion, the  kisg,  and  keeper  of  the  feals  left  the  hall  ;  but  the  Tiers  Etat^ 
or  Commons,  remained,  with  fome  of  the  nobility  and  clcrgv  who  had 
joined  them,  and  paffed  fome  very  fpirited  refolutions  in  fupport  ot 
what  they  had  already  done.  Next  day  the  oath  was  fubfciibed  by 
the  duke  of  Orleans,  at  the  head  of  40  of  the  principal  nobility,  and 
200  of  the  clergy.  They  now  began  to  exert  themfelves  in  the  caufc 
of  liberty  with  great  fpirit.  On  the  introduftion  of  a  deputation  from 
the  nobles,   the  prefident  of  the  commons  was  not  allowed  to  addicia 

them 


3o«>  FRANCE. 

tiiem  in  the  ufual  terms,  '■  i  have  t^e  honour  to  acquaint  you  ;"  but, 
*'•  lam  rcquefted  to  acquaint  you."  In  taking  the  oath,  it  was  infifted 
that  the  coimtvy  fhould  be  put  before  the  king.  A  propofal  of  an- 
Tiulling  all  the  taxes,  and  laving;  them  on  by  the  authority  of  the  Na- 
lional  AlTerrtbly  was  mads  by  Mr.  Target,  and  inftautly  agreed  to  with- 
out one  diffenting  voice. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  commons  had  the  fatisfaftion  to  find  that  their 
proceedings  were  agreeable  to  the  nation  at  large.  Deputations  were 
received,  not  only  from  the  inhabitants  of  Paris,  but  from  the  eleftors 
«f  the  provinces,  affuring  the  alTembly  of  their  firm  i'upport  and  deter- 
mination to  ftand  or  fall  with  them  in  the  caufe  they  had  undertaken. 
But  while  thus  employed,  to  the  mutual  fatisfaftion  of  fhemfelves  and 
©f  the  people,  the  commons  received  a  meflfage  from  the  king,  com- 
manding them  to  depart  from  the  hall.  Some  of  them  replied,  that  they 
might  be  taken  out  dead,  but  would  not  go  alive.  The  foldiery  were 
then  eommanded  to  interfere,  but  they  pofitivelv  refufed  ;  and  the 
3cing  was  informed  by  the  commander  in  chief,  the  Due  de  Chatelet, 
that  he  could  not  anfwer  for  the  fafcty  of  his  royal  perfon,  if  the  or- 
ders given  to  the  troops  were  to  be  inforced.  His  Miijeily  then  wrote 
a  letter  to  the  nobility  and  clcrgv,  deftring  them  to  join  the  commons, 
•which  was  accordingly  done  ;  but  any  little  hope  of  accommodation 
which  might  now  take  place  was  entirely  overthrown  bv  the  following 
accident.  Two  foldiers  of  the  French  guards  formed  a  defign  of  en- 
tering the  National  Affembly,  in  order  to  complain  of  the  Due  dc 
Chatelet,  their.colonel,  in  the  name  of  the  whole  regiment.  With  this 
view  they  had  drefTed  themfelves  in  plain  clothes  ;  buc  being  obferved 
by  the  duke,  they  were  by  him  committed  to  prifon.  From  thence 
they  fent  a  letter  to  the  Affembiy,  informing  them  of  the  danger  in 
•whnh  they  were,  on  account  of  the  patriotic  behaviour  of  the  regi- 
ynent  v/ho  had  refufed  to  fire  on  their  countrymen.  This  letter  pro- 
duced the  moft  aftoniihing  effe6l.  A  multitude  of  peoole  fct  out 
from  the  PaLiis  royal,  where  the  friends  of  liberty  were  allcmbled.  with 
<>  defign  to  releafe  the  prifoners.  As  they  proceeded  on  their  journev, 
they  were  joined  by  many  ihoufands  of  others,  among  whom  were  a 
number  of  the  French  guards.  Having  procured  the  necefTary  inftru- 
j5ients,  as  they  went  along,  the  gates  and  bolts  of  the  prifon  were  for- 
ced, and  the  prifoners  relcafed  in  lefs  than  an  hour.  Troops  of  dra- 
goons and  hufTars  were  fent  for,  but  they  refufed  to  aft,  drank  with  the 
multitude,  and  joined  in  tlieir  acclamations. 

Such  an  alarming  tumult  could  not  fail  to  affcft  even  the  boldefl 
p:uriiits.  A  deputation  was  therefore  fent,  at  the  motion  of  Mr.  Tar- 
g^'t,  to  the  king,  requefling  him  to  take  effeftual  meafures  for  putting 
an  end  to  the  prefcnt  troubles,  and  to  forgive  what  was  paft.  His 
Majefly  confented,  and  the  Affembiy  continued  its  proceedings.  Same 
../:  the  nobility  and  clergy  attempted  to  enter  a  proteil  againfl  every 
■:hing  that  had  been  done,  but  they  were  overpowed  bv  a  vafl  ma- 
jority. The  prefidency  of  the  Alfembly  was  offered  to  the  duke  of 
^)rleans,  but  on  his  declining  the  office,  it  was  oftcred  to  the  archbifli- 
op  of  Vicnne,  who  accepted  it.  The  king,  however,  perceiving  his 
authority  almoft  annihilated,  refolvcd  to  overawe  the  Affembiy  by  en- 
camping his  troops  in  the  neighbourhood.  This  excited  a  general 
islar.m,  and  the  Affembiy  became  tumultuous,,  W.  Mirubeau  now  be- 
gan 


N       C       £. 


.■?3« 


gan  to  dlftinguifh  himfelf  as  a  fpeaker.  After  taking  notice  tliat  the 
lUtion  of  the  troops  was  an  infringement  on  the  liberty  of  the  AfTcm- 
bly,  and  that  the  very  finding  them  in  provifions  in  fuch  a  time  of 
fcarcity  mufl  be  a  grievance,  they  being  no  Icfs  than  35,000  in  number, 
he  propofed  an  addrefs  to  the  king,  praying  that  he  would  crchr  back 
the  troops  to  the  place  from  whence  they  came,  togetlicr  with  the 
train  of  artillery  they  had  along  with  them  ;  and  informing  him,  that 
in  cafe  any  difturbances  were  apprehended  at  Paris  or  Verfailles,  he 
might  raife  companies  of  armed  burghers,  who  would  be  a  fufficienl 
prote£lion.  This  addrefs  was  prefented,  but  the  king  did  not  think 
proper  to  fend  away  his  troops,  though  he  affured  the  Affombly  tlia: 
they  had  nothing  to  fear,  and  offered  to  remove  the  place  of  their  fit- 
ting to  Novon,  or  SoifTons. 

Thefc  affurances  feem  to  have  removed  the  apprehenfions  of  the  Af- 
fembly.     They  i-.ow  proceeded  to  confider  the  difmiffion  of  M.Ncck- 
ar,  and  his  aifociates  in  the  miniftry  ;  they  prelcnted  an  addrei's  to  the 
king,  in  wliich  they  fet  forth  the  virtues  of  the  difmiffed  miniRcr.-,  af- 
furing  his  Mijcfty  that  the  nation  neither  could  nor  would  h,ive  any 
confidence  in  the  new  ones.  They  reprefented  the  horrors  of  the  i'cene 
which  muft  enfue,  if  the  troops  fhould  a6l  agaiaft  the   Parifians,  and 
propofed  to  fend  a  committee  to  the  capital  to  prevent  bloodflicd.   'Jo 
this  an  unfavourable  anfwer  was  ^iveo  ;  the  king  refufiiig  cither  to  re- 
move the  troops,  or  to  allow  the  committee  to  be  fcnt  to  Paris.     This 
anfwer  produced  a  number  of  fpirited  refolutions  ;  among  which   was 
the  following  :    "  That  this  AlTembly,  dreading  the  fatal  confcqucncei 
which  his  MdjeUv's  anfwer  may  produce,  mull  continue  to  infifl:  up- 
on the  removal  of  the  troops,  drawn  together  in  an  extraordinary  man- 
ner, in  the  neighbourhood  of  Paris  and  Verfailles  ;  and  upon  the  cftab- 
lifhment  of  armed  bodies  of  citizens."      Thefc  refolutions  were  tr.kcn 
on  the  13th  of  July,  and  next  day  the  people  began  to  arm  thcmfclves  ; 
a  party  of  troops  entered  tlic  capital,  but   the    French  guards  having 
joined  the  people,  only  a  niglitfkirmifh  happened,  in  which  iwodraa- 
00ns,  of  the  duke  de  Choileuil's  regiment,  were  killed  and  two  wound- 
ed.    The  troops  then  left  the  city,  and  the  people  proceeded    to   aft 
openly  in  fapport  of  the  caufe  of  liberty.     The  police  of  the  citv  was 
now  entirely  without  influence,  and  its  place  was  fupplicd  by   armed 
burghers  ;  the  Ihcps  were  fhut  up  ;  a  general  conllcrnation  prevailed 
all  over  the  city  ;  and  it  was  propofed  to  raife  :a  militia  of  48.000  men. 
The  fird  exploit  performed  by  thefe  patriots,   was  forcing;  the  con- 
vent of  St.  Laylare,  where  they  found  a  confiderablc  quantity  of  corn, 
as  well  as  of  aims  and  ammuuition,  fuppofcd  to   have   been    brought 
thither  from  the  arlcnal,  as  to  a  place  of  fecurity.      Next  day   the  hof- 
pital  of  invalids  was  fummoned  to  furrendcr,  and  taken  polTefrion  of 
after  a  flight  rcfiftance.     The   cannon,   fmall   arms,   and    amir^mition 
were  feized,  and  thus  all  'he  citizens,    who  chofc   to  arm  themfcivcs, 
was  fupplied  with  what  was   neteilaiy.      The  ammunition   lodged  in 
the  Baftile  was  then  demanded  the  fame  evening.     A  flag  of  truce  had 
preceded  the  body  of  people  who  made  the  demand,  and  wasanfu'ercd 
from    within  ;  but,   nevenhclels,  the  commandant  gave  orders  ro  his 
troops  to  fire,  and  kdled  Icvcral  of  them.      Em  a  jod  at  this  prorcf.ding, 
they  rufhed  forward  to  afl'ault  the  place.  The  governour  then  confent- 
ed  to  admit  u  certain  number  uf  them,  upon  condition  that  they  fhould 

nuke 


|»2  FRANCE. 

make  no  drfturbance.  This  being  readily  agreed  to,  abcat  40  pafled 
the  draw  bridge,  which  was  in ftantly  drawn  up,  and  the  whole  part^^ 
maflfacred.  Exasperated  at  tliis,  the  people  aflauhed  the  fortrefs  with 
fucli  violence  that  it  loon  furrendercd  ;  and  the  governor,  with  fomc 
of  the  more  aftive  pcrfons  in  this  treachery  were  put  to  death,  and  their 
heads  carried  on  pikes  round  the  city.  Only  four  or  five  prifohers 
were  found  in  the  Ballile.    Some  account  fay  feven.* 

The  king  now  perceiving  that  all  the  troops  he  could  command 
would  be  infufficient  to  quell  the  infurre£tion,  repaired  to  the  AfTem- 
bly,  and  informed  them,  that  he  had  ordered  the  troops  to  retire  to  a 
certain  diilance  from  Paris  and  Verfailles,  This  fpeech  was  received 
with  univerfal  applaufe  ;  and  foon  after  the  troops  had  retired,  the  mar- 
quis de  la  Fayette,  who  dillinguifhedhimfelffo  much  inthe  army  of  the 
United  States,  was  appointed  to  command  the  Paris  militia,  along  with 
M.  Bailjy,  Prevot  de  i\'Iarchands.  The  number  of  armed  men  in  the; 
capital  were  now  computed  at  150,000.  The  king  put  himfcH  into  the 
hands  of  the  citizens,  and  palfed  through  Paris  to  the  Hotel  de  Ville, 
cfcorted  only  by  them.  On  entering  that  place,  he  declared  that  he  ap- 
peared there  only  to  gratify  the  wiflies  of  the  people,  and  to  aiTure 
them  of  his  readinefs  to  do  every  thing  in  his  power  to  reflore  tran- 
quillity to  the  city.  In  return  he  received  every  teflimony  of  affection 
that  could  be  expreffed  by  a  numerous  and  orderly  people.  This  was 
followed  by  a  difmiffion  of  all  his  new  fervants,  and  the  rccalofMr. 
Neckar. 

All  this  time  the  patriotic  party  continued  to  gain  p^round.  The 
capital  was  guarded  by  the  militia  ;  the  troops  removed  Ipeedily  to  the 
places  from  whence  they  came  :  The  Due  de  Chatelet  refigned  his 
command  ;  and  feveral  changes  were  made  in  theminiftry.  The  Due 
de  Liancourt  was  chofen  prefident  of  the  National  Affcmbly  in  room 
of  the  archbifhop  of  Vienne,  whofe  time  was  expired  ;  and  the  king, 
hearing  that  a  number  of  his  guards  had  joined  the  militia,  granted 
leave  to  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette  to  retain  as  many  as  chofe  to  flay  ; 
at  the  fame  time,  he  authorifcd  the  guards  to  enter  among  the  militia, 
with  a  promife  to  continue  their  pay  and  maintenance  till  the  city  was 
reduced  into  a  flate  of  tranquillity. 

Though  this  extraordinary  revolution  was  attended  with  much  lefs 
bloodlhed  than  what  ufually  accompanies  affairs  of  this  kind,  yet  it 
was  not  wholly  bloodlefs.  Befides  thofe  who  perifhed  immediately  in 
the  affair  of  the  Baftile,  feveral  other  vi£lims  were  offered  up  at  the 
fhrine  of  liberty.  One  of  thcfe  was  M.  de Toulon,  late  intendant  of 
Paris,  who  was  accufed  of  having  caufed.  or  increafed  the  fcarcitv  in 
that  capital.  To  avoid  the  popular  fury,  he  had  fpread  a  report  of  his 
death,  and  retired  to  his  houfe  in  the  country.  Here  he  wasdifcover- 
ed,  and  dragged  to  Parii,  where  he  was  firft  hanged,  his  head  then  cut 
off,  and  carried  upon  a  pole  to  meet  his  fon-in-law,  M.  Berthier.  the 
intendant  at  that  time,  whofe  death  had  been  already  determined  upon, 
and  who  had  been  feized  at  Compeignc.  The  marquis  de  la  Fayette 
interceded  for  Berthier  as  far  as  he  could  with  fafely.but  to  no  purpofc. 
In  the  provinces  the  moft  gnevous  dilbrders  took  place.     In  Britanny 

fevera! 

*  This  affair  has  been  differently  reprsfentcd  ;  and  the  publit  muft  patiently  wait  for  an 
aulhrnticattd  account  of  this,  and  other  particulars  of  this  interttiing  Revolution,  till  '•.% 
Ihall  be  tutly  accompli(hed  and  national  cranijulllity  reftortd. 


FRANCE.  303 

feveral  regiments  laid  down  their  arms  wlien  ordered  out  againfl  tiic 
infurgents.  At  Havre  de  Grace  the  whole  garrifon  left  the  fort  on 
hearing  what  had  happened  at  Paris,  and  the  burghers  immediately 
took  poireflion  of  it.  A  moft  melancholy  aflFair  happened  at  Befancon, 
which  at  once  difcovcrcd  the  greateft.  cruelly  and  depravity  in  the  per- 
petrators. The  people  there  having  refolvcd  to  celebrate  the  revolu- 
tion at  Paris  by  rejoicings,  a  nobleman  of  the  oppofite  party,  by  name 
M.  de  Mefmay,  projefted  the  horrid  fcheme  of  pretending  to  enter  in- 
to the  views  of  the  people,  with  an  intention  of  deftroying  them  ?,t 
once.  For  this  purpole  he  invited  them  to  an  entertainment  at  his 
caftle  of  Quefnay.  A  great  number  of  the  people  attended,  and  were 
moft  barbarioufly  mafTacrcd  at  once,  by  blowing  them  up  with  gun- 
powder, by  means  of  a  concealed  mine.  The  wretch  himfelf  efcaped, 
hirt  his  caftle  was  demolifhed  by  the  enraged  populace,  and  not  only 
that  of  Quefnay,  but  many  others  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  and  on  this 
occafion,  it  is  not  to  be  doubted,  that  feveral  valuable  buildings  were 
deftroyed.  Among  thefe  was  the  rich  Abbey  of  the  order  of  Citeaux, 
frequently  animadverted  upon  by  Voltaire.  On  examining  into  this 
affair,  however,  by  a  committee  of  the  National  Affembly,  it  was  faid 
to  have  happened  by  accident,  though  it  is  difficult  to  conceive  how 
it  could  be  fo. 

While  thefe  difturbances  were  going  on,  the  roads  were  befct  by 
troops  of  banditti  and  robbers,  chiefly  foreigners.  At  Monfmartre 
5000  dcfperadoes  began  to  level  the  platforms,  with  a  view  to  ere^ 
batteries  for  deftroying  the  city  ;  but  being  difperfed  by  the  citizens, 
they  formed  themlelves  into  feveral  bands,  and  committed  many  dep- 
redations ;  but  at  laft,  intelligence  having  been  received  at  the  Hotel 
de  Villeof  thefe  and  other  enormities,  200  citizens  fet  out  in  queft  of 
the  robbers,  whom  they  found  difperfed  in  parties  all  over  the  coun- 
try. They  attacked  the  citizens  with  ftones,  &c.  but  being  foon  put 
to  flight,  and  200  taken  prifoners,  the  country  was  reftored  to  tran- 
quillity. 

The^impatience  of  the  nation  for  the  return  of  M.  Neckar  now  grew 
to  fuch  a  height,  that  the  Aft'iimbly  wrote  a  letter  to  the  king,  demarwd- 
ing  it,  in  the  following  terms  : 

"  Sire, 
"  You  came  yefterday  among  us,  and  tefti£ed  your  confidence  in  our 
counfcls,  requiring  us  to  give  them  in  the  prefent  dreadful  ftate  of  af- 
fairs. We  were  yefterday  in  the  capital,  where  we  faw  and  hear,d 
every  thing.  Your  whole  people  are  aflFlifted  at  the  fate  of  Mr.  Neckar. 
and  demand  him  of  your  Majefty.  Every  body  Ikolds  your  prefent 
minifters  in  horror  ;  the  public  indignation  is  at  its  height  ;  we  there 
fore,  Sire,  for  the  happinefs  of  your  kingdom,  for  your  own  happinefs, 
advife  you  to  recal  Mr.  Neckar." 

We  may  judge  of  the  ftate  of  humiliation  to  which  the  mighty  fov' 
creign  of  France  was  now  reduced,  by  his  fending  the  following  letter, 
addreffed  to  Mr,  Neckar,  unfealed,  to  the  National  Affcmbly,  for  their 
infpeftion  : 

"  The   King   of  Francs    to  Mr.    Neckar. 
"  I  have  been  deceived  refpefting  you.     Violence  has  been  commit- 
ted on  my  charaftcr,    Behold  me  at  length  enlightened.      Come,  Sir, 

coice 


g04  f       K       A        ^       C        E. 

jrome  without  delay,  and  refume  your  claims  to  my  confidence,  whicti 
you  have  acquired  forever.  Mv  heart  is  known  to  you.  I  expeft 
you  wiih  all  my  nation  ;  and  1  ^'ery  fmcerely  fharc  in  its  impatience. 
Oil  which.  I  pray  God,  Sir,  until  you  return,  to  take  you  into  his 
"holy  and  worthy  kccpin'g." 

In  conL-quence  of  this  letter,  M.  Neckar  haflened  to  Paris,  where 
he  was  received  by  the  people  with  the  moftexcefTivc exultations, and 
by  tlie  king  with  the  grcaleft  cordiality  andafFcftlon.  He  was  attend- 
ed to  the  liolcl  dc  Ville,  by  M.  de  St.  Prieft,  the  fecretary  of  Rate,  and 
efcorted  by  a  numerous  company  of  the  horfe  and  foot  militia.  The 
people  who  were  in  the  Place  de  Greve,  being  impatient  to  fee  him, 
he  was  ob-liged  to  go  into  an  adjacent  room  ;  and  during  the  fliort 
time  of  his  abfcncc,  the  Aflfembly  came  to  a  rcfolution  of  pafhng  a  gen- 
eral amrieflv,  in  confequence  of  the  feftival  which  exifled  by  the  re- 
turn of  Mr.  Neckar,  and  that  the  fame  fliould  be  read  in  all  the  church- 
es of  France  ;  which  rcfolution  was  in  the  higheft  degree  acceptable  to 
the  wortjiy  miniiler  on  his  return.  On  the  report  of  this  tranfaftion 
lo  the  States  General  at  large,  however,  fome  difputes  enfued,  and  it 
was  urged  by  fome,  that  the  elettors  of  Paris  had  no  right  to  grant  a 
general  amnefly,  as  fuch  power  belonged  only  to  the  Affembly  ;  and 
the  fame  day  a  rcfolution  was  brought  forward,  in  which  it  was  infill- 
ed, that  a  tribunal  Ihould  be  erected  forjudging  of  the  demerits  of  fuch 
offenders  as  ihould  be  brought  before  it,  on  accufations  of  having  at- 
tacked tlie  fafctv,  peace,  or  liberty  of  the  public,  though  the  people  had 
a  right  to  pardon  ttiem  if  they  thought  proper. 

During  this  time  of  trouble  and  cc>nfurion,  the  Englifli  nation  had 
become  liighly  obnoxious  to  the  French  patriots.  The  reafon  of  this 
■was,  tliat  the  people  of  England  v\'^cre  reported  to  be  fuch  enemies  to 
the  French,  that  they  had  even  denied  them  a  morl'el  of  bread  in  the 
time  of  their  prcfent  calamitv.  The  duke  of  Dorfet  had  written  a 
letter  to  the  count  d'Arlois,  which  was  found  among  the  papers  of  the 
baron  dc  Caftelnau  ;  and  this  was  faid  to  be  in  favour  of  the  noblelfe, 
and  the  party  of  the  queen,  who  were  inimical  to  the  liberties  of  the 
people;  though,  in  truth,  it  was  merely  complimentary.  News  had 
iikewife  been  circulated  of  an  Englifh  fleet  failing  from  Plymouth,  to 
make  an  attempt  on  Brefl  ;  and  a  pamphlet  againft  the  commons  had 
been  publifhed  by  lord  Camelford.  All  thefe  afperfions,  however, 
were  quickly  wiped  off,  by  a  letter  from  the  earl  of  Dorfet  to  the  count 
de  Muntmorin,  and  which  was  read  in  the  National  Affembly.  On  re- 
ceipt of  this  letter,  the  Count  de  Liancourt,  prefidcnt  of  the  AHembly, 
wrote  a  letter  to  the  Count  dc  Montm.orin,  in  which  he  expreffed  the 
greateft  fatisfa£bion  ;  and  in  confequence  of  this  the  Englifh,  from  be- 
ing treated  as  enemies,  were  held  as  affeftionate  friends,  and  the  recon- 
ciliation was  confirmed  by  fome  further  correfpondence  between  Dor- 
let  and  Montmorin. 

The  national  Affembly  having  now  in  a  great  meafure  overcome  all 
oppofitinn,  proceeded  to  new  model  the  conftitution.  For  this  pur- 
pofe  twenty  two  articles  were  formed;  in  which  were  included,  an 
equal  taxation  ;  a  renunciation  of  all  privileges,  whether  perfonal, 
piovincial,  or  municipal  ;  redemption  of  feudatory  rights  ;  various 
luppreilions  and  abolitions  of  particular  jurifdiftions,  duties,  and  fer- 
vicci,  ;  abolition  of  the  fale  of  ofiiccs;  ju'ltice  to  be  executed  v/iihout 


FRANCE.  305 

any  expcnfe  to  the  people  ;  admifTion  of  all  citizens  to  civil  and  mili- 
tary offices  ;  his  Majcfty  to  be  proclaimed  the  Reilorer  of  French  Lib- 
evtv;  amcdal  tobcftruck,  and  TeDeum  cclebratedin  memory  of  this  re- 
markable event.  Onthereprefentation  of  the  minifter,aloanof  30  mill- 
ions was  voted,  in  order  to  provide  for  the  preffing  exigencies  of  the 
ilate, until  the  finances  could  be  properly  regulated.  The  French  guardi 
were  voted  a  medal  of  50  liv res  ;  but,  in  the  mod  patriotic  manner, 
they  fent  three  of  their  body  to  the  Hotel  de  Ville,  begging  leave  to 
deciiive  this  honour,  on  account  of  its  expenfe  ;  likewiic  refufnig  to  ac- 
cept of  any  pecuniary  acknowledgement  from  their  fellow  citizens  ; 
but,  however,  as  a  mark  of  their  approbation,  defiring  a  medal  of  fix. 
livres  each,  to  wear  at  their  buttons.  They  were  to  be  incorporated, 
with  the  city  militia,  and  to  have  ao  fols  per  day. 

While  the  aflembly  were  thus  proceeding  vigoroufly  in  their  work 
of  reformation,  a  report  was  fpread  of  a  mine  having  been  formed 
from  under  the  (tables  of  the  count  d'Artois,  to  the  hall  of  the  Afiem- 
blv,  with  a  dcfign  to  repeat  the  horrible  fcene  at  Quifnay.  After  the 
moil  diligent  fearch,  a  vaft  hole  of  great  depth  was  difcovercd  in  one 
of  the  cellars,  but  which  did  not  appear  to  have  any  communication 
with  any  place  in  the  neighbourhood  ;  though  from  hence  it  was  con- 
cluded, that  fome  fuch  horrid  plot  had  been  in  agitation.  In  other  rc- 
fpe£ts  they  were xiiilurbed  by  intelligence  of  dreadful  disorders  com- 
mitted in  the  pi  ovinces;  where,  among  many  other  Ihameful  proceedings, 
it  was  proved,  that  a  number  of  perfons  went  from  province  to  prov- 
ince, fpreading  falfe  news,  and  encouraging  the  populace  to  infurrcc- 
tion  ;  and  even  the  authority  of  the  king  was  pretended  to  be  produc- 
ed by  thefc  mifcreants  for  evsjry  fpecies  of  diforder.  To  remedy  this 
atrocious  evil  they  palfed  a  decree,  that  all  municipal  bodies  of  the 
kingdom,  as  well  in  towns  as  in  the  country,  fhould  watch  over  the 
maintenance  of  general  tranquillity  ;  that,  at  their  requisition,  the  na- 
tional militia,  and  all  the  troops  fhould  come  to  their  alhilance,  in  pur- 
fuing  snd  apprehending  all  public  difturbers  of  the  peace,  &c.  and  to 
prevent  any  abufe  oLpower,  the  national  militia  and  foldiers  fhould 
take  a  certain  oath,  Uie  form  of  which  was  mentioned.  This  fcheme 
was  at  firfh  oppofed  by  M.  Mirabeau  ;  but  in  a  fhort  time  he  dropped 
his  oppolilion,  and  the  refolution  was  carried  unanimoufly,  and  had, 
foon  after,  the  fanftion  of  a  royal  proclamation  to  the  fame  purpofe. 

The  authority  of  the  Aflembly  continuing  ftill  to  increafe,  they  next 
proceeded  to  take  into  confidcration  the  revenues  of  the  clergy,  to  ex- 
amine the  psnfion  lift,  and  to  affign  a  particular  fum  of  the  royal 
revenue  in  time  to  come.  The  utmoft  extent  of  a  country  clergy- 
man's revenue  was  fixed  at  1,500  livers,  or  I-.  62,  their  curates  to  have 
L.  ^5  •,  the  city  priefks  L.  100,  and  their  curates,  L.  53.  The  bifhops, 
and  other  beneficed  clergymen  to  undergo  a  proportionable  reduftion. 
They  began  alfo  to  confider  the  fuppreflion  of  monaftic  orders,  from 
v>rhich,  and  the  propofed  reduftion  of  the  clerical  revenues,  it  was  com- 
puted that  the  finances  of  the  nation  muft  be  confiderably  augmented. 
From  fome  calculations  it  appeared  that  the  number  of  ecclcfiaflics, 
fecular  and  regular,  with  the  nuns,  amounted  to  316,274;  and  that, 
for  their  fupport,  an  annual  revenue,  of  1 17,699.500  livers  was  requir- 
ed. Near  80,000  of  both  fexes  were  fuppofed  to  belong  to  the  d'.lfer- 
©n£  orders,  and  there  weire  1 7,000  mendicants.  The  diftircflcd  ftate  of 
U  thd 


3o6  FRANC        E, 

the  national  finances  now  began  to  draw  the  attention,  not  only  of  diS 
Aflembly,  but  of  the  nation  at  large.  In  the  beginning  of  September, 
it  was  announced  to  the  Affembly,  that  there  was  a  deputation  of  la- 
dies from  Paris,  who  came  to  offer  their  jewels  and  valuable  ornaments 
for  the  fervice  of  their  county,  Thefe  fair  patriots  were  received  with 
the  utmofl  politenefs,  and  it  was  propofed  by  the  ladies  themfelves, 
that  an  office  fho-uld  be  eftablifhed,  merely  for  the  reception  of  jewels, 
tvhich  (hould  be  fold,  and  the  fum  applied  to  the  diminution  of  the 
national  debt.  An  addrefs  of  thanks  was  voted  by  the  Aflembly  to 
thefe  generous  females  ;  their  names  were  ordered  to  be  publifj^ed  in 
the  votes  of  the  AlTembly  ;  and  thev  Avere  authorized  to  wear  a  badge 
of  diftinftion,  on  account  of  their  having  made  fuch  an  honorable  fac- 
rifice.  The  example  of  the  ladies  of  Paris,  in  giving  up  their  jewels, 
was  followed  by  a  vafh  number  of  individuals  throughout  the  kingdom, 
and  many  gifts  of  great  value  were  every  day  brought  in  by  patriots  of 
all  denominations. 

But  while  matters  were  thus  going  on,  feemingly  in  the  moft  fuc- 
cefsful  manner  for  the  patriots,  the  king,  at  ihf  head  of  the  ariflocratic 
party,  had  io  far  flrengthcned  himielf,  that  he  ventured  to  give  a  very 
unfavourable  anfwerto  moll  of  the  requifitions  of  the  Aliembly.  This, 
however,  was  the  lafl  effort  of  royalty.  The  cominons,  confcious  of 
their  own  power,  adhered  flriftly  to  the  principles  they  had  laid  down, 
and  which  the  other  two  orders  were  by  no  means  able  to  oppofe. 
The  following  arrticles  were  finally  determined,  as  part  of  the  new  con- 
ftitufion  of  the  kingdom. 

1.  All  powers  flow  efl"entially  from,  andean  only  emanate  from 
the  nation. 

2.  The  legiflativc  power  refides  in  the  National  Afi^embly,  compofed^ 
of  the  rcprefentatives  of  the  nation  freely  and  legally  elcftsd. 

3.  No  aft  of  the  legiflaiive  body  fhall  be  deemed  law,  unlefs  con- 
fented  to  by  the  rcprefentatives  of  the  nation,  and  fanftioned  by  the 
king. 

4.  The  fupreme  executive  power  refides  in  the  hands  of  the  king. 

5.  The  judicial  power  can  in  no  cafe  be  exereifed  by  the  king,  nof 
by  the  Icgifl'atlve  body  ;  but  juftice  fhall  be  rendered  in  the  name  of 
the  king,  by  the  tribunals  efiablifhed  by  the  law,  according  to  the 
principles  of  the  new  conftitution. 

The  diftrcffed  ftate  of  the  national  finances  at  laft  overcame  every 
other  confidcration,  and  for  fometime  engroffcd  the  attention  of  the  Af< 
fembly.  A  bill  was  brought  in  by  Mr.  Neckar,  taking  in,to  conlidera- 
rion  the  urgent  neccflities  of  the  flate  ;  and  propofing  certain  redu£i:iori3 
in  the  royal  houfeholds,  penfions,  clergy,  &c.  requefting  alfo  a  contri- 
bution from  all  the  inhabitants  of  the  kingdom,  but  which  was  to  be 
made  only  once,  and  not  to  be  renewed  on  any  pretence  v/hatever. — • 
The  contribution  %vas  refl^riftfed  to  a  nett  fourth  of  the  income,  without 
any  inquiry  into  the  perfon's  fortune  ;  a  lift  of  contributions  to  be  made 
out,  and  the  money  returned  to  them,  if  alive,  in  the  year  1792,  buC 
their  heir'^  not  to  be  entitled  to  any  benefit  from  it.  None,  whofe  in- 
come did  not  exceed  400  llvres,  to  be  included  in  the  tax.  .This  was- 
followed  by  a  donation  of  100,000  livres  from  M.  Neckar  himfelf. — ■ 
The  plan  was  laid  before  the  king,  with  the  articles  of  the  new  confli- 
■  tat'mn  ;  but  his  Majcfty  informed  them,  that  thoughh'C  aflentcdto  tha: 

■glaw 


F        R         A         N.        C-       Ei  St); 

|>ian  of  the  new  conftitution,  it  v/ason  this  pofitive  condition,  that  the 
aeneral  refuU  of  their  deliberations  fhould  leave  him  in  the  full  pof- 
loffion  oT  the  executive  power.  However,  after  nnaking  ionic  remarks 
en  the  conftitution,  he  acquiefced  in  it  for  the  prcfctu,  until  a  more 
perfeft  fyflem  could  be  adopted.  This  anfwer  was  deemed  infufficicnt, 
and  a  deputation  was  lent  to  his  MajcRy,  requiring  his  unequivocal 
alTent  to  the  new  conilitution. 

This  was   followed  by  moft  violent  tumults.     A  new  regiment  of 
troops  happening  to  arrive  at  Verfailles,  were  fumptuoully  entertained 
by  the  Ciardcs  du  Corps  in  the  palace.     The  king  and  queen  themfclvcs 
honoured  them  with  their  prefence,  by  which  the  whole  affembly  were 
fo  elevated,  that  among  other  inflances  of  their  exultation,  thev  tore  the 
national  cockades,    the  badge  of  patriotifm,    from  their  hats,   trampled 
them  under  their  feet,  and  i'upplied  themfelves  with  black  ones.     This 
produced  i'uch  dillurbanccs  at  Paris,  that  all  the  diftrifts  of  the  capital 
were  i'ummoned,  and  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette  was  ordered  to  proceed 
immediately  to  Verfailles,  at  the  head  of  a  large  body  of  troops,  and  bring 
tiie  king  under  his  guard  to  Paris,      The  marquis  hefitaled  at  firft,    but 
was  fnon  glad  to  comply,  on  hearing  that  a  gibbet  was  prepared   for 
himfelf,  and  another  for  the  mavor,  in  cafe  of  his  refufal.      In  confc- 
quence  of    this    preremptory    command,   he    fct    out   at   the  head   of 
20,000  men,    and  attended   by   feveral   of  the  magiftrates   of   Paris* 
I'he  flame  of  patriotifm,  however,  had  now  extended  itfelf  even  to  fe- 
nudes  of  the  lowell  clafs.      Eight  thoufand  fifh  women  had  preceded 
the  marquis,  and  about  two   o'clock   next  morning   had  entered  llie 
pidace  with  an  intention  to  feize  and  kill  the  queen.      It  was  afterwards; 
iound,  that  feveral  of  the  French  guards   had   m.ixed  among    them  iii 
women's  drcfTos.     On  their  arrivtil,  ihey  forced  their  way  to  her*  Ma- 
jcftv's  apartment,  who  inllantly  ran  to  that  of  the  king,  with  only  her 
fhift  on.     The  m.ob,  however,  were  fortunately  repulfed  by  the  guards, 
of  whom  a  greater  number  than  ordinary  had  been  ordered  to  fleep   in 
?he  antichambers  adjoining  to  the  queen's  apartment.     On  the  arrival 
of  the  Parifian  troops,  a  fkirmifh  eni'ued  betwixt  th.-m  and  the  guards, 
in  which  feveral  were  killed  on  both  hdes,  and  among  the  relt  feveral 
women  who  had  mixed  themielves  with  the  patriotic  foldiers.  1  he  re- 
giment of   Flanders,  notwithftanding  the  afFcftion  they  had  pretended 
for  the  king,  laid  down  their  arms,  and  refufed  to  fire.       The  body- 
guard reiifted  as  long  as  they  were  able,  but  at  lafl  were  overpowered 
and  put  to  flight ;  however,  by  the  authority  of  the  marquis  de  la  Fay- 
f  tte,  the  Parifians  were  prevented  from  entering  the  palace.  In  a  little 
time  the  marquis  was   introduced  to  the  king,  along  \vith  fome  of  the 
magifl;rates  of  Paris,  by  whom  the  defire  of  the  people  M'as  communicat- 
ed to  his  Majefty  that  he  iliould  remove  to  the  capital.     As  he  knew  thac 
reuftance  v>'Ould  he  vain,  he  complied  v.'ith  their  defire  on  afl'urance  of 
proteftion  ;  and.  the  royal  equipages  being  ordered  to  be  got  ready,  he 
iet  ou.t  wich  the  queen,  th-e  dauphin,  Monileur,  the  king's  brother,   and 
the  king's  aunts,  attended  by  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette  and  about  5000 
guards.     The  road  was  fo  crowded  with  people,  that  though  50,000  of 
the  Parifian  troops  had  been  fent  out  to  keep  the  way  clear,   it  was  fix 
hours  before  they  reached  the  Hotel  de   Ville,  though  the  diftancc  is 
only  twelve  miles.      In  this  humiliating  proceiFion,  it  is  not  to   be  lup- 
p'jfcd  but  their  Majefties  nuifl  have  met  with  many  intuits,  fufficiently 
U  2  dlfagreeable 


aoS"  FRANCE. 

difagreeable  to  people  in  their  high  ftation,  abftra£led  from  all  confidera«» 
tions  of  perfonal  fafcty.  Indeed  even  of  this  there  feemed  now  to  be  ve- 
ry confiderable  danger.  The  queen  particularly  was  abufed  by  the 
patriots  of  her  own  fex,  who  called  loudly  for  her  to  be  given  up  to 
them,  that  they  might  put  out  her  eyes,  and  cut  off  her  ears.  On  their 
arrival  at  the  Motel  de  Ville,  the  king  was  harrangued  by  M.  de  St. 
Mery,  who  alTured  his  Mnjefty  that  he  had  only  been  conduced  to  Pa- 
ris for  his  better  fecurity,  and  that  he  would  find  himfelf  more  happy 
among  his  loyal  children  there  than  he  had  been  at  Verfailles  ;  after 
which  he  was  conduced  to  the  palace  of  the  Thuilleries,  an  old  and 
ruinous  place,  v/hich  had  not  been  inhabited  fince  the  time  of  Louis 
XIV,  and  where  no  preparations  had  been  made  for  the  reception  of 
the  royal  family. 

Thus  was  the  finifhing  ftroke  given  to  the  authority  of  the  French 
monarch.  He  inftantly  caufed  it  to  be  announced  to  the  National 
Affembly,  that  he  complied  with  their  demands  in  the  fulleft:  extent. 
Since  that  time  he  has  continued  a  kind  of  prifoner,  infomuch,  that  he 
has  not  the  freedom  of  going  any  where,  even  to  the  fhorteft  diftance, 
for  the  purpofe  of  amufement,  without  the  attendance  of  fome  perfons 
under  the  name  of  guards.  Having  once  fpoke  of  taking  the  diverfion 
of  the  chace,  he  was  inftantly  informed,  that  looo  of  the  Paris  militia 
were  ready  to  attend  him  ;  on  which  he  declined  the  amufement.  The 
marquis  de  la  Fayette,  touched  with  the  miferable  fituation  to  which 
his  fovereign  was  reduced,  made  a  propofal  for  recalling  his  own 
guards  ;  but  this  excited  fuch  murmurs  among  the  people  at  large,  that 
it  was  thought  proper  to  drop  the  fcheme  altogether.  At  firfl  the  royal 
pair  v/ere  overwhelmed  with  addrefi'es  and  congratulations,  many  of 
them  of  a  very  dj/agreeable  kind.  The  queen  was  conftrained  to  give 
audience  to  a  deputation  of  females  of  the  very  loweft  clafs,  fome  of 
whom  were  among  thofe  who  had  attempted  to  murder  her  a  few 
ni<^hts  before.  Thefe,  by  one  whom  they  had  chofen  for  their  prefi- 
dent,  demanded  the  liberty  of  all  prifoners  who  were  not  malefaftors, 
deferters  not  excepted.  The  Count  de  Luxemburg  then  demanded  in 
the  name  of  the  queen,  the  pardon  of  thofe  princes  of  the  blood  royal 
who  had  been  obliged  to  fly  into  foreign  countries,  viz.  the  count 
d'Artois,  the  princes  of  Conde,  and  Conti,  which  was  agixed  to.  The 
fair  prefitdent  of  this  illuftrious  band  is  faid  to  have  appeared  fo  pretty- 
in  the  eyes  of  the  king,  that  he  did  not  fuffer  her  to  depart  without  a  kifs. 
The  mob  having  thus  prefumed  fo  far,  foon  ran  into  the  greateft  ex- 
cefTes  ;  and,  affuming  the  power  of  life  and  death,  fhewed  a  determi- 
nation to  proceed  to  execution  in  a  fummary  way  againft  every  one 
who  was  obnoxious  to  them  ;  but  having  put  to  death  in  this  manner  a 
baker,  with  fome  circumftances  of  barbarity,  the  Affembly  inftantly  de- 
termined to  put  the  capital  under  martial  law.  This  was  attended 
with  fo  good  an  effeft,  that  in  a  fhort  time  the  difturbances  ceafed,  and 
the  Affembly  were  no  more  interrupted  in  their  deliberations.  Only 
a  fingle  attempt  has  been  made  to  refcue  the  king,  and  this  ended  very 
unfortunately  for  the  projcftor,  the  marquis  le  Faveras.  In  confe* 
quence  of  the  difcovery,  this  nobleman,  with  his  wife,  who  is  alfo  prin- 
cefs  of  Anhalt  Chamboiarg,  were  taken  into  cuflody.  One  of  the  wit- 
nefles  againft  them  was  M.  de  St.  Prieft,  lecretary  of  ftate.  He  depof- 
cd,  that,  about  the  middle  of  Auguft;  he  was  accofted  by  an  unknown 

gcntlem^n^ 


1?-        R        A        N        C        E.  309 

^Jltleman,  who  afterwards  owned  himfelf  to  be  the  marquis  Ic  Favc- 
fas.  This  ftranger  told  him  that  he  felt  for  the  king  and  royal  family, 
atid  was  ready  to  facrificc  himfelf  if  he  could  pi-efcrve  them  from  the 
difaftcrs  which  threatened  both  them  and  the  kingdom  in  general.  The 
privileges  cf  the  clergy  and  nobility,  he  faid,  ought  to  be  fupported  ; 
and  he  had  a  force  of  1  200  men  ready  to  aft  again  ft  the  National  Af- 
ffembly,  and  the  marquis  de  la  Fayette.  The  defign  is  further  faid  to 
have  been  that  the  marquis,  M.  Bailli,  and  the  mayor,  fliould  have 
been  murdered  in  the  firft  place  ;  after  v,'hich  the  king  and  queen 
were  to  have  been  efcorted  to  Lifle,  in  Flanders,  by  a  band  of  3000  vol- 
i:nteers»  The  guard  at  the  barrier  towns,  it  is  faid,  had  been  gained 
over  to  this  fcheme,  and  a  loan  of  three  or  four  milli6ns  procured  for 
putting  it  in  execution.  A  committee  of  inquiry  was  fet  on  foot,  and 
il  having  appeared  to  them  that  the  marquis  was  really  concerned  in 
the  affair,  he  was  impeached,  tried,  and  condemned  by  21  judges  againft 
ig,  to  make  the  Amend:  Honourable,  and  then  to  be  hanged  ;  but  as  the 
new  regulations  required  that  four-fifths  of  the  judges  fhould  be  unan- 
imous before  a  prifoner  could  be  condemned,  the  execution  of  the  fen- 
tence  was  fufpended  :  But  on  the  1 8th  of  February  1790,  he  was  again 
condemned  to  make  the  Amende  Honoiiarbk  before  the  gate  of  the  ca- 
thedral of  Nortre  Dame,  from  thence  to  be  drav/n  in  a  cart  to  the 
Place  de  Greve,  with  his  head  and  feet  bare,  a  lighted  flambeau  of  two 
pounds  weight  in  his  hand,  and  clothed  in  a  linen  frock  covered  with 
brimfhone,  having  a  label  on  his  breaft,  with  the  words  Conspirator 
AGAINST  THK  Stati:,  wrctc  upon  it  in  large  charafters.  And  laftly, 
having  confeffed,  on  his  knees,  the  crimes  meditated  againft  his  coun- 
try, and  begged  pardon  of  God,  his  country,  hisfovereign,  and  jufticc, 
he  was  to  be  hanged  on  a  gallows  erefted  for  the  purpole.  This  fevcrc 
ientence  was  put  in  execution  next  day,  without  the  leaft  mitigation. 

No  inftitution  does  the  Affembly  more  honour  than  the  unlimited 
toleration  in  religious  matters,  which  has  at  length  taken  place  in  that 
once  intolerant  country  ;  and,  what  is  very  remarkable,  this  impor- 
tant point  was  carried  without  a  divifion.  By  this  aft  of  toleration, 
every  perfon,  of  whatever  profeffion,  the  Jcwifh  only  excepted,  is  en- 
titled to  bear  offices  in  the  ftate,  whether  civil  or  military  ;  nor  can 
any  thing  bs  accounted  an  unlawful  impediment,  except  difobedicnce 
to  lomc  of  the  decrees  of  the  National  Affembly.  Thus  it  appears, 
•that  Catholics  at  laft  can  Ihew  unlimited  toleration  to  Pioteftants, 
while  the  latter,  in  fome  countries,  cannot  bear  v/ith  one  another  with- 
out the  fecurity  of  a  Tefl  Aci  j  and  v/hile  they  are  thus  new-modelling 
the  government,  we  cannot  help  obferving,  that  every  method  is  ufed 
to  extinguifh  the  debts  of  the  French  nation,  without  overburthening 
the  people  with  taxes  ;  a  confideration  whicli  feems  to  have  been  long 
forgotten  in  Great  Britain,  where  a  tax  is  fcldom  taken  off  after  being 
once  laid  on  ;  while  the  produce  feems  to  be  employed  for  the  purpofes 
of  luxury  and  idlcncfs  to  individuals,  rather  than  to  fupply  the  exigen- 
ces of  the  ftate.  Even  the  Jews  at  Bourdeaux,  and  fome  other  places, 
have  had  their  privileges  confirmed  to  them,  which  are  very  conliderablc 
via.  a  liberty  of  partaking  of  the  rights  of  citizens,  of  purchafing  prop- 
erty, voting  at  eleftions,  fcrving  offices  military  and  civil,  and  diicharg- 
ing  the  duties  of  them,  even  on  the  fabbath  day.  Another  refolutioa 
has  paffcd,  that  there  fhall  be  no  diftinftioa  of  orders   in   France,   in 

confcqucnx:8 


3JO  FRANCE. 

confequencc  of  wKich  the  wIidIc  body  of  nohility  are  anniliilated.  A 
third  refolution  determines,  that  it  fliall  not  be  lawful  for  the  ofKcers 
of  the  police  to  imprifon  any  pcrfon,  by  way  of  correftion,  for  mora 
than  three  days,  without  bringing  him  to  a  trial. 

Among  the  patriotic  exertions  of  the  people  we  muft  reckon  the 
dcftruftion  of  the  Baftile  to  have  been  the  mod  remarkable. 

"The  mind,"  fays  Mr.  Paine,  "  can  hardly  pifture  to  itfelf  a  more 
tremendous  fcene  than  what  the  city  of  Paris  exhibited  at  the  time  of 
taking  the  Baftile,  and  for  two  days  before  and  after,  nor  conceive  the 
pofTibility  of  its  quieting  fo  foor.  At  a  diftance,  this  tranfaction  has 
appeared  only  as  an  aft  of  heroifm,  ftanding  on  itfelf  ;  and  the  cloi« 
political  connexion  it  had  with  the  Revolution  is  loft  in  the  brilliancy 
of  the  atchievement.  But  we  are  to  confider  it  as  the  ftrength  of  the 
parties,  brought  man  to  man,  and  contending  for  the  iffue.  The  Baf- 
tile was  to  be  either  the  prize  orlhcprifon  of  the  affailants.  The 
dowr.fal  of  it  included  the  idea  of  the  downfal  of  Defpotifm  ;  and 
this  compounded  image  was  become  as  figuratively  united  as  Bunyan's 
Doubting  Caftle   and   Giant  Defpair. 

The  National  Allembly,  before  and  at  the  time  of  taking  the  Baftile, 
was  fittincT  at  Veifailles,  twelve  miles  diftant  from  Pari?.  About  a 
week  before  the  rifing  of  the  Parifians,  and  their  taking  the  Baftile,  it 
was  difcovered  that  a  plot  was  forming,  at  the  head  of  which  was  the 
Count  d'Artois,  the  King's  youngeft  brother,  for  demolifhing  the  Na- 
tional Affembly,  feizing  its  members,  and  thereby  crufhing,  by  a  conp 
/leviaine,  all  hopes  and  profpefts  of  forming  a  free  government.  For 
the  fake  of  humanity,  as  wellasoffreedom.it  is  well  this  plan  did 
not  fucceed.  Eiiamplcs  are  not  wanting  to  fhew  how  dreadfully  vin- 
diftive  and  cruel  are  all  old  governments,  when  they  are  fuccefsful  a» 
gainft.  what  they  call  a  revolt. 

This  plan  muft  have  been  fome  time  in  contemplation  ;  becaufc,  in 
order  to  carry  it  into  execution,  it  was  neceftary  to  colleft  a  large  mili- 
tary force  round  Paris,  and  to  cut  oft^  the  communication  between  that 
city  and  the  National  Aifembly  at  Verfaillcs.  The  troops  deftined  for 
this  fervice  were  chietly  the  foreign  troops  in  tlie  pay  of  France,  and 
who,  for  this  particular  purpoie,  were  drawn  from  the  diftant  provin- 
ces where  they  were  then  ftationed.  When  they  were  coUefted,  to 
the  amount  of  between  twenty-five  and  thirty  thoufand,  it  was  judg- 
ed lime  to  put  the  plan  into  execution.  The  miniftrv  who  were  then 
in  office,  and  who  were  fiiendly  to  the  Revolution,  were  inftantlv  dif- 
miffed.  and  a  new  miniftrv  formed  of  thofe  who  had  concerted  the 
projeft  ;  among  whom  m'?s  Count  de  Bvoglio,  and  to  his  ftiare  was  giv- 
en the  command  of  thofe  troops.  The  charaftcr  of  this  man,  as  defcrib- 
e.d  to  me  in  a  letter  which  I  communicated  to  Mi".  Burke  before  he 
bctran  to  write  his  book,  and  from  an  authority  which  Mr.  Burke  well 
knows  was  good,  was  thai  of  "  an  high  flying  ariftocrat  ;  cool,  and  ca- 
pable of  every  mifchicf." 

While  thefe  matters  were  agitating,  the  National  Aftembly  ftood  ira 
the  moft.  perilous  and  critical  fituaticn  that  a  body  of  men  can  be  fup- 
pofed  to  aft  in.  They  were  the  devoted  viftims,  and  they  knew  it. 
'Jhey  had  the  hearts  and  wifties  of  their  country  on  iheir  fide,  but 
military  anthoritv  they  had  none.  The  guards  of  Broglio  furrounded 
the  hall  where   the  Afl"embly  fat,  ready,  at  the  word  of  command,   to 

fcizc 


FRANCE.  3it 

fcize  their  perfons,  as  had  been  done  the  year  before  to  the  Parliament 
in  Paris.  Had  the  National  Affembly  deferred  their  trufl,  or  had  they 
exhibited  Ggns  of  wcaknci's  or  fear,  their  enemies  had  been  encourag- 
ed, and  the  country  dcpreifccl.  When  the  fuuation  they  flood  in,  the 
caufe  they  were  engaged  in.  and  the  crifis  then  ready  to  bur  ft  which 
fhould  determine  their  pcrfonal  and  political  fate,  and  that  of  their 
country,  and  probably  of  Europe,  are  taken  into  one  view,  none  but  a 
heart  callous  with  prejudice,  or  corrupted  by  depcndance,  can  avoid 
interefting  iifelf  in  their  fucccfs. 

The  Archbiniop  of  Vienne  was  at  this  time  Prefident  of  the  National 
AlTcmbly  ;  a  perfon  too  old  to  undergo  the  fcene  that  a  few  days,  or  a 
icw  hours,  might  bring  forth.  A  man  of  m.ore  aftivity,  and  bolder 
fortitude,  was  necelTary  ;  and  the  National  Alfcmbly  chofe  (under  the 
form  of  a  Vice-Preiident,  for  the  prefidency  dill  relided  in  the  arch- 
hifliop'i  M.  de  la  Fayette,  and  this  is  the  onlv  inftancc  of  a  \'icc-Preri- 
dent  being  chofen.  It  was  at  !  he  moment  that  this  ftorm  was  pending 
i  Jidy  ii)  that  a  declaration  of  r"ghts  was  brought  forward  by  IVI.  de  la 
Fayette.  It  was  haftily  drawn  up,  and  makes  only  a  part  of  a  more 
cxtenfive  declaration  of  rights,  agreed  upon  and  adopted  afterwards  by 
the  National  AUcmbly.  The  particular  reafon  for  bringing  it  forward 
at  this  moment  (M.  de  la  Fayclle  has  fmcc  informed  me)  was,  that  if 
the  National  AtTembly  (hould  fall  in  the  threatened  defl^ruflion  that 
then  funounded  it,  fome  traces  of  its  piinciples  might  have  the  chance 
of  furviving  the  wreck. 

Every  thing  now  was  drawing  to  a  crifis.  T!ie  event  was  freedom  or 
fiavcry.  On  one  fide,  an  army  of  nearly  thirty  fhoufand  men  ;  on  the 
other,  an  unarmed  body  of  citizens  ;  for  tiic  citizens  of  Paris,  on  whom 
the  National  AlTembly  mud  then  immediately  depend,  Avire  ?.s  unarm- 
ed and  as  undifciplined  as  the  citizens  of  London  are  now.  Tlie 
French  guards  had  given  ftrong  lymptoms  of  their  being  attached  to 
the  national  caufe  ;  but  their  numbers  were  fmall,  not  a  tenth  part  of 
the  force  th.at  Broglio  commanded,  and  their  officers  were  in  the  intc- 
reft.  of  I'irnglio.  • 

Matters  being  now  ripe  for  execution,  the  ne\v  mipiflry  made  their 
appearance  in  ollicc.  *1  he  reader  will  carry  in  his  mind,  that  the  Baf- 
tilc  was  taken  the  14th  of  July  :  the  point  of  time  I  am  now  fpcaking 
to,  is  the  12th.  Immediately  on  the  news  of  the  change  of  miniftiy 
reaching  Paris  in  the  afternoon,  all  the  play  houfcs  and  places  of  enter- 
tainment, fhops  and  houi'es,' were  fliut  up.  1  he  change  of  miniftiy 
was  confidered  as  the  pt  elude  of  hoftilities,  and  the  opinion  was  rightly 
founded. 

The  foreign  troops  began  to  advance  towards  th?  city.  Th.e  Prince 
de  I,ambcfc,  who  commanded  a  body  of  German  cavalry.  ap))roached 
by  the  Place  of  Lewis  XV .  which  connefts  itfclf  with  fomc  of  the 
ftrccts.  In  his  march,  he  infultcd  and  ftruck  an  old  man  with  his 
fword.  The  French  are  remarkable  for  their  refpeft  to  old  age,  and 
the  infolence  witli  which  it  appeared  to  be  done,  uniting  with  the 
f;cneral  ferrnentation  tlicy  were  in.  produced  a  powerful  eilcft,  and  ^ 
try  of  '/')  arvK  !  to  arms  !  fprcad  itfelf  in  a  moment  over  (he  city. 

Arm-,  they  had  none,  nor  fcarccly  any  who  knew  the  life  of  them  ; 
but  dcfpcrate  rcfolufion,  when  every  hope  is  at  ftake,  fupplies  for  a 
V  HI?,   'he  v/ant   of  arms,     N<'ar  whcic  the  Prince  de   Lambefc  was 

drawn 


312  FRANCE. 

drawn  up,  were  large  piles  of  ftones  collefted  for  building  the  net'C^ 
bridge,  and  >yith  thefe  the  people  attacked  the  cavalry,  A  party  of 
the  French  guards,  upon  hearing  the  firing,  rufned  from  tl:eir  quarters 
and  joined  the  people  ;  and  night  coming  on  the  cavalry  retreated. 

The  ftreets  of  Paris,  being  narrow,  are  favourable  fur  defence  ;  and 
the  loftinefs  of  the  houfes,  confifling  of  many  ftories,  from  which  great 
aniioyance  might  be  given,  fecured  them  againft  nofturnal  enterprifes  ; 
and  the  night  was  fpent  in  providing  themfelves  witk  every  fort  o^ 
\veapon  they  could  make  or  procure  :  Guns,  fwords,  blackfmith's 
hammers,  carpenters'  axes,  irdn  crov/s,  pikes,  halberts,  pitchforks,  fpits, 
clubs.  Sec,  &c. 

The  incredible  numbers  with  which  they  affembled  t'ht  next  morn- 
ing, and  the  ftill  more  incredible  refolution  they  exhibited,  embarraff- 
ed  and  aftonifhed  their  enemies.  Littie  did  the  new  miniflry  expeft 
fuch  a  falute.  Accuflomed  to  flavery  thcjnfelves.  they  had  no  idea 
that  Liberty  was  capable  of  fuch  infpiration,  or  that  a  body  of  unarm- 
ed citizens  would  dare  to  face  the  military  force  of  thirty  thoufand 
men.  Every  moment  of  this  day  v/as  employed  in  colle6ling  arms, 
concerting  plans,  and  arranging  themfelves  into  the  befl  order  which 
fuch  an  inflantaneous  movement  could  afford.  Broglio  continued  ly- 
ing round  the  city,  but  made  no  farther  advances  this  day,  and  the  fuc- 
ceeding  night  palled  with  as  much  tranquillity  as  fuch  a  fcene  could 
^oflibly  produce. 

But  defence  only  was  not  the  object  of  the  citizens.  They  had  a 
caufe  at  flake,  on  which  depended  their  freedom  or  their  flavery.— 
They  every  moment  expefted  an  attack,  or  to  hear  of  one  made  on  the 
National  Affembly  ;  and  in  fuch  a  fituation,  the  mofk  prompt  meafures 
are  fometimes  the  befl.  The  objeft  that  now  prefented  itfelf  was  the 
Bafliie  ;  and  the  eclat  of  carrying  fuch  a  fortrcfs  in  the  face  of  fuch 
an  army,  could  not  fail  to  flrike  a  terror  into  the  new  miniltry,  who 
i\ad  fcarcely  yet  had  time  to  meet.  By  fome  intercepted  correfpond- 
cnce  this  morning,  it  was  difcovered,  that  the  Mayor  of  Paris,  IvI.  Def- 
ileffelles,  who  appeared  to  be  in  their  intereft,  was  betraying  them  ; 
and  from  this  difcovery,  there  remained  no  doubt  that  Broglio  would 
xeinforce  the  Bafliie  the  enfuing  evening.  It  was  therefore  necefla- 
ty  to  attack  it  that  day  ;  but  before  this  could  be  done,  it  was  firft. 
ueceffary  to  procure  a  belter  fupply  of  arms  then  they  were  then  pof» 
felled  of» 

There  was  adjoining  to  the  city,  a  large  magazine  of  arms  depofited 
at  the  hofpital  of  the  invalids,  which  the  citizens  fummoned  to  furren- 
<ier  -,  and  as  the  place  was  not  defcniiblc,  nor  attempted  much  defence, 
they  foon  fucceeded.  Thus  fupplied,  they  marched  to  attack  the  Bal- 
tile  ;  a  vaft  mixed  multitude  of  all  ages,  and  of  all  degrees,  and  armed 
■with  all  forts  of  weapons.  Imagination  would  fail  in  dcfcribing  to  it- 
felf the  appearance  of  fuch  a  procefTion,  and  of  the  anxiety  for  the 
event  which  a  few  hours  or  a  few  minutes  might  produce.  What 
plans  the  miniftry  was  forming,  were  as  unknown  to  the  people  with- 
in the  city,  as  what  the  citizens  were  doing  was  unknown  to  them  ; 
and  what  movements  Broglio  might  make  for  the  fupport  or  reliefer 
the  place,  were  to  the  citizens  equally  unknown.  All  was  myftery 
and  hazard. 

That  the  Ballile  was  attacked  with  an  enthufiafm  of  heroifm,  fuch 
only  as  the  higheft  animation  oi  liberty  could  infpire,   and  carried  in 

the 


F        R        A        >J        C        E.  gt3 

the  Tpace  of  a  few  hours.  Is  an  event  which  the  world  is  fully  pofTefred 
of.  I  am  not  undertaking  a  detail  of  the  attack,  but  bringing  into  view 
the  conrpiracy  againft  the  nation  which  provoked  it,  and  which  fell 
with  the  Bafiile.  The  prifon  to  which  the  ncwminiftry  were  doom- 
ing the  National  Anembly.  in  addition  to  its  being  the  high  akar  and 
cadle  of  dcfpotilVn.  became  the  proper  objeft  to  begin  with.  This  cn- 
terprife  broke  lip  the  new  miniftry,  who  began  now  to  fly  from  the  ruin 
they  had  prepared  for  others.  The  troops  of  Broglio  difpcrfed,  and 
himfclf  fledalfo/ 

It  is  much  to  be  wiflicd  that  a  particular  hiftory  and  defcription  of 
this  celebrated  engine  of  tyranny  were  made  public.  At  prefent  we 
can  only  inform  our  readers  in  general,  that  in  it  were  found  the  moft 
horrible  machines,  calculated  for  grinding  to  mummy  thofe  unhappy 
criminals  whom  the  cruelty  or  jealoufy  of  the  monarch,  or  even  of  his 
favourite  miftrefs,  had  determined  to  deftroy.  An  iron  cage,  about 
twelve  tons  in  weight,  was  found  with  the  Ikeleton  of  a  man  in  it. 
who  had  probably  lingered  out  a  great  part  of  his  days  in  that  horrid 
manfion.  Among  the  prifoners  releafed  by  its  deftruftion  Avere  major 
White,  a  Scoti'man,  and  the  earl  Mazarine  an  Irifh  nobleman.  The 
former  appeared  to  have  his  intelleftual  faculties  almoft  totally  impair- 
ed by  the  long  confinement  and  miferies  he  had  endured  ;  and,  by  being 
unaccuftomed  to  converfe  with  any  human  creature,  he  had  forgot  the 
life  of  fpcsech.  Earl  Mazarine,  after  having  left  Paris,  narrowly  efca- 
ped  being  detained  at  Calais,  but  luckily  efcaped  the  danger,  pofTibly 
owing  this  good  fortune  to  his  being  taken  for  a  madman.  On  his  arri- 
val at  the  Britifh  fhore,  he  eagerly  jumped  out  of  the  boat,  fell  down 
on  the  ground,  and  kifl'ed  it.  It  doth  not  appear  that  any  remarkable 
particulars  concerning  the  treatment  of  prifoners  in  the  Baftile  have 
tranfpired  from  the  accounts  of  thefe  two  peribns.  This  curfed  builds 
ing  is  now  totally  deflroyed.  The  lafl  ftone  of  it  was  prefentcd  to  the 
National  Afiembly  In  the  beginning  of  the  month  of  February  1790, 
by  thole  brave  foldicrs  and  citizens  who  had  expofed  their  lives  in 
ftorniing  the  place.  M.  Maillard,  who  prefented  the  gift  of  thefe  pa- 
triots, made  the  following  fpeech.  "  Gentlemen,  we  are  poor,  and 
can  therefore  only  ofler  the  Poor  Mart's  Mite,  but  wc  accompany  it 
\vith  an  offering  which,  we  flatter  ourfclves,  will  prove  acceptable  to 
our  country,  and,  we  hope,  glorious  to  ourfelves.  It  is  the  La/l  Stone 
of  the  Bajlik."     The  gift  was  received  with  the  loudeft  applaufe." 

The  demolition  of  this  place,  where  people,  without  any  crime,  ex- 
cept perhaps  having  given  offence  to  a  ftrumpet,  might  be  fuddenly 
imprifoned  for  life,  or  even  deftroyed  in  a  fhort  time,  muft  give  pleafure 
to  every  friend  to  humanity.  Unluckily  great  numbers  of  the  papers 
belonging  to  it  were  burnt  by  the  mob  ;  but  fuch  as  have  been  preferv- 
ed,  abundantly  fhew  the  way  in  which  the  prifoners  were  fometlmts 
treated.  The  following  letter,  from  M.  S — e,  intendant  of  the  police 
at  Faris,  to  de  Launay  the  governor  of  the  Baftile,  killed  by  the   mob, 

was  much  fpokc  of.     "  My  dear  de  Launay,    I  fend  you   F , 

an  atrocious  offender.  Keep  him  eight  days,  after  which  order  mat- 
ters ;"  i.  e.  let  him  be  put  to  death.  A  memorandum  was  found  in  dc 
Launay's  hand  writing,  intimating,  that,    after  the  time  fpecificd,   he 

had  fcnt  to  S-^e,  to  know    under  what   name  F fhould  be 

cnterred. 

The 


314  FRANC        E. 

The  deflruftion  of  the  Baftile  has  again  called  the  attention  of  the 
yublic  to  a  piece  of  hiftoi y,  which  engaged  the  pens  of  fevcral  authors 
of  the  laft  and  beginning  of  the  piefent  centuries.  In  the  )ear  1661, 
a  flioi  t  time  after  the  death  of  the  cardinal  Mazarine,  an  unknown 
prifoner  was  fent  to  the  ifle  of  St.  Margaret,  in  the  Mediterranean, 
near  Provence.  This  perfon  always  wore  a  black  mafk,  fuppofed  to  be 
of  iron,  but  on  examination  found  to  confift  of  black  yeb'et  and  whale- 
bone. It  was  faftened  on  by  fteel  fprings,  and  fixed'with  a  padlock, 
in  fuch  a  manner,  that  he  could  not  put  it  ofFliimfelf,  though  he  could 
eat  and  drink  without  being  greatly  incommoded  by  it.  He  was  treat- 
ed v.-ith  the  greiteft  rcfpeft,  infomuch,  that  the  governor  of  the  caftlc 
■svhere  he  was  kept,  always  waited  oi-j  him  bare-headed,  and  never  fat 
fiown  in  his  prefence,  but  it  was  underftood  that  any  difcovery  of  him- 
fclf  would  be  attended  with  immediate  death.  He  was  exceedingly 
well  m.adc,  ^nd  had  fomething  engaging  in  the  found  of  his  voice  ;  and 
according  to  the  account  of  an  old  phylician,  who  had  feen  the  lower 
part  of  his  face,  in  examining  his  tongue  when  fick,  his  complexion 
v/as  very  dark,  and  tlie  fkin  of  the  reii  of  his  body  brownifii.  He  nev- 
(tr  complained  of  his  fituation,  or  difcovered  the  leafk  inclination  for 
liberty,  He  amufed  himfelf  with  playing  on  the  guitar,  and  orders 
wer.c  giveri  to  fupply  him  with  every  thing  he  required  ;  but  his  chief 
paflion  fcemed  to  be  for  fine  laces  and  linen.  His  rank  and  quality  were 
undoubtedly  very  high,  as  appeared  from  the  refpeft  {liewcd  him  not 
only  by  the  governor,  but  by  the  prime  minifler  of  France,  who  once 
paid  him  a  vifit  during  his  confinement  in  the  ifle  of  St.  Margaret,  and 
jicver  fat  down  in  his  prefence.  The  prifoner  himfelf,  however,  did 
fiot  at  any  time  drop  the  leafl;  hint  by  which  it  might  be  conjefturedwho 
he  was  ;  but  it  feems  that  had  it  been  in  his  power  to  make  a  difcove- 
ry of  himfelf,  which  might  have  been  accounted  accidental,  it  would 
undoubtedly  have  been  done.  The  room  in  which  he  was  confined  had 
but  one  window,  which  looked  towards  thefea,  A  barber  one  day  per-! 
ceived  fomething  white  floating  under  the  prifoner's  window,  and  tak- 
ing it  up,  found  it  to  be  a  very  fine  fhirt  carelefsly  folded  up,  which  he 
had  filled  from  one  end  to  the  other  with  writing.  The  unfufpeHing 
barber  carried  it  to  the  governor,  but  his  officioufnefs  cofl  him  dear, 
lie  was  /ound  dead  in  his  bed  a  few  days  after,  ;n;irdered  undoubted- 
Iv  by  the  cruel  inflruments  of  oppreffion  and  defpcLifm  by  V\'hom  the 
prifoner  had  been  fo  long  confined.  Another  time  the  prifoner  wrote 
fome  words  with  a  fork  upon  a  fmall  filver  difh,  and  threw  it  out  of 
the  window  towards  a  fifhing  boat  which  had  approached  almoft  to 
the  foot  of  the  wall  ;  but  this  being  alfo  carried  to  the  governor,  the 
vjfl-ierman  was  in  danger  of  fliaring  the  fame  fate  with  the  barber,  had 
iiot  the  governor  been  afTured  that  he  could  not  read.  In  1698  he  was 
removed  fjom  this  place  of  confinement  to  the  Baftile,  where  he  re- 
mained  till  the  time  of  his  death,  Movember  19th,  1703.  After  his 
dcatli  tlie  head  was  feparated  from  the  body,  cut  into  fmall  pieces  and 
interred  in  different  places.  Orders  were  given  to  burn  all  his  clothes, 
jiiicn,  matrafs,  and  coverlets.  Even  the  panes  of  glafs  in  the  win- 
dows of  his  room  were  delhoyed,  the  walls  of  it  fcraped  and  new 
plaifleicd,  left  he  fliould  have  wiote  fomething  on  them  which  might 
tend  to  a  difcovery. 

.'r.ich  extraordinary  fecrecy  could  not  but  excite  the  curiofity  of  the 
publ.c  in  a  propcrtionablc  degiee  ;  but   it  would  have  been  death  tQ 

any 


FRANCE.  3i| 

any  of  thofc  concerned  in  it  to  divulge  the  lead  article.     M.  Chamil-. 
lard  was  the  lafl  minifter  to  whom   the    fccret  was  known.     When 
on  his  death  bed,   his  fon  in  law,   Mar(hal  de  Feuilladc,  conjured  him 
to  tell  him  who  this  priioner  was  :  but  he  replied,    that  it  was  a  (late 
f'ecrct.  and  he  had  fwornnot  to  reveal  it.    While  the  pvifoner  remain- 
ed in  the  Baflile,  he  found  means  to  convrrfe  with  anotlicrperfon  con- 
fined  in  an  adjacent  apartment,    through  the  funnels  of  the  chimnies.- ' 
The  latter  aficed  him  why  he  concealed  his  name,   and   why  he  was 
fhut  up  there  ;  but  he  replied,   that  his  confelhon   would  cofl  him  his 
Jifc.  and  occafion  the  detlruftion  of  all  thofe  to  whom  he  might   reveal 
the  fccrct.      Many   conjeftures  have  been  formed  concerning  this  ex- 
traordinary peifonage.     Some  have  imagined   that  he  was  the  duke  of 
Beaufort,   a  turbulent  nobleman   who  took  an  aftive  part  in  the  civil 
wars   during  the   minority  of   I,ouis  XIV.  and  was  fiid  to  have  been 
killed  by  the  Turks  at  the   (iegc  of  Candia.     But  this  opinion   is   un- 
doubtedly  refuted  by  the  profound  rel'peft  on  all  occalions  fhewn  to 
this  prifoncr  by  the  greateft  perlonagcs  in  the  kingdom.     Other  imag- 
ine that  he  was  the  count  de  \'crmandois,  a  natural  fon  of  Louis  XIV. 
The  caufe  of  his  imprifonmcnt  is  faid  to  have  been  his  giving  the  dau- 
phin a  box  in  the  ear  ;  but  this  cannot  be  the  cafe,  if  it  be  true  that  the 
man  with  the  iron   mafk  was  confined  in  1G61,  and  that  the  count  dc 
^'ermandois  was  only  born  in  1667.      A  third   party   fuppofe   him  to 
have  beeen  the  duke  of  Monmouth,  who  rebelled  againfl  James  II.    He 
wasfentencedtobe beheaded, and  the fcntence  faidtobeput  in  execution, 
A  report, however, wcnt,that  the  duke  did  not  really  fufler ;  but  that  one 
of  his  followers,  who  refcmhled  him,  had  the  courage  to  dieinhis  (lead. 
'i'Jiis  opinion  is  ftill  more  untenable  than  the  former  ;    but   it   is   now 
laid  to  be  fully  manifefl,  from  an  original  letter  from   the   princcis   of 
Modcna  to  the  duke  de  Fronlac,  that  he    was   twin-brother  of  Louis 
XIV,  and  born  only  four   hours   after   him.       Thus   the   unfortunate 
prince,  thiough  the  jealoufy  and  bigotry  of  the  times,  was  forever  con- 
cealed from  the  eyes  of  the  world  all  his  lifetimc„and  lingered  out  an 
ulclefs  and  melancholy  life.     This    account  feems  to  be  the  only  prob- 
able one,  as  it  explains  at  once  the  very  great  refpeft  Ihewn  totheprif- 
oner,  and  likcwdc  the  circumftancc,  othcrwife  unaccountable,  that,   at 
the  time  of  his  confinement,  no  perlon  of  confcqucncc  difappcarcd  in 
Europe. 

The  foregoing  account  of  the  Revolution  in  1- rancf,  is  taken  from 
Kincaid's  Geographical  Grammar.  It  has  the  appearance  of  beinsj 
written  by  an  impartial  hand  ;  and  we  give  it  a.s  the  bed  account,  ii\ 
detail,  of  this  event,  fo  far  as  it  goes,  of  any  that  has  come  to  our  knowl- 
edge. 

We  arc  not  furniflied  with  materials  fufficiently  authentic  and  con- 
nedled,  to  authori/.e  a  detail  of  the  interefting  events  that  have  taken 
place  in  the  courfe  of  the  tv-o  lafl  years,  179^  and  1  792.  We  can  on- 
ly fay  in  general,  that  the  Revolution  is  not  yet  completed — that  a 
C  ounter- Revolution  has  been  fct  on  f-jot  by  the  French  emigrants,  in 
which  the  Unitcvl  powers  of  Auflria,  Prufifia,  part  of  the  Germanic 
body,  Naples  and  Sardinia,  are  engaged — that  their  forces,  to  the 
amount,  it  is  faid,  of  upwards  500,000  men,  are  nov.-  on  the  borders  of 
France — that  France  is  torn  by  violent  internal  dilfenfions — that  tlie 
National  AffemV^Iv,  on  the  (jlh  of   AuguR,  paGed  a  decree,  "  revoking 

the 


SiS  FRANCE. 

»he  authority  entrufled  by  the  conflitution  to  Louis  XVf.  and  fuf-* 
pending  him  from  that  moment,  until  a  National  Convention  fhall  have 
decreed  the  meafures  neceffary  to  be  purfued  for  preferving  the  Na* 
tional  Independence-^that  the  primary  afTemblies  v/ere  to  convene  on 
the  25thof  Auguft;  to  eleft  their  delegates  to  the  National  Convention, 
which  was  to  meet  at  Paris  on  the  26th  of  September—that  the  Na* 
tional  Aflerably  have  named  four  commiffioners,  for  the  four  armies, 
who  have  power  to  iftue  mandates  of  ar  re  ft,  and  pronounce  the  fuf- 
penfton  and  difmifion  o?  the  General  and  Staff  OJicers,  who  aft  again  ft 
the  general  fafety-— ^and  that  the  following  decree  of  acculation  againft 
KI.  La  Fayette,  was  palled  on  the  18th  of  Auguft. 

L  It  appears  to  this  Alfembly  that  there  is  juft  ground  for  accufation 
atgainft  M.  la  Fayette,  heretofore  Commander  of  the  Army  of  the 
North. 

IL  The  Executive  Power  fhall  in  the  moft  ejcpeditious  manner  pof- 
fible,  put  the  prefcnt  decree  into  execution  ;  and  all  conflituent  author- 
ities, all  citizens,  and  all  foldiers,  are  hereby  enjoinedj  by  every  means 
in  their  power,  to  fecure  his  perfon. 

Ill,  The  A(fembly  forbids  the  Army  of  the  North  any  longer  to  ac- 
knowledge him  as  General,  Or  to  obey  his  orders  ;  and  ftriftly  enjoin^ 
that  no  perfon  whatlbever  fliall  furnifh  any  thing  for  the  troops,  or  pay 
any  money  for  their  ufe,  but  by  the  orders  of  M.  Dumourier. 

To  give  the  reader  fome  idea  of  the  objefts  aimed  to  be  accomplifhed 
by  the  Counter  ReVolutionifts  we  add  the  following  fummary  of  the 
Ma!?ifesto  on  the  part  of  the  combined  forces  of  Austria  and 
Prussia. 

The  King  of  France  fhall  name  the  frontier  town  of  his  kingdom  to 
*>tvhich  he  defires  to  repair.     The  Duke  of  Brunfwick  fliall  fend  him  a 

faard,  befides  his  Military  Houfehold,  which  v/iil  be  appointed  by  the 
rinces,  his  brothers. 

The  Emperor  and  the  King  of  PruITla  do  not  defire  that  the  kingdom 
of  France  fliould  be  difmsrribcred  in  any  of  its  franchifes  ;  nOr  do  they 
Wifh  to  intermeddle  in  the  government. 

They  dcftre  the  reftoration  of  the  King  to  his,  liberty  and  full  au- 
thority, the  I/Iinift-rs  to  their  altars,  and  property  to  its  proprietors. 

The  Deputies  to  the  firft  and  fecond  Legifl^ture  fhall  be  tried. 

The  National  Alfembly  and  the  city  of  Paris  are  anfwerable,  upon 
their  heads  and  effefts,  for  the  life  of  the  King,  and  that  of  all  the 
Royal  Family,  to  commence  from  the  day  of  the  publication  of  the 
Manifefto.  ^ 

Every  man  who  fliall  be  taken  with  arms  in  his  hands,  fhall  be 
treated  as  a  rebel,  and  tried  according  to  military  law. 

Every  man  taken  in  the  att  of  firing  or  throwing  flones  from  his 
windows,  fhall  be  put  to  the  fword,  and  his  houfe  burnt  or  demolifhed. 

The  National  guards  arc  enjoined  to  maintain  good  order,  and  arc 
refponfiblcj  as  well  as  all  adminiflrators,  both  coUeftively  and  individ- 
ually, upon  their  heads  and  eifetls,  for  every  event. 

The  Duke  of  Brunfwick  and  the  PrufTian  army,  will  protecl  all  in- 
dividuals that  {hall  declare  for  the  King  ;  and  the  faid  army  is  prohib- 
ited, under  pain  of  death,  from  committing  any  a£l  of  vengeance  or 
jullice,  without  receiving  orders. 

The 


SPAIN.  317 

The  Duke  of  Brunfwick  will  retain  in  his  pay  all  regiments  or  mili. 
tary  that  fliall  declare  for  the  King. 

No  pardon  will  be  granted  to  whoever  (hall  oppofe  the  King's  de. 
parture,  and  his  palTage  to  the  town  that  he  may  apooint. 

Lewis  XVI.  king  of  F^-ance  and  Navarre,  was  born  in  1754,  fuc* 
ceeded  his  grandfather  Lewis  XV.  in  1774,  married,  1770,  to  Mari^ 
Antonietta,  hfler  of  the  emperor  of  Germany,  born  1755.  Their  if- 
fuc  are  Madame  Maria  Therefa  Charlotte,  born  on  the  19th  of  De- 
cember 1778  ;  and  Lewis- Jofeph-Xavier-Fiancis,  dauphin  of  France, 
born  October  22,  1781. 

N.  B.  The  reader  who  wifhes  to  obtain  a  knowledge  of  the  hiftory 
of  France,  may  confult  Caefar's  Commentaries,  Rollin's  Ancient  Hifto-^ 
ry,  Univerfal  Hiftory,  Voltaire,  and  Sully's  Memoirs. 


SPAIN. 

Situation  and  extent. 
Miles.  Degrees. 

Length   700-1   ^^^^^^^    r  10  and  3  eaft  longitude. 
Breadth  500  J  \  30  and  44  north  latitude. 

Boundaries.]  TT  is  bounded  on  the  Weft,  by  Portugal  and  the  At. 

X   lantic  Ocean  ;  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  Eaft  5 

by  the  Bay  of  Bifcay  and  the  Pyjenean  Mountains,  which  feparatc  i* 

from  France,  on  the  North  ;  and  by  the  ftrait  of  the  fea  at   Gibraltar, 

on  the  South. 

It  is  now  divided  into  fourteen  diftrifl:s,  befide*  iflandsin  the  -Medi» 
terranean  ;  as  in  the  following  tabic  ,• 


T  ABl  f,. 


N. 


CO 

0 

Villages  and  Boroughs  2 1  .o8c 
according  to  others        i8,ooc 

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3-5  2 

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0    0 

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6  6: 

i' 

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Leon               —                6.COC 
Valladolid                        19.00c 
Salamanca        —            l.q.ooc 

0  0 
9, 9 

1 
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l-'opulaiiun 

for  every 

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O  M3     ir 


o 


An 


Possessions  in  other  Parts  of  the  Globe. 

1.  In  Africa.  On  the  Coaft  of  Baibary,  the  towns  of  Ceuta,  Orari, 
Melilia.  and  Mafalquivir  :  the  Canary  Iflands,  viz.  CaiiiH-ia,  Ferro, 
Tencriffe,  &c.  'I  he  iflands  of  Annabon  and  Delpo,  under  the  Equator. 

2.  -Jn  Afia.  The  Philippine  Iflands;  the  principal  of  which  is 
Luzon,  whofe  capital  is  Manilla.  The  Marian,  the  Caroline,  and  Pa- 
laos  Iflands. 

3.  In  America,  immenfe  provinces,  much  larger  than  all  Eurepe, 
moft:  of  which  are  aftonilhingly  fertile. 

(1.)  In  North  America,  Louyfuvna,  California,  Old  Mexico,  or  New 
Spain,   New  Mexico,  both  the  Floridas. 

(2.)  In  the  Weft-Indies,  the  ifland  of  Cuba,  one  half  of  St.  Domin- 
go, Potorico,  Trinidad,  Margareta,  Tortuga,  &c. 

(3.)  In  South-America,  Terra-Firma,  Peru,  Chili,  Tucuman,  Para- 
guay, Patagonia. 

Thefe  extenflve  countries  we  have  already  defcribcd. 

Ancient  names  and  divisions.]  Spain  formerly  included  Por- 
tugal, and  was  known  to  the  ancients  by  the  name  of  Iberia,  and  Hef- 
peria,  as  well  as  Hifpania.  It  was  about  the  time  of  the  Punic  wars, 
divided  into  Citerior  and  Ulterior  ;  the  Citerior  contained  the  provin- 
ces lying  north  of  the  river  Ebro  ;  and  the  Ulterior,  which  was  the 
largefl:  part,  comprehended  all  that  lay  beyond  that  river.  Innumera- 
ble are  the  changes  that  it  afterwards  underwent  ;  but  there  is  no 
country  of  whole  ancient  hiftory,  at  leaft  the  interior  part  of  it,  we 
know  iefs  than  that  of  Spain. 

Climate,  and  water.]  Excepting  the  period  of  the  equinoxial 
tains,  the  air  of  Spain  is  dry  and  ferene,  but  exceflively  hot  in  the 
fouthern  provinces  in  June,  July,  and  Auguft.  The  vail  mountains 
that  run  through  Spain  are,  however,  very  beneficial  to  the  inhabitants, 
by  the  refreftiing  breezes  that  come  from  them  in  the  fouthernmoft 
parts  ;  though  thofe  towards  the  north  and  north-eafh  are,  in  the  win- 
ter, very  cold. 

The  waters  of  Spain,  efpecially  thofe  that  are  medicinal,  are  little 
known  ;  but  many  falutiferous  fprings  are  found  in  Granada,  Seville, 
and  Cordova.  All  over  Spain  the  waters  are  found  to  have  fuch  heal- 
ing qualities,  that  they  are  outdone  by  thofe  of  no  country  in  Europe; 
and  the  incloflng,  and  encouraging  a  refort  to  them,  grow  every  day 
ftiore  and  more  in  vogue,  efpecially  at  Alhamar  in  Granada. 

Mountains.]  It  is  next  to  impofTible  to  fpecify  thefe,  they  are  fo 
numerous  :  The  chief,  and  the  higheft,  are  the  Pyrenees,  near  200  miles 
in  length,  which  extend  from  the  Bay  of  Bifcay  to  the  Mediterranean, 
and  divide  Spiin  from  France.  Over  thefe  mountains  there  arc  only 
Hve  narrow  pai^^ges  to  France,  and  the  road  over  the  pafs  that  fcpa- 
rates  RouflTiUon  from  Catalonia,  reflefts  great  honour  on  the  engineer 
•who  planned  it.  It  formerly  required  the  ftrenth  of  30  men  to  fupport, 
and  nearly  as  many  oxen  to  drag  up  a  carriage,  which  four  horfes  now 
do  with  eafe.  The  Cantabrian  mountains  are  a  continuation  of  the 
Pyrenees,  and  reach  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  fouth  of  Cape  Finifterre. 
The  celebrated  Mount  Calpe,  now  called  the  Hill  of  Gibraltar,  was  in 
former  times,  known  under  the  name  of  one  of  the  pillars  of  Hercules  y 
the  other,  Mount  Abyla,  lies  oppofite  to  it  in  Africa, 

Among 


SPAIN  32^ 

Among  tlie  mountains  of  Spain,  Montferrat  is  particularly  worthy 
the  attention  of  the   curious  traveller;  one  of  the  mofl  lingular  in  the 
world,  for  fituation,  fhape  and  compoHtion.     It  (lands  in  a  vaft  plain, 
about   thirty   miles  from    Barcelona,    and    nearly  in  the  centre  of  the 
principality  of  Catalonia.  It  is  called  by  the  Catalonians  ^vlonte-ferrado, 
or  Mount  Scie,   words   which    lignify  a  cut,  or  fawcd  mountain  -.  and 
is  fo  called  from  its  fingular  and  extraordinary  form  :  For  it  is  To  brok- 
en and  dvided,  and  fd  crowned  with  an   infinite   number   of  fpirincr 
cones,  or  pine   heads,  that  it  has  the  appearance,   at  a  diflant  view,  to 
be  the  work  of  man  ;  but,  upon  a    nearer  approach,  to  be  evidently  a 
natural  produftion.      It  is  a  fpot  fo   admirably  adapted   for  retirement 
and  contemplation,  that  it  has,  for  many  ages,   been  inhahited  only  by 
monks  and  hermits,    whole    firft  vow  is,   never  to  forfake  it.     Whea 
the  mountain  is  fiifi.  feen  at  a  diRance,  it  has  the  appearance  of  an  in- 
finite number  of  rocks  cut  into   conical    forms,    and  built  one  upon 
another  to  a  prodigious  height,  or  like  a  pile  of  grotto  work,  or  Gothic 
fpires.     Upon  a  nearer  view,   each  cone  appears  of  itfelf  a  moimtitin  ; 
and  the  whole  compofes  an  enormous  mafs  about  14  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  the    Spaniards   compute    it  to  be  two  leagues  in  hei  jht.*^ 
As  it  is  like  no  other  mountain,  fo   it  flands   quite    unconnefted  with 
any,  though  not  very  diflant  from  fome  that  are  very  lofty.     A  con- 
vent is  erefted  on  the  mountain,  dedicated  to  our  lady  of  Montferrat, 
to  which  pilgrims  refort  from   the    fartheft  parts  of  Europe.     All  the 
poor  who  come  here    are  fed   gratis  for  three  davs,  and  all  the  Tick  re- 
ceived   into   the  hofpital.      Sometimes,    on    particular   feftivals,  fevea 
thoufand  perfons  arrive  in  one  day  ;  but  people  of  condition  pay  a  rea- 
fonable  price  for  what  they  eat.     On   different   parts  of  the  mountain 
are  a  number  of  hermitages,    all  of  which  have  their  little  chapels,  or- 
naments for  faying   mafs,  water  ciflcrns,  and  mod  of  them  little  gar- 
dens.    The  inhabitant  of  one  of  thcfe  hermitages,   which  is  dedicated 
to  St.  Benito,  has  the  privile'^e  of  making  an  annual  entertainment  on  a 
certain  day,  on  which  day  all  the  other  hermits  sre  invited,  when  they 
receive  the  facrament  from  the  hands  of  the  mountain  vicar  ;   and  af- 
ter divine  fervicc,  dine  together.     They  meet  alfo  at   this   hermitage, 
on  the  days  of  the  faints  to  which  their  feveral  hermitages  are  dedicat- 
ed,  to  fay  mafs,    and  commune  with  each   other.     But  at  other  times 
they  live  in  a  very  folitary  and   reclufe  manner,   perform  various  pen- 
ances,  and  adhere  to  very  rigid  rules  of  abflinence,   nor  do  they  ever 
feat  flefli.     Nor  are  they  allowed  to  keep  within  their  walls  either  dog, 
cat,  bird,  ot  any  living  thing,  led  their  attention  fhould  be  v/ithdrawn 
from  heavenly  to     earthlv   objcCls.     The  number  of  profeffed  monks 
there,  is  76,  of  lay  bfothers  28,  and  of  finging  boys  25,  befidcs  a  phy- 
fician,   furgeon,  and  icrvants.     Mr.  ThicknefTe,  who  has  publifl^ed  a 
very  particular  defcription  of  this  extraordinary  mountain,  v/as  inform- 
ed by  one  of  the  hermits,  that  he  often  faw    from   his    habitation,    the 
illands  of  Minorca,  Majorca,  and  Ivica,  and  the  kingdoms  of  Valencia 
end  Murcia, 

RlV£R9 

"  Mr.  Swinburn?  eftimates  iis  heigiit  at  only  3,300  feet,  and  obferves  tliat  the  arnr:  of  i!'.a 
•onvf  nt  are,  the  Vinjtn  Mary  luiiBg  at  the  foat  oi  a  jock,  half  «ut  ihroujjh  by  a  Uy, 

w 


,3a,a 


N. 


Rivers  and  Lakes.]  Thefe  are  the  Duero,  formerly  DuriuS;, 
Vk'hich  falls  Into  the  Atlantic  ocean  below  Oporto  in  Portugal  •,  the  Ta- 
go  or  Tagus,  which  falls  into  the  Atlantic  ocean  helow  Lifbon  ;  the 
Guardiana  falls  into  the  fame  ocean  near  Cape  Finifterre  ;  as  does  the 
Guadalquiver,  now  Turio,  at  St.  Lucar  ;  and  the  Ebro,  the  ancient 
Iberus,  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  fea  below  Tortofa. 

The  river  Tinto,  the  qualities  of  which  are  very  extraordinary,  rifes 
in  Sierra  Morena,  and  empties  itfelf  into  the  Mediterranean,  near 
Huelva,  havinc'  the  name  of  Tinto  given  it  from  the  tinge  of  its  waters, 
"which  are  as  yellow  as  a  topaz,  hardening  the  fand,  and  petrifying  it 
in  a  moft  furprifmg  manner.  If  a  ilonc  happen  to  fall  in,  and  reft  up- 
on another,  they  both  become,  in  a  year's  time,  perfeftly  united.  This 
river  withers  all  the  plants  on  its  banks,  as  well  as  the  roots  of  trees, 
Avhich  it  dies  of  the  fame  hue  as  its  waters.  No  kind  of  verdure  will 
come  up  where  it  reaches,  nor  any  fifli  live  in  its  flream.  It  kills 
•worms  in  cattle  when  given  them  to  drink  ;  but  in  general  no  animals 
will  drink  out  of  this  river,  excepting  goats,  whofe  flefii  neverthelefs 
has  an  excellent  flavour.  Thefe  fmgular  properties  continue  till  other 
xivulets  run  into  it,  and  alter  its  nature  :  For  when  it  pafles  by  Niebla, 
it  is  not  different  from  other  rivers,  and  falls  into  the  Mediterranean  fea 
fix  leagues  lower  down. 

There  are  feveral  lakes  in  Spain.  Thatof  Beneventa,  abounds  with 
iiflies,  particularly  with  excellent  trout.  Of  the  water  of  a  lake  ne^r 
"Antiquera  fait  is  made  by  the  heat  of  the  fun. 

Bays.]  The  chief  bays  are  thofe  of  Bifcay,  Ferrol,  Corunna,  (com- 
monly called  the  Groyne.)  Vigo,  Cadiz,  Gibraltar,  Carthagena,  Ali- 
cant,  Altea,  Valencia,  Roles,  Majorca  in  that  ifland,  and  the  harbour 
K)i  Port-Mahon,  in  the  ifland  of  Minorca.  The  llrait  of  Gibraltar  di- 
vides Europe  from  Africa. 

Wealth  And  Commerce.]  The  kingdom  of  Spain  might  be  one 
of  the  richefh  countries  in  Europe.  It  borders,  like  France,  upon  tvvo 
Jeas  •,  it  is  interfedted  by  fix  large  ftreams,  and  by  upwards  of  fifty 
Imaller  rivers  ;  it  has  very  confiderable  mountains,  and  its  climate  is, 
in  fome  refpefts,  ffill  finer  than  that  of  France.  With  refpeft  to  its 
fize,  it  is  fomewhat  fmaller  than  the  latter  ;  however,  the  advantages 
lull  enumerated,  added  to  the  immenfe  extent  and  wealth  of  the  Indies, 
ought  to  raife  this  monarchy  high  above  all  the  other  powers  of  Eu- 
rope. And  yet  the  revtrfe  is  the  cafe  ;  Spain  is  thinly  peopled,  has 
but  little  commerce,  few  manu  failures,  and  what  commerce  it  basis 
almofl  entirely  in  the  hands  of  ftrangers,  notwithflanding  the  impedi- 
ments thrown  in  their  way  by  government.  With  refpeft  to  the  in- 
duflry  and  fertility  of  the  feveral  provinces,  Abbe  Cavaniles  diflin- 
cuifhes  between  the  central  and  outward  provinces  ;  tlie  latter,  viz. 
Gallicia,  Affuria,  Navarre,  Arragon,  Catalonia,  Valencia,  Murcia, 
Granada,  and  the  fouth  of  Andalufia,  are  better  watered  and  wooded, 
confequently  Icfs  hot,  and  upon  the  whole  much  more  fertile,  than  the 
•middle  provinces  ;  moft  of  them  have  befides,  the  advantage  of  being 
maritime  provinces.  As  a  favourable  inftance  of  the  fertility  and  in- 
duftry  of  Spain,  the  fame  author  has  ftated  the  produce  of  the  province 
of  Valencia,  in  the  following  manner  : 

Silk, 


SPAIN.  323 

French  Livers. 
"Silk,  2,ooOjOOolb.  valued  at  —         —         —  30,000,000 

Hemp,  — •  —  —  —  1,500,000 

Flax,  —  —  —  —  1,500,000 

■Wool,  of  the  coaiTer  fort,  23.000  cwt.  —         —  920,000 

,ooo 


/;.ii 


Rice, 

Oil,  looOjODo  cwt.                  —             —             — ■  4,500,000 

Wine,  3.000,000  cantaros,  —  —  2,250,000 

Dried  raifins,  60,000  cwt.                       —              —  600,000 

Figs,                         —              —  —  —  .     480,000 

-Dates,                       —            —            —             —  300,000 


46,730,000 
The  articles  of  corn,  oil,  maize,  almonds,  foda,  fait,  and  the  lilheries 
of  the  fame  province,  amounted  1770,  to  65,000,000  livres.  The  amount 
and  variety  of  thefe  produftions  is  really  aftonifhing  ;  yet  it  mull  be 
pwned,  that  this  province  is  perhaps  the  richefl  in  Spain.  One  of  the 
]^reateft  obflacles  to  agriculture  in  this  kingdom  is  the  breeding  very 
large  flocks  of  fheep,  the  value  of  which  is  eflimated  in  Spain  at 
30,000,000  livres.  They  take  up  too  great  an  extent  of  ground  for 
their  fubfiflehce,  to  the  prejudice  of  agriculture  and  population.  The 
number  of  thofe  flieep  whofe  wool  is  of  the  fined  fort,  is  eftimatcd  at 
5,000,000  ;  the  profits  arifing  from  them  amount,  annually,  to  8,500.000 
iivres,  of  which  2,200,000  are  paid  to  the  king,  5,600,000  muft  be  de- 
dufted  from  the  necelTary  expenfcs,  and  only  700,000  livers  are  the 
clear  benefit  to  the  proprietors.  Of  this  fine  wool,  ^^0,000  cwt,  is  an- 
nually fent  ofi^  to  London  and  Briftol  ;  about  the  fame  quantity  to 
Rouen  ;  20,000  cwt.  to  Amilerdam,  of  which  only  6000  cwt.  re- 
mains in  Holland;  the  refl  is  exported  chiefly  to  different  parts  of 
Germany,  The  principal  towns  which  carry  on  the  wool-trade, 
are  harbours  of  Bilboa  and  Santandcr,  where  wool  is  fhipped  for 
exportation  ;  and  thofe  which  produce  the  fincft  forts  of  wool,  are 
Leon,  Segovia,  (which  alone  produces  25,000  cwt.)  Avila,  B*argos, 
and  Soria. 

Agriculture  flourifhes  moft  in  the  provinces  of  CaRile  and  Eflremadu- 
ra  ;  but,  upon  the  whole,  Spain  does  not  produce  corn  enough  for  its 
confumption,  and  is  under  the  necelfity  of  importing  large  quantities. 

Spain  produces  excellent  fruit,  as  oranges,  lemons,  almonds,  fig.s,  and 
grapes.  In  1764,  they  were  exported  from  the  harbour  of  Malaga, 
7000  chefts  of  lemons  and  oranges,  holding  from  1000  to  1500,  each  ; 
1000  barrels  of  figs,  at  75 — 1501b.  each;  400  barrels  of  almonds,  of 
275 — 30olb,  each  ;  500  balls  of  orange  and  lemon-pe?l  ;  15  balls  of 
rol'emary,  the  ball  weighing  7501b.  Pomegranates,  dates  piftachios 
(befides  the  kernel  of  this  fruit,  which  refembles  an  almond  in  flavour, 
the  leaves  of  it  are  ufed  in  Spain  ;  they  are  boiled  down  to  a  refinous 
juice,  which  ferves  inflead  of  frankincenfc).  Capers,  chefnuts,  of 
which  30,000  fhiplafts  are  produced  in  the  province  of  Afluria  ;  fil- 
berts, 30,000  bags  of  which,  fold  at  il.  ft;erling  each,  are  fent  over  to 
England.  The  fugar-cane,  which  at  prefent  is  little  cultivated,  on  ac- 
count of  the  importation  of  Weft-India  fugar  :  Only  four  fugar-mills 
2re  now  remaining  in  the  province  of  Granada.  Soda,  faff'ron,  tobac- 
co. The  greatcft  tobacco-manufafture  is  at  Seville  ;  it  employs  ico© 
W  2  '  workincn, 


824  S  P  A        I  N. 

workmen,  and  180  mules,  ufed  to  put  28  mills  in  motion.  The  builcj- 
ing  ufed  for  this  purpofe  refcmbles  a  palace  in  magnificence,  and  the 
profits  it  yields,  amount  to  6,000,000  of  dollars  :  Every  day  24,ooolb. 
of  tobacco  are  dried.  Tobacco  is  mixed  in  this  manufafture  with  a 
fort  of  red  earth,  called  Almagra  (rubrica  frabrilis)  which  is  found  near 
Carthagcna,  in  the  province  of  Murcia.  Upwards  of  looolb.  of  honey 
is  exported  ;  but  the  confumption  of  wax  is  fo  great,  that  a  great  deal 
muft  be  imported  from  the  Weft-Indios.  Salt  is  very  plentiful  in 
Spain  ;  there  are  not  only  many  rich  brine-fprings,  but  large  quanti- 
ties of  rock  fait  ;  and  much  fait  is  alfo  extrafled  from  the  fea-water. 
Unhappily,  the  fait  trade  is  a  monopoly  of  the  crown.  Saltpetre  a- 
bounds  in  this  country  ;  the  foil  is  impregnated  with  it,  and  many  peaf- 
ants  have  faltpetre  pits  :  If  properly  attended  to,  confiderable  quanti- 
ties for  exportation  might  be  produced.  The  wines  of  Spain  are  cele- 
brated for  their  rich  and  delicious  flavour,  and  they  form  very  con- 
fiderable articles  of  exportation. 

Next  to  the  province  of  Valencia,  thofe  of  Arragon,  Granada,  and 
Murcia,  are  diftinguifhed  for  the  large  quantities  of  filk  they  fupply. 
The  whole  produce  of  filk,  within  thefe  four  provinces,  was  eflimated, 
about  30  years  ago,  at  about  i,5oo,O0©lb.  annually.  This  produce  has 
increafed  of  late  :  In  1776,  Granada  and  iMurcia  produced  700,0001b. 
and  Valencia  upwards  of  1.000,000.  In  1762,  the  filk  raifed  in  Valen- 
cia, amounted  to  1,150,0001b.  in  Murcia  to  400,000,  in  Arragon  to 
170.000,  in  Granada  to  ioo,ooolb.  Notwithflanding  thefe  vaft  quan- 
tities of  filk,  the  filk  manufaftures  are  few  and  inconfiderable  in  pro- 
portion ;  fcarcely  the  fourth  part  of  thofe  remain  which  were  in  a 
flourifliing  ftate  in  the  iGth  century.  Of  70,000  looms,  which  Spain 
formerly  had,  Uflariz  found  only  10,000  remaining  in  the  year  1724, 
Since  that  time,  their  number  has  again  increafed. 

Cotton  is  likewife  one  of  the  many  produftions  of  this  kingdom; 
Valencia,  in  good  years,  produces  720,500  cwt.  moft  of  which  is  ex- 
ported raw.  The  beft  cotton-manufaftures  are  in  Valencia,  Arragon, 
and  Catalonia. 

Gold  and  filver  was  found  in  the  mines  in  very  confiderable  quanti- 
ties during  the  times  of  the  Roman  dominion,  and  even  afterwards  by 
the  induftrious  Moors.  At  prefent  only  a  few  filver  mines  are  work- 
ed, among  which,  that  at  Guadalcornal,  in  the  province  of  Eilrema- 
dura,  is  the  mod  important.  It  was  formerly  \yorked  to  very  great 
advantage  by  German  adventurers,  but  it  is  at  prefent  greatly  on  the 
decline  :  It  is  faid  to  have  produced,  while  in  a  fiourifhing  flate,  to  the 
amount  of  6o;00o  ducats  a  week.  A  few  filver  mines  are  found  in 
the  provinces  of  Granada,  Arragon,  and  Catalonia.  Arragon  produ- 
ces a  great  deal  of  iron,  mofh  of  which  is  exported  as  it  is  brought  from 
the  mines,  and  is  imported  again  when  manufaftured  abroad.  This 
province  produces  likewife  very  large  quantities  of  lead  ;  the  clear 
profits  of  one  of  thefe  lead  mines,  at  Binares,  amounted  to  3,000,000 
dollars  in  feven  years.  Quickfilvcr  is  found  in  the  rich  mines  of  Gua- 
dalcornal and  Almada.  The  firfl  who  worked  them  were  Germans  j 
tlie  celebrated  Fuger,  fo  confpicuous  for  his  wealth  in  Charles  the; 
Fifth's  time,  got  moft  of  his  riches  from  the  mine  of  Almada.  In  the 
middle  of  the  prefent  century,  the  produce  of  quickfilver,  amounted  to 
5s8  000  cwt.  the  whole  of  Vi'hich  is  fent  over  to  America  for  the  pur- 
pofe 


S  P  A  I  K.  ^25 

j>ore  of  almagamating  ;  and  the  fale  of  quickfilver  to  flrangcrs  is  fevere- 
ly  prohibited. 

■Spain  is  indebted  to  German  mineralgolifls  for  the  difcnvery  of  fome 
rich  mines  of  cobalt  :  The  moft  important  of  them  is  that  of  Giftan,  ia 
Arragon.  Bcfides  metals,  the  mineral  kingdom  affords  many  valuable 
articles,  among  which  the  quarries  of  marble,  alabafter,  and  other  ufeful 
ilones,  deferve  to  be  mentioned. 

Spain  now  firft  begins  to  think  of  facilitating  trade,  by  the  cftablifh- 
ment  of  a  bank,  and  by  the  improvement  of  the  inland  communication, 
bv  means  of  good  roads  and  canals,  A  paper-bank  was  eftablifhed  in 
3782,  an  Eafl-India  Company  incorporated  in  1785,  and  a  large  canal 
begun  near  Zarago^a  in  1784. 

All  the  exports  of  Spain,  moft  articles  of  which  no  other  European 
country  can  fupply,  are  eftimatcd  at  only  80,000,000  livers,  or 
3»333!333^*  fterling  ;  a  very  inconfiderable  amount,  as  will  appear 
from  the  above  fpecification  of  the  excellent  and  various  articles  of 
produftion.  The  moft  important  trade  of  Spain  is  that  which  it  car- 
ries on  with  its  American  provinces.  The  chief  imports  from  thefe 
extenfive  countries  confift  of  gold,  filver,  precious  ftones,  pearls,  cot- 
ton, cocoa,  cochineal,  red  wood,  fkins,  rice,  medicinal  herbs  and  barks, 
as  fafafras,  Peruvian  bark,  &c.  Vanilla,  Vicunna  wool,  fugar,  and  to- 
bacco. In  1784,  the  total  amount  of  the  value  of  Spanifh  goods  ex- 
ported  to  America,  was  195,000.000  reales  de  veDon  ;  foreign  com- 
modities, 238,000.000.  r.  d.  V.  The  imports  from  America  were  valued 
at  900.000,000  reales  de  vellon,  in  gold,  filver,  and  precious  ftones  ; 
and  upwards  of  300,000,000  in  goods.  In  the  GazeLz  de  Madrid,  1 787, 
(Feb.  20th)  it  was  ftated,  that  the  exports  to  America  (the  Indies)  from 
the  following  twelve  harbours  :  Cadiz,  Corunna,  Malaga,  Seville,  St. 
Lucar,  Santander,  Canarias,  Alicante,  Barcelona,  lortofa,  Gipon,  St, 
Sebaftian,  amounted,  in  1785,  to  767,249,787  rcaks  de  vellon;  the 
duties  paid  on  thefe  exports  amounted  to  28,543,702  reales  de  vellon. 
The  imports,  both  in  goods  and  money,  from  America  and  the  Weft- 
India  iilands,  amounted  in  the  fame  year  to  1.266.07 1.067  reales  de  vel- 
lon, and  the  duties  to  65,472,195  reales  de  vellon.  'Jlie  profits  of  the 
merchants  from  the  whole  American  trade  was  valued  at  5,000,000 
dollars. 

With  refpeft  to  European  commerce,  the  balance  is  generally  againft 
Spain,  and  thofe  lofTes  muft  be  made  up  by  the  produce  of  its  Ameri- 
can provinces.  All  the  exports  from  Spain  to  Great-Britain,  amount- 
ed,  in  1785,  to  697,7121.  fterling  :  the  imports  from  Great-Britain,  to 
788,064!.  fterling.  In  1784,  the  exports  were  646,526;  the  imports 
808,6981.  fterling. 

Anim.'^l  PRODUCTIONS  "1  The  Spanifli  horfcs,  efpecially  thofe  of 
BY  SEA  AND  LAND.  J  Andalufia,  are thought to be  thehandfomeft 
pf  any  in  Europe,  and  at  the  fame  lime  very  fleet  and  ferviceable.  The 
king  does  all  he  can  to  monooolife  the  fineft.  breed  for  his  ov/n  ftables 
and  fervicc.  Spain  furniflies  likewife  mules  and  black  cattle  ;  and 
their  wild  bulls  have  fo  much  ferocity,  that  their  bull-fcalls  were  the 
moft  magnificent  fpeftacle  the  court  of  Spain  could  exhibit,  nor  arc 
they  now  difu fed.  Wolves  are  the  chief  beafts  of  prey  that  infeft 
Spain,  which  is  well  ftored  with  all  the  game  and  wild  ff)wl  that  ajc 
to  be  found  in  the  neighbouring  countries  already  dfTcMbcd.  The 
Spanifh  fcas  afford  excellent  fifh  of  all  kinds,  efpccially  anchovies, 
which  are  here  cured  in  great  perfc£lion.  Population^ 


3=6  s       p       A'       I       k; 

PoPM.ATiox,  INHABITANTS,  MANNERS,  1  Spain,  formerly  thc m'dll' 
CUSTOMS,  DIVERSIONS,  AND  DRESS.  J  populous  kingdom  in  Eu- 
rope.  is  now  hut  thinly  inhabited.  This  is  owing  partly  to  the  great 
drains  of  people  fent  to  America,  and  partly  to  tlie  indolence  of  the 
natives,  who  are  at  no  pains  to  raife  food  for  their  families.  Another 
caufe  may  be  afligncd,  and  that  is,  the  vaft  numbers  of  ecclefiaftics,  of 
both  fexes,  who  lead  a  life  of  celibacy.  Some  writers  have  given  fev- 
cral  other  caufes,  fuch  as  their  wars  \Vith  the  Moors,  and  the  final  ex- 
pulfion  of  that  people.  The  prefent  inhabitants  of  this  kingdom  have 
been  computed  by  Feyjoo,  a  Spanifli  writer,  to  amount  to  9,250,000  ; 
count  Aranda  makes  them  as  dated  in  the  Table. 

The  perfons  of  the  Spaniards  are  generally  tall,  efpecially  the  Caf- 
tilians  ;  Their  hair  and  complexions  fwarthy,  but  their  countenances 
are  very  cxprefSve.  The  court  of  Madrid  has  of  late  been  at  great 
pains  to  clear  their  upper  lips  of  muflachoes,  and  to  introduce  among 
them  the  French  drefs,  inftead  or  their  black  cloaks,  their  fnort  jerkin, 
ilrait  breeches,  and  long  Toledo  fwords,  which  drefs  is  now  chiefly 
confined  to  the  lower  ranks.  The  Spaniards,  before  the  acceflion  of 
the  houfe  of  Bourbon  to  their  throne,  afFefted  that  antiquated  drefs  in 
hatred  and  contempt  of  the  French  ;  and  the  government,  probably, 
will  find  fome  difficulty  in  abolifhing  it  quite,  as  the  fame  fpirit  is  far 
from  being  extinguifhed.  An  Old  Caftilian,  or  Spaniard,  who  fees 
none  above  him,  thinks  himfelf  the  moft  important  being  in  nature  ; 
and  the  fame  pride  is  commonly  communicated  to  his  dcfcendants. 

Ridiculous,  however,  as  this  pride  is,  it  is  produftive  of  the  moft 
valuable  effefts.  It  infpires  the  nation  with  generous,  humane,  and 
virtuous  fentiments;  it  being  feldom  found  that  a  Spanifh  nobleman, 
gentleman,  or  even  trader,  is  guilty  of  a  mean  aCtion.  During  the 
raofl  embittered  wars  they  have  had  with  England  for  near  70  years 
paftrthere  is  no  inflance  known  of  their  taking  advantage  (as  they 
might  eafily  have  done)  of  confifcating  the  Britifh  property  on  board 
their  galleons  and  Plate  fleet,  which  was  equally  fecure  in  time  of  war 
as  in  peaee. 

By  the  befc  and  moft  credible  accounts  of  the  late  wars,  it  appears 
that  the  Spaniards,  in  America,  gave  the  moft  humane  and  noble  relief 
to  all  Britifti  fubjctls  who  were  in  diftrefs,  and  fell  into  their  hands, 
not  only  by  fupplying  them  with  necefl'aries,  but  money  ;  and  treating 
them  in  the  moft  hofpitable  manner  while  they  remained  among  them. 

Having  faid  thus  much,  we  are  carefully  to  diftinguifh  between  the 
Spanifh  nobility,  gentry,  and  traders,  and'their  government,  which  is 
to  be  put  on  the  fame  footing  with  the  lower  ranks  of  Spaniards,  who 
are  as  mean  and  rapacious  as  thofe  of  any  other  country.  The  kings 
of  Spain  of  the  houle  of  Bourbon,  have  feldom  ventured  to  employ  na- 
tive Spaniards  of  great  families,  as  their  minifters.  Thefe  are  general- 
ly French  or  Italians,  but  moft  commonly  the  latter,  v/horife  into  pow- 
er by  the  moft  infamous  arts,  and  of  late  times,  from  the  moft  abjeft  fta- 
tions.  Hence  it  is  that  the  French  kings  of  Spain,  fince  their  acceflion 
to  that  monarchy,  have  been  but  very  indifferently  ferved  in  the  cab- 
inet. Alberoni,  v-fho  had  the  greateft  genius  among  them,  embroiled 
his  mafter  with  ail  Europe,  till  he  was  driven  into  exile  and  difgrace  ; 
and  Grinaaldi,  the  laft  of  their  Italian  minifters,  hazarded  a  rebellion 
in  the  capital,  by  his  oppreftive  and  unpoi.ular  meafures» 

The 


S  P  A  I  N,  32^ 

The  common  poopic  who  live  on  the  coafts,  partake  of  all  the  bad 
qualities  that  are  to  be  found  in  other  nations.  They  are  an  aflem- 
blage  of  Jews,  French,  Ruffians,  Irifli  adventurers,  and  Englifh  fmug- 
glers  ;  who  being  unable  to  live  in  their  own  country,  mingle  with  the 
Spaniards.  In  time  of  war,  they  follow  privateering  with  great  fuc- 
cefs  ;  and  when  peace  returns,  they  engage  in  all  illicit  pra6Uccs,  and 
often  enter  into  the  Irifli  and  Walloon  guards  in  the  Spaniih  fervice. 
There  are  about  40,000  gyphes,  and  who,  befides  their  fortune  telling, 
are  inn-keepers  in  the  fmall  towns  and  villages.  The  charafter  of  the 
Spaniards,  is  thus  drawn  by  Mr.  Swinburne,  after  his  late  travels 
through  the  country  :  "  The  Catalans  appear  to  be  the  moft  aftive 
ilirring  fet  of  men,  the  bed  calculated  for  bufinefs,  travelling,  and  man- 
ufaftures.  The  Valcncians  a  more  fallen,  fedate  race,  better  adapted 
to  the  occupations  of  hufbandmen,  lefs  eager  to  change  place,  and  of  a 
much  more  timid,  fufpicious  caft  of  mind  than  the  former.  The  An- 
dalufians  feem  to  be  the  greatefu  talkers  and  rhodomontadoes  of  Spain. 
The  Caftilians  have  a  manly  franknefs,  and  lefs  appearance  of  cunning 
and  deceit.  The  new  Caftilians  are  perhaps  the  leaft  induftrious  of 
the  whole  nation  ;  the  old  Caftilians  are  laborious,  and  retain  more  of 
ancient  fimplicity  of  manner  ;  both  are  of  a  firm  determined  fpirit,— 
The  Arragonefc  are  a  mixture  of  the  Caftilian  and  Catalan,  rather  in- 
clining to  the  former.  The  Bifcayners  are  acute  and  diligent,  fiery 
and  impatient  of  control,  more  refembling  a  colony  of  republicans 
than  a  province  of  an  abfolute  monarchy ;  and  the  Galicians  are  a 
plodding  pains-taking  race  of  mortals,  that  roam  over  Spain  in  fearch 
of  an  hardly  earned  fubfiftence." 

Notwithilanding  the  pride  and  oftcntation  of  the  Spaniards,  their 
penury  is  eafily  difcernible,  but  their  wants  are  few,  and  their  appe- 
tites eafily  fatisfied.  The  inferior  orders,  even  in  the  greatefk  cities, 
are  miferably  lodged,  and  thofe  lodgings  wretchedly  furnifhed.  Many 
of  the  poorer  fort,  both  men  and  women,  wear  neither  fhoes  nor  {lock- 
ings, and  coarfe  bread  fteeped  in  oil  and  occahonally  feafoned  with 
vinegar,  is  the  common  food  of  the  country  people  through  feveral 
provinces.  A  traveller  in  Spain  muft  carry  provifions  and  bedding 
with  him,  and  if  per  chance  he  meets  with  the  appearance  of  an  inn, 
he  muft  even  cook  his  vi£luals,  it  being  beneath  the  dignity  of  a  Span- 
\ard  to  perform  thefe  offices  to  ftrangers  ;  but  lately  fome  tolerable  inns 
have  been  opened  by  Iriffi  and  Frenchmen  in  cities,  and  upon  the  high. 
roads.  The  pride,  indolence,  and  lazinefs  of  the  Spaniards,  are  pow- 
erful inducements  to  their  more  induftrious  neighbours  the  French, 
who  are  to  be  found  in  all  parts  of  the  kingdom  ;  and  here  a  won- 
derful contraft  diftinguiflies  the  charafter  of  two  neighbouring  na- 
tions. The  Spaniard  feidom  ftirs  from  home,  or  puts  his  hand  to  work 
of  any  kind.  He  fleeps,  goes  to  mafs,  takes  his  evening  walk.  Whilo 
the  induftrious  Frenchman  becomes  a  thorough  domeftic  ;  he  is  butch- 
er, cook,  and  taylor,  all  in  the  fame  family  ;  he  powders  the  hair,  cuts 
the  corns,  wipes  the  fhoes,  and  after  making  himfelf  ufeful  in  a  thou- 
fand  different  fliapes,  he  returns  to  his  native  country  loaded  with  dol- 
lars, and  laughs  out  the  remainder  of  his  days  at  the  cxpenfe  of  his 
proud  benefaftor. 

The  Spaniards  are  univerfally  known  to  have  refined  notions  and 
excellent  fenfe  ;  and  this,  if  improved   by  ftudy  and  travelling,  which 

they 


323  S  P  A  I  N. 

tliey  now  (land  in  great  need  of,  w^ould  render  them  fuperior  to  the 
French  themfelves.  Their  flew,  delil)erate  manner  of  proceeding,  ei- 
ther in  council  or  war,  has  of  late  years  worn  off  to  fuch  a  degree,  that 
during  the  two  laft  wars,  they  were  found  to  be  as  quick  both  in  refolv- 
ing  and  executing,  if  not  more  fo  than  their  enemies.  Their  feLrccy, 
conflancy  and  patience,  have  always  been  deemed  exemplary  ;  and  in 
feveral  of  their  provinces,  particularly  Galacia,  Granada,  and  Andalu- 
fiathe  common  people  have,  for  fome  time,  afliduoufly  applied  them- 
felves tp  agriculture  and  laboi;r. 

Among  the  many  good  qualities  poiTeiTed  by  the  Spaniards,  their  fo- 
briety  in  eating  and  drinking  is  remarkable.  They  frequently  break- 
faft,  as  well  as  fup  in  bed  ;  their  breakfaft  is  ufually  chocolate,  tea  be- 
ing very  feld.om  drank.  Their  dinner  is  generally  beef,  mutton,  veal, 
pork,  and  bacon,  greens,  &c.  all  boiled  together.  They  live  much  up- 
on garlic,  chive?,  fallad  and  radiflies  ;  which,  according  to  one  of  cheir 
proverbs,  are  food  for  a  gentleman.  The  men  drink  very  little  wine  ; 
and  the  women  ufe  water  or  chocolate.  Both  fcxes  ufually  fleep  after 
dinner  and  take  the  air  in  tlie  cool  of  the  evenings.  Dancing  is  fo 
much  their  favourite  entertainment,  that  you  may  fee  a  grandmother, 
mother,  and  daughter,  all  in  the  fame  country-dance.  iVlany  of  their 
theatrical  exhibitions  are  infipid  and  ridiculous  bombaft.  The  prom- 
<cr's  head  fometimes  appears  through  a  trap-door  above  the  level  of  the 
ftage,  and  he  reads  the  play  loud  enough  to  be  heard  by  the  audience. 
Gallantry  is  a  ruling  paffion  in  Spain.  '  Jealoufy.  fince  the  acceifioii 
of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon,  has  flept  in  peace.  The  nightly,  mufical  fe- 
renades  of  miftreffes  by  their  lovers  are  ftill  in  ufe.  The  fights  of  the 
cavaliers,  or  buU-feafls,  are  almofh  peculiar  lo  this  country,  and  make 
a  capital  figure  in  painting  tlie  genius  and  manners  of  the  Spaniards. 
On  ih^fe  occahons,  young  gentlemen  have  an  opportunity  of  fhewing 
their  courage  and  aftivity  before  their  miflreffes  :  and  the  valour  of  tlic 
cavalier  is  proclaimed,  honoured,  and  rewarded,  according  to  the  num- 
ter  and  fiLercsnefs  of  the  bulls  he  has  killed  in  thefe  encounters.  Great 
pains  are  ufed  in  lettling  the  forms  and  weapons  of  the  combat,  fo  as  to 
give  a  relief  to  the  gallantry  of  the  cavalier.  The  diverfion  itfelf, 
which  is  attended  with  circumfkances  of  great  barbarity,  is  undoubted- 
ly of  Ivloorifh  original,  and  was  adopted  by  the  Spaniaids  when  upon 
juiod  terms  witli  that  nation,  partly  through  complaifance,  and  partly 
through  rivalfliip. 

There  is  not  a  town  in  Spain  but  what  has  a  large  fquare  for  the 
purpofe  of  exhibiting  bull-figlits  ;  and  it  is  faid  that  even  the  pocreft 
inhabitants  of  the  fmalleft  villages,  will  often  club  together,  in  ei'der  to 
procure  a  cow  or  an  ox,  and  fi^ht  them  riding  upon  affes,  for  want  of 
liorles. 

Government.]  Spain  is  at  prefcnt  an  abfolutc  monarchy.  The 
meeting  of  the  deputies  of  the  towns,  whenever  a  ncv/  tax  is  to  be  im- 
pofed,  is  a  mere  matter  of  form.  Some  provinces,  howevci,  as  Navarre, 
Bilcay,  and  Arragon,  have  preferved  feme  of  their  ancient  immuni- 
ties. The  king's  edifts,  before  they  acquire  the  force  of  laws,  mull  be 
regiftered  in  the  court  of  Cafiilc.  The  crown  is  heredita}v,  both  in 
the  male  and  female  line.  By  a  law  made  in  1715,  female  lieiis  cannot 
iucceed  till  after  the  whole  male  line  is  extinfl. 

Public 


SPAIN.  Se^ 

Public  bufinefs  is  managed  by  tbe  following  departments  :  The 
Council  of  State,  or  the  Cabinet  ;  of  the  minifters  belonging  to  it,  the 
fecietarv  of  flate  for  foreign  affjirs  is  conlidercd  as  the  firft.  The  Su- 
preme Royal  Court,  or  Chamber  of  Caftile,  occupied  with  the  internal 
adminiftration.  It  i«:  likcwife  the  Supreme  Court  of  juftice  in  the  king- 
dotn,  and  is  divided  into  four  chambers  :  The  Council  of  War,  the 
Royal  Council  of  the  Indies,  and  the  Council  of  Finances.  There  are 
12  tribunals  in  the  different  provinces  of  Spain,  called  Chancillerias, 
Confejois,  or  Audicm  las.  In  the  fnialler  towns,  the  judges  of  the  in- 
ferior courts  of  juftice  are  called  Alcaides  or  Baylcs  ;  in  the  larger 
fities,  Corregidores,  and  their  alfcifors  Regidores.  Lawfuits  in  thig 
country  are  exceedingly  expcnfive.  and  of  long  duration. 

The  civil,  criminal,  and  police  laws,  are  partly  derived  from  the  an- 
cient Gothic  laws,  and  partly  conlained  in  the  edifts  of  the  kings.  In. 
cafes  where  thefc  laws  are  deficient,  the  Roman  laws  are  made  ufe  of. 
In  ecclefiaftical  matters,  the  canon  or  papal  law,  in  its  full  extent,  is 
adopted  as  the  rule  of  right. 

Fundamental  laws  of  the  monaichy  are  the  following  :  i.The  indl- 
vifibility  of  the  Spanifh  dominions.  2.  The  right  of  piimogcniture, 
which  put  an  end  to  the  cuPiOm  of  dividing  the  kiii^^'Jom  betwc-n  the 
fons  of  the  king.  And,  3.  The  above-mentioned  claufe  concerning 
the  fuccelhon  of  the  female  line. 

The  provinces  are  governed  by  viceroys  (Virreyes)  ;  and  all  the 
American  dominions  of  Spain  are  divided  into  three  royal  govern- 
ments, under  the  viceroys  of  New-Granada,  Mexico,  and  Peru.  There 
are  nine  fuperior  courts  of  juftice,  or  Audiencias,  in  America,  and  one 
in  the  Philippine  1  (lands. 

Finances.]  The  king's  revenue  from  old  Spain  amounts  to  up- 
wards of  5,000. cool,  fterling.  The  whole  of  the  revenue  from  Spain, 
America,  and  the  Philippine  Iflands.  is  faid  to  amount  to  100  millions 
of  piaflers. 

The  public  revenue  is  divided  into  the  general  and  provincial  reve- 
nue. The  firft  arifes.  1.  From  the  cuftoms  and  the  duties  on  imported 
goods  from  abroad,  as  well  as  on  thofe  imported  from  one  province  in- 
to another.  2.  From  the  monopolies  of  the  crown,  viz.  thofe  of  to- 
bacco, fait,  lead,  quickfilver,  and  gunpowder.  3.  From  ftamp  duties, 
contributions,  a  tax  on  landed  eftaies,  taxes  levied  en  the  eftates  of  the 
clergy,  from  the  fale  of  papal  abfolutions  and  indulgences,  reduced  to 
the  price  of  40  fous  each,  from  the  pofts,  deduflions  from  the  falaries 
of  public  officers,  and  the  mint.  4.  'i'he  crown  revenue  from  America. 
5.  The  crown  revenue  from  Arragon,  Valencia,  Catalonia,  Majorca, 
and  Minorca.  What  is  called  the  provincial  revenue  arifes  from  the 
22  provinces,  into  which  the  kingdom  of  Caftile  has  been  divided  ;  it 
conhftsof  various  tithes,  and  duties  on  foap,  brandy,  wine,  and  other 
articles.  Part  of  the  provincial  contributions  are  afiigned  over  to  the 
creditors  of  the  crown,  in  lieu  of  intereft  on  their  capiials.  Many 
blanches  of  the  revenue  are  (armed  out  to  coirpanies.  The  farm  of 
tobacco  alone  employs  no  lefs  than  53,000  collcftors.  Before  the  year 
1770,  the  public  expenditure  was  nearly  equal  to  the  revenue,  but  has 
been  found  fince  to  exceed  it.  In  the  year  1770,  a  deficiency  of  five 
millions  of  piafteis  was  made  good,  by  withh(^lding  the  futas  deftincd 
for  the  cxtiaoidinary  expenie  of  the  colonies. 

Spain 


t^o 


A    I    N. 


9,900 
61,425 

35355 

150 
13,200 
29.700 
15,000 


Spain  is  burthened  with  confiderable  public  debts ;  they  are  at  pfe- 
fent  divided  into  the  old  and  new  debts  :  The  former  are  thofe  con- 
tracted by  the  wars  of  Charles  V.  and  liis  fucceffors,  amounting  to  130 
millions  of  piafters  ;  the  new  debts  have  been  chiefly  incurresl  by  the 
lull  war  with  England,  and  they  are  dated  by  Mr.  Neckar  to  amount 
to  120  millions  of  French  livres,  which  will  be  paid  oft"  by  the  year 
i8co,  if  no  new  war  fhould  happen. 

Army.]  The  army  of  Spain,  in  1783,  amounted  to  between  60  and 
70,000  men  ;  belides  20,000  militia.  According  to  others,  the  regu- 
lar troops  did  not  then  aftually  exceed  50,000  men;  and  more  recent 
accounts  reduce  ihe  army  to  only  20,000  effeftive  men.  The  army 
c»ftablilhment,  as  publifhed  in  the  year  1776,  amounted  to  132,73© 
men  on  the  lifts,  viz. 

Royal  guards,  

Forty-fix  regiments  of  foot,  

Artillery,  ■ 

Engineers,  

Horfe  and  dragoons,  

Invalids  and  militia  of  the  town. 

Total,  .       J32!730 

This  number,  if  aftually  raifed  in  time  of  war,  w  ould  be  vary  mod- 
erate, confidering  the  great  extent  of  the  kingdom.  There  are  mili- 
tary fchools  at  Segovia,  Barcelona,  and  Oran,  chiefly  for  artillery.  A 
taftic  fchool  is  efiablifiied  at  Avila.  There  are.  on  the  French  fron- 
tiers, 15  ftrong  fortreffes,  and  as  many  on  the  frontiers  of  Portugal. 

Navy.]  In  1778,  Spain  had  fhips  of  war  of  all  forts  144.  Other 
accounts  fay  only  126.  la  1784,  there  were  faid  to  be  62  fliips  of  the 
line,  from  120  to  64  guns.  The  naval  troops  conftfhed,  in  1783,  of 
three  companies  of  guardias  marinas,  and  12  batallionsof  marines,  both 
together,  5712  men,  a  naval  artillery  corps  of  20,000  men  ;  a  corps  of 
naval  engineers,  a  corps  of  pilots. 

All  naval  affairs  are  managed  by  a  board,  divided  into  three  depart- 
ments, thofe  of  Cadiz,  Carthagena,  and  Ferrol,  which  are  the  chief 
harbours  of  the  navy.  The  whole  is  under  the  adminiftration  of  a  fec- 
retary  of  the  marine  *,  and  each  department  has  its  naval  academy. 

Religion.]  The  Roman  Catholic  religion  is  the  exclufive  religion 
of  the  Spanifli  monarchy,  and  it  is  in  thefe  countries  of  the  moft  bigot- 
ed, fupcrftitious,  and  tyrannical  charafter.  All  other  denominations 
of  Chriftians,  as  well  as  the  Jews,  are  expofed  to  all  the  feverities  of 
perfecution  ;  and  the  lead  deviation  from  what  is  called  the  orthodox, 
faith,  is  liable  to  be  puniflied  with  lofs  of  liberty,  and  even  of  life.  The 
power  of  the  Couit  of  inquifuion,  eftabliflied  in  Spain  in  1478,  has 
however  been  confiderably  diminiflred  in  lome  refpeftsby  the  inter- 
ference of  the  civil  power.  Eehdes  the  Supreme  Court  of  Inquifuion  at 
Madrid,  there  arc  18  inferior  tribunals  in  the  feveral  provinces  of  the 
monarchy,  which  entertain  a  numerous  holt  of  fpies  or  familiars, 
amounting  to  about  2O5OOO  perfons,  who,  on  the  flighteft  fufpicion  of 
herefy,  denounce  perfons  of  every  condition,  fex,  and  age.  The  pro- 
ceedings  of  this  arbitrary  court  are  unlike  thofe  of  all  other  courts  ot 
juftice,   by  deviating  from  every  law  of  equity  and  humanity  ;  they 

do 


I       I^. 


ss^ 


do  not  even  inform  the  accufed  party  of  the  crime  laid  to  his  charcTe,nor 
confront  him  with  his  accufer,  but  endeavour  to  extort  by<  imprifon- 
Hicnt,  and  by  flill  harfher  methods,  a  confelRon  of  heretical  opinions. 

The  public  worfhip  is  loaded  with  an  enormous  number  of  ceremo- 
nies, calculated  to  fupport  the  blind  zeal  of  the  people  for  their  relig- 
ion, and  the  reverence  for  their  fpiritual  tyrants.  The  whole  of  the 
canon  law  is  here  in  force,  and  the  power  of  the  pope  is  flill  very  ex- 
tenfive.  It  is  fuppofed  that  the  clergy  of  this  kingdom  amount  to 
200,000  perfons,  half  of  whom  are  monks  and  nuns,  diltributcd 
through  3000  convents.  The  poffeffions  of  the  clergy  arc  very  large  ; 
the  revenue  of  the  archbifhop  of  Toledo  amounts  to  ioo,oool.  flcrling, 
per  annum.  There  are  in  the  kingdom  of  Spain  eight  archbifhops  and 
46  bifhops  ;  in  America  fix  archbiihops  and  23  bifhops  ;  in  the  Philip- 
pine Illands,  one  archbiftiop  and  three  bifhops.  All  thefe  dignities  are 
in  the  gift  of  the  king.  *  Fifty-two  inferior  ecclefiafhical  dignities  and 
offices  are  in  the  gift  of  the  pope. 

To  the  Spanifli  clergy  there  belong  three  fpiritual  orders  of  knight- 
hood :  The  orders  of  Santiago,  Calatrava,  and  Alcantara,  poffeiTed  of 
very  large  eftates. 

Antiquities  AND  CURIOSITIES,  "1  The  former  of  thefe  confift 
ARTIFICIAL  AND  NATo^iAL.  J  chiefly  of  Roman  and  Mooridi 
antiquities.  Near  Segovia,  a  grand  aqueduft,  erefted  by  Trajan,  ex- 
tends over  a  deep  valley  between  two  hills,  and  is  fupported  by  a 
double  row  of  152  arches.  Other  Roman  aquedufts,  theatres,  and  cir- 
ci,  are  to  be  found  at  Terrago,  and  different  parts  of  Spain.  Rear  the 
city  of  Salamanca  are  the  remains  of  a  Roman  way,  paved  with  largo 
flat  ftones  ;  it  was  continued  to  Merida,  and  from  thence  to  Seville, 
At  Toledo  are  the  remains  of  an  old  Roman  theatre,  which  is  now  con- 
verted into  a  church,  faid  to  be  one  of  the  greateft  curiofities  of  an- 
tiquity. It  is  600  feet  in  length,  500  in  breadth,  and  of  a  proportion- 
able height  ;  the  roof,  which  is  amazingly  bold  and  lofty,  is  fupported 
by  350  pillars  of  fine  marble,  in  ten  rows,  forming  eleven  ailes,  in 
whicli  are  366  altars,  and  24  gates  ;  every  part  being  enriched  and 
adorned  with  the  moft  noble  and  coftly  ornaments.  At  Martorel,  a 
large  town,  where  much  black  lace  is  manufaftured,  is  a  very  high 
bridge,  built  in  (768,  out  of  the  ruins  of  a  decayed  one  that  had  ex i fled 
1985  years  from  its  ereftion  by  Hannibal.  At  the  north  end  is  a  tri- 
umphal arch  or  gateway,  faid  to  have  been  raifed  by  that  general  ir^ 
honour  of  his  father  Hamilcar.  It  is  almoll  entire,  well  proportioned 
and  fimple,  without  any  kind  of  ornament,  except  a  rim  or  tv^o  of 
hewn  ftone.  Near  Murviedro  (once  the  faithful  Saguntum)  deflroyed 
by  Hannibal,  are  fome  Roman  remains— as  the  ruins  of  the  theatre,  an 
exaft  femicircle  about  82  yards  diameter,  fome  of  the  galleries  are  cut 
out  of  the  rock,  and  9000  perfons  might  attend  the  exhibitions  without 
inconvenience. 

The  Moorifh  antiquities  are  rich  and  magnificent.  Among  the 
moft  diftinguifhed  of  thefe  is  the  royal  palace  of  the  Alhambra  at  Gra- 
nada, which  is  one  of  the  mcft  entire,  as  well  as  the  moft  ftately,  of 
any  of  the  edifices  which  the  Moors  erefted  in  Spain.  It  was  built  in 
1280,  by  the  fecond  Moorilla  king  of  Granada  ;  and,  in  1422,  in  the 
reign  of  their  eighteenth  king,  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards.  It  is  fitu- 
»ted  on  3  hill,  v/hich  is  afcended  by  a  road  bordered  with  hedges  of 

<»QMble 


332  SPA  IK, 

couble  or  iirperial  myrtles,  and  rows  of  elms.  On  this  hill,  within 
the  walls  of  the  Alhambra,  the  emperor  Charles  V.  began  a  new  pal- 
ace in  1568,  which  was  never  finilhed,  though  t*he  fhell  of  it  remains. 
It  is  built  of  yellow  ftone  ;  the  outfide  forms  a  fquare  of  one  hundred 
5jnd  ninety  feet.  The  in  fide  is  a  grand  circular  court,  with  a  portico 
of  the  Tufcan,  and  a  gallery  of  the  Doric  order,  each  fupported  by 
thirty-two  columns,  made  of  as  many  fmgle  pieces  of  marble.  The 
grand  entrance  is  ornamented  with  columns  of  jafper,  on  the  pedeflals 
of  which  are  reprefentations  of  battles,  in  marble  balfo  relievo.  The 
Alhambra  itfelf  is  a  mafs  of  many  houfcs'and  towers,  walled  round, 
and  built  of  large  ftones  of  different  dimenfions.  Almoft  all  the  rooms 
have  flucco  walls  and  ceilings,  fome  carved,  fome  painted,  and  fome 
gilt,  and  covered  vvith  various  Arabic  fentenccs.  It  is  the  moft  curious 
place  within,  that  perhaps  exifts  in  Europe.  Here  arefeveral  baths,  the 
walls,  floor,  and  cieling  of  which  are  of  white  mai-ble.  The  gardens  abound 
with  orange  and  lemon  trees,  pomegranates,  and  myrtles.  At  the  end 
of  the  gardens  is  another  palace  called  Ginaraliph,  lituated  on  a  more 
elevated  (lation  than  the  Alhambra.  From  the  balconies  of  this  palace 
3^  one  of  the  finefl  profpeds  in  Europe,  over  the  whole  fertile  plain  of 
Granada,  bounded  by  the  fnowy  mountains.  The  Moors  to  this  day 
regret  the  )ofs  of  Granada,  and  fl ill  offer  up  prayers  to  God  for  the 
recovery  of  the  city.  Many  other  noble  monuments,  erefted  in  the 
Moorifh  times,  remain  in  Spain  ;  fome  of  them  in  tolerable  preferva- 
tion,  and  others  exhibiting  fuperb  ruins. 

Among  the  natural  curiofities,  the  medicinal  fprings,  and  fome  noi- 
fy  lakes,  form  a  principal  part  ;  but  we  muft  not  forget  the  River  Gua- 
fliana,  which,  like  the  Mole  in  England,  runs  under  ground,  and  then 
3S  faid  to  emerge.  The  royal  cabinet  of  natural  hidory  at  Madrid,  was 
opened  to  the  public  by  his  majefty's  orders  in  1 77,5.  Every  thing  in 
this  colleftion  is  arranged  with  neatnefs  and  elegance,  and  the  apartments 
arc  opened  twice  a  week  for  the  public,  befidcs  being  fliewn  privately 
to  flrangers  of  rank.  The  mineral  part  of  the  cabinet,  containing 
precious  ftones,  marbles,  ores,  &c.  is  very  perfeft  ;  but  the  colleftiou 
of  birds  and  bcalts  at  prefent  is  not  large,  though  it  may  be  expefted 
to  improve  apace,  if  care  be  taken  to  get  the  produftions  of  the  Span- 
ifh  American  colonies.  Here  is  alfo  a  curious  colleftion  of  vafes,  ba- 
fons,  ewers,  cups,  plates,  and  ornamental  pieces  of  the  fineft  agates, 
amethyfts,  rock  cryftals,  &c.  mounted  in  gold,  and  enamel,  fetwith  ca- 
meos, intaglios,  &c.  in  an  elegapf  tafle,  and  of  very  fine  workmanfhip, 
faid  to  have  been  brought  from  France  by  Philip  V.  The  cabinet  alfo 
contains  I'pccimens  of  Mexican  and  Peruvian  vafes  and  utenfils. 

In  blowing  up  the  rock  of  Gibraltar,  many  pieces  of  bones  and 
leeth  have  been  found  incorporated  with  the  ftone.  On  the  weft  hde 
of  the  mountain  is  the  cave,  called  St.  Michael's,  eleven  hundred  and 
sen  feet  above  the  horizon.  Many  pillars  of  various  fixes,  fome  of 
them  two  feet  in  diameter,  have  been  formed  in  it  by  the  droppings  of 
water,  which  have  petrified  in  falling.  The  wntcr  perpetually  drips 
from  the  roof,  and  forms  an  infinite  number  of  ftalaftila:,  of  a  whiliftr 
4jolour,  compofed  of  feveral  coats  or  crufis,  and  which,  as  well  as  the 
pillars,  continually  increale  in  bulk,  and  may  probably  in  time  fill  the 
whole  cavern.  From  the  fummit  of  the  rock,  in  clear  weather,  not 
only  the  town  of  Gibralter  may   be  Iccn,   but  tlie  bay,  the  ftraits,  the. 

tov.-ns 


PAIN. 


S»S 


iowns  of  St.  Roque  and  Algefiras,  and  the  Alpuzara  mountains,  mount 
Abyla  on  the  African  fliore,  with  its  fnowy  top,  the  cities  of  Ceuta, 
Tangier,  and  great  part  of  the  Barbary  coafl. 

Chikf  cities,  <S:c.3  Madrid,  which  is  enclofed  by  a  mud  wall,  i3 
the  capital  of  Spain.  It  is  furrounded  with  very  lofty  mountains, 
whofe  fummits  are  frequently  coveicd  with  fnow.  It  is  welt  paved 
and  lighted,  and  fome  of  the  ftreets  are  fpacious  and  handlome.  The 
houfes  of  Madrid  are  of  brick,  and  arc  laid  out  chiefly  for  fhew,  conve- 
niency  being  little  confidered:  Thus  you  will  pafs  through  ufually 
two  or  three  large  apartments  of  r.o  ufe,  in  order  tocome  at  afmail 
room  at  the  end  where  the  family  fit.  The  houfes,  in  general,  look, 
more  like  prifons  than  the  habitations  of  people  at  their  liberty  ;  the 
windows,  befidcs  having  a  balcony,  being  grated  with  iron  bars,  par- 
ticularly the  lower  range,  and  fometimes  all  the  reft.  Separate  fami- 
lies generally  inhabit  the  farpe  houfe,  as  in  Paris  and  Edinburgh. — 
Foreigners  are  very  much  diftreffed  for  lodgings  at  Madrid,  as  tlrie 
Spaniards  are  not  fond  of  taking  Grangers  into  their  houfes,  efpecially 
if  they  are  not  catholics.  Its  greatefl  excellency  is  the  chcapnefs  of  its 
provihons  ;  but  neither  tavern,  coffce-houfc,  nor  news  paper,  except- 
ing the  Madrid  Gazette,  are  to  be  found  in  the  whole  city.  The  royal 
palace  Hands  on  an  eminence,  on  the  weft,  fide  of  the  city  ;  it  is  a  fpa- 
cious, magnificent  ftruflure,  confiding  of  three  courts,  and  commands  a 
very  fine  profpeft.  Each  of  the  fronts  is  470  feet  in  length,  100  high, 
and  there  is  no  palace  in  Europe  fitted  up  with  greater  magnificence  ; 
the  great  audience  chamber  efpecially,  which  is  120  feet  long,  and 
hung  with  crimfon  velvet,  richly  embroidered  with  gold.  Ornament- 
ed alfo  with  12  looking-glaffcs,  made  at  St.  Ildefonfo,  each  10  feet 
high,  with  12  tables  of  the  fined  Spanifh  marbles.  The  other  royal 
palaces  round  it  are  defigned  for  hunting  feats  or  houfes  of  retirement 
for  their  kings.  Some  of  them  contain  fine  paintings  and  good  ftatucs. 
The  chief  of  thofe  palaces  are  the  Buen  Retiro  (now  dripped  of  all 
its  bed  piftures  and  furniture^)  Caffa  del  Campo,  Aranjuez,  and  St. 
lUdefonfo. 

A  late  traveller  has  reprefented  the  palace  of  Aranjuez,  and  its  gar- 
dens, as  extremely  delightful.  Here  is  alfo  a  purk  many  leagues 
round,  cut  acrofs  in  different  parts  by  alleys  of  two,  three,  and  even. 
four  miles  in  extent.  Each  of  thefe  alleys  is  formed  by  two  double 
rows  of  elm  trees  ;  one  double  row  on  the  right  and  one  on  the  left, 
which  renders  the  fhade  thicker.  The  alleys  are  wide  enough  to  ad- 
rait  of  four  coaches  abread,  and  betwixt  each  double  row  there  is  »• 
narrow  channel,  through  which  runs  a  dream  cf  water.  Between 
thefe  allies  there  are  thick  groves  of  fmallcr  trees  of  various  kinds,  and 
thoufands  of  deer  and  wild  boars  wander  there  at  large,  befides  num- 
berlefs  hares,  rabbits,  pheafants,  partridges,  and  fevcral  other  kinds  of 
birds.  The  river  Tagus  runs  through  this  place,  and  divides  it  into 
two  unequal  parts.  The  central  point  of  this  great  park  is  the  king's 
palace,  which  is  partly  furrounded  by  the  garden,  and  is  exceedingly 
pleafant,  adorned  with  fountains  and  datues,  and  it  alfo  contains  » 
vad  variety  of  the  mod  beautiful  flowers,  both  American  and  Euro- 
pean. As  to  the  palace  of  Aranjuez  itfclf,  it  is  rather  an  elegant  thatf 
a  magnificent  building, 

Tho 


2U  S  P  A  I  N. 

The  palace  of  St.  Ildcfonfo  is  built  of  brick,  plaiflered,  and  painted!, 
but  no  part  of  the  architefture  is  agreeable.  It  is  txvo  flories  high,  and 
the  garden-front  has  thirty-one  windows,  and  twelve  rooms  in  a  fuite. 
The  gardens  are  on  a  flope,  on  the  top  of  which  is  a  great  refervoir  df 
water,  called  here  l.l  Mar,  the  fca,  which  fupplies  the  fountains  :— 
This  refervoir  is  furnifhed  from  the  torrents  which  pour  down  the 
mountains.  The  water-works  are  excellent,  and  far  furpafs  thofe  at 
Verfailles.  The  great  entry  of  the  palace,  is  fotnewhat  fimilar  to  that 
of  Verfailles,  and  with  a  large  iron  pallifade.  In  the  gardens  are 
twenty-feven  fountains  :  the  hafons  are  of  white  marble,  and  the  flat- 
'  t:es,  many  of  which  arc  excellent,  are  of  lead,  bronzed  and  gilt. — 
Thefe  gardens  are  in  the  formal  French  flyle,  but  ornamented  with 
fixty-one  very  fine  marble  ftatues.  as  large  as  the  life,  with  twenty- 
eight  marble  vafes,  and  twenty  leaden  vafes  gilt.  The  Upper  part  of 
the  palace  contains  many  valuable  paintings,  and  the  lower  part  an- 
tique ftatues,  bufts,  and  baffo  relievos. 

The  pride  of  Spain,  however,  is  the  Efcurial  ;  and  the  natives  fay, 
perhaps  with  juflice,  that  the  building  of  it  cofl  more  than  that  of  any 
ether  palace  in  Europe.  The  defcription  of  this  palace  forms  a  fizablc 
quarto  volume,  and  it  is  faid,  that  Philip  II.  who  was  its  founder,  ex- 
pended upon  it  fix  millions  of  ducats.  It  contains  a  prodigious  num- 
ber of  windows,  200  in  the  weft  front,  and  in  the  eaft,  366,  and  the 
apartments  arc  decorated  with  an  aflonifhing  variety  of  paintings, 
fculpture,  tapeftry,  ornaments  of  gold  and  filver,  marble,  jafper,  gems, 
and  other  curious  Hones,  furpailing  all  imagination.  The  Spaniards 
fay,  that  this  building,  befides  its  palace,  contains  a  church,  large  and 
richly  ornamented,  a  maufoleum,  cloifler?,  a  convent,  a  college,  and  a 
library,  containing  about  tiiirty  thoufand  volumes,  befides  large  apart- 
ments for  all  kinds  of  artifts  and  mechanics,  noble  walks,  with  exten- 
five  parks  and  gardens,  beautified  with  fountains  and  coftly  ornaments. 
The  fathers  that  live  in  the  convent  are  200.  and  they  have  an  annual 
revenue  of  irocol.  The  maufoleum,  or  burying-placc  of  the  kings 
and  queens  of  Spain,  is  called  the  Pant'.^eon,  becaufe  it  is  built  upon 
the  plan  of  that  temple  at  Rome,  as  the  church  to  which  it  belongs  is 
upon  the  model  of  St.  Peter's.  It  is  36  feet  in  diameter  incrultcd 
with  fine  marbles. 

But  this  fabric,  notwlthflanding  the  incredible  fums  beftowed  on  it, 
difcovcrs,  upon  the  whole,  a  bad-taftc.  The  conceit  of  building  it  in 
the  form  of  a  gridiron,  becaufe  St.  Lawrence,  to  whom  it  is  dedicated, 
was  broiled  on  fuch  a  utenfil,  and  multiplying  the  fame  figure  through 
its  principal  ornaments,  could  have  been  formed  only  in  the  brain  of  a 
taftelefs  bigot,  fuch  as  Philip  II.  who  erefted  it  to  commemorate  the 
vi61ory  he  obtained  over  the  French  at  St.  Quintin,  on  St.  Lawrence's 
day,  in  the  year  1557.  The  apartment  where  the  king  refides,  forms 
the  handle  of  the  gridiron.  The  building  is  a  long  fquare  of  640  feet 
by  580.  The  height  to  the  roof  is  60  feet.  It  has  been  enriched  and 
adorned  by  his  fuccefTors  ;  but  its  outftde  has  a  gloomy  appearance, 
and  the  iniide  is  compofed  of  different  flruftures,  fome  of  which  are 
mafter-pieces  of  architefture,  but  forming  a  difagreeable  whole.  It 
mud  however  be  confefled,  that  the  piftures  and  ftatues  that  have 
found  admifTion  here,  are  excellent  in  their  kind,  and  fome  of  them 
not  to  be  equalled  even  in  Italy  itfelf. 


N. 


33' 


Cadiz  is  the  great  emporium  of  Spanifli  commerce.  It  flands  on  an 
ifland  feparated  from  the  continent  of  Andaluiia,  without  the  ftraits  of 
Gibraltar,  by  a  very  narrow  arni  of  the  fea,  over  which  a  fortified 
bridge  is  thrown,  and  joins  it  to  the  main  land.  The  entrance  into 
the  bay  is  about  500  fathoms  wide,  and  guarded  by  two  forts,  called 
the  Puntals.  The  ftrcets  are  narrow,  ill  paved  and  filthy,  and  full  of 
rats  in  the  night.  The  houfcs  lofty  with  flat  roofs,  and  few  are  with- 
out a  turret  for  a  view  of  the  fea.  The  cathedral  hath  been  already 
50  years  building,  and  the  roof  a  few  years  fmce,  was  not  half  finifhed. 
The  environs  are  beautifully  rural. 

Seville,  the  Julia  of  the  Romans,  is  next  to  Madrid,  the  largefl  cify 
in  Spain,  but  is  greatly  decayed  both  in  riches  and  population.  The 
Ihape  is  circular,  and  the  walls  feem  of  Moorifli  conflruftion  ;  its  cir- 
cumference is  five  miles  and  a  half.  The  fuburb  of  Triana,  is  as  large 
as  many  towns,  and  remarkable  for  its  gloomy  Gothic  cafllo,  where,  in 
1481,  the  inquifition  was  firft  cftablifhcd  in  Spain.  Manufaftures 
in  wool  and  iilk,  which  formerly  amounted  to  16.000,  are  now  reduc- 
ed to  400,  and  its  great  office  of  commerce  to  Spanifh  America  is  re- 
moved to  Cadiz.  The  cathedral  of  Seville  is  a  fine  Gothic  building, 
witli  a  curious  llceple  or  tower,  having  a  movable  figure  of  a  woman  at 
top,  called  La  Giralda,  which  turns  round  with  the  wind  ;  and  which 
is  referred  to  in  Don  Quixote. 

Barcelona,  formerly  Barcino,  faid  to  be  founded  by  Ilamilcar  Bar- 
cas,  is  a  large  circular  trading  city,  containing  1.5^000  houfes,  is  fitua- 
ted  on  the  Mediterranean  facing  Minorca,  and  is  faid  to  be  the  hind- 
fomefl  place  in  Spain  ;  the  houfes  are  lofty  and  plain,  and  the  flreets 
well  lighted,  and  paved.  The  citadel  is  flrong,  and  the  place  and  in- 
habitants famous  for  the  fiege  they  fullained  in  1-14  againd  a  formi- 
dable army,  when  deferted  both  by  England  and  the  Emperor  for 
whom  they  had  taken  up  arms. 

A  fingular  cuflom  prevails  among  them  on  the  ift  of  November,  the 
eve  of  All  Souls  ;  thev  run  about  from  houfe  to  houle  to  eat  chefnuts, 
believing  that  for  every  chefnut  they  fwallow,  with  proper  faith  and 
unftion,  they  fhall  deliver  a  foul  out  of  purgatory. 

Carthagena  is  a  large  city,  but  has  very  good  flreets.  and  fewer  rcmark- 
ble  buildings.  The  port  is  very  complete,  formed  by  nature  in  the 
figure  of  a  heart,  and  the  arfenal  is  a  fpacious  fquarc  fouth-weft  of  the 
town,  with  forty  pieces  of  cannon  to  defend  it  toward  the  fea.  When 
Mr.  Swinburne  vifited  it,  in  1775,  there  were  800  Spanifh  criminals, 
and  600  Barbary  flaves  working  at  the  pumps  to  keep  the  docks  dry, 
&c.  and  'treated  with  great  inhumanity.  The  crimes  for  v.'hich  the 
Spaniards  were  fent  there,  defervcd  indeed  exemplary  puiiilhmcnts. 

Granada  flands  on  two  hills,  and  the  ancient  palace  of  the  Alhambra 
crowns  the  double  fummit  between  two  rivers,  the  Dauro,  and  the  Xe- 
nil.  The  former  glories  of  this  city  are  pafled  away  with  its  old  in- 
habitants ;  the  ftreets  are  now  filthy  and  the  aquedu-£ls  crumbled  to 
duft,  and  its  trade  is  lofl.  Of  50,000  inhabitants,  only  18. ceo  are  rec- 
koned ufeful,  the  furplus  is  made  up  of  fuperfluous  clergy,  lawyers, 
children,  and  beggars.  The  amphitheatre,  for  bull  feafls,  is  built  of 
flone,  and  one  of  the  befl  in  Spain,  and  the  environs  of  the  city  are 
ftill  pleating  and  hea'Uhful. 

Biiboa  is  (ituated  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Ybaizabal,  and  is  about 
two  leagues  from   the  fea.     It    contains   about  eight    hundred  houfes, 

with 


33^  SPA!  !•:. 

with  a  large  fqaare  by  the  water  fide,  well  fhaded  with  plea&nt  walks," 
which  extend  to  the  outlets,  on  the  banks  of  the  river  ;  where  there  are 
great  pumbers  of  houfes  and  gardens,  which  form  a  mofh  pleafing  prol- 
pc£l,  particularly  in  failing  up  the  river ;  for,  befides  the  beautiful  ver- 
dure, numcrnur;  ol^jcfts  open  gradually  to  the  eye,  and  the  town  ap- 
pears as  an  amphitheatre,  which  enlivens  the  landfcape,  and  completes 
ttie  fccnery.  The  houfes  are  folid  and  l«ffty,  and  the  flreets  well  pav- 
ed and  level  ;  and  the  wafer  is  fo  conveyed  into  the  ftreets,  that  they 
may  be  wafiied  iit  plealure  ;  which  rendeis  Bilboa  one  of  the  neateft 
towns  in  Europe. 

Malaga  is  an  ancient  city,  and  not  lefs  remarkable  for  its  opulence 
and  extenftve  commerce  tlian  for  the  luxuriance  of  its  foil,  yielding  in 
great  abundance  the  nion  delicious  fruits  :  whilll  its  rugged  moun- 
tains afford  thoi'e  lufcious  grapes,  which  give  fuch  reputation  to  the 
Malaga  wine,  known  in  England  by  the  name  of  Mountain.  The  city 
is  large  and  populous,  and  of  a  circular  form,  furrounded  with  a 
double  wall,  ftrengthened  by  Itateiy  towers,  and  has  nine  gates.  A 
Moorifh  caflle,  on  the  point  of  a  rock,  commands  every  part  of  it. 
The  ftreets  are  narrow,  and  tlic  mod  remarkable  building  in  it  is  a  ftu- 
pendous  cathedral,  begun  by  Philip  II.  faid  to  be  as  large  as  that  of  St. 
Paul's  in  London.     The  bifhop's  income  is  i6,oocl.  flerling. 

The  city  of  Salamanca  is  of  a  circular  form,  but  on  three  hills  and 
two  vallies,  and  on  every  fide  fut rounded  with  profpefts  of  fine  houfes, 
noble  feats,  garden?,  orchards,  fields,  and  diilant  villages  :  and  is  an- 
cient, large,  rich,  and  populous.  Over  fome  of  the  arches  of  their 
houfes  are  medallions,  with  buils  of  the  kings  of  Spain,  and  of  feveral 
eminent  men,  in  flone  bafl'o-relievo,  among  which  are  thofe  of  Ferdi- 
nando  Cortez,  Francis  Pizarro,  Davila,  and  Cid  Ruy.  In  this  fquare 
the  bull-fights  arc  exhibited  for  three  days  only,  in  the  month  of  June, 
The  river  Tormes  runs  by  this  city,  and  has  a  bridge  over  it  of  25  arch- 
es, built  by  the  Romans,  and  yet  entire. 

Toledo  is  one  of  the  moft  aticient  cities  in  Spain,  and  during  feveral 
centuries  it  held  the  rank  of  its  metropolis.  But  the  neighbourhood 
of  Madrid  has  by  degrees,  ftripped  it  of  its  numerous  inhabitants.  It  is 
now  exceedingly  ill  built,  poor  and  mean,  and  the  ftreets  very  fteep. 

Burgos  was  the  ancient  capital  of  the  kingdom  of  Caftile,  but  now 
in  obfcurity. 

Gibraltar,  once  a  celebrated  town  and  fortrefs  of  Andalufia,  is  at 
prefent  in  the  poffeflion  of  Great-Britain.  It  was  taken  from  the 
Spaniards  by  a  combined  fleet  of  Englifli  and  Dutch  fhips,  under  the 
command  of  Sir  George  Rooke,  in  1704  ;  and  after  many  fruitlefs  at- 
y.empts  to  recover  it,  was  confirmed  to  the  Englifh  by  the  treaty  of 
Utrecht,  in  1713.  Repeated  attempts  have  been  hnce  made  to  wreft.  it 
front  England,  but  without  fuccefs  :  The  laft  war  hath  made  it  more 
famous  than  ever,  when  it  underwent  a  long  fiege  againft  the  united 
fi-srces  of  Spain  and  France  by  land  and  fca,  and  was  gallantly  defend- 
ed by  general  Elliot  and  his  garrifon,  to  the  great  lofs  and  difgrace  of 
the  alFailants  :  Though  it  muft  be  granted,  the  place  is  by  nature  al- 
moft  impregnable.  Near  three  hundred  pieces  of  cannon  of  different 
bores,  and  chiefly  brafs,  which  were  funk  before  the  port  in  tke  float- 
ing batteries,  have  been  ra.ifed,  and  fold,  to  be  diftributed  among  the 
^^arrifon.     It  is  a  commodious  port,   and  formed  naturally  for  com- 

mandinn; 


^         P         A         IN.  33^ 

nianding  the  palTaoeof  tKe  Straits,  or,  in  other  words,  the  entrance  in- 
to the  Mediterranean  and  Levant  leas.  But  the  road  is  neither  fafc 
againft  an  enemy  nor  ftorms  :  The  bay  is  about  twenty  leagues  in  cir- 
cumference. T  he  llraits  are  24  miles  long,  and  15  broad  ;  through 
which  fcts  a  current  from  the  Atlantic  ocean  into  the  Mediterranean, 
and  for  the  ftemming  of  it  a  briflc  gale  is  required.  The  town  was 
neither  large  nor  beautiful,  and  in  the  lafl  hege  was  totally  deftroyed 
by  the  enemies  bombs,  but  on  account  of  its  fortifications,  is  efleem- 
ed  the  key  of  Spain,  and  is  always  furnifhed  with  a  garrifon  well  prO' 
vided  for  its  defence.  The  harbour  is  foimed  by  a  mole,  which  1$ 
well  fortified  and  planted  with  guns.  Gibraltar  is  accelhble  on  the 
land  hde  only  by  a  narrow  paffage  between  the  rock  and  the  fea,  but 
that  is  walled  and  fortified  both  by  art  and  nature,  and  fo  incloCed  by 
high  deep  hills,  as  to  be  almoft  inaccelTible  that  way.  It  has  but  two 
gates  on  that  fide,  and  as  many  towards  the  fea.  Acrofs  this  ifthmus 
the  Spaniards  have  drawn  a  fortifieal  line,  chiefly  with  a  view  to  hin- 
der the  garrifon  of  Gibraltar  from  having  any  intercourfe  with 
the  country  behind  them  :  Notwithflanding  which  they  carry  on  a 
clandeftine  trade,  particularly  in  tobacco,  of  which  the  Spaniards  are 
exceedingly  fond.  The  garrifon  is,  however,  confined  within  very 
narrow  limits  ;  and,  as  the  ground  produces  fcarcely  any  thing,  all 
iheir  provifions  are  brought  them  either  from  England,  or  from  Ceuta, 
on  the  oppofite  coafi:  of  Barbary.  Formerly  Gibraltar  was  entirely 
under  military  government  ;  but  that  power  producing  thofe  abufes 
which  are  naturally  attendant  on  it,  the  parliament  thought  proper  to 
crcft  it  into  a  body  corporate,  and  the  civil  power  is  now  lodged  in 
its  magiftrates. 

The  chief  iflands  belonging  to  Spain  in  Europe,  are  thofe  of  Major- 
ca and  Yvica,  of  v/hich  wc  have  nothing  particular  to  fay.  Minorca, 
which  was  taken  by  the  Englifh  in  1708,  was  retaken  by  the  Spaniards 
the  lafl  war,  and  is  now  become  a  Spanifh  ifland  again,  containing 
about  23.000  inhabitants. 

Gf.neral  Remarks.]  Whoever  confiders  the  climate,  the  fertility, 
and  the  immenfe  extent  of  the  dominions  belonging  to  the  crown  of 
Spain,  mud  be  grieved  to  find  the  accumulated  natural  treafures  of  fo 
great  a  part  of  the  globe,  turn  out  to  fo  little  advantage  to  the  human 
fpccies.  A  comparifon  of  this  kingdom  with  France  or  England, 
fbews  its  inferiority  in  a  very  flriking  light.  It  feems,  that  the  want 
of  vigour  and  happinefs  of  the  Spanifh  monarchy,  is  to  be  attributed 
chiefly  to  three  caufes.  1.  To  the  depopulation  of  Old  Spain,  occa- 
lioned  by  the  injudicious  and  cruel  expulfion  of  the  induflrious 
Moors.  2.  To  the  religious  oppreffion  flill  prevailing  in  Spain,  and 
difcouraging  foreigners  from  fettling  in  tliat  kingdom.  3.  To  the  dif- 
covery  of  fo  very  rich  a  country  as  America,  and  to  the  fudden  influx 
of  two  much  gold  and  filver  from  thence.  It  appears  from  feveral 
calculations,  that  fome  thoufand  millions  of  ducats  have  been  brought 
over  to  Spain  fince  the  difcovery  of  America.  Thefe  riches  being  ac- 
quired without  any  other  trouble  than  that  of  plundering  and  opprefT-* 
ingthe  natives,  proved  extremely  prejudicial  to  the  mother-country, 
by  inducing  great  numbers  of  inhabitants  to  emigrate  from  Old  Spain^ 
in  order  to  exchange  labour  and  induflry  for  rapine  ;  and  by  render- 
ing the  ancient  fources  of  wealth,  agriculture  and  manufafturcs,  con- 
•  cmptiblc,  when  compared  to  the  riches  to  be  acquired  in  America, 
>X  In 


338  S         P         A         i         h\ 

In  con fequence  of  this  revolution,  the  ufeful  arts,  rendered  perhaps 
more  difficult  in  this  kingdom  by  the  influence  of  the  climate,  funk 
into  negleftand  infignificancy,  from  which  they  have  not  yet  emerg- 
ed. It  is  to  behoped,  however,  that  this  fatal  confcquence  of  too 
rapid  an  influx  of  money,  efpecially  if  the  latter  fliould  not  be  perma- 
nent in  itsnaiure,  will  in  future  be  guarded  againfl  by  other  commer- 
cial nations,  to  whom  the  prefent  (tate  of  Spain,  may  ferve  as  a  ufe- 
ful warning. 

While  the  Moors  were  maflers  of  Spain,  agriculture  and  the  ufeful 
arts  were  in  a  very  flouril"hing  flate,  and  fciences  were  arrived  to  a  de- 
gree of  luflre  the  more  confpicuous,  by  being  contraded  with  the  ig- 
norance fpread  over  the  reft  of  Europe. 

Several  old  fathers  of  -the  church  were  Spaniards  ;  and  learning 
oxves  a  great  deal  to  liidore,  bifhop  of  Seville,  and  cardinal  Ximenes, 
Spain  has  likewife  produced  fomc  excellent  phyficians.  Such  was 
the  gloom  of  the  Auftrian  government,  that  took  place  with  the  em- 
peror Charles  V,  that  the  inimitable  Cervantes,  the  author  of  Don 
Quixote,  born  at  Alcala,  in  1549,  lifted  in  a  ftation  little  fuperior  to 
that  of  a  common  foldier,  and  died  neglefted,  after  fighting  bravely 
for  his  country  at  the  battle  of  Lepanto,  in  whicli  he  loft  his  left  hand. 
His  fatirc  Upon  knight-errantry,  in  his  adventures  of  Don  Quixote,  did 
.as  muchfervice  to  his  country  by  curing  them  of  that  ridiculous  fpi- 
rit,  as  it  now  does  honour  to  his  own  memory.  He  was  in  prifon  for 
debt,  when  he  compofcd  the  firft  part  of  his  hiftory.  Perhaps  he  is  to 
be  placed  at  the  head  of  moral  and  humourous  fatirifts. 

Toftatus,  a  divine,  the  moft  voluminous  perhaps  that  ever  wrote, 
was  a  Spaniard  ;  but  his  works  have  been  long  diftinguifhed  only  by 
their  bulk.  Herrera^  and  fome  other  liiftorians^  particularly  De  Solis, 
have  flrewn  great  abilities  in  hiftory,  by  inveftigating  the  antiquities  of 
America,  and  writing  the  hiftory  of  its  conqueft  by  their  countrymen. 
Among  the  writers  who  ha\e  lately  appeared  in  Spain,  Father  Fey- 
joo  has  been  one  of  the  moft  diftinguiflied.  His  performances  dif- 
play  great  ingenuity,  very  extei.five  reading,  and  uncommon  liberali- 
ty of  fentiment  ;  efpecially  when  his  fituation  and  country  are  confid- 
cred.  Many  of  his  pieces  have  been  tranflatcd  into  Knglifli,  and  pub- 
iifhed  in  four  volumes,  Don  Fraucifco  Perez  Bayer,  archdeacon 
of  Valencia,  and  author  of  a  difleitation  on  the  Phenirian  language, 
may  be  placed  in  the  firft  line  of  the  Spanifli  literati.  Spain  has  like- 
wife  produced  many  travellers  and  voyagers  to  both  the  Indies,  who 
are  equally  amvifing  and  intiiuttive. 

Some  of  the  Spaniards  have  diftinguifhed  themfelves  in  the  polite 
arts,  and  not  only  the  cities,  but  the  palaces,  efpetijUy  the  Efcurial, 
dilcover  many  ftriking  fpecimens  of  their  abilities  as  iculptors  and  ar- 
chitcfts.  Palomino  in  an  elaborate  treatifc  on  the  art  of  painting,  in 
two  volumes,  folio,  has  infcrted  the  lives  of  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
three  painters  and  fculptors,  who  flourifhed  ia  Spain  from  the  time 
of  Ferdinand  the  Catholic,  to  the  conclufion  of  the  reign  of  Philip 
the  Fourth.  Among  the  moft  eminent  Spaniih  pninteis,  were  Velaf- 
ques.  X-jrillo,  who  is  commonly  called  the  Spanifh  Vandyke,  Ribeira, 
and  Claudio  Coello,  whofe  ftyle  of  painting  was  Very  funilar  to  thai 
of  Paul  Veronefe. 

The  prefent  ftate  of  fciences  in  Spain  is  far  from  being  flourifhing. 
There  arc,  it  is  true,  near  thirty  univeifities  in  the  Spaniih  dominions  ; 

among 


R      T     U 


339 


amortg  which,  thofe  of  Madrid,  Salamanca,  Seville,  Valladolid,  Zara- 
rgoca,  and  Toledo,  are  the  1x10(1  celebrated  ;  but  Ariftotelic  and  fcho- 
'laftic  philofophy,  fubfervient  to  the  abiurd  doftrines  of  a  fupcrflitious 
church,  is  ftill  prevailing  in  thefe  feminaries,  with  very  little  change 
ever  fince  the  reftoration  of  ancient  learning.  While  fcicnccs  are  cx- 
clufively  taught  by  monks  and  prieftSj  while  the  produftions  of  ge- 
nius are  fubjcft  to  the  rigorous  cenfure  of  an  inquihtion,  which  is  by 
its  nature  an  enemy  to  free  difcuffion  and  to  the  prevalence  of  reafon, 
it  is  not  to  be  expe£led  that  philofophy  will  make  any  progrefs  under 
the  terrors  of -prilons  and  autos  da  fe.  Yet  poetry  and  the  arts  havo 
made  a  conHderablc  figure  in  Spain.  There  are  fevcral  focicties  at 
Madrid,  Valencia,  Barcelona,  Valladolid,  intended  for  the  improve- 
ment of  the  Caftilian  language,  the  fludy  of  the  canon  law,  and  the  li- 
turgy ;  of  hiftory,  the  latin  language,  medicine,  the  arts  of  dcfign  and 
geography.  Great  hopes  are  entertained  of  the  progrefs  of  fcience 
and  philofophy  in  a  future  leign,  from  the  attachment  of  the  prefent 
prince  of  Afluria  to  natural  hiftory  and  the  political  fciences. 

History.]  The  firfl  inhabitants  of  Spain  were  the  Celtaj,  a  peo- 
ple ef  Gaul  ;  after  them  the  Phoenicians  poilefTed  themfelves  of  the 
mod  fouthcrn  parts  of  the  country,  and  may  well  be  fuppofed  to  have 
been  the  firfl  civilizers  of  this  kingdom,  and  the  founders  of  the  moft 
ancient  cities.  After  thefe  followed  the  Grecians  ;  then  the  Cartha-« 
ginians.  on  whofe  departure,  fixteen  years  before  Chrift,  it  became 
fubjcfl  to  the  Romans,  till  the  year  400,  when  the  Goths,  Vandals, 
Suevi,  Alans  and  Sillingi.  on  Conflantine's  vvithdrawing  his  forces 
from  that  kingdom  to  the  Eaft,  invaded  it,  and  divided  it  amongft 
themfelves  ;  but  the  Goths  in  a  little  time  were  fole  mafters  of  it  un- 
der their  king  Alarick  I.  who  founded  the  Spanifh  monarchy.  After 
a  regular  fiicccfTion  of  monarchs,  we  come  to  the  prefent  king,  Charles 
III.  who  afcended  the  throne  upon  the  death  of  his  half  brother,  Fer- 
dinand VI  in  the  year  1759. 

As  the  befl  hiftories  of  Spain  and  her  American  Colonies,  the  read*' 
er  is  referred  to  Rollin's  Ancient  Hiftory — Univerfal  Hiftory — Rob- 
ertfon's  Hiftories  of  Charles  Vth.  and  of  South  America,  and  the  Ab* 
be  Clavigero's  Hiftory  of  New  Mexico. 

PORTUGAL. 

Situation  and   Extent, 
Miles.  Degrees. 

Length   300  j  ^^^  r  37  and  42  north  lat. 

BreadtJi  looj  '   |_    7  and  10  weft  long. 

Boundaries,]  TT  is  bounded  by  Spain  on  the  North  andEall.and 
A  on  the  South  and  Weft  by  the  Atlantic    Ocean, 
being  the  moft  wefterly  kingdom  on  the  continent  of  Europe. 

Ancient  names  and  divisions.]  This  kingdom  was,  in  the 
time  of  the  Romans,  called  Lufitania.  The  etymology  of  the  modcrix 
rame  is  uncertain.  It  moft  probably  is  derived  from  fome  noted  har- 
bour or  port,  to  which  the  Gauls  (for  To  ftrangers  are  called  in  the  Cel- 
tic) reforted.  By  the  form  of  the  country  it  is  naturally  divided  in- 
to three  parts  ;  the  north,  middle,  and  fuuth  provinces. 

The  divifionsof  this  kingdom  are  more  particularly  fpecified  intho 
.following  table, 

Xa  TABLE. 


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Possession? 


PORTUGAL.  34t 


5^0ssE5Sio;;3  of  the  CrOwn  of  Portugal  in  othf.r  Parts  of  tits 
Globe. 

1.  In  Afa.  Some  fettlements  along  the  weftern  coafl;  of  the  Indian 
^cninfula  within  the  Ganges,  as  Diu,  Chaoul,  Goa,  of  which  the  latter 
IS  the  moft  important,  and  the  feat  of  the  governor  of  the  Portuguefe 
jpoireffions  in  the  Eafl-Indies.  Macao,  a  fmall  town  on  the  coaft  of 
China. 

2.  In  Africa.  The  iflands  called  Azores  ;  the  iflands  Madcria  and 
Porto  Santo  ;  the  iflands  of  Cape  Verde  ;  feveral  forts  along  the  Gam- 
bia, and  on  the  coafl  of  Guinea;  the  iflands  of  St.  Thomas  and  do 
Principe  ;  fome  fettlements  in  Congo,  Loango,  and  Angola  :  (the  Por- 
tuguefe are  almofl  the  only  nation  acquainted  with  thefe  Provinces, 
•with  which  they  carry  on  a  very  lucrative  trade  ;)  feveral  fettlements 
on  the  coaft  of  Zanguebar  and  Sofala,  and  farther  in  the  country. 
Mofambique  is  the  moft  important  of  thefe  places. 

3.  In  America.  The  large  province  of  Brafll,  divided  into  14  capi- 
tanias  or  governments  ;  and  fmall  poflefTions  on  the  coaft  of  Guiana, 
and  in  Paraguay.  The  colony  of  San  Sacramento,  on  the  river  de  la 
Plata,  was  taken  by  the  Spaniards  in  1777. 

Mountains.]  The  face  of  Portugal  is  mountainous,  or  rather 
.rock.y.  for  their  mountains  are  generally  barren  :  The  chief  are  thofe 
which  divide  Algarva  from  Alentejo  ;  thofe  of  Tralos  Montes,  and  the 
rock  of  Lifbon,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tajo 

Water  and  rivers.]  Though  every  brook  in  Portugal  is  reckoned 
a  river,  yet  the  chief  Portuguefe  rivers  are  mentioned  in  Spain,  all  of 
them  falling  into  the  Atlantic  ocean.  The  Tagus,  or  Tajo,  was  cele- 
brated for  its  golden  fand,  Portugal  contains  feveral  roaring  lakes  and 
fprings  ;  fome  of  them  are  abforbent  even  of  the  lighteft  fubfiances, 
fuch  as  wood,  cork,  and  feathers  ;  fom.e,  parlicularlv  one  about  45 
miles  from  Lifbon,  are  medicinal  and  fanative  ;  and  Ibme  hot  baths  are 
found  in  the  little  kingdom  or  rather  province  of  Algarva. 

Wealth  and  Commerce.]  Portugal,  fituated  in  the  fame  genial 
climate  with  Spain,  abounds  like  the  latter  in  excellent  natural  pro- 
duftions  ;  it  is  well  watered,  and  a  great  part  of  it  boundedby  the  ocean. 
.  It  is  pofl"encd  of  very  rich  provinces  beyond  the  feas.  It  is  how- 
ever not  proportionably  powerful ;  its  inhabitants  are  indigent,  and  the 
balance  of  trade  is  againft  it.  It  is  even  obliged  to  import  the  necef- 
faries  of  life,  chiefly  corn,  from  other  countries.  In  point  of  popula- 
tion, it  has  rather  the  advantage  of  Spain. 

Portugal  produces  wine,  wool,  oil,  filk,  honey,  anifeed,  fumac  ;  all 
••the  finer  forts  of  fruit  enumerated  in  the  preceding  table  of  Spain  ; 
\  fome  corn,  flax,  cork.  Thefe  articles  of  produce  might,  with  a  little 
induftry,  be  raifed  in  great  abundance.  There  are  in  this  kingdom 
feveral  evident  traces  of  very  rich  mines  ;  they  continue  however  to 
be  unregarded,  Portugal  has  very  little  filver  in  circulation  ;  it  is  not 
unufual  to  find  it  difficult  to  make  up  a  fum  of  twenty  pounds  in  lil- 
ver.  This  fcarcity  was  in  a  great  mcafure  owing  to  an  injudicious 
permiflion  of  exporting  coined  filver. 

The  exports  of  Portugal  are  not  inconfiderable  ;  but  they  are  greatly 
exceeded  by  the  imports.     The  foil  produces  no  more  corn  annually 

than 


343  PORTUGAL. 

than  Avliat  is  barely  fufEcient  for  three  months  confumption  ;  corft 
therefore  is  the  mofl  confiderable  article  of  importation  from  abroad. 
As  i;o  tnanufaftures  of  any  importance  are  in  a  thriving  flate,  the  Por- 
tuf»uefe  are  fupplied  by  the  induflry  of  other  nations,  chiefly  the  En- 
gliih,  with  almofl  every  article  of  drefs,  and  with  mofl:  other  articles 
of  ufe  and  convenience.  It  fecras,  that  the  efforts, of  government  to 
encourage  induftrv  have  hitherto  been  ineffeftual.  The  late  minifter 
of  ftate,  M.  de  Pombal,  found  it  imprafticable  to  raife  a  glafs  manufac- 
ture into  confequence,  notwithftanding  he  laid  out  oo,o®o  crufades, 
or  54,000  crowns  upon  this  fcheme,  and  doubled  the  duties  of  foreign 
glafs,  in  order  to  encourage  the  manufafture.  A  linen  manufafture, 
cftabliHied  at  Oporto,  cannot  ealily  be  expefted  to  thrive,  while  the 
Tnaterials  ufed  in  it  muPc  be  imported  from  the  Baltic. 

To  the  above-mentioned  difadvantages  we  muft  add  the  want  of 
£fheries,  which  obliges  this  country  to  buy,  by  far  the  greatefl  part  of 
the  fifli  it  confumes,  from  other  nations,  '  Its  commerce  is  almoft  en- 
tirely in  the  hands  of  (Irangers.  It  has  impofed  very  heavy  duties  up- 
on the  ne'ceffaries  of  life,  a  meafure  which  is  very  unfavourable  to  in- 
duflry. In  the  year  1784,  the  Portuguefe  government,  in  order  to  en- 
courage the  freighting  trade,  lowered  the  duties  on  all  goods  imported 
and  exported  in  Portuguefe  bottoms  by  lo  per  cent,  which  probably 
v.'iil  be  of  great  ufe  to  commerce. 

In  17S5,  the  goods  impoited  from  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  into 
Portugal,  confiding  of  woollens,  corn,  fifir,  wood,  and  hard-ware,  a- 
mounted  to  upwards  of  96o;OOol.  flerling.  The  Engl iflr  took  in  re- 
turn of  the  produce  of  Portugal  and  Brafil  to  the  amount  of  728.D00I. 
fterling.  To  fupport  a  trade  which  is,  upon  the  whole,  much  againfl 
3'ortugal,  this  kingdom  has  the  refource  of  ready  money  drawn  from 
Brafil:  If  thefe  fupplies  fliould  ever  fail,  it  would  be  foon  entirely 
ruined,  if  it  had  nothing  lo  rely  upon  but  its  prefent  induftrv.  Only 
15  millions  of  livres,  in  ready  money,  are  fuppofed  to  circulate  in  a 
country  which  draws  annually  upwards  of  1.500.0004.  fterling,  or  36 
rnillions  of  livres,  from  the  mines  of  Brafil,  Since  the  difcovery  of 
thefe  mines,  that 'is,  within  the  laft  hxty  years,  Portugal  has  brought 
from  Brafil  about  2400  millions  of  livres,  or  jioo,oco,oool.  fterling. 
Befidcs  thefe  large  fums  of  money,  Portugal  imports  from  Brafil  large 
quantities  of  cocoa,  fugar,  rice,  train-oil,  whalebone,  coffee,  and  medi- 
cinal drugs. 

No  commercial  companies  have  hitherto  been  eftablifhed.  The 
principal  trading  places  are,  the  towns  of  Lifbon,  Ooorto.  and  Sctu- 
val.  In  former  times,  when  the  Portuguefe  had  an  extenfivc  com- 
merce and  fettlcmcnts  in  the  Eaft-Indics  ;  their  trade  to  China  was 
important,  but  it  has  lately  greatly  decreafeu. 

Character..]  The  modern  Portuguefe  retain  nothing  of  that  adven- 
turous, cnterprifing  fpirit  that  rendered  their  forefathers  fo  illuftrious 
goo  years  ago.  They  have,  ever  fince  the  houfe  of  Biaganza  mount- 
ed the  throne,  degenerated  in  all  their  virtues  ;  though  fome  noble  ex- 
ceptions are  ftill  remaining  among  them,  and  no  people  are  fo  little 
obliged  as  the  Portuguefe  are,  to  the  repoits  of  hiltoiians  and  travel- 
lers. Their  degeneracy  is  evidently  owing  to  the  wcajvocfs  of  their 
monarchy,  which  rcndtr.s  tiem  inaftive,  for  fear  of  difobjiging  their 
pov/erful   n!iigl3bours.    Tieachery  has   been   laid   to  their  charge,  as 

well 


\vc 


r        O      R      T      U      G      A      L.  343 

11  as  ingratitude  ;  and  above  all,  an  intemperate  paffion  for  revenge. 
They  are,  if  pofllMe,  more  fuperflitious,  and,  both  in  high  and  com- 
mon life,  affeft  more  ftate  than  the  Spaniards. 

The  Portuguefe  ladies  are  thin  and  Imall  of  ftaturc.  Their  com- 
plexion is  olive,  their  eyes  black  and  exprefhve,  and  their  features 
generally  regular.  They  are  efteemed.  to  be  generous,  modeft,  and 
witty.  They  chefs  like  the  Spanifli  ladies,  with  much  awkwardnefs  and 
afFcfted  gravity,  hut  in  general  more  magnificently  ;  and  they  arc 
taught  by  tlieir  hufbands  to  exaft  from  their  fervants  an  homage,  that 
in  other  countries  is  paid  only  to  royal  perfnnages.  The  furniture  of 
the  houfes,  efpecially  of  their  grandees,  is  rich  and  fuperb  to  cxcefs  ; 
and  they  maintain  an  incredible  number  of  domcflics,  as  they  never 
difchargc  any  who  furvive,  after  ferving  their  anceflors.  The  poorer 
fort  have  fcarccly  any  furniture  at  all,  for  they,  in  imitation  of  the 
Moors,  fit  always  crofs;legged  on  the  ground. 

Learning  AND  learned  men.]  Thefe  are  fo  few,  that  they  are 
mentioned  with  indignation,  even  by  thofe  of  the  Portuguefe  them- 
fclves,  who  have  the  imallefl  tinfture  of  literature.  Some  cflbrts,  though 
very  weak,  have  of  late  been  made  by  a  few,  to  draw  their  country- 
men from  this  deplorable  ftate  of  ignorance.  It  is  univerfally  allowed 
that  the  defefb  is.  not  owing  to  the  want  of  genius,  but  of  a  proper  edu- 
cation. The  anccftors  of  the  prefcnt  Portuguefe  were  cei  tainly  pof- 
fulfed  of  more  true  knowledge,  with  regard  to  aftronomy,  geography, 
and  navigation,  than  all  the  world  bcfides,  about  the  middleof  the  1 6th 
century,  and  for  fome  time  after.  Camoens,  who  himfelf  was  a  great 
adventurer  and  voyager,  was  polfeffcd  of  a  true,  but  neglefted  poetical 
genius. 

Un  1  vKRSiTiES.]  Thefe  are  Coimbra,  founded  In  i2gi  by  king 
Dennis  ;  and  which  had  fifty  profelTors  ;  but  it  has  been  lately  put 
under  fome  new  regulations.  Evora,  founded  in  1.559  '  ^^^  ^^^  ^°^" 
lege  of  the  nobles  at  Lilbon,  where  the  young  nobilitv  arc  educated  in 
every  branch  of  polite  learning  and  the  fcienccs.  All  the  books  that 
did  belong  to  the  banifhcd  Jefuits  are  kept  here,  which  compofe  a  Very 
large  library.  TheEnglifli  language  is  likewile  taught  in  this  college. 
Here  is  alfo  a  college  whcic  young  gentlemen  are  educated  in  the 
fciencc  of  engineering,  and  when  qualified  get  commifTions  in  that 
corps. 

CuRiO';iTii:s,']  The  lakes  and  fountains  which  have  been  already 
mentioned  forin  the  chief  of  thefe.  The  remains  of  fome  caftles  in  the 
Moorifh  t.ifl:c  are  ftill  {landing.  The  Roman  bridge  and  acjucduft  at 
Coimbra  arc  aimoft  entire,  and  defervcdly  admired.  The  walls  of  San- 
tareen  arc  faid  to  be  of  Roman  work  likewife.  The  church  and 
monaRery  near  Lifoon,  where  the  kings  of  Portugal  are  buried,  are  in- 
exprefiibly  magnificent,  and  fcveral  monaftcries  in  Portugal  are  dug 
out  of  the  hard  rock.  The  chapel  of  St.  Roch,  is  probably  one  of  the 
fincfh  and  richcft  in  the  world  ;  the  paintings  arc  mofaic  work,  fo  cu- 
rioufly  wrought  with  flones  of  all  colours,  as  to  aflonifn  the  beholders. 
To  thefe  curiofities  we  may  add,  that  the  king  is  polTclIed  of  the  largeft 
diamond  (which  was  found  in  Brafil)  that  perhaps  ever  was  fcen  in 
^hc  world. 

Chit  F  qiiies.]  Lifbon  is  the  Capital  of  Portugal,  a  great  part  of 
it  was  ruined  by  an  earth<jui(ke,  which  alfo  fet  t|ic  icmair.dei  on  lire, 

upon 


Ui  PORTUGAL. 

\jpon  All-Saints  day,  1755.  It  ftill  contains  many  magnificent  palaces^ 
churches,  and  public  buildings.  Its  fituation  (riling  from  the  Tagus  in 
the  form  of  a  crefcent)  renders  its  appearance  at  once  delightful  and 
fuperb,  and  it  is  defervedly  accounted  the  greateftport  in  Europe,  next 
to  London  anel  Amfterdam.  The  harbour  is  fpaciotjs  and  fecurc,  and 
the  city  itfelf  is  guarded  from  any  fudden  attack,  towards  the  fea,  by 
forts,  though  they  would  make  but  a  poor  defence  againft  (hips  of  war. 
All  that  part  of  the  city  that  was  dcmolifhed  by  the  earthquake,  is 
planned  out  in  the  moft  regular  and  commodious  form.  Some  large 
Iquares,  and  many  ftreets  are  already  built.  The  ftreets  form  right  an- 
gles, and  are  broad  and  fpacious.  The  houfes  are  lofty,  elegant,  and 
uniform  ;  and  being  built  of  white  (lone,  make  a  beautiful  appearance. 
The  fecond  city  in  this  kingdom  is  Oporto,  v^hich  is  computed  to  con- 
tain 4O5OOO  inhabitants.  The  chief  article  of  commerce  in  this  city  is 
wine  ;  and  the'  inhabitants  of  half  the  (hops  are  coopers.  The 
merchants  afTemble  daily  in  the  chief  ftreet,  to  tranfaft  bufinefs  ; 
and  are  protefted  from  the  fun  by  fail-cloths,  hung  acrofs  from  theo'p- 
pofite  houfes.  About  thirty  Englifh  families  rehde  here,  who  are 
chiefly  concerned  in  the  wine  trade. 

Government.]  Towards  the  latter  end  of  the  laft.  century,  the 
diets,  or  meetings  of  the  flates,  were  difcontinued,  and  the  council  of 
the  three  eftates  f  Junta  dos  trcs  ejiadosj  viz.  tflie  clergy,  the  nobility, 
and  the  cities,  now  fubflituted  in  lieu  of  thofe  affemblies,  is  compofed 
only  of  fuch  members  as  are  nominated  by  the  king  himfelf.  Since 
that  time,  the  government  of  the  kingdom  of  Portugal  is  abfolutely 
monarchical  ;  yet  the  political  influence  of  the  two  firft  eftates  is  flil't 
now  and  then  percpivcd. 

The  fundamental  laws  of  Portugal  are  :  i.  The  ftatutes  of  AlphoUf 
fus,  publifhed  at  Lamcgo  in  1 1  43,  confiding  of  22  regulations  relative 
to  the  royal  fuccefhon,  to  the  rights  of  jurifdiftion,  the  independence 
of  the  kingdom,  and  the  rights  of  the  nobility.  2.  The  manifefto  of 
the  flates,  publilhed  in  1641,  immediately  after  the  revolution  relat- 
ing to  the  order  of  fuccefTion. 

The  civil  laws  of  Portugal  are  contained  in  the  edifts  of  the  kings  ; 
and  where  thefe  are  deficient,  the  Roman  laws  are  confulted.  In  ec- 
clcfiaflical  matters,  the  canon  law  in  its  full  extent  is  adopted,  and  the 
power  and  authority  of  the  pope  is  very  great  in  this  kingdom. 

The  chief  departments  of  government  are  the  following  :  The 
Council  of  State,  the  Council  of  War,  the  Aulic  Council  fDifembarijo 
do  Pa<;o)  ov  Supreme  Court  of  Juflice,  the  Council  of  Finances,  and 
the  Royal  Board  of  Cenfure  f  Regia  Mefa  cenforia.J 

In  the  inferior  courts  of  juflice  the  judges  are  nominated  by  the 
king,  or  by  the  pofTeffprs  of  the  large  eftates  ;  In  the  fuperior  courts, 
by  the  king  exclufively.  There  are  two  courts  of  appeal  at  Lifbon 
and  Oporto  ;  from  which  appeal  may  be  made  in  the  laft  inftance  to 
the  Aulic  Council.  The  magiftrates  of  the  towns  have  likewife  an  in- 
ferior jurifdiftion  in  matters  of  Icfs  importance.  The  proceedings  iri 
the  courts  of  juftice  are  flow  and  arbitrary  ;  and  the  number  of  lawyers 
and  law-officers  is  exceedingly  great. 

FtxAKCES.]  The  revenueof  the  crown  is  1,800, cool,  fterling  ;  and 
arifes  from  the  cuftoms  and  duties,  from  feveral  internal  taxes  ;  from 
the  mines  of  Brazil,  of  the  produce  of  which  one  fifth  belongs  to  the 

king. 


t>.     O      R      T      U      C      A      L.  345 

king,  eftimatcci  at  350,000!.  flerling  ;  from  other  duties  on  the  pro- 
duce  of  Brazil  ;  from  a  tax  on  the  vent  of  lands,  which  is  to  per  cent, 
of  the  yearly  income  ;  from  duties  on  imported  goods,  at  i6  per  cent, 
and  duties  of  5  per  cent,  on  exported  goods. 

The  public  debts  were  eftimated  in  1774  at  only  28  millions  of  cru- 
fedes. 

'"Army.]  The  army  confifts  of  25,000  meni  According  to  the  ef- 
tablilhment  of  the  year  1772,  the  array  ought  to  confifl  of  35,998  men, 
viz.  38  regimenrs  Of  foot,  at  8t  1  men  each  ;  arid  of  1  2  regiments  of  cav- 
alry, of  400  men  each.  The  late  Count  of  Lippe  Biickeburg  has 
made  confiderable  improvements  in  the  military  difcipline  of  Portugal. 

Befides  the  regular  army  they  have  a  country  militia  formed  of  pea- 
sants. 

Navy.]  The  navy  confifts  of  24  fhlps,  viz,  13  fhips  of  the  line  and 
J 1  frigates.  Five  fhips  of  the  line  arc  Rationed  on  the  coaft  of  Bra- 
fil.     There  are  two  regiments  of  marines  and  a  corps  of  na^'■al  artillery, 

Remcion.]  The  ftate  of  religion  in  Portugal  exaftly  refcmbles 
that  of  Spain  ;  the  intolerant  bigotry  of  the  eflablifhed  Roman  Catho- 
lic religion  is  no  lefi  prejudicial  to  ths  Portuguefe,  than  to  the  Spanifli 
natioji.  There  are  feveral  tribunals  of  Inquifition,  viz.  at  Lifbon, 
Coimbra.  Evo.ra,  and  at  Goa  in  the  Eaft-Indies.  A  great  number  of 
Jews  are  however  in  the  country,  who  conform  outwardly  with  the 
eftablifhed  religion  ;  It  is  Xaid  that  many  of  them  aie.even  among  the 
,clergy. 

.  The  Portuguefe  clergy  confift  of  one  Patriarch,  a  dignity  granted  to 
the  church  of  Portugal  in  the  year  1716,  of  three  archbifhops  and  15 
bifiiops  ;  the  number  of  eccleiiadical  perfons  in  the  whole  amounts 
to  aoo^oco  ;  30,000  of  which  are  monks  and  nuns  :  According  to 
others  there  are  60,000  monks  and  nuns,  and  745  convents.  TJj^ 
proportion  of  clerical  perfons  to  that  of  laymen,  is  as  1  to  il. 
There  are  three  Spiritual  orders  of  knighthood  in  Portugal,  that 
of  Avi»,  of  Santiago,  and  of  Chrift  ;  the  lad  is  by  far  the  moft 
opulent. 

History.]  Portugal  was  antienlly  called  Lufitania,  and  inhabited 
by  tribes  of  wandering  people,  till  it  became  fubje£t  to  the  Carthagini- 
ans and  Phoenicians,  who  were  difpofTeffed  by  the  Romans  250  years 
before  Chrift.  In  the  fifth  century  it  fell  under  the  yoke  of  the  Suevi 
and  Vandals,  who  were  driven  out  by  the  Goths  of  Spain,  in  the 
year  589  ;  but  when  the  IVIoors  of  Africa  made  themfelves  mailers  of 
the  grcatcft  part  of  Spain,  in  the  beginning  of  the  eighth  century,  they 
penetrated  into  Lufitania  ;  there  they  eftablifhed  governors,  who  made 
themfelves  kings.  After  many  fruitlefs  attempts  made  by  the  kings  of 
Leon  on  this  part  of  Spain,  Alonzo  V.  king  of  Caftile  and  Leon,  car- 
ried here  his  viftorious  arms,  and  to  infure  his  conqueft,  he  gave  it,  in 
the  year  i©88,  with  the  title  of  count,  or  earl,  to  Henry,  grandfon  of 
Robert  king  of  France,  who  had  married  Therefa,  Alonzo's  natural 
daughter.  Henry  was  Succeeded  in  his  earldom  by  his  fon  Alonzo, 
who,  encouraged  by  his  conquefts  over  the  Moors,  in  the  year  1139 
affutncd  the  title  of  King  of  Portugal.  |Iis  fucceffors  continued  tdl 
1580,  when,  upon  the  deatli  of  Henry,  furnamed  the  Cardinal,  it  was 
feized  upon  by  Philip  II.  king  of  Spain,  after  a  war  of  two  or  three 

years  *, 


3^6  I         T  A  L         Y. 

years  ;  but  hi  1640,  the  people  rebelled,  fhook  ofF  the  Spanlfli  yoke, 
and  elefted  for  their  king  the  duke  of  Braganza,  who  took  the  name 
of  John  IV.  in  whofe  family  it  has  ever  fince  remained  independent 
of  Spain.  Her  prefent  Majefty's  name  is  Mary  Frances  Ifabella,  who 
acceded  to  the  throne  in  the  year  1777.     See  Univerfal  Hilbory. 


ITALY. 

SlTlTATION  AND  txTEN'T. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length  600  \     ,  /sS  and  47  north  latitude. 

Breadth  400/     '^"^^^"»    \    7  jipd  19  caft  longitude. 

THE  formof  Italy,  renders  it  very  difficult  to  afcertain  its  extent  and 
dimenfions  ;  for,  according  to  fome  accounts,  it  is,  from  the  fron- 
tiers of  Switzerland  to  the  extremity  of  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  about 
750  miles  in  length  ;  and  from  the  frontiers  of  the  duchy  of  Savoy,  to 
thofe  of  the  dominions  of  the  ftates  of  Venice,  which  is  its  greatefb 
breadth,  about  400  miles,  though  in  fome  parts  it  is  fcarcely  100. 

Boundaries.]  Nature  has  fixed  the  boundaries  of  Italy  ;  for  to- 
wards the  Eafi:  it  is  bounded  by  the  Gulph  of  Venice,  or  Adriatic  fea  ; 
on  the  South  and  Weft  by  the  Mediterranean  fea,  and  on  the  North, 
by  the  lofty  mountains  of  the  Alps,  v/hich  divide  it  from  France  and 
Switzerland. 

The  whole  of  the  Italian  dominions,  comprehending  Corfica,  Sar- 
dinia, the  Venetian  and  other  iflandsj  are  divided  and  exhibited  in  the 
lEollowing  table  : 


Cpuntrie: 


Y, 


.    ..       ,      , 

t- 

? 

Couiitries  Names. 

iT'' 

<i 

Chief  Cities. 

Italy. 

Miles. 

03 

("Piedmont 

(j.bi9  i.\c 

98'ruiiu 

Savoy 

357^1  ^7 

6oC"hainbcry 

To  the  king  of  J  Montferrat 
Sardinia          ]  AlelFandrine 

446 

40 

2  2Canal 

2Q4 

27 

20  Alexandria 

1  Oneglia 

13:2 

2^ 

70n(-glia 

(^Sardinia  Ifland 

6  600' 135 

57Cagliari 

To  the  king  of  f  Naples 
Naples           \  Sicily  I. 

:i>, 000^275 

2ooNaplcs 

9400  180 

92  Palermo 

to.„ce™pc.|^|;'-^ 

,543«| 
700 

47 

7oMilan 
27|Mantua 

^^^                   [Mirandola 

lao 

19 

loMiiandola 

Pope's  dominions 

•4,348 

235 

L       >Mat.4i54 

'Tuicany 

6640 

'^5 

94' Florence 

J^ 

Maffa 

8. 

lb 

11 

MafTa               ; 

.<-J 

*2 

To  their  ref-     ^ 
peftive  princes^ 

Parma 
Modena 

1225 
1560 

48 
65 

37 
39 

Parma 
Modena 

3 

Piombino 

100 

22 

18 

Piombino 

^Monaco 

24 

12 

4 

Monaco 

'  Lucca 

2,86 

28 

13 

Lucca 

l-lepublics 

St.  Marino 

8 

St.  Marino 

Genoa 

2400 

160 

25  Genoa 

Po  France            Corlica  I. 

2520 

90 

38Baftia 

f  Venice 

8434 

'75 

95 

Venice 

To  the  repub-  I  Iflria  P. 

1245 

6 

3-= 

Capo  d'lflria 

lie  of  Venice  1  Dalmatia  P. 

1400 

135 

20 

Zara 

lilies  of  Dalmatia 

1364 

1 

1                 '  '    ■ 

~Cephalonia 

428 

40 

18, Cephalonia 

Iflands   in   the 

Corfu,  or  Corcyra 

194 

31 

lojCorfu 

Venetian  do--^ 

Zant,  OL-  Zacynthui 

120 

23 

i2jZant 

•    •   ^              ^  bt.  Maura 

c\6 

12 

7 
3 

.^t.  Manra 

I  Little  Cephalonia 

0 

14 

7 

[^     Ithaca  olim 

Total- 

7'^-0'56 

SUBDIVISIONS, 


34» 


Y. 


SUBDIVISIONS. 

TheKing  of  Sar&inia   poffefles  Piedmont,  Savoy,   Montferrat, 
Ifland  of  Sardinia,  part  of  the  Milanefe,  and  of  Genoa. 
The  fubdivifions  in  thcfe  territories  are, 


the 


Oneglia 


Subdivifions, 

Titles. 

Chief  towrns. 

: 

"Piedmont 

Proper 

Turin,  Pignerol,  Carignan 

i 

Verceil 

Lordfhip 

Verceil 

1 

Mafferar) 

Principality 

Mafleran 

Ivrea 

Marquifate 

Ivrea 

■*i 

Alii 

County 

Afti 

c 

Sufa 

Marquifate 

Sufa 

M 

Saluzzo, 

Marquifate 

Saluzzo,  Coni 

43 

V^udois 

ValHes 

Pragelas,  or  Clufon 

Nice 

Territory 

Nice 

Tende 

County 

Tende 

Aoufte 

County 

Aoufte 

"Savoy 

Proper 

Chambery,  Montmelian 

g^ 

Geneva 

County 

Annacy 

Chabhis 

County 

Tonor,  or  Thonon 

^  "N  Tarantaife 

Mouftriers 

^      Maurienne 
LFolTigny 

Valley 

St.  John  de  Mauriene 

Bonneville 

§  <  Montferrat 

^  r 

"^      Tortpnefe 

Duchy 

Cafal,  Albi,  Aqui 

Tortona 

%  •{  Alcffandrine 

Alexandria 

1  Laumelin 

Laumello 

Territory 


Oneglia 


Tlie  dominions  of  the  King  of  Nap  lbs. 


Subdivifions, 
Lavora 

Pltra  Princip. 
Citra  Princip. 
Molife 
Bafilicata 
Cifra  Calabria 


Chief  towns. 
Naples,  Capua 

Gaeta 
Benevento 
Salerno 
Bojano 
Cerenza 
Cofenza 


rt  C/t! 


Subdivifions. 

Val  de  Mazara 
Val  de  Demona 
Val  de  Note 


Subdivifions. 

Chief  towns. 

Ult.  Calabria 

Reggio 

Ult.  Abruzzo 

Aquila 

Citra  Abruzzo 

Chieti 

Capitinate,   or 

Manfrcdonia 

Apulia 

Lucera 

Bari 

Bari 

Otranto 

Otranto 

Brundili 

Tarenta 

Chief  towns. 

Palermo 

Meflina 

Catania,  Syracufe, 

No  to 

LlPAKJ 


A  1  A  1.  I,  g4g 

1.IPARI  IsLANCS,  North  of  Sicily.  Lipari,  Strombulo,  Rotto,  Panaria, 
Elicufa. 

Islands  on  the  Weft  Coaftof  Italy.  Capri,  Ifchia,Pona2,  Pianofa,  &c. 

The  Hpufe  of  Au  stria  pofleiTes  the  Milanefe,  the  Mantua  and  Tufcany, 
The  fubdivilions  and  chief  towns  in  thefe  territories  are, 

Subdivifions. 
fMilanefe 
I  Pavefan 
Jaynaefc 
r5  "^  Comafco 
t2   1  Lodefan 
l^Cremonefc 

g      r  Florentina 
lii     \  Siennefe 


^      Pa 

gJNa 
^^  Co 


U 


Mantua 


Titles. 

Chief  towns. 

1  Proper 

Milan 

Pavia 

Navara 

■' 

Comp 

Lodi 

Cremona 

Florence 

Sienna 

Pifa,  Leghorn,  Piombin* 

Proper 

Mantua 

In  Tufcany  is  contained  the  republic  of  Lucca,  and  the  principality 
of  Maffa  Carara,  fubje£l  to  its  own  prince  ;  alfo  the  coaft  del  Perfidii, 
of  which  the  capital  is  OrbitcUo,  fu'bjeft  tp  the  king  of  Naples. 


The  Duke  of  Parma  (of  the  Houfe  of  Bourbon)  is  Sovereign 

of  tlie  Duchies  of 

Parma  "j  f  Parma 

Placentia  V  Chief  towns.  <  Placentia 

Guaftalla  J  [Guaftalla,  Caftiglione,  Luzzara, 

The  fubdivifions  of  the  Genoefe  territories,  with  their  chief  towns,  are, 


Subdivifions. 
Genoa,  Proper 
Savona,  Territory 
Vado,  Territory 
Noli,  Territory 
Final,  Territory 
Albenga,  Territory 
Oneglia  to  Sardina 


Chief  towns. 

Genoa 

Savona 

Yado 

Noli 

Final 

Albenga 

Oneglia 


Subdivifions. 
St.  Remo,  Territory 
Ventimiglia,  Teritory, 
Monaco,  Principality 
Rapallo,  Territory 
Lavigna 
•Spezia 


Chief  towns, 

St.  Remo 

Ventimiglia 

Monaco 

Rapallo 

Lavigna. 

Spezia 


The  Duchy  of  Modena  is  fubje£l  to  its  own  Duke,  and  contains 
Dutchies.  Chief  towns. 


Modcna 

Mirandola 

^hegio 


Modena 

Mirandola 

Rhegio,  Borfello,  Carpi , 


Th€ 


m<% 


y, 


The  Republic  of  VENtc'E  is  fubdivrded  in  the  following  manner  Z 


Subdivifions. 

Venice 

Paduan 

Veronefe 

Brefciano 

Cremafco' 

Bergamafco 

Vincentino 


Chief  towns. 

Venice' 

l*adii:i 

V«rona 

Brcfcia 

Crema 

Kcrgamo 

Vincenza 


Su-bdivifions. 

Rovigrio 

Trevegiano 

Belluncfc     . 

Friuli 

Udinefe 

liliiaj  part.. 


Chief  towns, 

Rovigno 

Trevifo 

Belkino 

Aquileia 

Udia 

Capo  de  Iflria 


The  Patriarchate,  OT  the  flominions  of  (he  Pope 
Subdjvifions.         Chief  towns. 


fRoms      • 
I  Tivoli 
-<  Frefcafi 
I  Oftia 
[_Albano 
f  \^iterbo 
j  Civita  \'ccchia 

.. ^  ..    J  Bracciano 

Patrimony  >  Caftro 

I  Orvietto 
LAquapendente 
pSpoletto 
OmbHa,  or  J  Narni 
Spoletto     )  Terni 
LPerugi* 


Compania 
of  Rome 


St.  Peter' 


Subdivifions. 
Ancona.  Marquif 

Urbino,  Duchy 

Romania 

Bolognefe 

Ferr*^refe 

Republic  of  St. 
Marino 


are  fubdivided  thus  : 
Chief  towns* 


f  Ancona 
\  Loretto 
r  Urbino 

<  Pelaro 
[Semigalia 
f Ravenna 

\  Rimini 
Bologna 

J  Ferrata 

1_  Con^achia 

-j  St.  Marino 


Irtand  of  Corfica,  fu'DJeft  to  the  French. 

Chief  towns  Baftia  and  Bonifacio. 

Illand  of  Malta,  iubje£l  to  the  Knights,     Chief  town,  \''aletta. 

Soir,  AN'D  AIR.]  The  happy  foil  of  Italy  produces  the  ctfmfortS 
and  luxuries  of  life  in  jg;reat  abundance  ;,  each  diftrift  has  its  peculiar 
excellency  and  commodity  ;  Wines,  the  moll  delicious  fruits,  and  oil, 
are  the  mofl  general  produftions.  As  muth  com  grows  here  as  ferves 
the  inhabitants  ;  and  were  the  ground  properly  cultivated,  the  Italians 
might  export  it  to  th.eir  neighbours.  The  Italian  cheefes,  particularly 
thofe  called  Parmefans,  and  their  native  filk,  form  a  principal  part  of 
their  commerce.  There  is  here  a  great  variety  of  air  ;  and  fome  parts 
of  Italy  bear  melaticholy  proofs  Of  the  alterations  that  accidental  caufes 
make  on  the  face  of  nature  ;  ftir  the  Campagna  di  Roma,  v/here  the  an- 
cient Romans  enjoyed  the  mofl  falubrious  air  of  any  place  perhaps  on 
the  globe,  is  now  almoft  peftilential,  through  the  decreaie  of  inhabit- 
ants, which  has  occalioned  a  flagnation  of  waters,  and  putrid  exhala- 
tions. The  air  of  the  northern  parts,  which  lie  among  the  Alps,  or  in 
their  neighbourhood,  is  keen  and  piercing,  the  ground  being,  in  many 
places,  covered  with  fnow  in  winter.  'Ine  Appennines,  which  are  a 
lidgc  of  mountains  thai  longitudinally  almofl  divide  Italy,  have  great 

effefts 


t         T  A       3>        Y.  ^gi 

efTefts  on  its  climate  ;  the  countries  on  the  South  being  warm,  thofe  on 
the  North  mild  and  temperate.  The  fea-Lreezes  refrefh  the  kingdom 
of  Naples  fo  much,  that  no  remarkable  inconvenicncy  Of  air  is  found 
there,  notwithftanding  its  fouthern  fituation.  In  general,  the  air  of 
Italy  may  be  faid  to  be  dry  and  pure. 

Mountains.]  We  have  already  mentioned  the  Alps  and  Appcn- 
nines,  which  form  the  chief  mountaius  of  Italy.  The  famous  volcano 
of  Mount  Vefuvius  lies  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Naples. 

Rivers  and  lakes.]  The  rivers  of  Italy  are  the  Po,  the  Var,  the 
Adige,  the  Trcbbia,  the  Arno,  and  the  Tiber,  v/hich  runs  llirough  the 
city  of  Rome.  The  famous  Rubicon  forms  the  fouthern  boundary 
between  Italy  and  the  ancient  Cifalpine  Gaul. 

The  lakes  of  Italy  are,  the  Maggiore,  Lugano,  Como,  Ifco,  and  Gar- 
da -in  the  North;  the  Perugia  or  Tharlimene,  Bracciana,  Terni,  and 
Celano,  in  the  middle. 

Seas,  GULFS,  or  bays,  capes,  T  Without  a  knowledge  of  thefe, 
PROMONTORIES,  and  STRAiXs.  /  neither  the  ancient  Roman  au- 
thors, nor  the  hiflory  nor  geography  of  Italy,  can  be  underflood. 
The  feas  of  Italy  are,  the  gulfs  of  Venice,  or  the  Adriatic  fea  ;  the 
fcas  of  Naples,  TuCcany,  and  Genoa  ;  the  bays  or  harbours  of  Nice, 
Villa  Franca,  Oneglia,  Final,  Savona,  Vado,  Spezzia,  Luca,  Pifa,  Leg- 
horn, Piombino,  Civita,  Vecchia,  Gaeta,  Naples,  Salerno,  Policraftro, 
Rhegio,  Ouilacc,  Tarento,  Manfredonia,  Ravenna,  Venice,  Triefle,  If* 
tria,  and  Fiume  ;  Cape  Spartavento  del  Alice,  Otvanto,  and  Ancona  ; 
and  the  (Irait  of  Meltina,  between  Italy  and  Sicily. 

The  gulfs  and  bays  in  the  Italian  iflands  are  thcfe  of  Fiorenzo,  Baf- 
tia,  Talada,  Porto  Novo,  Cape  Corfo,  Bonifacio,  and  Ferro.  in  Corfi- 
ca  ;  and  the  ftrait  of  Bonif.iC'O,  between  CorRca  and  Sardinia.  The 
bays  of  Caligari  and  Oriftagni  ;  Cape  de  Sardis,  Cavello,  Monte  Santo, 
and  Polo,  in  Sardinia.  The  gulfs  of  McfTina,  Melazzo,  Palermo,  Ma- 
zara,  Syracufe,  ar^d  Satania  :  capes  Faro,  Melazzo,  Orlando,  Gallo, 
Trapano,  Palfaro,  and  AllelTia,  in  Sicily  ;  and  the  bays  of  Porto  Fc- 
raio,  and  Porto  Longone,  in  the  ifland  of  Elba. 

Metals  and  minerals^.]  Many  places  of  Italy  abound  in  miner- 
al fprings  ;  fomc  hot,  fome  warm,  and  many  of  fulphureous,  chaly- 
beate, and  medicinal  qualities.  Many  of  its  mountains  abound  in  mines 
that  produce  great  quantities  of  emeralds,  jafper,  ag^tc,  porphyry,  la- 
pis lazuli,  and  other  valuable  flones.  Beautiful  marble  of  all  kinds  is 
one  of  the  chief  produftions  of  Italy. 

Population  and  character.]  Authors  are  greatly  dix'ided  on 
the  head  of  Italian  population.  This  roay  be  owing,  in  a  great  meaf- 
ure,  to  the  partiality  which  every  Italian  has  for  the  honour  of  his  own 
province.  The  king  of  Sr-rdinia's  fubjcfts,  according  to  Zimmermani:!, 
amount  to  3,170,000,  viz.  in  the  duchy  of  Piedmont  2,/i5o,ooo,  in  the 
duchy,  of  Savoy  300,000,  in  the  kingdom  of  Sardinia  420,000.  Na- 
ples has  about  4,500,000  fouls,  and  Sicily  about  1,300.000.  The  city 
of  Milan  itfclf,  by  the  befl  accounts,  contains  300.000,  and  the  d-.itchy 
is  proportionably  populous.  As  to  the  other  provinces  of  Italy,  geo- 
graphers and  travellers  have  paid  very  little  attention  to  the  numbers 
of  natives  that  live  in  the  country,  and  inform  us  by  con  je6lurc  only, 
of  thofe  who  inhabit  the  great  cities.  Some  doubts  have  arifcn 
whether  Italy  is  as  populous  now  as  it  was  in  the  time  of  Pliny,  when 


$5«  r         T  A  L  Y. 

it  contained  14,000,000  of  inhabitants.  It  is  however  believed  tKa,c 
the  prefent  inhabitants  exceed  that  number.  The  Campagna  di  Ro- 
ma, and  fome  other  of  the  mofl:  beautiful  parts  of  Italy,  are  at  prefent 
in  a  manner  defolate  ;  but  we  are  to  conhder  that  the  modern  Italians 
are  in  a  great  meafurc  free  from  the  unremitting  wars,  not  to  niention 
the  tranlVnigration  of  colonies,  which  formerly,  even  down  to  the 
i6th  century,  depopulated  their  country.  Add  to  this,  that  the  prin- 
ces and  fldtes  of  Italy  now  encourage  agriculture  and  manufaftures  of 
^11  kinds,  which  undoubtedly  promotes  population  ;  fo  that  it  may  not 
perhaps  be  extravagant,  if  we  affign  to  Italy  20,000,000  of  inhabit- 
ants ;  but  fome  calculations  greatly  exceed  that  number. 

The  national  character  of  the  Italians,  lately  been  given  by  the  Abbe 
Jagemann,  member  of  the  Florentine  Academy  of  Agriculture,  as  fol- 
lows :  "  C  onfidering  the  mildnefs  of  the  climate,  the  uncommon  fertili- 
ty of  the  foil,  the  fituation  of  mofl  towns  and  boroughs  on  hills,  the 
excellent  fpring  water  from  the  Alps  and  the  Appennines,  the  number 
of  mineral  waters  and  baths,  the  fpaciouliicfs  of  tlie  ftreets  and  houfes, 
the  delightful  views,  the  frequent  refidence  of  the  Italians  on  their 
villas,  the  fragrancy  and  healthinefs  of  the  air,  the  temperate  diet,  the 
facility  of  getting  cured  of  defeafes  in  the  hofpitals,  one  is  inclined  to 
think  that  the  corporeal  frame  of  an  Italian,  if  not  enervated  in  early 
youth,  cannot  but  be  ftrong,  healthy  and  beautiful.  The  handfomeft 
perfons  of  cither  fex,  are  found  in  Tulcany.  The  Italians,  in  general 
are  alfo  endoVved  with  good  fenfe.  and  difcernment  ;  ajJt  to  defpife 
mere  theoretical  fpecualtions,  and  to  judge  by  their  own  feelings  and 
experience  :  But  education  is  rather  ncglefted.  The  chief  part  of 
their  religion  confifts  in  an  external  obfervance  and  prafticc  of  eccle- 
fiafiical  rites,  ceremonies,  and  injunftions.  An  Italian,  not  enlighten- 
ed by  reflection  and  experience,  will  fooner  commit  adultery  than  eat 
sny  fleflimeat  on  a  Friday  ;  but  a  foreigner,  who  wifhes  to  pafs  for  a 
Roman  catholic,  needs  only  to  flick  to  his  window  an  atteftation,  by  a 
phyfician,  that  his  flate  of  health  requi^-es  a  flefli-meat  diet  ;  and  he 
may,  without  any  rifk,  eat  flefh-meat  in  Lent.  Such  atteflations  may 
be  purchafed  in  cofl'ee-houfes,  at  Florence.  The  Italians  are  very 
ieniual  ;  exceedingly  fond  of  mufic  ;  little  addi£led  to  drunkennefs  and 
coarfe  jokes  ;  impatient  of  delay  in  their  pafhon  for  the  fair  fex  ;  jeal- 
ous of  the  F>ench.  but  fond  of  the  national  charafters  of  the  Englifh 
and  the  Germans.  Tiiey  flill  breathe  their  ancient  fpirit  of  liberty  and 
republicanifm,  and  are  avcrle  to  monarchical  government,  to  whicli 
they  were  ful>jc6led  by  force.  Hence  a  true-born  Italian,  of  an  inde- 
pendent fortune,  feldom  courts  public  employments  ;  hence  their  befl 
geniufes  too  are  little  Known  ;  hence  alio  their  almofl  general  incli- 
nation to  fdtire,  and  the  bitterncls  of  their  faljres.  Hence  their  gene- 
ral hatre4  and  contempt  for  the  military  lei  Vice,  and  for  the  miniflers 
and  executors  of  criminal  juvi-Idiftion.  Their  drefs  and  their  v,-hole 
conduft,  piove  their  fondnsfj  of  liberty  and  cafe,  and  ihcir  averfion  to 
conflraijip,  ceremony  and  compliments.  As  lo  great  a  variety  of  en- 
joyments arul  conveniences  are,  for  an  Italian,  fo  many  necellaries  of 
life,  he  tfiuft  be  a  rigid  econoniift  ;  but  thoie  mod  famous  for  their 
economical  management,  are  the  Florentines  and  the  Genosfc.  Hence 
ihcir  habitual  cullom  of  entering  mto  the  moll  minute  details  and  cal- 
r-'tlations,  and  of  flriftly  adhering  to  rules.      licncc  their  peculiar  tal- 

eniir 


ITALY.  8S5 

%nts  and  fltill  for  commerce,  trade,  political  economy,  finances,  tlieir 
ijvidlty  for  gain,  and  their  ^nvy  at  the  profperity  of  other  people.— 
Their  refentment  laftsonly  till  they  have  produced  a  fatisfaSion  ade- 
quate to  a  wrong  fullained  ;  they  are  lefs  irafcible  than  many  other 
nations  :  But  when  grofsly  injured  in  their  charafter  or  fortunes, 
they  are  capable  of  every  excels,.  Of  aifaninations,  however,  Abbe 
Jageman  recoUefts  only  three  iuftances  in  Tufcany,  in  fifteen  years. 
From  their  mutual  diftruft,  an  Italian  indeed  feldom  becomes  an  inti- 
jnate  friend  to  anpther  Italian  ;  but  then  their  friendfhip  proves  the 
piore  cordial  and  lading.  No  nation  is  more  compaffignate  to  the  dif- 
treflcd,  or  more  ready  to  ferve  Grangers  ;  yet  letters  of  recdmmenda* 
tion  ought  not  to  be  neglefted  by  travellers." 

Religion.]  The  religion  of  the  Italians  is  Roman  Catholic.  The 
inquifition  here  is  little  more  than  a  found  ;  and  perfons  of  all  religions 
live  unmolefled  in  Italy,  provided  no  grofs  infult  is  ofFered  to  their 
worfhip.  The  ecclefiaftical  government  of  the  papacy  has  employed 
many  volumes  in  defcribing  it.  The  cardinals,  who  are  next  in  digni- 
ty to  his  holinefs,  are  feventy  :  But  that  number  is  feldom  or  never 
complete  :  They  are  appointed  by  the  pope,  who  takes  care  to  have  % 
majority  of  Italian  cardinals,  that  the  chair  may  not  be  removed  from 
Rome,  as  it  v/as  once  to  Avignon  in  France,  the  then  pope  being  a 
Frenchman.  In  promoting  foreign  prelates  to  the  cardinalfhip,  the 
pope  regulates  liimfelf  according  to  the  nomination  of  the  princes  who 
profefs  that  religion.  His  chief  minlfter  is  the  cardinal  patron,  gene- 
rally his  nephew,  or  near  relation,  who  improves  the  time  of  the  pope's 
reign  by  amafTing  what  he  can.  When  met  in  a  confiftory,  the  car- 
dinals pretend  to  control  the  pope,  in  matters  both  fpiritual  and  tem- 
poral, and  have  been  fometimes  known  to  prevail.  The  reign  of  a 
pope  is  feldom  of  long  duration,  being  generally  old  men  at  the  time 
of  their  eleflion.  The  conclave  is  a  fcene  where  the  cardinals  princi- 
pally endeavour  to  difpUy  their  parts,  and  where  many  tranfaftions 
pafs,  which  hardly  fhew  their  infpiratlon  to  be  from  the  Holy  Ghoft^ 
During  the  eleftion  of  a  pope  in  1721,  the  animofities  ran  fo  high,  that 
they  came  to  blows  with  both  tKcir  hands  and  feet,  and  threw  the 
inkftandiihes  at  each  other.  We  (hall  here  give  an  extra£t  from  the 
creed  of  pope  Pius  IV.  1560,  befoi-e  his  elevation  to  the  chair,  which 
contains  the  principal  points  wherein  the  church  of  Rome  differs  from 
the  protcftant  churches.  After  detlaring  his  belief  in  one  God,  and 
ocher  heads  wherein  Chriflians  in  general  ate  agreed,  he  proceeds  as 
follows  : 

*'  I  moft,  firmly  admit  and  embrace  the  apoftolical  and  ecclefiaftical 
traditions,  and  all  other  conftituiions  of  the  church  of  Rome. 

''  I  do  admit  the  holy  fcriptures  in  the  fame  fenfe  that  holy  mother- 
church  dothjWhofe  bufinefs  it  is  tojudgeof  the  ttue  fenfe  and  inter- 
pretation of  them  ;  and  I  will  interpret  them  according  to  the  unani- 
mous confent  of  the  fathers. 

"  I  do  profefs  and  believe  that  there  are  fevqn  facraments  of  the 
law,  truly  and  properly  fo  called,  inftitutcd  by  Jefus  Chrift  our  Lord^ 
and  neceifary  to  the  falvation  of  mankind,  though  not  all  of  them  to 
every  one  ;  namely,  baptifm,  confirmation,  eucharift,  penance,  ex- 
treme unftion,  orders  and  marriage,  and  that  they  do  confer  grace  ■,  and 
that  of  ;h<?fc,  Ijaptifm,  confirmation,  and  or«icr«,  may  not  b«  repeated 
V  without 


354  i  1  A  L  /. 

without  facrllegc.  I  do  alfo  receive  and  admit,  the  received  ancJ 
approved  rites  of  the  catholic  church  in  her  folemn  adminiftration  of 
the  abovefaid  facraments. 

'•  1  do  eml)vace  and  receive  all  and  every  thing  that  halh  been  de- 
fined and  declared  by  the  holy  council  of  Trent*  concerning  original 
fin  and  juflification. 

"  I  do  alfo  profefs  that  in  the  mafs  there  is  ofFered  unto  God  a  true, 
proper  and  propitiatory  facrifi.ce  for  the  quick  and  the  dead  ;  and  that 
m  the  mod  holy  facrament  of  the  eucharift  there  is  truly,  really  and 
fubrtantially,  the  body  and  blood,  togetlier  with  the  foul  and  diviniiy, 
of  our  Lord  Jcfus  Chrifh  ;  and  that  there  is  a  converuon  made  of  the 
whole  fuhifance  of  the  bread  into  the  body,  and  of  the  whole  fubftanca 
of  the  wine  into  the  b|ood  ;  v.rhich  converfion  the  catholic  church 
calls  TranfubftaritiHtion.  I  confefs  that  under  one  ];ind  only,  whole 
and  entire,.  Chrift  and  a  true  facrarnent  is  taken  and  received. 

"  I  do  firmly  believe  that  there  is  a  purgatory  ;  and  that  the  fouls 
kept  prifoners  there  do  receive  help  by  the  fulfrages  of  the  faithful, 

'•  I  do  likewife  believe  that  the  faints  reigning  together  with  Chrift, 
are  to  be  worfhipped  and  prayed  unto  ;  and  ihat  they  do  ofFer  prayers 
unto  God  for  us,  and  tliat  their  relids  are  to  be  had  in  veneration, 

"  I  do  moft  firmly  allert,  that  the  images  of  Chrifl,  of  the  bleiTed  Vir- 
gin the  mother  of  God,  and  of  other  faints,  ought  to  be  had  and  re- 
tained, and  that  due  honour  and  veneration  ought  to  be  given  unto 
them, 

"  I  do  likewifo  affirm,  that  the  power  of  indulgencies  v/as  left  by 
Chrift  to  the  church,  anvd  that  the  ule  of  them  is  very  beneficial  to 
chriftian  people. 

"  I  do  acknowledge  the  holy  catholic,  and  apoflolical  Roman 
church  to  he  the  mother  and  miftrefs  of  all  churches  ;  and  I  do 
promife  and  fwear  true  obedience  to  the  bifliop  of  Rome,  the  fucceflbr 
of  St,  Peter,  the  prince  of  the  apoftles,  and  vicar  of  Jefus  Chrift. 

'•  I  do  undoubtedly  receive  and  profefs  all  other  things  which  have 
been  delivered,  defined  and  declared  by  the  facred  canons,  and  cecume- 
nical  councils,  and  efpecially  by  the  holy  fynod  of  Trent.  And  all 
other  things  contrary  thereto,  and  all  hereftcs  condemned,  rejcfted, 
and  anathematifed  by  the  churcli,  I  do  likewife  condemn,  reje6l  and 
anathematife." 

The  efiablift^ed  religion  is  not  quite  fo  intolerant  in  the  king- 
dom of  Sardinia,  as  in  fome  other  flates  :  The  wifdom  of  gov- 
ernment h^s  greatly  limited  the  power  of  the  Pope  and  of  the  inquifi- 
tion.  A  ftop  is  likewife  put  to  the  perfecutions  of  the  harmlefs  Pro- 
teltants,  in  the  vallies  of  Lucern,  Peyronie,  and  St.  Martin,  formerly  fo 
famous,  by  the  name  of  Vaudois,  on  account  of  their  fufferings  and 
firm  adherence  (o  the  caufe  of  truth  :  Their  number  amounts  to  about 
20,ooo.  T!ie  very  numerous  clergy  in  this  kingdom  are  not  rich.  The 
cliurcii  .is  governed  by  five  archbifhops  and  26  bifhops  :  The  whole 
riu'.nber  of  clerical  pcrfons,  including  monks  and  nuns,  is  faid  to 
amount  to  350,000  ;  but  this  ftatement,  probably,   is  too  large.     They 

are 

■*>  A  convocation  of  Roman-catholic  cardinals,  archbifhops,  bifliops  and  divines,  wha  af- 
fembled  at  Trent,  by  virtue  of  a  bull  from  the  pope,  anno  1546,  and  devoted  to  him,  to  dc» 
termine  on  certain  points  of  fsith,  and  to  fupprefs  what  tiaey  K'cre  plsafci  to  icxm  the  ^,i-^^ 
mz  Hcrefies  in  the  church. 


ITALY.  355 

are  obliged  to  pay  the  fame  taxeswilh  the  laity,  befides  other  burthens 
which  the  king  has  it  in  his  power  lo  inipofe  on  them.  The  clergy 'are 
indeed  entirely  depeadant  on  the  king,  and  fubjefl  to  the  Iccular  ju- 
rifdiftion  :  The  church  preferments  are  all  in  ths  gift  of  tiie  kin-r. 

The  inhabitants  of  Naples  and  Sicily  are  bigotted  Roman  Catholics 
and  more  zealous  than  thofe  of  Rome.  There  is,  however,  no  inquifuion 
silablifhed  in  the  countiy.  Ihe  power  of  the  Pope  in  thcfe  kin;?doms 
.is  not  great.  In  Naples,  fomc  prebends  are  in  his  gift  ;  but  in  Sicily, 
all  church  preferment  is  in  the  gift  of  the  king.  The  clergy  are  very 
numerous  ;  and  fo  rich,  that  not  lefs  than  one  half  of  the  riches  of  the 
country  are  in  the  pofreffion  of  the  church.  There  are,  in  Naples,  20 
archbifliops  and  107  bilhops  :  In  Sicily,  three  archbifhops  and  eight 
bifhops.  In  the  year  17S2,  there  were  in  Naples  alone  45,525  pricfts, 
i>4,6g4  monks,  20,793  nuns.  In  1783,  government  refolved  to  dif- 
Iblve  466  convents  of  nuns,  and  the  beginning  has  been  a6lually  jnade 
to  carry  this  refolution  into  execution. 

Learning  AND  learned  men,  painters, 1  Since  the  revival  of 
STATUARIES,  ARCHITECTS,  AND  ARTISTS.  J  learning,  fome  Ital- 
ians have  fhonc  in  controverfial  learning,  but  they  are  chiefly  celebrat- 
ed by  thofe  of  their  own  perfuafion.  The  mathematics  and  natural 
philofophy  owe  much  to  Galileo,  Toricelli,  Malpighi,  Borelli,  and  fev- 
eral  other  Italians.  Strada  is  an  excellent  hiftorian  ;  and  the  hiflory 
of  the  council  of  Trent,  by  the  celebrated  father  Paul,  is  a  flandard 
work.  Machiavel  is  equally  famous  as  an  hidorian  and  as  a  political 
ivriter.  Among  the  profe  writers  in  the  Italian  language,  Boccace  has 
htcw  thought  one  of  the  moll  pure  and  correft  in  point  of  ftyle  :  lie 
Vas  a  very  natural  painter  of  life  and  manners,  but  his  produftions  are 
too  licentious.  Petrarch,  who  wrote  both  in  Latin  and  Italian,  reviv- 
ed among  the  moderns  the  fpirit  and  genius  of  ancient  literature  :  But 
among  the  Italian  poets,  Dante,  Ariofto,  and  TafTo,  are  the  moft  dif- 
linguifhed.  Metaflafio  has  acquired  a  great  reputation  by  writing  dra- 
Hidtic  pieces  fet  to  muRc.  Socinus,  who  was  fo  much  diflinguiflied  by 
;;:s  oppofuion  to  the  dotlrlue  of  the  Trinity,  was  a  native  of  Italy. 

The  Italian  painters,  fculptors,  architefts,  and  muficians,  are  unrl- 
^-alled,  not  only  in  their  numbers,  but  their  excellencies.  The  revival 
of  learning,  after  the  fack  of  Conftantinople  by  the  Turks,  revived  tafle 
iikewife,  and  gave  mankind  a  relifli  for  truth  and  beauty  in  dehgn  and 
colouring.  Raphael,  from  his  ov/n  ideas,  affifted  by  the  ancients, 
flruck  out  a  new  creation  with  his  pencil,  and  ftill  (lands  at  the  head 
of  the  art  of  painting.  ^Iichael  Angelo  Buonaroti  united  in  his  own 
peifon  painting,  fculpturc,  and  archilefture.  The  colouring  of  Titian 
has  perhaps  never  yet  been  equalled.  Bramante,  Bernini,  and  many 
other  Italians,  carried  fculptureand  archite£ture  to  an  amazing  height, 
Julio  Romano,  Correggio,  Caraccio,  Veronefe,  and  others,  are,  as 
painters,  unequalled  in  their  feveral  manners.  The  fame  may  be  faid 
of  CorcUi,  and  other  Italians,  in  mufic.  At  prefent,  Italy  cannot 
juflly  boall  of  any  remarkable  genjus  in  tlic  fine  arts. 

Universities.]  Thofe  of  Italy  are,  Rome,  Venice,  Florence, 
Mantua,  Padua,  Parma,  Verona,  Milan,  Pavia,  Bologna,  Perufia,  Fcr- 
rara,  Pifa, vhich  has  46  Profeffors,  Naples,  Salerno,  Palermo,  Catania  j 
the  four  laft  ar"  in  Naples  and  Sicily, 

Y  7  An'TI(JUJTIB» 


55^  i         t         A         t         Y. 

,  AMTiQUixiES  AND  cuiiiosiriESj'l  Italy  is  the  native  country  ijf 
NATURAL  AND  ARTificiAL.  J  all  that  i.s  ftupcndous,  great  oi" 
beautiful,  either  in  ancient  or  modern  times.  A  library  might  be  filled 
by  defcriptions  and  delineations  of  all  that  is  rare  and  curious  in  arts  ; 
hor  do  the  bounds  of  this  work  admit  of  enlarging  upon  this  fubjeO:. 
We  can  give  but  a  very  brief  account  of  thofe  objefls  that  are  moft  dif- 
kinguifhed  either  for  antiquity  t>r  excellence. 

The  amphitheatres  claim  the  firft  rank,  as  a  fpecies  of  the  ihoft  fink- 
ing magnificence:  There  are  at  Rome  confiderable  remains  of  that 
which  was  erefted  by  Vefpalian,  and  finifhed  by  Domitian,  called  the 
Coliffeo,  Twelve  thoufand  Jewifh  captives  were  employed  by  \'^er- 
Jjafian  in  this  building  •  and  it  is  faid  to  have  been  capable  of  contain- 
ing eighty  feven  thoufand  fpeftators  feated,  and  twenty  thoufand  (land- 
ing. The  architefture  of  this  amphitheatre  is  perfeftly  light,  and  its 
proportions  are  fo  jufl,  that  it  does  not  appear  near  fo  large  as  it  really 
is.  Butithasbeenfirippedofallits  magnificent  pillarsandornaments,  at 
various  times  and  by  varidus  enemies.  The  amphitheatre  of  Ver0na,ei  e£l- 
ed  by  the  conful  Flarninius,  is  thought  to  be  the  mofl  entire  of  any  in  Italy. 
There  are  forty-five  rows  of  fleps  carried  all  round,  formed  of  fine 
blocks  of  marble  about  a  foot  and  a  half  high  each,  and  above  two' 
feet  broad.  Twenty-two  thoufand  perfons  may  be  feated  here  at  their 
eafe,  allowing  om:  foot  and  a  half  for  each  perfo'n.  This  amphithea- 
tre is  quite  perfeft,  and  has  been  lately  repaired  with  the  greatefl  care^ 
at  the  ejtpenfe  of  the  inhabitants.  They  frequently  give  public  fpec- 
tacles  in  it,  fuch  as  horfe  races,  combats  of  wild  beafls,  &c.  The  ruins 
of  theatres  and  amphitheatres  are  alfo  vifible  in  other  places.  The 
triumphal  arches  of  Vefpafian,  Septimius  Severus,  and  Conflantine  the 
Great,  are  flill  (landing,  though  decayed.  The  ruins  of  the  baths, 
palaces,  £fnd  temples,  anfwer  all  the  ideas  we  can  form  of  the  Roman 
grandeur.  The  Pantheon,  Vv^hich  is  at  prefent  converted  into  a  mod- 
ern church,  and  which  from  its  circular  figure  is  commonly  called  the 
Rotunda,  is  more  entire  than  any  other  Roman  temple  which  is  now 
remaining;  There  are  flill  left  feveral  of  the  niches  which  anciently 
tontained  th'e  ftatues  of  the  heathen  deities;  The  outtide  of  the  build- 
ing is  of  Tivoli  free- (lone j  and  within  it  is  incrufled  with'  marble.  The 
{•oof  of  the  Panfheoti  is  a  round  dome,  \*ithout  pillars,  the  diameter  of 
which  is  a  hundred  and  forty-four  feet  ;  and  though  it  has  no  win- 
dows, but  only  a  round  aperture  in  the  centre  of  this  dome,  it  is  very 
light  in  every  part.  The  pavement  conlifls  of  large  fquare  fhones  and 
porphyry,  floping  round  towards  the  centre,  where  the  rain  water,  fall« 
ing  down  through  the  aperture  on  the  top  of  the  dome,  is  conveyed 
away  by  a  proper  drain  covered  with  a  (lone  full  of  holes.  The  col- 
onnade in  the  front,  which  donfifls  of  fi;iteein  columns  of  granite,  thirty- 
feven  feet  high,  exclufive  of  the  pedeflals  and  capitals,  each  cut  Out  of 
a  fingle  block,  and  whit'i  are  of  the  Corinthian  order,  Can  hardly  be 
viewed  without  aftonifhment.  The  entrance  of  the  church  is  adorn- 
ed with  colum^ns  forty-eight  feet  high,  and  the  architrave  is  formed  o^ 
a  linglc  pieCe  of  granite.  On  the  left  hand,  on  entering  the  portico, 
is  a  large  antique  vafe  of  Numidian  marble  ;  and  in  the  area  before  tha 
church  is  a  fountain,  with  an  antique  bafon  of  porphyry.  The  pillars 
of  Trajan  and  Antonine,  the  former  17,5  feet  high,  and  the  latter  cov- 
ered with  inftruftive  fculptures,  are  ftill  rem.aining,     A  traveller  for- 


ITALY.  85^ 

gets  the  devaftations  of  the  northern  barbarians,  when  he  fees  the  rof- 
trated  column  erected  by  Duillius,  in  commemoration  of  the  firft  naval 
vi£lory  which  the  Romans  gained  over  the  Carthagipians  ;  the  ftatu-c 
of  the  wolf  giving  fuck  to  Romulus  and  Remus,  with  vifible  marks  of 
the  ftroke  of  lightning  mentioned  by  Cicero  ;  the  very  original  brafs 
plates  containing  the  laws  of  the  twelve  tables ;  and  a  thouland  other 
identical  antiquities,  fomc  of  them  tranfmitted  unhurt  to  the  prefent 
(imes  ;  not  to  mention  medals  and  the  infinite  variety  of  feals  and  en- 
graved ftoncs  which  abound  in  the  cabinets  of  the  curious.  Many 
palaces,  all  over  Itaiy,  are  furniflied  with  bulls  and  flatues  fabricated 
in  the  times  of  the  republic  and  the  higher  empire. 

The  Appian,  Flaminian,  and  /Emilian  roads,  the  firfl  200  miles,  the 
fecond  130,  and  the  third  ,50  miks  in  length,  are  in  m?ny  places  ftill 
entire  ;  and  magnificent  ruins  of  villas,  refervoirs,  bridges,  and  the 
like,  pref&nt  themfelves  all  over  the  country  of  Italy. 

The  I'ubterraneous  conftruftions  of  Italy  are  as  ftupendous  as  thofe 
pbove  ground  ;  witncfs  the  cloaca:,  and  the  catacombs,  or  repofitories 
for  dead  bodies,  in  the  neighbourhood  pf  Rome  and  Naples.  It  is  not 
above  30  years  fiiice,  a  painter's  apprentice  difcovered  the  ancient 
city  of  Pxft-um  or  Pofidonia,  ip  the  kingdom  of  Naples,  Hill  (landing  ; 
for  fo  indifferent  are  the  country  people  of  Italy  about  ohjefts  of  an- 
tiquity, that  it  vvas  a  new  difcovery  to  the  learned.  A"  inexhauftiblc 
mine  of  curiofities  are  daily  dug  out  of  the  ruins  of  Herculaneum,  a 
city  lying  between  Naples  and  \''cfuvius,  which  in  the  reign  of  Nerq 
was  almoft  deflroycd  by  an  earthquake,  and  Afterwards,  in  the  firlt 
year  of  the  reign  of  'J'itus,  overwhelmed  by  a  dream  of  the  lava  of  Vc- 
fuvius.  The  melted  lava  in  its  courfe  filled  up  the  llreets  and  houfes 
in  fome  places  to  the  height  of  fixty-eight  feet  above  the  tops  of  the  lat- 
ter, and  in  others  one  hundred  and  ten  feet.  The  lava  is  now  of  a  con- 
fifteney  which  renders  it  extremely  difficult  to  be  removed  or  cleared 
away  :  It  is  compofed  of  bituminous  particles,  mixed  with  cinders, 
minerals,  mctallics,  and  vitrified  fandy  fubftances,  which  all  together 
form  a  clofe  and  heavy  mafs.  In  the  year  1713,  upon  digging  into 
thefe  parts,  fomewhat  of  this  unfortunate  city  was  difcovered,  and  ma- 
ny antiquities  were  dug  out  ;  but  the  fearch  was  afterwards  difcontin- 
ued,  till  the  year  1736,  when  the  king  of  Naples  emploved  men  to  dig 
perpendicularly  eighty  feet  deep,  whereupon  not  only  the  city  made 
its  appearance,  but  alio  the  be4  of  the  river  wJiich  ran  through  it. 
The  temple  of  Jupiter  was  then  brought  to  light,  and  the  whole  of  the 
theatre.  In  the  temple  was  found  a  ftatue  of  gold,  and  the  inlcrip- 
tion  that  decorated  the  great  doors  of  entrance.  In  the  theatre  the 
fragments  of  a  gilt  chariot  of  bronze,  with  horfes  of  the  fame  metal, 
likewife  gilt  :  This  had  been  placed  over  the  principal  door  of  en- 
trance. They  likewife  found  among  the  ruins  of  this  city  multitudes 
pfftatueSjbuftos,  pillars,  paintings,  manufcripts,  furniture,  and  various 
utenfils,  and  the  fearch  is  flill  continued.  The  ftrcetsof  the  town  appear 
to  have  been  quite  ftrai  ght  and  regular,and  the  houfes  well  built  and  much 
.nlike  ;  fomc  of  the  rooms  paved  with  mofaic.  others  with  fine  marbles, 
others  again  Vtfith  bricks,  tliree  feet  long  and  fix  inches  thick.  It  ap- 
Tjears  that  the  town  was  not  filled  up  fo  unexpeftedly  wilh  the  melted 
lava,  as  to  prevent  the  greatefl  part  of  the  inhabitants  from  cicaping 
with  many  of  their  richell  efl^tls  ;  for  when  the  excavations  were 
made,  there  were  not  more  than  a  dozen  fkcleions  found,  and  but  lit- 
\,\c  of  gold,  filver,  or  precious  (lones,  "^iiQ 


35$  I         T  A  L  Y; 

The  town  of  Pompeia  wasfleftroyed  by  the  fame  eruption  of  moUR| 
Vefuvius,  which  occafioned  the  dedruftion  of  Herculaneum  ;  but  it 
was  not  difcovcred  till  near  forty  years  after  the  difcovery  of  Hercula- 
neum. One  llreet,  and  a  few  detached  buildings  of  this  town,  have 
been  cleared  :  The  ftrect  is  well  paved  with  the  fame  kind  of  (lone  of 
which  the  ancient  roads  are  made,  and  narrow  caufeways  are  raifed  a 
foot  and  a  half  on  each  fide  for  the  conveniency  of  foot  paffengcrs. — 
The  ftreet  is  narrow,  and  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  inhabited  by  trades 
people.  The  traces  of  wheels  of  carriages  are  to  be  feen  on  the  pave- 
ment. The  houfes  are  fmall,  but  give  ?in  idea  of  neatnefs  and  conve- 
niency. The  belt  paintings,  hitherto  found  at  Pompeia,  are  thofe 
found  in  the  temple  of  the  gcddefs  Ifis  ;  they  have  been  cut  out  of  the 
walls,  and  removed  to  Pottici.  Few  fk^letons  were  found  in  the 
flreets  of  this  town,  but  a  confiderable  number  in  the  houfes.* 

With  regard  to  modern  cuiioiities  in  Italy,  they  are  as  bewildering  as 
the  remains  of  antiquity.  Rome  itfclf  contains  300  churches,  filled 
with  all  that  is  rare  in  architeflure,  painting  and  fculpturc.  Each  ci- 
ty and  town  of  Italy  contains  a  proportionable  number.  The  church 
of  St.  Peter,  at  Rome,  is  the  moft  aftonifhlng.  bold  and  regular  fabric, 
that  ever  perhaps  exifted  ;  and  when  examined  by  the  rules  of  art,  it 
may  be  termed  faultlefs.  The  houfe  and  chapel  of  Loretto  is  rich 
beyond  imagination,  notwithftanding  the  ridiculous  romance  that  com? 
pcfes  its  hiftory. 

The  natural  curlofities  of  Italy,  though  remarkable,  arc  not  fo  nu- 
merous as  its  artificial.  Mount  Vefuvius,  which  is  five  Italian  miles  dis- 
tant from  the  city  of  Naples,  and  Mount  /Etna,  in  Sicily,  are  remarkable 
for  emitting  fire  from  their  tops.  The  declivity  of  Mount  Vefuvius 
towards  the  fea,  is  every  where  planted  with  vines  and  fruit  trees,  ar.d 
it  is  equallv  fertile  towards  the  bottom.  The  circumjacent  plain  af- 
fords a  delightful  profpeft,  and  the  air  is  clear  and  wholefonic.  The 
South  and  Weil  fides  of  the  mountain  form  very  different  views,  being 
like  the  top,  covered  with  black  cinders  and  ftones.  The  height  of 
Mount  Vefuvius  has  been  computed  to  be  3000  feet  above  the  furface 
of  the  fca.  It  hath  been  a  volcano,  beyond  the  reach  of  hidoiv  or  tra- 
dition. An  animated  defcription  of  its  ravages  in  the  year  79,  is  given 
by  the  younger  Pliny,  who  was  a  witnefs  to  what  he  wrote.  From  that 
time  toihe  year  1 63 1 ,  its  eruptions  were  but  fmall  and  moderate,  however, 
then  it  broke  out  with  accumulated  fury,  and  dciolated  feveral  miles  a- 
round.  In  1694  was  a  great  eruption,  which  con  tinned  near  a  month, when 
burning  matter  was  thrown  out  with  fo  much  force,  that  fome  of  it 
fell  at  thirty  miles  diflance,  and  a  vaft  quantity  of  melted  minerals, 
mixed  with  other  matter,  ran  down  like  a  river  for  three  miles,  carry- 
ing every  thing  before  it  which  lay  in  its  way.  In  1707,  when  there 
was  another  eruption,  fuch  quantities  of  cinders  and  afhes  were  thrown 

out, 

♦  Mr.  Gawin  HamiltoQ  has  lately  made  a  very  extraordinary  difcovery  of  an  ancient  city 
in  Italy,  sa  the  verge  of  a  mountain  near  Frefcate.  Having  obtained  permiffion  from  Prince 
Borghefe,  to  dig  upon  his  territories  for  vcftiges  of  antiquity,  after  an  expenfive  rdearch,  the 
workmen  came  to  the  roofs  of  buildings  which  were  more  pcrfe<fl  t'lan  thpfe  difcovcred, 
v/ithin  the  prefent  century  at //e'rc«/^«f«M.  As  they  defcended  in  their  operations,  they 
found  feveral  of  the  houfes  entire,  and  alfo  many  of  their  utenfils,  and  numberiefsfkeictons  of 
the  inhabitants  in  various  pofitlons.  This  newly  difrovered  city,  from  various  infcriplions 
difcovcred  among  its  ruins,  appears  to  be  ancient  C\7i/ij  :  A  city  of  this  name  according  to 
fome  Roman  hiftorians,  having  formerly  been  engulphcJ  by  an  earthquake.  In  this  the  fate 
of  Giiiia  differed  from  that  of  the  Herculaneum  and  Pompeia,  the  tvw  lall  mentioned  places 
baving  been  deftroyed  by  eruptions  from  Mount  Vefuvius,  Sir  William  liamiltoiij  h-s 
gone  from  Naples  to  explore  this  wonderful  curiofity. 


ITALY.  859 

trjt,  that  It  w^as  dark  at  Naples  at  noonday.  In  1767,  a  violent  erup- 
tion happened,  which  is  reckoned  to  be  tr.e  27th  from  that  which  dc- 
llroyed  Herculaneum  in  the  time  of  Titus,  In  this  laft  eruption,  the 
afhes,  or  rather  fmall  cinders,  fhowered  down  fo  faft  at  Naples,  that 
the  people  in  the  flrcets  were  obliged  to  ufe  umbrellas,  or  adopt  fpme 
other  expedient,  to  guard  themfelves  aijainft.  them.  The  tops  off  the 
houfes,  and  the  balconies,  were  covered  with  thcfe  cinders,  and  Ihips 
at  lea,  twenty  leagues  from  Naples,  were  covered  with  them  to  the 
great  aflonifliment  of  the  failors.  An  eruption  happened  alio  in  1 766, 
and  another  in  1779,  which  has  been  particularly  defcribcd  by  Sir 
\\'illiam  Hamilton,  in  the  Philofophieal  Tranfaftions.  It  has  been  ob- 
ferved  by  a  modern  traveller,  that  though  Mount  Vefuvius  often  fills 
the  neighbouring  country  with  terror,  yet  as  few  things  in  nature  are 
io  abfolutely  noxious  as  not  to  produce  fomc  good  ;  even  this  raging 
volcano,  by  its  fulphurcous  and  nitrous  manure,  and  the  heat  of  its  fub- 
terraneous  fires,  contributes  not  a  little  to  the  uncommon  fertility  of 
the  country  about  it,  and  to  the  profufion  of  fruits  and  herbage  with 
which  it  is  every  where  covered.  Befidcs,  it  is  fuppofed  that  open  and 
aftive,  the  mountain  is  lefs  lioftilc  to  Naples,  than  it  would  be,  if  its 
eruptions  were  to  ceafe,  and  its  ftrugglcs  confined  to  its  own  bowels, 
for  then  rnight  enfue  the  moft  fatal  iliocks  to  tire  unflable  foundation 
of  the  whole  diflrift  of  Terra  di  Lavora.* 

Mount  /Etna  is  JO. 954  feet  in  height,  and  has  been  computed  to  be 
Co  miles  in  circumference.  It  Hands  feparatc  from  all  other  mountains, 
its  figure  is  circular,  and  it  terminates  in  a  cone.  The  lower  parts  of 
it  are  very  fruitful  in  corn  and  fugar  canes  ;  the  middle  abounds  with 
woods,  olive  trees,  and  vines  ;  and  the  upper  part  is  almofk  the  whole 
year  covered  with  fnow.  Its  fiery  eruptions  have  always  rendered  it 
famous  :  In  one  of  thefe,  which  happened  in  1669,  fourteen  towns  and 
villages  were  deflroyed,  and  there  have  been  feveral  terrible  eruptions 
fince  that  time.  There  is  generally  an  earthquake  before  any  great 
eruption.  In  1693,  the  port  town  of  Catania  was  overturned,  and 
18,000  people  perilhed. 

Between  the  lakes  Agnano  and  Pozzuoii,  there  is  a  valley  called  Sol- 
fatara,  becaufe  vaPt  quantities  of  fulphur  are  continually  forced  out  of 
the  clifts  by  fubterranean  fires.  The  grotto  del  Cane  is  remarkable  for 
its  poifonous  fleams,  and  is  ib  called  from  their  killing  dogs  that  enter 
it,  if  forced  to  remain  tliere.  Scorpions,  vipers,  and  ferpents  are  faid 
to  be  common  in  Apulia. 

Among  the  natural  curiofities  of  Italy,  thofe  vaft  bodies  of  fnow  and 
ice,  which  are  called  the  Glaciers  of  Savoy,  deferve  to  be  particularly 
mentioned.  There  are  five  glaciers,  which  extend  almod  to  the  plain 
of  the  vale  of  Cliomouny,  and  are  feparatcd  by  wild  furefls.  corn  fields, 
i;ad  rich  meadows  ;  lb  that  imraenle  trafts  of  ice  are  blended  with  tiie 
highefl  cultivation,  and  perpetually  fucceed  to  each  other,  in  the  niofl 

fingular 

Sir  'William  Hamilton,  in  Ms  account  of  the  earthquakes  in  C.labria  Ultra,  in  Sicily, 
from  February  jth,  to  May,  178.^,  gives  feveral  reafons  for  believing  that  they  were  octa- 
fioncd  by  (he  operations  of  a  voljrano,  the  feat  of  which  lay  deep  either  under  the  bo(toi»  br 
th'-  fea,  between  Stromboli,  and  the  ronft  of  Calabria,  or  under  the  parts  of  the  plain  to- 
wards Oppido  and  Terra  Nuova.  He  plainly  obferved  a  gradation  in  the  damage  done  to 
the  buildings,  as  alfo  in  the  degree  of  morulity,  in  proportion  as  the  countries  were  more  or 
iefs  dirtant  from  this  fuppofed  centre  of  the  evil.  One  circumf;  mcc  he  particularly  retnark- 
''*^tA  :  If  two  towns  wc/e  fituated  at  sn  equal  diftan:e  from  this  centre,  the  one  on  a  hill,  the 
other  on  a  plain,  or  in  a  bottom,  the  latter  had  always  fuffered  greatly  more  by  the  fhock:  of 
the  earthquakes  than  the  former  ;  a  AifBcient  proof  to  him  of  the  caufe  comir.3  frsm  be- 
ncitth,  as  thismuft  naturally  have  been  produftivc  offuch  an  effcft. 


369  r         T         A         L         Y. 

fmgular  and  ftrlking  vicifTitude.  AH  thefc  feveral  vaHies  of  ice,  which 
lie  chiefly  in  the  hollows  of  the  mountains,  and  are  fomc  leagues  in 
jength,  unite  together  at  the  foot  of  Mont  Blanc  ;  the  higheft  moun- 
tain in  Europe,  and  probably  of  the  ancient  world.  Accord- 
ing to  the  calculations  of  Mr.  de  Luc,  the  height  of  this 
mountain,  above  the  level  of  the  (ca,  is  15,303  Englifh  feet. 
"I  am  convinced,"  fays  Mr.  Coxe,  "  from  the  fituation  of 
Mont  Blanc,  from  the  heights  of  the  mountains  around  it,  from  its 
fuperior  elevation  above  tbcm,  and  its  being  feen  at  a  great  diftance 
from  all  fides,  that  it  is  higher  than  any  mountain  in  Switzerland  j 
which,  beyond  a  doubt,  is,  next  to  Mont  Blanc,  the  highe(l  ground  in 
^urope." 

States  of  Italy,  constitu-T  Thus  far,  of  Italy  in  general  ;  but 
TiON  AND  CHIEF  CITIES.  / as  the  Italian'  States  are  not,  like 
ihc  republics  of  Holland  or  Switzerland,  or  the  empire  of  Germany,' 
cemented  by  a  political  confederacy,  to  which  every  member  is  ac- 
countable, for  every  Italian  Rate  has  diftinft  fprms  of  government, 
trade  and  interefts,  \ye  fhall  be  obliged  to  take  a  feparate  view  of  each 
to  affift  the  reader  in  forming  an  idea  of  the  whole. 

The  duke  of  Savoy,  or,  as  he  is  now  ftyled,  king  of  Sardinia,  taking 
his  royal  title  from  that  ifland,  is  a  powerful  prince  in  Italy,  of  which 
he  is  called  the  Janus,  or  keeper,  againft  the  French.  His  capital, 
Turin,  is  ftrongly  fortified,  and  one  of  the  hneft  cities  in  Europe  ; — 
::ontaining  84.0CO,  inhabitants. 

Of  the  dominions  of  his  Sardigian  majefty,  the  dutchy  of  Savoy 
alone  is  not  fertilco  The  ifland  of  Sardinia,  and  tlie  provinces  of  Pi- 
edmont and  Montferrat,  abound  in  corn,  wine,  oil,  oranges,  lemons, 
almonds,  hgs,  njaize,  rice,  hemp,  and  flax.  Sardinia  has  large  flocks 
of  flieep  ;  the  number  of  flieep  is  (aid  to  amount  to  1,600,000:  It  is 
remarkable,  that  in  this  ifland  there  fubfifts  fiill  a  fpecies  of  wild 
{heep,  called  the  mujlon.  The  fifheries  on  the  coaft  ot  Sardinia  pro- 
duce, even  in  the  worft  years,  upwards  of  60,000  fcudi,  in  the  article 
oftunny-Bfb,  and  a  confiderable  fum  for  black fifli  (fepia  Linn.)  and 
anchovies',  befides  other  fpecies  of  fifh.  Some  mines  in  this  ifland 
produce  iron,  and  a  fmall  quantity  of  filver  :  Salt,  fufficient  for  the 
confumption  of  the  country,  is  made  of  fea-water  :  There  are  like- 
wife  quarries  of  marble,  alabafter,  and  other  valuable  ftones.  Savoy 
is  celebrated  on  account  of  its  breed  of  mules,  many  of  which  are  fcnt 
abroad.  Piedmont  raifes  large  quantities  of  the  fineft  filk  ;  fingle 
peafants  often  raife  loolb.  each  every  year.  Upv.'ards  of  ioo.ocolb» 
are  required  to  fupply  the  filk  manufaflures  at  Turin,  where  there  are; 
about  600  looms  for  hlk  ftockings.  In  the  village  of  Torre,  in  Pied- 
mont, upwards  of  5o,ooolb.  of  filk  are  fpun.  About  300.ooolb,  of 
lavv  and  fpun  filk  are  annually  fcnt  to  Switzerland  :  The  whole  pro- 
duce of  raw  filk  in  the  Sardinian  dominions,  is  eftimatcd  at  650.0001b. 
Piedmont  has  woollen  manufjftures,  which  fupply  the  cloathing  of  the 
army.  There  is. a  manufafture  of  ropes  and  tackle  in  this  province,  a 
]arge  quantity  of  which  articles  is  exported  from  Nizza  to  Mai  feilles, 
Toulon  and  Genoa.  Of  the  Piedmontefe  wines,  a  confiderable  quan- 
tity is  exported  to  Genoa  and  Milan,  and  feveral  delicate  fpirituoiis 
liquors  are  diflilled,  kn©wn  by  the  name  ofrotfoli.     The  imports  of 

the 


I  T  A  L  Y.  gSt 

the  Sardinian  provinces,  which  are  nearly  the  fame  with  thofe  of  the 
reft  of  Italy,  confi ft  in  hardware,  metals,  cotton,  woollen,  and  filk 
fluffs,  linen,  leather,  whalebone,  train  oil,  he; rings,  cod,  tar,  pitch, 
timber,  porcelaine,  &c.  The  goods  imported  from  England  into  Italy 
amount  annually  to  about  513.000I.  ftcrl.  and  England  takes  in  re- 
turn for  687,15.51.  fterlingi  which  leaves  a  condderable  balance  in  fa- 
vour of  Italy.  Trade  is  much  difcouraged  in  Iti,ly  by  the  heavy  duties 
impofed  on  it  ;  and  in  the  illands  of  Sardinia  and  Sicily  it  is  iliUmoie 
flagnating.     A  great  fair  is  kept  every  year  at  Alexandria. 

The  government  in  the  Sardinian  ftates  is  abfolutely  monarchical. 
In  the  ifland  of  Sardinia,  however,  the  ftates  alfemble  ;  but  merely  to 
grant  free  gifts  or  fubfidies  to  the  king,  in  whofe  hands  the  whole  legif- 
lative,  as  well  as  executive  power,  is  vefted.  As  the  provinces  which 
compofe  this  kingdom  have  been  united  lindcr  the  fame  government  at 
different  periods  of  time,  and  had  formed  independent  ftates  before^ 
each  of  them  has  its  peculiar  laws  and  cuftoms,  which  were  fufFered  to 
continue  in  force  as  far  as  they  did  not  ixiilitate  againft  the  king's  ed- 
ifts.  Among  the  ftate  departments,  the  council  of  ^ate  is  the  higheft. 
Sardinia  forms  a  feparate  government,  under  a  viceroy.  Juftice  is 
adminiftred  by  a  number  of  inferior  and  territorial  courts,  in  which 
the  proprietors  of  large  cilates  appoint  the  judges  :  Xhe  judges  of  the 
fuperior  courts  are  appoir\ted  by  the  king  :  From  thefe  courts  appeal 
lies  to  fcveral  courts  of  appeal,  the  higheft  of  which  is  il  Jupnmo  real 
configlio,  at  Turin. 

The  revenne  of  the  king  amounts  to  1.000,000  fterling  nearly.  The 
royal  revenues  are  railed  from  the  crown  domains,  from  the  cuftoms, 
the  mint,  the  pofts,  land-tax,  falt-duty,  ftamps,  a  monopoly  of  tobacco, 
and  a  lottery  of  that  fort  called  Lotto  di  Genoa.  All  matters  of  financ- 
es are  under  the  direftion  of  a  miniftcr,  or  intendant-general  of  fi- 
nances. 

The  army  of  his  Sai^dinian  majefty,  in  time  of  peace,  confifts  of 
22,000  men,  and  in  time  of  war,  of  upwards  of  30,000. 

The  provinces  of  Savoy  and  Piedmont  are,  by  their  fituation,  the 
key  to  Italy  ;  and  they  are  of  the  greateft  confcquence  in  wars  between 
the  houfe  of  Auftria  and  France.  Both  thefe  powers  have,  therefore, 
always  courted  the  alliance  of  the  princes  pofTcffed  of  thefe  provinces; 
and  the  latter  have  wifely  availed  thcmfclves  of  this  favourable  fitua- 
tion, to  increafe  their  own  power,  b^  joining  with  either  of  the  two, 
as  it  beft  fuited  their  views.  At  prefent  the  king  of  Sardinia  is  the 
moft  powerful  prince  in  Italy.  Under  the  prefent  icign,  which  is  d'i- 
tinguiflied  by  its  wifdom  and  aftivity,  the  ftate  is  in  a  rifing  and  pros- 
perous condition.  Its  revenue  is  increafing,  and  its  progrcfs  in  opu- 
lence would  be  rapid,  if  it  were  not  for  the  great  impediments  thrown 
into  the  way  of  commerce.  1  he  fcienccs  are  likewife  in  a  flomifiiing 
ftate.  Turin  has  a  univerfily,  a  fociety  of  fciences,  and  fine  libraries, 
and  colleftions  of  paintings  and  ftatues.  Two  other  univerfitics  arc 
eftabliftied  at  Cagliari  and  Saffari  :  The  other  inftitutions  of  education 
are  greatly  improving,  in  confeqticnce  of  a  regulation  enjoining 
fchoolmafters  to  undergo  a  ftri^t  examination  at  the  univcrfity,  befoie 
they  are  permitted  to  give  inftruftions. 

The  Milancfc,  belonging  to  the  houfe  of  Auftria,  is  a  moft  formida- 
ble ftate,  and  formerly  gave  law  to  all  Italy,  when  under  the   guvcin- 

mcn*. 


iH  I  t         A         L  Y. 

IStcnt  of  its  own  dukes.  The  fertility  and  beaut}^  of  the  country  ara 
almoft.  incredible.  Milan,  the  capital,  and  its  citadel,  is  very  ftrong, 
and  furniflied  with  a  magnificent  cathedral  in  the  Gothic  tafte,  v/hich 
contains  a  very  rich  trealu-ry,  conftfting  chiefly  of  ecclefvaftical  fur- 
niture, eompofcd  of  gold,  (ilver,  and  precious  flones.  The  revenue  of 
the  duchy  is  abo\'e  300.000!.  annually,  which  is  fuppofed  to  maintain 
an  army  of  30,000  mcii.  The  natives  are  fond  of  literary  and  political 
nlfemblics,  v/here  they  converfe  on  almofl  all  fubjefts.  With  all  its 
Jiaturai  and  acquired  advantages,  the  natives  of  Milan  make  but  few 
exports  ;  fo  that  its  revenue,  unlefs  the  court  of  Vienna  fhould  pur- 
fue  fome  other  fyflem  of  improvement,  cannot  be  much  bettered.  The 
duchy  of  Mantua,  being  now  incorporated  with  it,  the  province  is  to 
take  the  name  of  Auftrian  Lombardy. 

The  republic  of  Genoa  is  vaftly  degenerated  from  its  ancient  powcv 
and  opulence,  though  the  fpirit  of  trade  ilill  continues  among  its  no- 
bility and  citizens,  Genoa  is  a  mofh  fupcrb  city,  and  contains  fome 
very  magnificent  palaces,  particularly  thofe  of  Doria*  and  Durazzo. 
The  inhabitants  of  diftinftion  drefs  in  black,  in  a  plain,  if  not  an  un- 
couth manner.  Their  chief  manufaftures  are  velvets,  damafks,  gold 
and  filver  liffueSj  and  paper.  The  city  of  Genoa  contains  above 
150,000  inhabitants  (but  fome  v/riters  greatly  diminifii  tliat  number) 
among  whom  are  many  rich  trading  individuals.  Its  mariiime  power 
is  dwindled  down  to  fix  gallies.  The  chief  fafety  of  this  republic  con- 
fifts  in  the  jealoufy  of  other  European  powers,  becaufe  to  any  one  of 
them  it  would  be  a  moft  \'aluable  acquifition,  'Die  common  people 
are  wretched  beyond  expreflion.  The  foil  of  its  territory  is  poor. — 
Near  the  fca  forne  parts  are  tolerably  well  cultivated.  The  govern- 
ment of  Cienoa  is  ariflocratical,  being  vefled  in  the  nobility  :  The  chief 
perfon  is  called  the  Doge,  or  Duke  ;  to  which  dignity  no  pcrfon  is 
promoted  till  he  is  fifty  years  of  age.  Every  two  years  a  new  Doge 
is  chofen,  and  the  former  is  incapable,  during  five  years,  of  holding  the 
fame  poft  again.  The  doge  gives  audience  to  ambaffadors,  all  orders 
of  government  are  ilfucd  in  his  name,  and  he  is  allowed  a  body  guard 
of  two  hundred  Germans. 

Venice  is  one  of  the  mofl  celebrated  republics  in  the  world,  on  ac- 
count both  of  its  conflitution  and  former  power.  It  is  compofed  of 
feveral  fine  provinces  on  the  continent  of  Italy,  fome  iflands  in  the 
Adriatic,  and  part  of  Dalmatia.  The  cityof  \'enice  is  feated  on  72 
iflands  at  the  bottom  of  the  north  end  of  the  Adriatic  fea,  and  is  fep- 
arated  from  the  continent  by  a  marfliy  lake  of  five  Italian  miles  in 
breadth,  too  Hiallow  for  large  fliips  to  navigate,  which  forms  its  prin- 
cipal fircngth.  Venice  preferves  the  ve.n;iges  of  its  ancient  magnifi- 
cence^ but  is  in  every  refpcft  degenerated,  except  in  the  pafTion  v/hich 
its  inhabitants  fhill  retain  for  mufic  and  mummery  during  their  carni- 
vals. 1  iiey  feem  to  have  lofl  their  ancient  tafte  for  painting  and  ar- 
chitefture,  and  to  be  returning  to  Gothicifm.  Lately,  however,  they 
have  had  fome  fpirited  differences  with  the  court  of  Rome,  and  feem  to 
be  difpofed  to  throw  off  their  obedience  to  its  head. 

The 

*  Andrew  Doria,  the  head  of  this  family,  famous  for  his  military  exploits,  and  the  delive- 
ry of  Genoa,  was  born  in  the  territory  of  Genoa,  in  the  year  146S  :  He  was  offered  the 
Sovereignty  of  tlic  ftate,  but  refufed  it,  and  gave  to  the  people  that  republican  form  of  govern- 
mmt  which  ftill  fubfifts ;  he  lived  to  the  age  of  93,  the  refuge  and  friend  of  the  unforiuuaie. 


J  T  A  L  Y.  3t% 

The  conftitulion  of  the  republic  was  originally  democratical,  the 
magiftrates  being  chofen  by  a  general  afiembly  of  the  people,  and  fo 
continuc'l  for  one  hundred  and  fifty  years  ;  but  various  changes  after- 
wards took  place  ;  doges,  or  dukes,  were  appointed,  who  were  inveft- 
ed  with  groat  power,  which  they  often  grofsly  abufed,  and  fome  oF 
them  were  alfafhnated  by  the  people.  liy  degrees  a  body  of  hered- 
itary legillative  nobility  was  formed,  continued  and  progreffivc 
encroachrncnts  were  made  on  the  rights  of  the  people,  and  a  complete 
ariflocracy  was  at  length  cftabliflied  upon  the  ruins  of  the  ancient 
popular  government,  i'hc  nobility  are  divided  into  fix  clalfes,  amount- 
ing in  tire  whole  to  2500,  each  of  whom,  when  twenty-five  years  of 
age,  has  aright  to  be  a  member  of  the  grand  council.  Thefe  eleft  a 
doge  or  chief  magi  (Irate,  in  a  peculiar  manner  bv  ballot,  which  is  man- 
aged by  gold  and  iilver  balls.  The  doge  is  invcflcd  with  great  flate 
and  with  einblemsof  fupreme  authority,  but  has  very  little  power, 
and  is  not  permitted  to  ftir  from  the  city  without  the  perinifTion  of  the 
grand  co'incil.  The  government  and  laws  are  managed  by  diil'erent 
councils  of  the  nobles. 

Th .:  college,  otherwife  called  the  feignory.  is  the  fupreme  cabinet 
councii  of  the  fbate,  and  alfo  the  reprefeatative  of  the  republic.  This 
court  gives  audience,  and  delivers  anfwers,  in  the  name  of  the  repub- 
lic, to  foreign  ambaffadors,  to  the  deputies  of  towns  and  provinces, 
and  to  the  generals  of  the  army.  It  alfo  receives  all  requcfls  and  me- 
morials on  Itale  a3:airs,  futnmons  the  fenate  at  pleafurc,  and  arranges 
tlie  buft.icfs  to  be  difcuflod  in  that  affembly.  The  council  often  takes 
cognizance  of  Rate  crimes,  and  has  the  power  of  feizing  accufed  per- 
I'ons,  examining  them  in  prilbn,  and  taking  their  anfwers  in  writing, 
with  the  evidence  againfl  them.  But  the  tribunal  of  ftatc  inquifitors, 
which  coniifts  only  of  three  members,  and  which  is  in  the  highefl  de*- 
gree  defpotic  in  its  manner  of  proceeding,  has  the  power  of  deciding 
without  appeal,  on  the  lives  of  evcrv  citizen  belonging  to  the  Ve-^ 
ncti.-n  Itate  ;  the  higheft  of  the  nobility,  even  the  doge  himfelf,  not 
being  excepted.  To  thefe  three  inquifitors  is  given  the  right  of  em- 
ploying fpicb,  conhdering  fecrct  intelligence,  iffuing  orders  to  feize  all 
pevlons  whofc  words  or  aftions  they  think  rcprehenfiblc,  and  after- 
waidi  trying  them,  and  ordering  them  to  be  exccirted,  when  they  think 
proper.  The)  have  keys  to  every  apartment  of  the  ducal  palace,  and 
can,  whenever  they  pleafc,  penetrate  into  the  very  bed-chamber  of  the 
doge,  Oi.en  his  cabinet,  and  examine  his  papers;  and  of  courfc,  they 
may    command    acccfs   to   the   houfc   of  every  individual  in  the  Hate. 

'i'hcy  continue  in  office  only  one  year,  but  are  not  rcfponhble  after- 
wards for  their  conduft  whilfl:  they  are  in  authority.  So  much  dif- 
trull  and  jcaloufy  are  difplayed  by  this  government,  that  the  noble- 
Venetians  arc  afraid  of  having  any  intcicourfe  with  foreign  ambalTa- 
dors,  or  with  foreigners  of  any  kind,  and  are  even  cautious  of  vifiting 
at  each  other's  houfcs. 

All  the  orders  of  Venetian  nobility  arc  dreffed  in  black  gowns,  large 
wigs,  and  caps  which  they  bold  in  their  hands.  The  ceremony  of  the 
Doge's  marrying  the  Adriatic  once  a  year,  by  dropping  into  it  a  ring, 
from  his  bucentaur  or  ftate-bargc,  attended  by  ihofe  of  all  the  nobility,  is 
the  mofb  fuperb  exhibition  in  Venice,  but  not  comparable  for  magHifi- 
cence  to  a  lord  mayor's  flrcw  in  London,  'i'hc  inhabitants  of  Venice  are 

faid 


;364  I  T         A  L         \\ 

faid  to  amount  to  200,000.  The  grandeur  and  convenience  of  the  city, 
particularly  the  public  palaces,  the  treafury,  and  the  arfenal,  are  beyond 
cxpreflion.  Over  the  feveral  canals  of  Venice,  are  laid  near  500  bridg- 
es, the  greatefl  part  of  which  are  ftone.  The  Venetians  flill  have 
fome  manufafturers  in  fcarlet  cloth,  gold  and  filver  ftuffs,  and  above 
all.  fine  looking-glalTes,  all  which  bring  in  a  confiderable  revenue  tQ 
the  ov^ners  ;  that  of  the  ftate  annually  is  laid  to  amount  to  8,000,000  of 
Italian  ducats,  each  valued  at  twenty  pence  of  Englifh  money.  Out  of 
this  are  defrayed  the  expenfes  of  the  Aate  and  the  pay  of  the  army,  which 
in  the  time  of  peace  confifts  of  1 6,000  regular  troops  (always  com- 
manded by  a  foreign  general)  and  10,000.  militia.  They  keep  up  a 
fmall  fleet  for  curbing  the  infolencies  of  the  piratical  ftatesof  Barbary, 
and  they  have  among  them  fome  orders  of  knighthood,  the  chief  of 
which  are  thofe  of  the  Stole  doxo,  fo  called  from  the  Robe  they  wear, 
which  is  conferred  only  on  the  firft  quality,  and  the  military  order  of 
St.  Marie. 

In  ecclcfiaftical  matters  the  \^enetians  have  two  patriarchs  ;  the  au- 
thority of  one  reaches  over  all  the  provinces,  but  neither  of  them 
have  muph  power  ;  And  both  of  them  are  chofen  by  the  fenate  ;  and 
all  religious  fe£ls,  even  the  Mahometan  and  Pagan,  excepting  Protef- 
tants,  are  here  tolerated  in  the  freeexercife  of  their  religion. 

The  Venetians  are  a  lively,  ingenious  people,  extravagantly  fond  of 
public  amufementSj  with  an  uncommon  relilh  for  humour.  They  ar« 
in  general  tall  and  well  made  ;  and  many  iine,  manly  countenances 
are  met  with  in  the  ftreets  of  Venice,  rcfembling  thofe  tranfmitted  to, 
us  by  the  pencils  of  Paul  Veronefe  and  Titian.  The  women  are  of 
3  fine  ftyle  of  countenance,  with  exprellive  features,  ar\d  are  of  an  eafy 
addrefs.  The  common  people  are  remarkably  fober,  obliging  to  ftran- 
gers,  and  gentle  in  their  intercourfc  with  each  other.  As  it  is  very 
much  the  cuftom  to  go  about  in  mafks  at  Venice,  and  great  liberties  are 
taken  during  the  time  of  the  carnival,  an  idea  has  prevailed,  that  there 
is  much  more  licentioufnefsof  manners  here  than  in  other  places  ;  but 
this  opinion  feems  to  have  been  carried  too  far.  Great  numbers  of 
flrangers  vifit  Venice  during  the  time  of  the  carnival,  and  there  arc 
eight  or  nine  theatres  here,  including  the  opera-houfes. 

The  dominions  of  Venice  confifl  of  a  confiderable  part  of  Dalmatia, 
of  four  towns  in  Greece,  and  of  the  iflands  of  Corfu,  Pachfu,  Antipach- 
iu,  Santa,  Maura,  Curzolari,  Val  di  Compare,  Cephalonia  and  Zante. 
The  Venetian  territories  in  Italy  contain  the  duchy  of  Venice,  the  Pa- 
duanefe,  the  peninfula  of  Romo,  Cvemafco,  and  the  Marca  Trevigiana, 
with  part  of  the  country  of  Friuli.  The  fubjefts  of  the  Venetian  re- 
public are  not  opprelfed  :  The  fenate  has  found  that  mild  treatmentj 
and  good  ufuage  are  the  belt  policy,  and  more  effeftual  than  armiesj 
in  preventing  revolts. 

I'he  principal  city  of  Tufcany  is  Florence,  which  is  now  pofTefTed  by 
a  younger  branch  of  the  houfe  of  Aufbia,  after  being  long  held  by  the 
illuflrious  houfe  of  Medicis,  who  made  their  capital  the  cabinet  of  all 
])at  is  valuable,  rich,  and  maileriy  in  architefture,  literature,  and  the 
rts,  efpecially  thoie  of  painting  and  fculpturc.  It  is  thought  to  con- 
i-ain  above  70,000  inhabitants.  The  beauties  and  riches  of  the  grand 
duke's  palaces  have  been  often  defcribed  ;  but  all  defcription  falls  fhort 
of  their  contents,  fo  that  in  every  rcfpeft  it  is  reckoned,  after  Rome,  the 

fecond 


i      t      A      L      ?,  365 

fccond  city  in  Italy.  The  celebrated  Venus  of  Medici,  which,  on  the 
whole,  is  thought  to  be  the  ftandard  cf  tafte  in  fethale  beauty  and  pro- 
portion, (lands  in  a  room  called  the  Tribunal.  The  infcription  on  it* 
bafe  mentions  its  being  made  by  Clcbmenes  an  Athenian,  the  fon  of 
Apollodorus.  It  is  of  white  marble,  and  furroundcd  by  other  maftcr 
pieces  of  fculpture,  fome  of  which  are  faid  to  be  the  works  of  Pra5ci- 
teles,  and  other  Greek  mailers.  Every  corner  of  this  beautiful  city, 
which  (lands  between  mountains  covered  with  olive  trees,  vineyards, 
and  delightful  villas,  and  divided  by  the  Arno,  is  full  of  wonders  ifi 
the  arts  of  painting,  ftatuary,  and  architefture.  It  is  a  place  of  fome 
ftrength,  and  contains  an  archbiihop's  fee,  and  an  univeriity.  The  in- 
habitants boaft  of  the  improvements  they  have  made  in  the  Italiart 
tongue,  by  means  of  (he  Academta  della  Crufca  ;  and  Ceveral  other 
academies  are  now  eftablilhed  at  Florence.  Though  the  Florentines 
ai¥e6l  great  ilate,  yet  their  nobility  and  gentry  drive  a  retail  trade  iii 
wine,  which  they  fell  from  their  cellar  windows,  and  fometimes  they 
ieven  hang  out  a  broken  flafk,  as  a  fign  where  it  may  be  bought.  They 
deal  alfo  in  fruits,  in  gold  and  filver  ftufFs.  Since  the  acceflTioa 
of  the  archduke  Peter  Leopold,  brother  to  the  prefent  emperor,  to  this 
dUchy,  a  great  reformation  has  been  introduced,  both  into  the  govern- 
ment and  manufafturcs,  to  the  great  benefit  of  the  finances.  It  is 
thought  that  the  great  duchy  of  Tufcany  could  bring  to  the  field,  up6rt 
bccaflon,  30,000  fighting  rhen,  and  that  Its  prefent  revenues  are  above 
500,0001.  a  vear.  The  other  principal  towns  of  Tufcany  are  Pifa,  Leg- 
horn, and  Sienna  ;  the  fird  and  lad  are  much  decayed  ;  but  Leghorn 
is  a  very  handfome  city,  built  in  the  modern  tafte,  and  with  fnch  regu- 
larity, that  both  gates  are  fecn  from  the  market  place.  It  is  well  for- 
tified, having  two  forts  towards  the  i'ca,  befides  the  citadel.  The  rant- 
parts  afford  a  very  agreeable  proIpeO;  of  the  fea.  and  of  many  villas  on 
the  land  fide.  Here  all  nations,  and  even  the  Mahometans,  have  fre« 
acccfs,  and  may  fettle.  The  number  of  inhabitants  is  computed  at 
40.000,  among  whom  arc  fak*  to  be  co,ooo  Jews,  who  live  in  a  partic- 
ular quarter  of  the  city,  have  a  handfome  fynagoguc.  and  though  fub- 
jeft  to  very  heavy  impoft,  are  in  a  thriving  condition,  the  greats  ft  paY-t 
of  the  commerce  of  this  city  going  through  their  hands. 

The  inhabitants  of  Lucca,  which  is  a  fmall  fiee  Commonwealth,  ly- 
ing on  the  Tufcan  fea,  in  a  mod  delightful  plain,  are  the  moft  induf- 
frious  of  all  the  Italians.  They  have  improved  their  coujitry  into-a 
beautiful  garden,  fo  that  though  they  do  not  exceed  1  so. 000,  their  ah- 
hual  revenue  amounts  to  8o,oool.  fterling.  Their  capital  is  LuCca, 
which  contains  about  40,000  inhabitants,  who  deal  in  mei  ccnary  gCf;d«, 
wines,  and  fruits,  efpecially  olives.  This  republic  is  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  emperor.  The  vicinity  cf  the  grand  duchy  of  Tuicany 
keeps  the  people  of  Lucca  conftantly  on  their  guard,  in  order  to  pre- 
ferve  their  freedom  ;  for  in  fuch  a  filuation,  an  univerfal  concord  and 
harmony  can  alone  enable  them  to  tranfmit  to  poflerlty  the  blc flings  of 
their  darling  liberty,  whofe  name  they  bear  on  their  arms,  and  v/hofe 
image  is  not  only  imprelTcd  on  their  coin,  but  alfo  on  the  city  gate.-;, 
and  all  their  public  buildings.  It  is  alfo  obfervable,  that  the  inhabit- 
ants of  this  little  republic,  being  in  pofTeiTion  of  freedom,  appear  with 
an  air  of  cheerfulnefs  and  plenty,  feldom  to  be  found  among  ihofo  of 
the  neighbouring-  countries, 

Ths 


366  I,         T  A  L  y, 

The  republic  of  St.  Marino  is  here  menticwied  as  a  geographical  cU' 
riofity.  its  territories  confifl;  of  a  high,  craggy  mountain,  with  a  fevy 
eminences  at  the  bottom,  and  the  inhabitants  boaft  of  having  prcfcrved 
their  liberties,  as  a  republic,  for  1300  years.  It  is  under  the  protec- 
tion of  the  pope  ;  and  the  inofl^nfive  manners  of  the  inhabitants,  who 
sre  not  above  5000  in  all,  with  the  Imall  value  of  their  territory,  have 
preferved  its  conflitution. 

The  dutchy  and  city  of  Parma,  together  with  the  duchies  of  Placen- 
tia  and  Guaflalla,  now  form  one  of  tlie  mofl  flourifhinjT  {laLes  in  Italy 
of  its  extent.  The  foils  of  Parma  and  Placentia,  aje  fertile,  and  pro- 
duce the  richefb  fruits  and  piifturages,  and  contain  confiderable  manu- 
factures of  filk.  It  is  the  feat  of  a  bifhop's  fee,  and  an  univcrfity  •,  and 
fome  of  its  magnificent  churches  are  painted  by  the  f^'iious  Correggio. 
The  prefent  duke  of  Parma  is  a  prince  of  the  houfe  of  Bourbon,  and 
ion  to  the  late  Don  Philip,  the  king  of  Spain's  younger  brother. 
This  country  was,  fome  years  pa  ft,  the  feat  of  a  bloody  war  between 
the  Auflrians,  Spaniards,  and  Neapolitans.  The  cities  of  Parma  and 
Pla.centia  are  enriched  with  magnificent  buildings  ;  but  his  catholic 
majefly,  on  his  acceffion  to  the  throne  of  Naples,  is  faid  to  have  car- 
ried with  him  thither  the  mod  remarkable  piftures  and  moveable  curi- 
ofities.  The  duke's  court  is  thought  to  be  the  politeft  of  any  in  Italy, 
and  it  is  faid  that  his  revenues  exceed  loo.oool.  fterling  a  year,  j.  fum 
rather  exaggerated.  The  city  of  Parma  is  fuppofed  to  contain  50,000 
inhabitants. 

Mantua,  formerly  a  rich  duchy,  bringing  to  its  own  dukes  ^po.ooo 
crowns  a  year,  is  now  much  decayed.  The  government  of  it  is  an- 
nexed to  that  of  the  Milanele,  in  poifelhon  of  the  houfe  of  Auflria. 
The  capital  is  one  of  the  flrongefl  fortrcffes  in  Europe,  and  contains 
about  16,000  inhabitants,  who  boaft  that  Virgil  was  a  native  of  iheir 
country.  By  an  order  of  the  emperor  in  1785,  the  duchy  is  incorpo- 
rated with  that  of  Milan  into  one  province,  and,  as  before  mentioned, 
is  now  to  be  called  Aultrian  Lombardy.    » 

The  duchy  of  Modena  (formerly  Mutina)  is  flill  governed  by  its 
own  duke,  the  head  of  the  houfe  of  £fte,  from  whom  the  family  of 
Brunfwic  defcended.  The  duke  is  abiolute  within  his  own  dominions, 
which  are  fruitful.  The  duke  is  under  the  protection  of  the  houfe  of 
Au^.ri:^.,  and  is  a  vaffal  of  the  empire.  His  dominions  are  far  from  be- 
ing flourifhing,  though  very  uTiproveable,  they  having  been  alternately 
■wafted  by  the  late  belligerent  powers  in  Italy. 

The  Ecclefiaftical  State,  which  contains  Rome,  formerly  the  cele- 
brated capit;d  of  the  world,  lies  about  the  middle  of  Italy.  Thof« 
fpots,  which  under  the  maflers  of  the  world  were  formed  into  fo  many 
terreftial  paradifes,  furrounding  their  magnificent  villas,  and  enriched 
with  all  the  luxuries  that  art  and  nature  could  produce,  a:e  now  con- 
verted into  noxious,  peftllential  marflies  and  quagmires  ;  and  the  Cam- 
pagna  di  Roma,  that  formerly  contained  a  million  of  inhabitants, 
would  afford,  at  prefent,  of  itfclf,  but  a  iniferable  fubfiftence  for  five 
hundred.  Notwithitanding  this,  the  pope  is  a  confiderable  temporal 
prince,  and  fome  fuppofe  that  his  annual  revenue  amounts  to  above  a 
million  fterling  ;  other  authors  calculate  them  to  be  much  higher. 
When  we  fpeak  comparatively,  the  fum  of  a  million  fterling  is  too 
f^igh  a  revenue  t9  arife  from  bis  territorial  pofTelTions  ',  his  accidental 

income, 


I  T  A  L  \\  ^^y 

income,  which  formerly  far  exceeded  that  fum,  is  now  diminifhcd  by 
the  fupprcffion  of  the  order  of  the  Jefuits,  from  whom  he  drew  vaft 
i'upplies,  and  the  mcafures  taken  by  the  catholic  powers,  for  prevent.- 
ing  the  great  ecciefiafticai  iilucs  of  money  lo  Rome.  According  t<^ 
the  beft  and  lateft  accounts,  the  taxes  upon  the  provifions  and  lodg,- 
ings,  furniChcd  to  foreigners,  who  fpend  imraenfe  fums  in  vifiting  hi? 
dominions,  form  now  the  gr^ateft  part  of  his  accidental  revcnujEs, 
From  what  has  happened,  within  thefe  thirty  years  paft,  there  it  rea- 
fon  to  believe  that  the  pope's  territories  will  be  reduced  to  the  limits 
which  tlie  houfes  of  Auilria  and  Boiubon  fiiall  pleafe  to  prefcribc. 
Some  late  popes  have  aimed  at  tlie  improvement  of  their  territories^ 
but  their  labours  have  had  no  great  eifc£t.  The  difcouragemsnt  of  ir..- 
duflry  and  agriculture  (eems  to  be  interwoven  in  the  conflitution  oji 
the  papal  government,  v/hich  is  veiled  in  proud,  lazy  ecclefjafligs. 
Their  indolence,  and  the  fanaticiCrnof  their  worlhip,  infeft  their  infe- 
riors, who  prefer  begging,  and  impofuig  upon  llrangers,  to  induflry 
and  agriculture,  efpecially  as  they  muft.  hold  their  properties  by  the 
precarious  tenure  of  the  will  of  tlieir  Superiors.  In  Ihort,  the  inhab- 
itants of  many  parts  of  the  ecclefiaftical  ftate,  muil  perifli  through  their 
floth,  did  not  the  fertility  of  their  i"oil  fpontancoufly  afford  them  fubr- 
fiftence.  However,  it  may  be  proper  to  make  one  general  remarij; 
on  Italy,  which  is,that  tlie  poverty  and  Uoth  of  the  lowpr  ranks  do  jiiOf 
take  their  rife  from  their  natural  difpcruions. 

This  obfervation  is  not  confined  to  the  papal  dominions.  The  Italr 
ian  princes  afFefted  to  be  the  patrons  of  all  the  curious  and  coftlv  arts, 
and  each  vied  with  the  other  to  make  his  court  the  repofitory  of  taflp 
and  magnificence.  This  paiTinn  diCabled  them  from  laying  out  mor 
ncY  upon  ivorks  of  public  utilitv,  or  from  encouraging  the  induflry, 
or  relieving  the  wants  of  their  fubjcfts  ;  and  its  mifeiable  effects  arp 
feen  in  many  parts  of  Italy,  The  fplendour  and  furniture  of  th« 
churches  in  the  papal  dominions  ^re  inexpreiTiblc,  and  partly  aQcounf 
for  the  mifery  of  the  fubjefts.  But  this  cenfure  admits  of  exceptions, 
even  in  a  manner  at  the  gates  of  Rome. 

Modern  Rorric  contains,  within  its  circuit,  a  vafl  number  of  gardens 
and  vineyards.  We  have  already  touched  upon  its  curiofitics  and  an- 
tiquities, it  Hands  upon  the  Tybcr,  an  inconfiderable  river  when 
compared  to  tlie  Thames,  and  navigated  by  fmall  boats,  barges  and 
lighters.  The  caftle  of  St.  Angclo,  though  its  chief  fortrefs,  would  be 
found  to  be"  a  place  of  i'mall  ftrength,  were  it  regularly  beficged.  The 
city  Handing  upon  the  ruins  of  ancient  Rome  lies  much  higher,  fo  thaf 
it  io  difficult  to  diilinguifli  the  feven  hill.G  on  which  i,t  was  originally 
bn'ih.  When  v/e  confider  Rome  as  it  nov/  (lands,  there  is  the  ftrong- 
eft  reafon  to  believe  that  it  exceeds  ancient  Rome  itfelf  i?i  the  magnifj.- 
cencc  of  its  ftruSures  ;  nothing  in  the  old  city,  when  millrefs  of  thp 
world,  could  come  in  competition  with  St.  Pctpr's  church  ;  and  per- 
haps many  other  churches  in  Rome  e;:ceed,  in  beauty  of  archite£luj-.ej 
and  value  of  materials,  utenfils  and  furniture,  her  ancicn,t  temples  j 
though  it  mufl  be  acknowledged  that  the  Pantheon  mull  have  been  a^ 
am.azmg  ftru'Clure.  The  inhabitants  of  Rome,  in  1714,  amounted  to 
1 43,00c.  if  we  confider  that  the  fpirit  of  travelling  is  much  increafed 
iince  that  time,  ws  cmJ)S>t  r?.afp.n.«bly  fujppof?  th^m  to  bp  dijninift>e<i 
31  prefers,  ^ 


30a  I         T         A         L         V. 

There  ih  nothing  very  particular  in  the  pope's  tempot  hI  gavernmerxfe 
at  Rome.  Like  other  princes  he  has  his  guards,  or  Ihirri,  who  take 
care  oiF  the  peace  of  the  city,  under  proper  magiftratcs,  both  ecclefiaf- 
tical  and  civil.  The  Campagna  di  Ronia,  which  contuins  Rome,  is 
under  the  infpefiion  of  his  holineis.  In  the  other  provinces  he  gov- 
erns by  legates  and  vice  legates,  lie  monopolifes  all  the  cofn  in  his 
territories,  and  he  lias  always  a  fufflcient  number  of  troops  Qti  foot, 
vinder  proper  officers,  to  keep  the  provinces  in  awe.  Pcpe  Clement 
XIV.  v/ifely  difciaimed  all  intention  cf  oppoHng  any  arms  to  the 
neighbouring  princes,  but  thofe  ofprayers  and  fupplications. 

We  have,  under  the  head  of  religion,  mentioned  the  e^clefiaflicat 
government  of  the  papacy.  As  to  the  rota,  and  other  fubordinate 
chambers  of  this  complicated  juiiifdiftion,  they  are  too  numerous  to  be 
C'en  narried,  and  do  not  fall  properly  under  oUr  plan.  Under  a  gov- 
ernment fo  conllituted,  it  cannot  be  fuppofed  that  the  commercial  ex- 
ports of  the  eccleliaftical  ilatc  are  of  much  value. 

Next  to  Rome,  Bologna,  the  capital  of  the  Bolognefe,  is  the  moft 
confideiable  city  in  the  ccclefiaflical  (late,  and  an  exception  Lo  the  in- 
dolence of  its  other  inhabitants.  The  government  is  under  a  legate  a 
latcn,  who  is  always  a  cardinal,  and  changed  every  three  years.  The 
people  here  live  more  fociably  and  comfortably  than  the  other  fubjefts 
of  the  pbpie  ;  and  perhaps  tlieir  diftance  from  Rome,  v/hich  is  193 
miles  north-weft,  has  contributed  to  their  eafe.  The  i-eft  of  the  cccle- 
fiaflical ftate  coiitains  many  tov/ns  celebrated  in  ancient  hiflory,  and 
even  now  exhibiting  the  rnoft  fbriking  veftiges  of  their  flourifhing 
{late,  about  the  beginning  of  the  i6th  century  ;  but  they  are  at  prefent 
little  better  than  defolate,  though  here  and  there  a  luxurious  magnifi- 
cent church  and  convent  may  be  found,  which  is  fupported  by  the 
toil  and  fweat  of  the  neighbouring  peafants. 

The  grandeur  of  Ferrara,  Ravenna,  Rimin:,  Urbino  (the  native  city 
of  the  celebrated  painter  Raphael)  Ancona,  and  many  other  ftates  and 
cities,  illuftrious  in  former  times,  are  nov/  to  be  feen  only  in  their  ruini! 
and  ancient  hiftory.  Loretto,  on  the  other  hand,  an  obfcure  fpot 
never  thought  or  heard  of  in  times  of  antiquity,  is  now  the  admiratiori 
of  the  world,  fur  the  riches  it  contains,  and  the  prodigious  reiort  to  it 
of  pilgrims,  and  other  devotees,  from  a  notion  induftrioufly  propagat- 
ed by  the  Romifii  clergy,  that  the  houfe  in  which  the  Virgin  Mary 
is  faid  to  have  dwelt  at  Na^areth,  was  carried  thither  through  the  air 
by  angels,  attended  with  many  other  miraculous  circumftances,  fuch 
as  that  all  the  trees,  on  the  arrival  of  the  f^icred  manfion,  bowed  with 
the  profoundeft  reverence  ;  and  great  caire  is  taken  to  prevent  any 
bits  of  the  materials  of  this  houfe  from  being  carried  to  other  places, 
and  expofed  as  relics  to  the  prejudice  of  Loretto.  The  image  of  the  Vir- 
gin Mary,  and  of  the  divine  infant,  are  of  cedar,  placed  in  a  fmall  apart- 
ment, feparated  from  the  others  by  a  filver  balluflrade,  which  has  at 
gJtte  of  the  fame  metal.  It  is  impoffible  to  defcribe  the  gold  chains, 
the  rings  And  jewels,  emeralds,  pearls,  and  rubies,  wherewith  this  im- 
age is  or  was  loaded  ;  and  the  angels  of  foiid  gold,  who  are  here  plac- 
ed on  every  fide,  are  equally  enriched  with  the  mod  precious  dia- 
monds. To  the  fuperflition  of  Roman  catholic  princes,  Loretto  is  in- 
debted for  this  mafs  of  treafure.  It  has  been  matter  of  furprife,  that 
no  !!rttempt  has  yet  been  made  by  the  Turks  or  Barbary  ftates  upon. 

Loretto^ 


T  T  A        L  Y.  369 

Loretto,  elpecially  as  it  is  badly  fortified,  and  ftands  near  the  fca  ;  but 
it  is  now  generally  I'uppofed,  that  the  real  trcallire  is  withdrawn,  and 
metals  and  (lones  of  lefs  value  fubflituted  in  its  place. 
^  The  king  of  Naples  and  Sicily,  or,  as  he  is  moie  properly  called,  tho 
king  of  the  two  Sicilies  (the  name  of  Sicily  being  common  to  both,) 
is  p'ofrelTed  of  the  largcfl  dominions  of  any  prince  in  Italy,  as  they 
comprehend  the  ancient  countries  of  Saranium,  Campania,  Apulia, 
Magna  Gra^cia,  and  the  iiland  of  Sicily,  containing  in  all  about 
32,000  fquarc  miles.  They  arc  bounded  on  all  fides  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean and  the  Adriatic,  except  on  the  norlh-eaH:,  where  Naples  ter- 
minates on  the  ecclefiaitical  ilate.  The  Appennins  runs  through  it 
from  north  to  fouth,  and  its  furface  is  eftimated  at  3,500  iquare  leagues. 
The  air  is  hot,  and  its  foil  fruitful  of  every  thing  produced  in  Italy. — 
The  wines  called  Vino  Greco,  and  Lachrymse  Chrifli,  are  excellent. 
The  city  of  Naples,  its  capital,  which  is  extremely  fupcrb,  and  adorn- 
ed with  all  the  profuiion  of  art  and  riches,  and  its  neighbourhood, 
would  be  one  of  the  moll  delightful  places  in  Europe  to  live  in,  were 
it  not  for  their  vicinity  to  the  volcano  of  Vefuvius,  which  fometimes 
threatens  the  city  with  de(lru£lioii,  and  the  infefts  and  reptiles  which 
infeft  it,  (bme  of  which  are  venomous.  The  houfes  in'Naplcs  are  in- 
adequate to  the  population,  but  in  general,  are  five  or  fix  ftoiies  in 
height,  and  flat  at  the  top  ;  on  which  are  placed  numbers  of  flow&r 
vafes,  or  fruit  trees,  in  boxes  of  earth,  producing  a  very  gay  and  agree- 
able effeft.  Some  of  the  flreets  are  very  handfome  :  No  flrset  ia 
Rome  equals  in  beauty  the  Strada  di  Toledo  at  Naples  ;  and  ilill  lefs 
can  any  of  them  be  compared  with  thofc  beautiful  lireets  that  lie  open, 
to  the  bay.  The  richeft  and  mod  commodious  convents  in  Europe, 
botii  for  male  and  female  votaries,  arc  in  this  city  ;  the  mofl  fertile 
and  beautiful  hills  of  the  environs  are  covered  with  (he;n  ;  and  a  fmall 
part  of  their  revenue  is  fpent  in  feeding  the  poor,  the  monks  dillribut- 
ing  bread  and  Ibup  to  a  certain  number  every  day  before  the  doors  of 
the  convents. 

Though  above  two-thirds  of  the  property  of  the  kingdom  is  in  the 
hands  of  the  ecclcfiaftics,  the  proteftants  live  here  with  great  freedom  ; 
and  though  his  Neapolitan  majefty  prefents  to  his  holinefs  every  vear 
a  palfrey,  as  an  acknowledgment  that  his  kingdom  is  a  fief  of  the  pon- 
tificate, y^t  no  inquifition  is  cftabliflied  in  Naples.  The  prefent  rev- 
enues of  the  king  amount  to  about  5  millions  dollars  ;  of  which  Na- 
ples raifes  4  millions,  and  Sicily  1  million.  The  army  corjfifts  of 
£5,200  men,  and  fome  fay  27,840  ;  and  the  navy  of  25  armed  fhips. 

The  fertility  of  both  Naples  and  Sicily  is  fo  great,  that  nature  pro- 
duces her  gifts  almoft  fpontincouny,  and  little  affiflcd  by  the  indullry 
of  the  inhabitants.  In  both  countries  the  natural  produtlions,  as  well 
as  tiie  climates,  are  nearly  the  fame  with  thofe  in  Spain,  except  that 
the  former,  and  more  efpecially  the  ifland  of  Sicily,  arc  much  richer 
in  corn.  Naples  exports  annually,  1,500,000  tomoli  of  wheat,  equal 
to  1,885,000  Vv'inchcfler  buihels  :  200,000  caffifi  of  oil,  weighing 
i8lb.  Avoirdupois  each  :  It  is  reckoned  that  the  average  amount  of 
the  exportation  of  oil  exceeds  in  value  four  millions  of  llorins.  Saf- 
fron, raifed  in  the  province  of  Abruzzo,  is  exported  annually  to  the 
value  of  30,000  ducats,  the  ducat  equal  to  3s  gd.  Sicily  exports  2,000 
thjefts  nf  oranges  ;  The  environs  of  Syracufs  produce  near  40  differ- 
Z  ent 


3)6  IT         A         L         r. 

6nt  forts  of  excellent  wine  and  84,000  cWt.  of  almonds,  and  greai 
Quantities  of  piftachios  peculiar  to  that  diftrift.  Mcffina  fends  off 
6,000  chefls  of  lemons,  and  the  reft  of  the  kingdom  about  as  mucli 
more  :  280  barrels  of  lemon  juice  weighing  ten  falme  each,  and  27  cwt. 
of  bergamot  juice.  The  quantity  of  filk  raifed  in  the  kingdom  of  Na- 
ples amounts  to  800,000  lb.  and  Sicily  produces  annually  to  the  value 
<)f  187,000!.  fterling.  The  latter  country  produces  likewife  manna, 
barilla,  oil  of  of  turpentine,  the  fugar  cane,  cotton,  and  many  other 
vegetable  pioduftions  of  the  warmer  climates,  which,  however, 
are  of  inferior  commercial  importance.  The  mineral  kingdom  is 
remarkable  for  the  extraordinary  variety  of  its  produflions  :  Of  met- 
als, Naples  has  filver,  iron,  cOpper  ;  and  Sicily,  tin  and  lead  ;  yet  ex- 
cepting the  marble  quarries  and  fait,  very  little  adv^antage  has  hitherto 
been  derived  from  minerals. 

The  imports  of  Naples  and  Sicily  confi ft  in  woollens,  linen,  hard- 
ware, articles  of  luxury,  and  Eal^  and  Wcft-lndia  produftions.  There 
are  but  few  manufatlures  in  proportion  to  the  riches  of  the  foil  ;  and! 
the  wool  raifed  in  thefe  kingdoms  is  exported  to  other  countries.  Na- 
ples is  the  centre  of  trade  ;  but  trade  and  navigation  is  almoft  entirely 
in  the  hands  of  foieigners.  The  fifheries  are  valuable,  efpecial}y  thofe 
of  the  tunny-fifli,  anchovies,  and  corals  :  From  the  filk  of  the  pinna 
iharind,  gloves  are  rnanufaftured. 

In  this  kingdom  the  breed  of  horfes  and  of  mules  is  very  excellent 
cind  celebrated. 

The  king  has  a  numerous  but  generally  poor  nObility,  confifting  of 
princes,  dukes,  marquifes,  and  other  high  founding  titles;  and  his 
Capital,  by  far  the  molt  populous  in  Italy,  contains  at  leaft,  350,000  in- 
habitants. Among  thefs  are  about  30.000  laiiaroni,  or  black  guards, 
the  greater  part  of  which  have  no  dwelling  houfes,  but  llecp  every 
night  in  fummer  undef  porticoes,  piazzas,  or  any  kind  of  flieltcr  they 
can  find,  and  ift  the  winter  or  rainy  time  of  the  year,  which  lafts  feve- 
ral  weeks,  the  rain  falling  by  pailfuls,  they  refort  to  the  caves  under 
Capo  di  Monte,  vvhere  they  fleep  in  crowds  like  flieep  in  a  pinfold. 
Thofe  of  them  whO  have  wives  and  cliilchen,  live  in  the  fuburbs  of 
Naples  near  PaufilippO,  ii'i  huts,  of  in  caverns  or  chambers  dug  out  of 
that  mountain.  Some  gain  a  livelihood  by  fiihing,  others  by  carrying 
burdens  to  and  from  the  ihipping  ;  many  walk  about  the  ftreets  ready 
to  run  on  errands,  or  to  perform  any  labour  in  their  power  for  a  very 
fmall  recompenfe.  As  they  do  not  meet  with  conftant  employment, 
their  wages  are  not  fufficient  for  their  maintenance  ;  but  the  deficiency 
is  in  fome  degree  fupplied  by  the  foup  and  bread  which  ate  diftributed 
0t  the  doors  of  the  convents. 

But  though  there  is  fo  much  poverty  among  the  lower  people,  there 
is  a  great  appearance  of  wealth  among  fome  of  the  great.  The  Nea- 
politan nobility  are  exceillvely  fond  of  fliow  and  fplendour.  This 
appears  in  the  brilliancy  of  their  equipages,  the  number  of  thsir  at- 
tendants, the  richncfs  of  their  drefs,  and  the  grandeur  of  their  titles. 
According  to  a  late  traveller  (Mr.  Swinburne),  luxury  of  late  hath  ad- 
vanced with  gigantic  ftrides  in  Naples.  Forty  years  ago  the  Neapoli- 
tan ladies  wore  nets  and  ribands  on  their  heads,  as  the  Spanifh  women 
do  to  this  day,  and  not  twenty  of  them  were  polTeffed  of  a  cap  :  but 
h^ir  plainly  dreft  is  a  mode  now  confined  to  the  loweit  order  of  in- 
habitants, 


Italy: 


3-i- 


kibitants,  and  all  diftindion  of  drefs  between  the.  wife  of  a  nobleman 
and  that  of  a  citizen  is  entirely  laid  afide.  Expenfeand  extravagance 
are  here  in  the  extreme. 

Through  every  fpot  of  the  kingdom  oi  Maple*,  the  traveller  may  be 
faid  to  tread  on  clafTic  ground,  and  no  country  prefents  tlic  eye  with 
more  beautiful  profpcfts.  There  arc  -ftill  tracer  of  the  memorable  town 
of  Cannae,  as  fragments  of  altars,  cornices,  gates,  v^^alls,  vaults,  and 
under-ground  granaries  ;  and  the  fcene  of-  aftion  between  Hannibal 
and  the  Romans,  is  fljU  marked  out  to  pofterity  by  the  name  oi  pezzo 
di/angue,  "  field  of  blood."  Taranto,  a  city  that  was  once  the  rival 
of  Rome,  is  now  remarkable  for  little  elfe  than  its  fiflieries.  Sorentcj 
•is  a  city  placed  on  the  brink  of  fteep  rocks,  that  over-hang  the 
bay,  and  of  all  the  places  in  the  kingdom,  hath  the  mofl  delightful 
climate.  Nola,  once  famous  for  its  amphitheatre,  and  as  the  placo 
where  Auguftus  Caefar  d'.cd,  is  now  hardly  worth  obfervation. 

Brundulium,  now  Brindifi,  was  the  great  lupplier  of  oyfleis  for  the 
Roman  tables.  It  has  a  fine  port,  but  the  buildings  are  poor  and 
ruinous  ;  and  the  fall  of  the  Grecian  empire  under  the  Turks  reduced 
it  to  a  Hate  of  in?.6tivity  and.  poverty,  from  which  it  has  not  yet  em- 
erged. Except  Rome,  no  city  can  boafl;  of  fo  many  remains  of  ancient 
iculpture  as  Benevento  :  .tlere  the  arch  of  Trajan,  one  of. the  mofb 
magnificent  remains  of  Roman  grandeur  out  of  RomCj  erefted  in  tho 
year  114,  is  flillin  tolerable  prefervation,  Re«gio  hath  nothing  re- 
markable but  a  Gothic  cathedral.  It  was  deflroyed  by  an  carthquakq 
before  the.Marcian  war,  and  rebuilt  by  Julius  Ctefar  ;  part  of  ihe  w<ill 
Uill  remains,  and  was.ve.ry  roughly  handled  by  the  earthquake  in  1783, 
but  not  dellroyed  :.  Only  1  9.6  lolt  their  lives  out  of  10  000  inhabitants. 
Tho  ancient  city  of  Oppido  was  entirely  ruined  by  the  earthquake  of 
the  5th  of  February,  and  the  grcatefl  force  thereof  feems  to  have  oezn 
exerted  near  that  Ipot,  and  9t  Cafnl  Nuova  and  Terra  Nuova.  Eroni 
Tropea  to  Squillace,  moft  of  the  towns  and  villages  were  cither  totally 
or  in  part  overthrown,  and  many  of  the  inhabitants  buried  in  the  ruins. 
To  alcertain  the  extent  of  the  ravages,  hr  William  Hamilton,  who  lur- 
veyed  it,  gives  the  following  defcription  ;  "  If  on  a  map  of  Italy,  and 
with  your  compaiTeson  the  fcale  of  Italian  miles,  you  were  to  meafurc 
olf  22,  and  thr^n  fixing  your  central  point  in  the  city  of  Oppid.do 
(which  appeared  to  me  to  be  the  fpot  on  which  the  earthquake  had 
exerted  its  greatefl  force)  form  a  circle  (the  radii  of  which  will  be,  as 
I  juft  faid,  22  miles) .you  will  thsn. include  all  the  towns  and  villages 
that  have  been  utterly  ruined,  and  the  fpots  where  the  greatefl  mor- 
tality has  liappened,  and  where  there  have  been  the  moft  viSible  alter- 
ations on  the  face  of  the  earth.  Then  extend  your  compafs  on  the 
fam.e  fcale  to  72  miles,  preferving  the  fame  centre,  and,  form  another 
circle,  you  will  include  the  whole  of  the  country  that  has  any  mark  ol: 
having  been  afFefted  by  t!ie  earthquake."  .   ,• 

Naples  is  a  fief  of  the  Holy:  See,  and  a  trifling  annual  tribute  is  paid 
in  acknowledgment  of  the  trope's  rights. ;  yet  the  dependence  of  th^ 
king,  who  is  Ic^atus  natus  oi  the  iee  of  Rome,  on  his  feudal  lord,  is 
merely  nominal.  The  government  is  monarchical,  but  not  quite  abfo. 
lute  ;  for  though  the  king's  power  is  very  great,  the  flates  have  prt - 
fcrved  the  right  of  meeting  every  other  year,  in  order  to  grant  lubff- 
d'lti^ov  di  don  gratuity  to  the  king.  This  affembly  is  Cdllcd  a  paThi- 
Z  2  mcvtl  J 


37^ 


Y. 


ment  ;  it  is  compofed  of  deputies  from  the  nobility,  the  order  of  citi- 
zens, and  of  the  prelates  who  are  pofleffed  of  baronies.  Royal  cdi6ts, 
before  they  acquire  the  force  of  laws,  muft  be  regiflcred  by  another  af- 
feaibly  of  the  nobility  and  the  order  of  citizens  ;  it  conlifts  of  iir^fcg^ri^ 
or  wards,  five  of  which  are  governed  by  a  committee  of  nobles  ;  the 
laft  belongs  exclufively  to  the  Plebeians,  and  is  governed  by  fix  eletti, 
who  are  likewifc  the  chief  civil  magi  Urates  of  the  ciiy  of  Naples. 

Both   the   ancients   and  moderns  have  maintained,  that  Sicily   was 
originally  joined  to  the  continent  of  Italy,  but    gradually    feparated 
from  it  by  the  encroaclimentsof  the  fea,  and  the  {hocks  of  earthquakes, 
fo  as  to  become  a  perfe6l  illand.     The  climate  of  Sicily  is  fo  hot,  that 
even  the  beginning  of  January  the   fhadc   is  refrefhing  ;  and  chilling 
winds   are  only  felt   a   few  days   in  March.     The  only   appearance  of 
winter  is  found  towards  the  fummit  of  Mount  yEtna,  where  fnow  falls, 
■which  the  inhabitants  have  a  contrivance  for  prelerving.     Churches, 
convents,  and  religious    foundations   are  extremely   numerous  here  ; 
the  buildings  are  handfome,    and  the  revenues  confiderable.     If  this 
ifland  were  better  cultivated,  and    its  government   more  equitable,  it 
would  in  many  refpe£ls  be  a  delightful  place  of  rcfioence.     There  arc 
a  great  number  of  fins   remains  of  antiquity  here.     Some  parts  of  this 
ifland  are  remarkable  for  the  beauty  of  the  female  inhabitants.     Paler- 
mo, the  capital  of  Sicily,  is  computed  to  contain   120,000  inhabitants. 
The  two  principal  flreets,  and  which    crofs  each  other,  are  very  fine. 
This  is  faid  to  be  the  only  town  in  all  Italy  which  is  lighted  at  night  at 
the  public  expenle.     It  carries  on    a  confiderable   trade  ;    as   alfo  did 
Melfina,  which  before  the  earthquake  in  1783,  v/as  a  large   and  well- 
built  citj'',  containing  many  churches  and  convents,   generally  elegant 
ilruftures.     By  that  earthquake  a  great  part  of  the  lower  diftrift  of  the 
city  and  of  the  port  v/as  deltroycd,  and   confiderable  damage  done   to 
the  loftv  uniform  buildings  called   the  Palazzata,    in  the   fhape  of  a 
crefcent  ;  but  the  force  of  ihs  earthquake,  though  violent,  was  nothing 
at  Meffina  or  Reggio,  to  what  it  was  iii  the  plain,  for  of  30,000,  the  fup- 
pofed  population  of  the  city,  onl^.>So  are  faid  to  have  perifiied.     The 
greateft  mortality  fell  upon  Thofe  towns  and  countries  fituated  in  the 
plain  of  Calabria  Ultra,  on  the  wedern    fide  of  the  mountains    Dejo, 
Sacro,  and  Caulone.     At  Cafal   Nuova,   the  princefs  Gerace,   and  up-- 
wards  of  4000  of  the  inhabitants,  loft;  their  lives  ;  at  Bagnara,  the  num- 
ber of  dead  amounts  to  3017;  Radicina  and  Falmi  count  their  lofs  at 
about  3000  each  :  Terra  Nucva  about  1400  ;  Seminari  ftill  more.  The 
fum  total  of  the  mortality  in  both  Calabrias  and  in  Sicily,  by  the  earth- 
quakes alone,  according  to  the  returns  in  the  fecretary  of  ftate's  office 
at  Naples,   is   32,367  :   But    fir    William  Hamilton  faith    he  has  good 
reafvm  to  believe,  that,  includmg  ftrangers,   the  number  of  lives  loft 
muit  have  been  confiderably  greater  :  40,000  at  leaft  may  be  allowed, 
he  believes,  without  exaggeration. 

In  Sicily  the  ftates  have  likewife  a  fhare  in  government,  by  the  right 
which  they  poffefs  of  granting  fubfidies  to  the  crown.  They  are  com-r 
pofed  of  three  claffes,  or  bracci,  the  nobility  or  military  clafs,  the  cler- 
gy, and  the  royal  dcmefne  lands,  viz.  42  royal  towns. 

The  great  ftate  officers  are  nominated  by  the  king  ;  the  higheft  d«3* 
partment  of  government  is  the  ftate  council,  compofed  of  four  minif. 
ters  or  fecretariss  of  ftate.    N?:j;t  to  this  council  is  thst  called  configUo 

coUatfraU', 


I  T  A  L  Y.  573 

rcUaterale,  and  fevcral  departments  for  particular  branches  of  public 
bufinefs.  Sicily  is  governed  by  a  viceroy.  The  late  king  has  pub- 
lilhed  a  new  code  of  laws,  called  Codex  Carolinus  ;  yet,  notwithfland- 
incr  the  improvements  it  contains,  the  proceedings  of  juOice  in  this 
country  are  flill  very  dilatory.  It  is  (aid  there  are  not  iefs  than  30.000 
lawyers  at  Naples,  (Swinburne).  In  fome  parts  of  the  kingdom  the 
polTclTors  of  large  eftates  have  a  tcrritotial  jurifdiflion,  in  others  the 
king  :  From  the  provincial  courts  appeals  may  be  made  to  the 
Gran  Cortc  della  Vicaria  ;  and,  in  the  laft  inflance,  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Appeal  at  Naples. 

The  prefent  government  feems  to  have  the  welfare  of  the  country 
more  at  heart  than  any  former.  There  are,  in  Naples  and  Sicily,  four 
univerfitics,  viz.  thofe  of  Naples,  Salerno,  Palermo,  and  Catania,  of 
which  the  fir!l  is  the  moft  ufeful.  At  the  capital  there  is  likewife  an 
academy  of  I'ciences,  and  magnificent  coUeftions  of  antiquities.  Na- 
ples has  lon;:^  been  the  principal  and  favourite  feat  of  muiic.  Educa- 
tion is  greatly  neglefted  ;  the  fchools  are  ftill  in  the  hands  of  monks, 
whcfc  intereil  it  is  that  fuperllition  and  ignorance  fhouid  prevail,  and 
who  are  the  greateft  enemies  to  the  liberty  of  thinking  and  writing. 

The  Illandof  Sardinia,  which  gives  a  royal  title  to  the  duke  of  Sa- 
voy, lies  about  150  miles  weft  of  Leghorn,  and  hath  feven  cities  or 
towns.  Its  capital,  Cagliari,  has  an  univerfity,  an  archbifhopric,  and 
the  feat  of  tlie  viceroy,  containing  about  24,000  inhabitants.  It  is 
thought  his  Sardinian  majefty's  revenues,  from  this  ifland,  do  not  ex- 
ceed 5000I.  fterling  a  year,  though  it  yields  plenty  of  corn  and  wine, 
and  has  a  coral  fifliery.  Its  air  is  bad,  from  its  marflies  and  high 
mountains  on  ihc  North,  and  therefore  v/as  a  place  of  exile  for  the 
Romans.  It  was  formerly  annexed  to  the  crown  of  Spain,  but  at  the 
peace  of  Utrecht  it  was  given  to  the  emperor,  and  in  1719  to  the  houfc 
of  Savoy. 

The  Ifland  of  Corsica  lies  onpofitc  to  the  Genoefe  continent,  be- 
tween the  gulf  of  Genoa  and  the  Ifland  of  Sardinia,  and  is  better 
known  by  the  noble  ftand  which  the  inhabitants  made  for  their  liberty 
againft  their  Genoefe  tyrants,  and  afterwards  again fl:  the  bafc  and  un- 
generous efforts  of  the  French  to  enflave  them,  than  from  any  advan- 
tages they  enjoy,  from  nature  or  lituation.  Though  mountainous  and 
woody,  it  produces  corn,  wine,  figs,  almonds,  chelnuts,  olives,  and 
other  fruits.  It  has  alfo  fome  cattle  and  horfes,  and  is  plentifully  fup- 
plied,  both  by  fea  and  rivers,  with  fifli.  The  inhabitants  are  faid  to 
amount  to  120,000.  Baftia,  the  capital,  is  a  place  of  fome  ftrength  : 
though  other  towns  of  the  ifland,  that  were  in  poileflTion  of  the  male- 
contents,  appear  to  have  been  but  poorly  fortified. 

Capri,  the  ancient  Cap  re  a,  is  an  ifland  to  which  Auguftus  Caefar 
often  came  for  his  health  and  recreation,  and  which  Tiberius  made  a 
fcene  of  the  moft  infamous  pleafures.  It  lies  three  Italian  miles  from 
that  part  of  the  main  land  which  projefts  fartheft  into  the  fca.  It  ex- 
tends four  miles  in  length  from  Eaft  to  Weft,  and  about  one  in  bicadth. 
The  weftern  part  is,  for  about  two  miles,  a  continued  rock,  vaftly 
high,  and  inacceflible  next  the  fea  ;  yet  Ano  Capri,  the  largeft  town 
of  the  ifland,  is  fituated  here  ;  and  in  this  part  arc  f-veral  places  cov- 
ered with  a  very  fruitful  foil.  The  eaftern  end  of  the  ifland  aU'o  rifes 
up  in  precipices  that  arc  nearly  a$  high,  though  not  quite  To  long  as  th« 

wefteii* 


Twit  ?         T  A  L  Y. 

weflern.  Between  the  rocky  mountains,  at  each  end,  is  a  flip  of  iowcf 
ground  that  runs  acrofs  the  ifland.  and  is  one  of  the  pleafantefl  fpots 
ihat  can  eafily  be  conceived.  It  is  covered  with  myrtles,  olives,  al- 
monds, Oranges,  figs,  vineyards,  and  corn  fields,  which  look  extremely 
frcfli  and  beautiful,  and  afford  a  moft  delightful  little  landfcape,  wheri 
viewed  from  the  tops  of  the  neighbouring  mountains.  Here  is  fituafed 
the  town  of  Caprea,  two  or  three  convents,  and  the  bifhop's  palace„ 
In  the  midft  of  this  fertile  traft  rifes  a  hill,  which  in  the  reign  of  Ti- 
licrius  was  probably  covered  with  buildings,  fonje  remains  of  which 
are  ftill  to  be  feen.  But  the  moft  confiderable  ruins  are  at  the  very 
extremitv  of  the  eafterh  promontory. 

From  this  place  there  is  a  very  noble  profpeft  :  On  one  fide  of  it  the 
fea  exterids  farther  than  the  eye  can  reach  ;  jufl  oppofite  -is  the  greeri 
promontory  of  Sarentum,  and  on  the  oth«r  fide  the  bay  of  Naples. 

IsCHiA,  and  fome  other  iflands  on  the  ccafts  of  Naples'and  Italy, 
have  nothing  to  diftinguifli  them  but  the  ruins  of  their  antiquities,  and 
their  being  now  beautiful  fummer  retreats  for  their  owners,  Elba 
has  beer,  renowned  for  its  mines  from  a  period  beyond  the  reach  of  hii- 
tory.  Virgil  and  Ariftotle  mention  it.  Its  fituation  is  about  ten  mile's 
S.  W.  from  Tuicany,  and  80  miles  in  circumference,  containing  near 
7000  inhabitants  ;  it  is  divided  between  the  king  of  Kaples,  to  whorri 
i'orto  Longone  belongs,  and  the  great  duke  of  Tufcany,  who  is  mafler 
of  Forto,  Ferraio,  and  ihe  prince  of  Piombino.  The  fruits  and  wine 
of  the  ifland  are  very  good,  and  the  tunnery,  fifhery,  and  fait,  pro- 
duce a  good  revenue.  '■  ■     ■ 

I  fliall  here  mention  the  ifle  of  Malta,  though  it  is  not  property 
ranked  with  the  Italian 'ifiands.  It  was  formerly  called  Mclita,  and  is 
lltuated  in  15  degrees  E.  Ion.  and  45  degrees  N.  lat.  60  miles  foiith  of 
«Jape  FalfarO  in  Sicily,  and  is  of  an  oval  figure, '20  miles  long,  and  m 
broad.  Its  air  is  cle^-r,  but  exceiliuely  hot  ;  The  whole  i'.kind  feems 
So'be  a  white  rock,  covered  with  2  thin  i'lirface  ofeaith,  which  is  how- 
ever amazingly  produfiive  of  excellent  fruits  and  vegetables,  and  gar- 
iien-ftuif  of  all  kinds;  This  illand,  or  rather  rock,  was  given  to  the 
knights  of  St.  John  of  Jer\jfalem,'  in  3-530,  by  the  emperor  Charles  V, 
when  the  Turks  drove  them  out  of  Rhodes  ;  under  the  tender  of  one 
lalcon  yearly  to  thfe  viceroy  of  Sicily,  and  to  acknowledge  the  kings  of 
Spain  and  Sicily  for  their  protectors  :  They  are  now  known  b\-  the  dif- 
tinftion  of  the  Knights  of  Malta.  They  are  under  vows  of  celil->acy 
and  chaftity  ;.  but  they  keep  the  former  much  better  than  the  latter. 
They  have  confiderable  poffefTions  in  the  Roman  Catholic  countries  on 
the  Continent,  and  are  under  the  government  of  a  grandmafter,  who 
is  eleftcd  for  life.  The  lord-prior  of  the  order,  was  formerly  accbunt- 
td  the  prime  baron  in  England.  The  knights  are  in' ninriber  1000  : 
500  are  to  refide  on  the  ifland,  the  remainder  are  in  their  feminaries  in 
other  countries,  but  at  any  fummons  aie  to  make  a  pevfonal  appearance. 
I'hey  had  a  feniihary  in  England,  till  it  was  fupprcifed  by  Henry  VHI. 

Vv' hen  the  great  maftcr  dies,  they  fuffer  no  veffel  to  go  out  of  the 
ifland  lill  another  is  chofen,  to  prevent  the  pope  from  interfering  in 
the  cieftion.  Out  of  the  16  great  croifcs,  the  great-mafler  is  elefted, 
whofe  title,  is  ''  The  moft  illuftrious.  and  moft  reverend  prince,  the 
lr,ul-friar  A,  B.  great  mafter  of  the  hofpital  of  St.  John  of  Jcrufalem, 
prince  of  Mglta  and  Gaza."     All  the  kni^'its  are  Iwcrn  to  defend  the 

church 


TURKEY 


EUROPE. 


S75 


^hurch,  to  obey  their  fupeiiors,  and  to  live  on  the  revenues  of  their 
order  only.  Not  only  their  chief  town  Valet ta.  or  Malta,  and  its  har- 
bour, but  their  whole  ifland  is  fo  well  foi  tilied,  as  to  be  deemed  im- 
pregnable. On  the  8th  of  Sept.  there  is  an  annual  pioceniori  at  Malta, 
in  memory  of  the  Turics  railing  the  fiege  on  that  day,  1663,  after  foui" 
months  affault,  leaving  their  artillery,  &c.  behind. 

History.]     See  RoUin's  Ancient  and  Roman  Hiftories — Gibbon's 
pecline  of  the  Roman  Empire — and  Goldfmith's  Roman  Hlflory. 


TURK 


Y. 


The  Grand  Signior's  Dominions  are  divided  into 


s.  Turkey  in  Europe 
2.  Turk 
g.  Turk 


EY  in  Europe."]   inhabitants,    C 

EY  in  Asia.         I   49,000,000   <  960, 

EY  in  Africa.  J  [  800, 


Sq.  Miles. 
,060,  Guthrie. 
,000,  Zimmermann, 


TURKEY      IN      EUROPE. 
Situation     and    Extent. 


Miles.  Degrees.  Sq.  Mile; 

I.entrth,    iooo"|    ,    .  f  17  and  40  eafl  longitude,  f    «       c 

*      =>    '        •■     J.  between  <^     '        ,  ^  .u  i  .•     j     s  182.^62 

jBreadth,    900  J  ]_  34  and  49  north  latitude.  \         "^ 


Boundaries, 


nTDOUNDED  by  Ruffia,  Poland,  and  Sclavonia, 
JX3  on  the  North  ;  by  CircafTia,  the  Black  Sea,  tho 
Propontis,  Hellcfpont,  and  Archipelago,  on  the  Eaft  ;  by  the  Medi- 
teriftanean,  on  the  South  ;  by  the  farac  lea,  and  the  Venetian  and  Au- 
llrian  territories,  on  the  Weft.     • 


Divifions.  Subdivifions.  Chief  to\vns, 

("Crini  and  Little  Tar-~|     p^recop 
On  the  north  coaft  of  |       tary,    and    the  an-  |    (  Brachiferia 
the  Black  Sea  are  the-^       cientTauiicaChei-  y^  Kaffa 
provinces  of  j       fonefus*  |     ( 

(_Budziac  Tartary        J     [_Oczakow 


("Beffarabia 


North  of  the  Danube  ,  ^r  u     •       t     ta     • 
Wiethe  provinces  of  <  ^'^^^'^'^via^olimDacia 

Walachia,      another 

part  of  the  ancient 

^  Dacia  J 


Bender 
Belgorod 


Sq.  M. 


20,200 


12,000 
8, coo 


)><(  Choczim       I  26,000 
Falczin         J 
Buckaretch6o;OCoin, 
Tergoviflo       19,000 

Divifions. 

*  The  R'jfliaas  in  i7Si,  fe);?d  on  the  Crimea,  the  puncipal  part  of  thij  divifion,  and. 
by  a  treaty  figned  January  9th,  1784,  the  Turks  ceded  it  totlicin  with  the  ilk  of  Taman,  aiii 
that  part  of  Cuban  which  isbounded  by  the  river  of  that  name.  The  Tuikshavc  riow  on« 
Jj  the  T-irtar  nations  beyond  the  river  CubaFi,  and  from  the  Black  Sea.  So  that  tlie  pref'- 
ent  boundaries  between  the  TurkiiTi  and  Ru.Tian  Eippircs  arc  foimedbytlK  river  B05  Lj 
Europe  and  the  river  Cuban  in  Afia, 


376  T  U  R  K  E  Y     IN     E  U  R  O  P  E, 

DivifionSi  Subdivifions. 


South  of  the  Danube 
are 


Bulgariajtheeaftpart 
of  the  ancient  M)fi.i 


-<  Scrvia,  the  weft  part  X  Bdgraae 
of  Myfia  Scmendrir 

Kiffa 


Chief  towns.  Sq.Nf^ 
"     fWidin  -^ 

NicopoU       J  . 

SiHftra  [^7=°^^ 

Scopia  J 


S  22.5^0 


Bofnia,  part   of  the 
ancient  lUyricum    J     L 


8,64c 


RcmaniaolimThrace 
fMacedonia 


"^  rConitantm- j 
1  )  ople,  N.L.I 
f  1    41.EX.2c.  J 


OntheBofphorusand  J  „ -.._,.    ^, |    |    ople,  N.  L.  i>  21,200 

HcUeipont  1 

L  J    I.  Adrianople 

fSirymon  i8.g8d 

,     ;  Conteffa 
South  of  Mount  Rho 
dope   or    A''gentuir..  y'  Theffaly.  new  Janua  !   j  Salonichi 
the  north  part  of  the  •  {  '^  Lariffa 

ancient  Greece        >     I  Achaia  and  Boeotia,       j  Athens         1 
j    now  Livadia  '     '  ''"'-"'-— 

fEpirus 


Thebes 


On  the  Adriatic  Sea  or 
Gulf  of  Venice,  thej 
ancient  lUyricum 


Albania 
Dalmatia 
^Ragufa  republic'' 


J     V.Lepanto       J 
")     ("Chimera 
Burtinto 
Scodra 
Durazzo 
Gulcigno 

I  Zara 
j       Karcnza 


3,420 
7:955 


4;SCq 


Ra3ufa 


Diviiioas. 


*  The  rejiublic  of  Ragufa,  though  reckoned  by  geopfaphers  pnrt  of  Turkey  in  Europe, 
h  rot  under  the  Turki(h  government.  It  is  an  ariltocratical  (late,  fonned  nearly  after  the 
jnodel  of  tliat  of  Venice.  The  government  is  in  the  hands  of  the  nobility  ;  and  the  chief  of  the 
republic,  who  is  ftyled  re€tor,  is  changed  every  month,  and  eleded  by  fcrutiny  or  lot.  Dur- 
ing his  Ihortadminiftration,  he  lives  in  the  falace,  and  wears  n  ducal  habit.  As  the  Ragu- 
fans  are  unable  to  proteftthemfelves,  they  make  ufe  of  their  wealth  to  procure  them  pro- 
tedlcrs,  the  chief  of  whom,  for  many  years,  was  the  grand-feignor.  Tliey  endeavoured  al- 
fo  to  keep  upon  good  terms  with  the  Venetians,  and  other  neiphbouring  ftates.  But  in  the 
year  1783,  a  difpute  arofe  between  them  and  the  king  of  Naples,  rcfped/ng  a  claim  of  riglit 
to  his  appointmg  a  commander  of  the  Ragufan  troops.  It  was  terminated  by  Ihe  republic's 
putting  itfelf  under  that  king's  proteiSion.  The  city  of  Ragufa  is  not  above  two  miles  in 
circumference,  but  it  is  well  built  and  contains  fome  handfome  cdihces.  The  ancient 
Epidaurus  was  fituated  not  far  from  this  city.  The  Ragufans  prolcfs  the  Romilh  reli- 
gion, but  Creeks,  Armenians  and  Turks  are  tolerated.  Almoft  all  the  f  iti^ens  are  tradeis, 
and  they  keep  fo  watchful  an  eye  over  their  freedom,  that  the  gates  of  the  ciiy  of  Ragufa 
src  allowed  to  be  open  only  a  few  hours  in  the  day.  The  language  chiefly  in  ufe  among  the 
Ragufans  is  the  Sclavonian,  but  the  greaieft  part  of  them  fpe.ik  the  Italian.  They  have 
many  trading  vefTels,  and  arc  terriers  in  the  Mediterranean,  like  the  Dutch,  being  conftant- 
ly  at  peace  with  the  piratical  fiates  of  Barbary.  The  city  of  Gravofa,  and  St3g:io,  30  miles 
N.  E.  of  Ragufa,  are  within  the  territories  of  this  republic,  and  there  are  alfo  five  fmall 
iflands  belonging  to  it,  the  principal  of  which  is  Melida. 


TURKEY 


EUROPE. 


377 


In  the  Morea,  the  ai 
cient    Pcloponnefu 
being  the  fouth  divi--^ 
lion  of  GreecCj  arc 


Corlnthia 

Argos 

Sparta 


Olympia,  where  the 
games  were  held 


Arcadia 


Ells 


>< 


Corinth 

Avgos 

Napcli     de 
Romania 
Lacedae- 
mon,     now 
Mifitria,  on 
the  river 
Eurotas 

Olympia, 
or  Longi-  )>  7,22tp 
nica,      on 
the     river 
Alpheus 

Modon 
Coron 

Patras 
Elis,  or  Bel- 
vide  re,    on 
the  river 
Peneus, 


tvIooKTAiNS.]  Thefe  are  the  men.  celebrated  of  any  in  llie  v/orld. 
and  at  the  fame  time  often  moPc  fruitful.  Mount  Athos  lies  on  a  pen- 
infula,  running  into  the  Egean  fea  ;  the  Mounts  Pindus  and  Olympus* 
celebrated  in  Grecian  fables,  feparate  Theflaly  from  Epirus.  Parnaf- 
:'us,  in  Achaia,  fo  famous  for  being  confecrated  to  the  Mufes,  is  welt 
known.  Mount  IIa:mus  is  likewife  often  mentioned  by  the  poets  ;  but 
mod  of  the  other  mountains  have  changed  their  names  ;  for  inftance  the 
mountains  Shua,  Witofka,  Staras,  Plamina,  and  many  others.  Even 
the  moft  celebrated  mountains  above  mentioned  have  had  modern 
names  impofed  upon  them  by  the  Turks,  their  new  mafters,  and  others 
in  tbeir  neighbourhood. 

Seas,]  The  Euxine  or  Black  Sea  ;  the  Palus  Ma^otis,  or  Sea  o£ 
Afoph  ;  the  fea  of  Marmora,  which  ieparatcs  Europe  from  Afia  ;  the 
Archipelago  ;  the  Ionian  fea,  and  the  Levant,  are  fo  many  evidences, 
that  Turkey  in  Europe,  particularly  that  part  of  it  where  Conftanti- 
noplc  flands,  of  all  other  countries,  had  the  bed  claim  to  be  miflrefs  of 
the  world. 

Straits.]  Thofe  of  the  Hellefpont  and  Bofphorus  arcjoincd  to  the 
fea  of  Marmora,  and  are  remarkable  in  modern  as  well  as  ancient  hif- 
tory. 

Rivers.]  The  Danube,  the  Save,  the  Neifler,  theNeipcr,  and  the 
Don,  arc  the  beft  known  rivers  in  this  country  ;  though  many  others 
have  been  celebrated  by  poets  and  hiftorians. 

Lakes. ^ 


3-/8  TURKEY     in    EUROPE. 

Lakes. 3  Thefe  are  not  extremely  remarkable,  nor  are  they  men- 
i  ioned  with  any  great  applaufe.  either  by  the  ancients  or  moderns.  The 
I.ago  di  Sentari,  lies  in  Albania.  It  communicates  with  the  Lago  di 
PLivc  and  the  Lago  di  Holti.  The  Stymphalus,  lb  famous  for  its  har- 
pies and  ravenous  birds,  lies  in  the  Morca  ;  and  Peneus,  from  its  qual- 
ities, is  thought  to  be  the  lake  from  which  the  Styx  iffues,  conceived 
by  the  ancients  to  be  the  palfage  into  hell. 

Antiquities  AND  curicsitils,  "1  Almofl:  every  fpot  of  ground, 
KATWRAi.  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  J  cvcry  rivcr,  and  every  fountain 
in  Greece  prefents  the  traveller  with  the  ruins  of  a  celebrated  antiqui- 
ty. On  the  Ifthmus  of  Corinth,  the  ruins  of  Neptune's  temple,  and 
the  theatre  where  the  Ifthmean  games  were  celebrated,  are  flill  vihble. 
Athens,  which  contains  at  prefent  above  io,ooo  inhabitants,  is  a  fruit- 
ful fource  of  tlie  mofl  magnificent  and  celebrated  antiquities  in  the 
>'-orld,  a  minute  account  of  which  would  exceed  the  limits  of  this 
work  ;  but  it  will  be  proper  to  mention  fome  of  the  moft  confiderable. 
On  the  fouth-weft  of  Athens  is  a  beautiful  ftrufture,  commonly  called 
the  Lantern  of  Demoflhenes  :  This  is  a  fmall  round  edifice  of  white 
niarble,  the  roof  of  which  is  fupported  by  fix  fluted  columns  of  the 
Corinthian  order,  nine  feet  and  an  half  high  ;  in  the  fpace  between 
the  columns  are  pannels  of  marble  ;  and  the  whole  is  covered  with  a 
cupola,  carved  with  the  rcfemblance  of  fcales  ;  and  on  the  frieze  are 
beautifully  reprefented  in  relievo  the  labours  of  Hercules.  Here  are 
alfo  to  be  feen  the  temple  of  Winds  :  the  remains  of  the  tlieatre  of 
Bacchus  ",  of  the  magnificent  ?.quedu£l  of  the  emperor  Adrian  ;  and  of 
the  temples  of  Jupiter  O.lympius,  and  Auguftus.  The  remains  of  the 
temple  of  the  oracle  of  ApoHo  are  (lill  vifible  at  Caftri,  on  the  fouth 
Tide  of  mount  ParnalTus,  and  the  rrjarble  fieps  that  d.cfcend  to  a  plcafant 
running  v/ater.  fuppofed  to  be  the  renowned  Caftalian  fpring,  with  the 
niches  for  ftatucs  in  the  rock,  are  flill  diiccrnihle.  The  famous  cave 
of  Trqphonius  is  ftiil  a  natural  curiofity  in  Livadine,  the  old  Bccotia. 

Mount  Athos,  which  has  been  already  mentioned,  and  v;hich  is  com- 
monly called  Monto  Santo,  lies  on  a  peninfula  which  extends  into  the 
yEgean  fea,  and  is  indeed  a  chain  of  mountains,  reaching  the  whole 
length  of  the  peninfula,  feven  Turkifh  miles  in  length,  and  three  in 
breadth  ;  but  it  is  only  a  fingie  mountain  that  is  properly  called  Athos. 
This  is  fo  lofty,  that  on  the  top,  as  the  ancients  relate,  the  fun-rifing 
was  beheld  four  hours  fooner  than  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  coaft  ;  and, 
iat  the  folftice,  its  fliade  reached  into  the  Agora  or  market  place  of  My- 
rina,  a  town  in  Lemnos,  which  iHand  was  diflimt  eighty-feven  miles 
taftward.  There  are  twenty-two  convents  on  mount  Athos,  befides  a 
great  number  of  cells  and  groifos,  with  the  habitations  of  no  Icfs  than 
iix  thoufand  monks  and  liermits ;  though  the  proper  hermits,  who  live 
in  grottos,  are  not  above  twenty  ;  the  other  monks  are  anchorites  or 
£uch  as  live  in  cells.  Thefe  Greek  monks,  who  call  themfclves  the 
inhabitants  of  the  holy  mountain,  are  io  far  from  being  a  fet  of  floth- 
ful  people,  tliat.  befides  their  daily  offices  of  religion,  they  cultivate 
fhc  olive  and  vineyards,  are  carpenters,  malbns,  ftone-cutters,  cloth- 
woikers,  taylors.  &c.  They  alfo  live  a  very  auHere  life  ;  their  ufual 
food,  inflead  of  flefh,  being  vegetables,  dried  olives,  ftps,  and  other 
fruit  ;  otiions,  cheefe,  and  on  certain  days.  Lent  excepted,  fifh.  Their 
fr.fls  are  many  and  levsre  ;  wliichj   with  the  heallhfulnefs  of  the  air, 

rsnder% 


T  U  R  K  E  Y     IN     F,  U  R  O  P  E.  375 

lenders  longevity  fo  common  there,  th^t  many  oF  them  live,  above  an 
hundred  years.  It  appears  from  .Elian,  that  anciently  the  moimtairt 
in  general,  and  particularly  the  fummit,  was  acco-mted  very  healfliy, 
and  conducive  to  long  life  ;  whence  the  inhabitants  were  called  Ma- 
crobii,  or  long-lived.  We  are  farther  informed  by  PhiloOratus,  in  the 
iife  of  Apollonius,  that  numbers  of  philofophers  ufed  to  retire  to  this 
mountain,  for  the  better  contemplation  of  the  heavens,  and  of  nature  ; 
and  after  their  e.-':ample  the  monks  dnubtlefs  built  their  cells. 
'  Cities. J  '  Conftantinoplc,  the  capital  of  this  great  empire,  is  fituat- 
ed  on  the  European  fide  of  the  Bofphorus,  It  y/as  buill  upon  the  ru- 
ins of  the  ancient  Byzantium,  by  the  Roman  emperor  Conftantinc  the 
Great,  as  a  more  inviting  fitiiation  than  Rome  for  the  feat  of  empire. 
It  became  afterwards  the  capital  of  the  Greek  empire,  and  having  ef- 
caned  the  dellruftive  rage  of  the  barbarous  nations,  it  was  the  greateft 
ias  well  as  the  mofl  beautiful  city  in  Europe,  and  the  only  one  during 
the  Gothic  ages,  in  which  there  remained  any  image  of  the  ancient 
eletrance  in  manners  and  arts.  While' it  remained  in  the  poilcffion  of 
the  Greek  emperors,  it  was  the  only  mart  in  Europe  for  the  commodi- 
ties of  the  Eafl  Indies.  It  derived  great  advantages  from  its  being  tho 
rendezvous  of  the  crufaders,  and  being  then  in  the  meridian  of  its  glo- 
iy,  the  European  writers,  in  the  ages  of  the  crufades,  fpeak  of  it  v/ith 
aftonifhment,  "  O  what  a  vaft  city  is  Conft;antinople  (exclaims  one 
when  he  firft  beheld  it)  and  how  beautiful?  How  many  monafhcries 
are  there  \n  it.  and  how  many  pidaces  built  with  wonderful  art  !  How 
many  manufa6tu-e'rs  arc  there  in  the  city  amazing  to  behold  !  It  would 
be  ailonifhing  to  relate  how  it  abounds  with  all  the  good  things,  with 
gold,  filver,  and  fluffs  of  various  kinds  ;  for  every  hour  fhips  arrive  in 
the  port  with  all  things  nccclTary  for  the  ufe  of  rnan."  Conflantino- 
ple  is  at  this  day  one  of  the  lineft  cities  >n  the  world  by  its  htuation 
and  its  port.  The  profpeft  from:  it  is  noble.  The  mod  regular  part, 
h  the  Befeflin,  inclofed  with  walls  and  gates  v/here  the  merchants 
have  their  fliops  excellently  ranged.  In  another  part  of  the  city  is  the 
Hippodrome,  an  oblong  fquare  of  400  paces  by  200.  where  they  exer- 
cifeon  horfeback.  The  Meidan,  or  parade,  is  a  large  fpacious  fquaie, 
the  general  refort  of  all  ranks.  Oh  the  r)pporuc  lide  of  the  poitare 
four  towns,  but  cpnfide.rcd  as  a  part  of  the  fuburbs,  their  difhance  be- 
ing fo  fmall,  a  perfcn  may  eatily  be  heard  on  the  other  fide.  They  are 
named  Pera,  Galata,  Pacha,  and  Tophana.  In  P«ra,  the  foreign  a'm- 
baffadors  and  all  the  Franks  or  ftrangers  refide,  not  being  permitted  to 
live  in  the  city  ;  Galata  alfo  is  moftly  inhabited  by  Franks  v.iid  Jews, 
»nd  is  a  place  of  great  trade.  '1  he  city  abounds  with  antiquities  :  the 
tomb  of  Conftantinc  the  (xreat  is  flill  prcl'erved.  The  mofque  of  St. 
Sophia,  once  a  Chriflian  church,  is  thought  in  fome  refpefts  to  exceed 
in  grandeur  and  architetlure  St.  Peter's  at  Rome.  The  city  is  built  ia 
a  triangular  form,  with  the  Seraglio  Ifanding  on  a  point  of  one  of  the 
angles,  from  whence  there  is  a  profpeft  of  the  deliglitful  col'Tl  of  the 
Lclfer  Aha,  which  is  riot  to  be  equalled.  When  we  fpe.'ik  of  the  fe- 
raglio,  we  do  not  mean  the  apartments  in  which  the  grand  fignior's 
women  are  confined,  as  is  commonly  imagined,  but  the  whole  inclo- 
fure  of  the  Ottoman  palace,  which  might  well  fufhce  for  a  moderate 
town.  1  he  wall  which  furiounds  the  Icraglio  is  thirty  feet  high,  hav- 
ing battlements,  cmbrafurcs,  and  tuwcrs,  in  the   fl)  Ic  cf  ancient  forti- 

hcations. 


gSo  T  U  R  K  E  Y     i.v     E  U  R  O  P  Ev 

ficatlons.  There  are  in  it  nine  gates,  but  only  two  of  them  magnifu 
cent  ;  and  from  one  of  thele  the  Ottoman  court  takes  the  name  of  thd 
Porie,  or  the  Sublime  Forte,  in  all  public  tranfaftions  and  records. 
Both  the  magnitude  and  population  of  ConRantinople  have  been  great- 
ly exaggerated  by  credulous  travellers.  It  is  furrounded  by  a  high 
and  thick  wall  with  battlements  after  the  oriental  manner,  and  towers, 
defended  by  a  lined  but  fhallovvr  ditch,  the  works  of  which  are  double 
on  the  land  f;dc.  The  beil  authors  think  that  it  contains  a  million  of 
inhabitants,  among  them  are  reckoned  200,000  Greeks,  40,000  Arme- 
nians, and  6o,oco  Jews. 

The  city  hath  been  frequently  affailed  by  fires,  either  owing  to  the. 
tiarrownels  of  the  ftreets  and  the  flrufture  of  the  houfcs,  or  the  arts  of 
the  Janizaries.  In  Augud,  J  784,  afire  broke  out  in  the  quarter  fitu- 
ate  towards  the  harbour,  and  fpread  into  other  quarters,  and  about 
10.000  houfes  (moft  of  which  had  been  rebuilt  fince  the  fare  in  1782) 
were  confumed. 

Oppofite  to  the  feraglio,  on  the  Afian  fide,  and  about  a  mile  and  a 
half  diftant  acrofs  the  water,  is  Scutari,  adorned  with  a  royal  mofque, 
and  a  pleafure  lioufe  of  tlie  grand  fignior.  On  the  brow  of  an  adja- 
cent hill  is  a  grand  profpeft  ;  in  one  view  are  the  cities  of  Conllanti- 
nople,  Calata,  and  Pera,  the  fmall  feas  of  the  Bofphorus  and  Propontis, 
with  the  adjacent  countries  on  each  fnore. 

As  to  the  population,  manners,  religion,  government,  revenues, 
learning,  military  ftrength,  com.merce,  and  manufaftures  of  the  Turks, 
thefe  feveral  heads  depending  on  the  fame  principles  all  over  the  em- 
pire, ihall  be  mentioned  under  Turkey  in  Asia. 

ISLANDS  belonging  to  T  U  R  K  E  Y  in  E  U  R  O  P  E,  being  Part  of 
Ancient  Greece. 

WE  fiiali  mention  thefe  Iflands  chiefly  for  the  ufe  of  fuch  readers 
as  are  converfant  with  ancient  hiflory,  of  which  they  make  fo  diftin- 
guifhed  a  part. 

Ncgropont,  the  ancient  Euboea,  ftretches  from  the  fouth  call  to  the 
?Ti0rth  weft,  and  on  the  eaftern  coafl  of  Achaia  or  Livadia.  It  is  90 
miles  long,  and  25  broad,  and  contains  about  13QO  fquare  miles.  Here 
the  Turkiib  gallies  lie.  The  tides  on  its  coafts  are  irregular  ;  and  the 
ifland  itfelf  is  very  fertile,  producing  corn,  wine,  fruit,  and  cattle,  in 
fuch  abundance,  that  all  kinds  of  provifions  are  extremely  cheap. 
The  cliicf  towns  in  the  illand  are,  Negropont,  called  by  the  Greeks 
Egripos,  lituatedon  the  fouth  M'eftcoall  of  the  ifland,  on  the  nanoweib 
part  of  the  ftrait  -,  and  Caftel  Rolfo  the  ancient  Crayflus. 

Lemnos,  or  Stammene,  lies  on  the  north  part  of  the  Egean  fea  or 
Archipelago,  and  is  almoft  a  fquare  of  25  miles  in  length  and  breadth. 
Though  it  produces  corn  and  wine,  yet  its  principal  lichcs  arife  from 
its  mineral  earth,  much  ufed  in  medicine,  fometimes  called  terra  Lemna 
or  figillata,  becaufe  it  isfealed  up  by  the  Turks,  who  receive  therefrom 
a  confidcrable  revenue. 

Te.vedos  is  remarkable  only  for  its  lying  oppofite  to  old  Troy,  and 
its  being  mentioned  by  Virgil  as  the  place  to  which  the  Greeks  retired, 
and  left  the  Trojans  in  a  fatal  fecurity  ;  it.  hath  a  town  of  the  fame 
name, 

SCYROS 


T  U  R  K  E  Y     IN     E  U  R  O  P  F..  381 

ScYROS  is  about  60  miles  in  circumference, and  is  remarkable  cliieny 
for  the  remains  of  antiquity  which  it  contains  ;  about  300  Greek  fam- 
ilies inhabit  it. 

Lesbos,  or  Mytelsne,  is  about  60  miles  long,  and  is  famous  for 
the  number  of  philofophers  and  poets  it  produced.  The  inhabitants 
v/ere  formerly  noted  for  their  prodigality. 

Scio,  or  Chios,  lies  about  80  miles  weft  of  Smyrna,  and  is  about 
100  miles  in  circumference.  This  iiland,  though  rocky  and  moun- 
tainous, produces  excellent  wine,  but  no  corn,  it  is  inhabited  by 
100,000  Greeks,  10,000  Turks,  and  above  3;000  Latins.  It  hath  300 
churches  befules  chapels  and  monalleries  ;  aad  a  Turkifli  garrifon  of 
1400  men.  The  inhabitants  have  manufactures  of  filk,  velvet,  gold 
and  lilver  ftuiTs.  The  ifland  likewife  produces  oil  and  filk,  and  the 
lentifktree,  or  maftic,  from  which  the  government  draws  its  chief  rev- 
enue. The  women  of  this,  and  almoft  all  the  other  Greek  iflands, 
have  in  all  ages  been  celebrated  for  their  beauty,  and  their  perfons 
have  been  the  moft  perfeft  models  of  fymmetry  to  painters  and  llatua- 
ries.  A  late  learned  traveller.  Dr.  Richard  Chandler,  fays,  '•  The 
beautiful  Greek  girls  are  the  moft  ftriking  ornaments  of  Scio.  Many 
of  thefe  were  fitting  at  the  doors  and  windows,  twifting  cotton  or  filk, 
or  employed  in  fpinning  and  needlc-work,  and  accofted  us  with  fa- 
miliarity, bidding  us  welcome,  as  wc  pa  (Ted.  The  ftreets  on  Sundays 
and  holidays  are  filled  with  them  in  groups.  They  wear  fhort  petti- 
coats, reaching  only  to  their  knees,  with  white  filk  or  cotton  fiofe. 
Their  head-drefs,  which  is  peculiar  to  the  ifland,  is  a  kind  of  turban, 
the  linen  fo  white  and  thin  it  fecmed  fnow.  Their  flippers  are  chiefly 
yellow,  with  a  knot  of  red  fringe  at  the  heel.  Some  wore  them  fas- 
tened with  a  thong.  Their  garments  were  of  filk  of  various  colours  i 
and  their  whole  appearance  fo  fantaftic  and  lively,  as  to  afford  us 
much  entertainment.  The  Turks  inhabit  a  feparate  quarter,  and  their 
women  are  concealed."  Among  the  poets  and  hiftorians  laid  to  be 
born  here,  the  inhabitants  reckon  Homer,  and  (hew  a  little  fquare 
houfe,  which  they  call  Homer's  fchocl. 

Samos  lies  oppofite  to  Epheius,  on  the  coaft  of  the  Leffer  Afia, 
about  feven  miles  from  the  continent.  It  is  30  miles  long,  and  15 
broad.  This  ifland  gave  birth  to  Pythagoras,  and  is  inhabited  by 
Greek  Chriftians,  who  are  well  treated  by  the  Turks,  their  mafterf. 
The  mufcadine  Samian  wine  is  in  high  requeft  ;  and  the  ifland  alfo 
produces  wool,  which  they  fell  to  the  French  ;  oil,  pomegranates,  an4 
filk.  This  ifland  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  the  native  country  of  Juno  ; 
and  fome  travellers  think  that  the  ruins  of  her  temple,  and  of  the  ani- 
cient  city  Samos,  are  the  fineft  remains  of  antiquity  in  the  Levant. 

To  the  fouth  of  Samos  lies  Patmos,  about  20  miles  in  circumfer- 
ence, but  fo  barren  and  dreary,  that  it  may  be  called  a  rock  rather  than 
an  ifland.  It  has,  however,  a  convenient  haven  ;  and  the  few  Greek 
monks  who  arc  upon  the  ifland  fhew  a  cave  where  St.  John  is  fuppo- 
fed to  have  written  the  Apocalypfe. 

The  Cycladf.s  iflands  lie  like  a  circle  round  Deles,  the  chief  of 
them,  which  is  fouth  of  the  iflands  Mycone  and  Tirfe,  and  almoft  mid- 
way between  the  continent  of  Afia  and  Europe.  Though  Delos  is 
not  above  fix  miles  in  circumference,  it  is  one  of  the  moft  celebrated 
of  all  the  Grecian  iflands,  as  V-ing  the  birth-j)lac?  of  ApoUo  and  Di- 


|S5  •   T  U  R  K  E  Y     IN     E  U  R  O  P  2. 

Sna,  the  magnificfent  ruins  of  whofe  temples  are  flill   vlfible.     T'u 
ifiitnd  is  almoft  deflitute  of  inhabitants. 

Par  OS  lies  between  the  iflands  of  Luxia  and  Mclos.  Like  all  the 
hther  Greek  iflands;  it  coutslins  the  mdfl  ftrikjng  and  magnificent  ru- 
ins of  antiquity  ;  but  is  chiefly  renowned  for  the  beauty  and  whitenefs 
of  jts  marble. 

Cerigo,  or  Cyt:'f.ra.  Hcs  fouth-e^ft  of  the  Morea,  and  is  about  50 
miles  in  circumference,  hut  rocky  and  mountainous,  and  chiefly  re- 
imarkable  for  being  the  favourite  rehdence  of  Venus.  . 

Santorin  is  one  of  the  moll  fouthern  iflands  in.  the  Archipelago^ 
and  was  fonneily  called  Caliila,  and  afterwards  Thera.  Though  Ice- 
iningly  covered  with  purrice-ftones,  yet,  through  the  induflry  of  th*; 
inhabitants,  wbo  are  about  10.000,  it  produces  bailey  and  wine,  with 
fome  wheat.  One-thirci  of  the  people  are  of  the  Latin  church,  and 
fubjeEt  to  a  catholic  bifhop.  Near  this  ifland  another  arofe  of.  the 
fame  name,  from  the  bottom  of  the  fea,  in  1707..  At  the  tim,6  of  its 
birth  there  was  an  earthquake,  attended  with  moft  dreadful  lightning? 
^nd  thunders,  and  boilings  of  the  iea  for  fever,al ,  days,  fo  that  when  it 
arofe  out  of  the  fea,  it  was  a.  mele  volcano,  but  the  burning  foon  ce;if- 
cd.  It  is  about  2co  feet  above  the  fea  ;  and  at  the  time  of  its  firlt 
emerging,  was  about  a  mile  broad,  and  five  miles  in  circumference,  but 
it  has  hnce  increafed.  Several  other  iflands  of  the  Archipelago  ap« 
pea|L/to  have  had  the  like  original,  and  iFie  fea  in  their  neighbourhood 
isW' deep  as  not  to  be  fathomed. 

The  famous,  ifl.md  of  Rhodes  is  fitu^ted  in  the  28th  degree  of  eaft 
longitude,  and  36  degrees  20  minutes  north  latitude,  about  20  miles 
fouth-welt  of  the  continent  of.  Le.fler  Ana,  being  about  6c>  miles  longj 
and  25  broad.  This  ifland  is  healthful  and  pleafant,  abounds  in  wine, 
and  many  of  the  necelfaries  of  life;  but  the  inhabitants  import  their; 
corn  from  the  neighbouring  country.  The  chief  town  of  the  fame 
name,  ft:ands  on  the  iidc  of  a  hill  fronting  the  fe-l,  and  is  3  miles  in  cir- 
cumference, interfperfed  with  gardens,  miraarets,  churches,  and  tow- 
ers. The  harbour  is  the  Grand  Signior's  prineipal  arfenal  for  fhipping, 
and  the  place  is  efteemed  among  the  flLrongeft  fdrtrefi^es  belonging  to 
the  Turks.  1  he  co'oilus  of  brafs,  which  anciently  flood  at  the  mouth 
of  the  harbour,  and  was  50  fathom  wide,  was  defervedly  accounted  one? 
of  the  wonders  of  the  world  :  One  foot  being  placed  on  each  fide  of 
the  harbour,  fhips  pa  fling  between  its  legs  ;  and  it  held  in  one  hand  a 
light-houfe  for  the  direftion  of  mariners,  Ihc  face  of  the  coloifus 
reprefented  the  fun,  to  whom  this  image  was  dedicated  ;  and  its  height 
was.  about  13, rj  feet.  The  inhabitants  of  this  ifland  were  formerly 
mafl.ers  of  the  fea  ;  and  the  Rhodian  law  was  the  direftory  of  the  Ro- 
mans in  maritime  affairs.  The  knights  of  St..John  of  Jerufalem,  after 
lofing  Palefline,  took  this  ifland  from  the  Turks  in  1308,  but  loft  it  in 
1522  after  a  brave  defence,  and  afterwards  retired  to  Malta. 
..  Can  D I  A,  the  ancient  Crete,  is  ftill  renowned  for  its  hundred  cities, 
for  its  being  the  birlh-place  of  Jupiter,  the  feat  of  Icgiflature  to  all 
^Greece,  and  many  other  hiflorical  and  political  diflinftions.  It  lies 
between  35  and  36  degrees  of  north  latitude,  being  200  rnites  long,  and 
60  broad,  almofl:  equally  difl;ant  from  Europe,  Aha,  and  Africa,  and 
contains  3220  fquare  miles.  The  famous  Mount  Ida  ftands  in  the 
Jniddle  of  the  ifland,  and  is  no  betler  than  a  barren  rock  :  and  Lethe, 

thf; 


Turkey   i.m   Europe.  ^si 

the  nvcr  of  oblivion,  is  a  torpid  ftrcam.  Some  of  the  vallics  of  this 
ifland  produce  wine,  fruits,  and  cond  ;  all  of  them  reiriarkably  excel- 
lent in  their  kinds.  The  liege  of  Candia,  the  capital  of  the  ifland,  in 
modern  times,  was  far  more  wonderful  and  bloody  than  that  of  Troy. 
The  Turks  inverted  it  in  the  beginning  of  the  year  164^,  and  its  Vene- 
tian gatrifon,  after  bravely  defending  itfyU  againfl;  ,56  florms,  till  the 
latter  end  of  September  1669,  made,  at  lafl,  an  honourable  capitulation. 
The  ficge  coft  the  Turks  180,000  men,  and  the  Venetians  8o,09o. 

Cyprus  lies  in  the  Levant  fea,  about  thirty  miles  diftant  from  tfic 
coafts  of  Syria  and  Paleftine.  It  is  150  miles  long,  and  70  broad,  and 
lies  at  almoft  an  equal  diftance  from  Europe  and  Africa.  It  was  for- 
merly famous  for  the  worfliip  of  Venus,  the  Cyprian  goddefs  ;  and 
during  the  time  of  the  Ct-ufades,  v/as  a  rich  flouriQ-iing  kingr^ora,  in- 
habited by  Chriftians.  Its  wine,  efpccially  that  which  grows  at  the 
bottom  of  the  celebrated  Mount  Olympus,  is  the  mofl  palat?ble,  and 
the  richcft  of  all  that  grows  in  the  Greek  iflands.  Nicofia  is  the  capi- 
tal, in  the  midft  of  the  country,  and  the  fee  of  a  Greek  archbiiliop,  in- 
deed moll  part  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  ifland  arc  Greeks.  Fainaguft:i, 
its  ancient  capital,  has  a  good  harbour  ;  and  the  natural  produce  nt" 
the  ifland  is  fo  rich,  that  many  European  nations  find  their  account  iii 
keeping  cohfuls  relirling  upon  it  ;  but  the  oppreflions  of  the  Turks 
have  depopulated  and  impoveriflied  it  to  fuch  a  furprifing  degree,  that 
the  revenue  they  get  from  it  does  not  exceed  1250I.  a  year.  The  ifland 
produces  great  quantities  bf  grapes,  from  which  excellent  wine  is 
made,  and  alio  cctton  of  a  very  fine  quality  is  here  cultivated,  and  oil, 
fdk,  and  turpentine.  Its  female  inhabitants  do  hot  degenerate  from 
their  anccftors  as  devotees  to  Venus  ;  and  Paphos,  that  ancient  ftat  of 
plcafure  and  corruption,  is  one  of  the  divifions  of  the  ifland.  Richard 
I.  king  of  England,  fubdued  Cyprus,  on  account  of  its  king's  treach- 
ery ;  and  its  royal  title  was  transferred  to  Guy  Lufignan,  king  of  Jcru- 
falem,  from  whence  it  palled  W  the  Venetians,  <vho  Uill  hold  th'at  emp- 
ty honour. 

The  iflands  in  the  Ionian  fea  are,  Sapienza,  Stivali,  Zante,  Ce- 
-ruALONiA,  Santamaura,  Corfu,  Fanno,  and  others  of  fmallerncte, 
particularly  Isola  del  Compare,  which  would  not  deferve  mention, 
liad  it  not  been  the  ancient  Ithaca,  the  birth-place  and  kingdom  of 
tJlylfes.  Thefe  iflands  in  gertetal  are  fruitful,  and  belong  to  the  \'e- 
netians. 

Zante  has  a  populous  capital  of  the  fame  name,  and  is  a  place  oF 
confidcrable  trade,  efpecially  in  currants,  grapes,  and  v,-inc.  The  cita- 
del is  ercfted  on  the  top  of  a  large  hill,  flrong  by  nature,  but  now  lit- 
tle Letter  than  a  heap  of  ruins.  Here  is  a  garrifon  of  500  men,  but 
their  chief  dependence  is  on  their  fleet  and  the  ifland  of  Corfu.  The 
inhabitants  of  Zante  are  about  30,000,  moftly  Greeks,  and  friendly  to 
ftrangcrs.  Corfu,  which  is  the  capital  of  that  ifland,  and  the  refidence. 
of  the  governor-general  over  all  the  other  iflands,  is  a  place  of  great 
flrength,  and  its  circumference  about  4  miles.  The  Venetians  arc 
faid  to  concern  themfelvcs  veiy  little  about  the  v/elfare  or  government 
of  thefe  iflands,  fo  that  the  inhabitants,  who  are  generally  (irceks,  bear 
a  very  indifferent  charafter.  TJicir  number  at  Corfu  is  cflimat'cd  at 
iOjOCO,  and  their  manners  more  icvcre  than  at  Zanic. 

A  S  I  Ai 


ASIA. 


AS  Afia  exceeds  Europe  and  Africa  in  the  extent  of  its  territories, 
it  is  alfo  fiiperior  to  them  in  the  ferenity  of  its  air,  the  fertility 
of  its  foil,  the  clelicioufnefs  of  its  fruits,  the  fragrancy  and  balfamic 
qualities  of  its  plants,  fpices  and  gums  ;  the  falubrity  of  its  drugs  ;  the 
quantity,  variety,  beauty,  and  value  of  gems  ;  the  richnefs  of  its  met- 
als, and  the  finenefs  of  its  filks  and  cottons.  It  was  in  Afia,  according 
to  the  facred  records,  that  the  all-wife  Creator  planted  the  garden  of 
Eden,  in  which  he  formed  the  firfl  man  and  firft  woman,  from  whom 
the  race  of  mankind  v/as  to  fpring.  Aha  became  saain  the  nurfery  of 
the  world  after  the  deluge,  whence  the  defcendants  of  Noah  difperie4 
their  various  colonies  into  all  the  other  parts  of  the  globe.  It  was  in 
Afia  that  God  placed  his  once  favourite  people,  the  Hebrews,  whom 
he  enlightened  by  revelations  delivered  by  the  prophets,  and  to  whom 
he  gave  the  Oracles  of  Truth.  It  was  here  thiU  the  great  and  merci- 
fcilVorkofour  Redemption  wasaccomplifhed  by  his  divine  Son  ;  and 
it  was  from  hence  that  the  light  of  his  glorious  gofpel  was  carried  with 
amazing  rapidity  into  all  the  knov/n  nations  by  his  difciples  and  fol- 
lowers. Here  the  lirll  Chriilian  churches  were  founded,  and  the 
Chriftian  faith  miraculoufly  propagated  and  cherifhed  even  with  tlie 
blood  of  innumerable  martyrs.  It  was  in  Afia  that  the  firft  edifices  were 
reared,  and  the  firft  empires  founded,  while  the  other  parts  of  the  globe 
were  inhabited  only  by  wild  animals.  Oti  all  ihcfe  accounts,  this 
quarter  claims  ?.  fuperiority  over  the  reft  ;  but  it  muft  he  owned,  that 
a  great  change  has  happened  in  that  part  of  it  called  Turkey,  which 
has  loft  much  of  its  ancient  fplendcr,  and  -from  the  moft  populous 
and  beft  cultivated  fpot  in  Afia,  is  become  a  wild  and  uncultivated 
defert.  The  other  parts  of  Afia  continue  much  in  their  former  con- 
dition, the  foil  being  as  remarkal.le  for  its  fertility,  as  moft  of  the  in- 
habitants for  their  indolence,  efierrinacy,  and  luxury.  This  effemi- 
nacy is  chieflv  ov.'ing  to  the  warmth  of  the  climate,  though  in  fome 
meafure  heightened  by  cuftom  and  education  ;  and  the  fymptoms  of 
it  are  more  or  kfs  vifible,  as  the  feveral  nations  are  feated  nearer  or 
farther  from  the  north.  What  is  wanting  in  the  robuft  frame  of  their 
bodies  among  the  Chinefe,  Mogul  Indians,  and  all  the  inhabitants  of 
the  more  fouthern  regions,  i.^  in  a  great  mealure  made  up  to  them  by 
the  "ivacity  of  their  minds.  ?.na  ingenuity  in  various  kinds  of  work- 
manfliip,  which  our  moft  ikillful  me'chanics  have  in  vain  endeavoured 
to  imitate. 

This  vaft  extent  of  territory  was  fucceflively  governed  in  paft  times 
by  the  Afi'vriahs,  the  Medes,  the  Perfians,  and  the  Greeks  ;  but  th'c 
immenfe  regions  of  India  and  China  were  little  known  to  Alexander, 
or  th^  conquerors  of  the  ancient  world.  Upon  tiie  decline  of  thofe 
empires,  great  part  of  Afia  fubmltted  to  the  Roman  arms  ;  and  after- 
ward.Nj  in  the  m.iddle  ages,  the  fuccefibrs  of  Mahometj  or  as  they  are 

ufually 


i  3^5 

Ua 
k  the 
Wed 
jvery 
[  ftiil 
nans, 
^gul, 
:s  of 
this 
n  ha 
'  the 
uicii 
•  any 
,01:"  a 
i  ::ncl 
i  Ma- 
jnar  ; 
ihcir 
|iina, 
Hola- 


;5ara- 
the 
:gate 
{fefl 
g  in 
g^cy 

.    QO- 


.  the 
f  the 
'ages 

|s  of 
ilati- 
j  the 

f  '■» 
frth- 
1  on 
Sea, 

H°* 

Sea, 

rom 

the 


=pa- 
<;  lo 

.1 


/;^^,J,y  tr  Alfao/il^-  ."'" 


ASIA.  385 

-ufually  called,  Saracens,  founded  in  Alia,  in  Africa,  and  in  Europe,  a 
more  extenfivc  empire  than  that  of  Cyrus,  Alexander,  or  even  the 
Roman  when  in  its  height  of  power.  The  Saracen  gveatncfs  ended 
with  the  death  of  Tamerlane  ;  and  the  Turks,  conquerors  on  every 
fide,  took  poflfeflTionof  the  middle  regions  of  Afia,  which  they  dill 
enjoy.  Befides  the  countries  pofleded  by  the  Turks  and  Ruffians, 
Afia  contains  at  prefent  three  large  empires,  the  Chincf:^,  the  Mo^ul, 
and  the  Perfian,  upon  which  the  leffer  kingdoms-and  fovereignties  of 
Afia  generally  depend.  The  prevailing  form  of  government  in  this 
divifion  of  the  globe  is  abfolute  monarchy.  If  any  of  them  can  be 
faid  to  enjoy  fome  fhare  of  liberty,  it  is  the  wandering  tribes,  as  thci 
Tartars  and  Arabs.  Many  of  the  Afiatic  nations,  when  the  Dutcli 
firft  came  among  them,  could  not  conceive  how  it  was  poflible  for  any 
p^opl^  to  live  under  any  other  form  of  government  than  that  of  a 
defpotic  monarchy.  Turkey,  Arabia,  Perfia,  part  of  Tartary,  r.nd 
part  of  India,  profefs  Mahometanifm.  The  Perfian  and  Indian  Ma- 
hometans are  of  the  feft  of  Hali,  and  the  others  of  that  of  Omar  ; 
but  both  own  Mahomet  for  their  law-giver,  and  the  Koran  for  their 
ride  of  faith  and  life.  In  the  other  parts  of  Tartary,  India,  China, 
Japan,  and  the  Afiatic  iflands,  they  are  generally  heathens  and  idola- 
ters. Jews  are  to  be  found  every  where  in  Afia.  Chriftianity,  though' 
planted  here  with  wonderful  rapidity  by  the  apoftlcs  and  primitive 
fathers,  fuffcred  an  almofl  total  eclipfe  by  the  conqucfts  of  the  Sara- 
pens,  and  afterwards  ot  the  Turks.  Incredible  indeed  have  been  the 
hazards,  perils,  and  fufferings  of  catholic  miffionaries,  to  propagate 
their  doftrines  in  tiie  moll  difbant  regions,  and  among  the  grolfefh 
idolaters  ;  but  their  labours  have  hitherto  failed  of  fuccefs,  owing  in 
a  great  meafure  to  their  own  avarice,  and  the  avarice  and  profligacy 
of  the  iiuropeans,  who  refgrt  thither  ia  fearch  of  wealth  and  do- 
minion. *■'    '-^ 

The  principal  languages  fpoken  in  Afia  are,  the  modern  Greek,  the' 
Turkilh,  the  Ruffian,  the  Tartarian,  the  Perfian,  the  Arabic,  the 
Malayan,  the  Chinefe,  and  the  Japanefe.  The  European  languages; 
are  aUo  fpoken  upon  the  coaRs  of  India  and  China. 

The  continent  of  Aha  is  fituatid    between    25  and    180  degrees  of: 
eaft  longitude,  and  between  the  equator,  and  80  degrees  of  north  lati- 
tude.     It  is  about  4740  miles  in  length,  from  the   Dardanelles  on  the 
wefl,  to    the   eaftern   ffiore   of   Tartary  ;    and  about   43B0    miles  in 
breadth,  from  the  mofl  fouthern  part  of  Malacca,  to  the  raoft  north- 
ern cape  of  Nova  Zembla,     It  is  bounded  by  the   Frozen  Ocean  on  '. 
the  north  ;  on  the  weft  it    is  feparated  from  Africa  by  the  Red  Sea,  ' 
and  from  Europe  by  the  Levant    or   Mediterranean,  the  Archipelago, 
the'Hellefpont,  the  fea  of  Marmora,  the  Bofphorus,  .the    Black  Sea, 
)the  river  Don,  and  a  line  drawn  from  it  to  the  liver  Tobol,  and  from 
thence  :o  the  river  Oby,  which  falls  into  the  Frozen  Ocean.     On  the  j 
eait,  it  is  bounded  by  the   Pacific  Ocean,  or  South-Sea,  which  fepar.i 
rates  it  from  America  ;  and  orythe   fouth,   by  the    Indian  Ocean  ;  fo 
that  it  is  almofl  furrounded  by  the  fea.     The  principal  regions  whicl> 
fjivide  this  country  are  as  foliow  : 

A  *  TABLE, 


386 


A, 


si 

Nations. 

Leng. 

Bread. 

Square 
Miles. 

ChieC 
Cities. 

piA.  anc 

bearing 

T.  Lond 

U.ff.    ct"     , 

time  from  Religions 
London.  ; 

iRuffian 
.Chine(e 

Mogulean 
'Independ. 

1  he  buuniis  of 
thffe  parts   are 
unlimited,  each 
power    po/hing 
on  hisconquefts 
d?  Tar  as  he  can 

3,050, ccc 

644,000 

jS5  =  35'- 
600,060 

robollk 
Chynian 
Tibet 
Samar-  7 
cand      ] 

ii6oN.E. 
4480N.E. 
3780  E, 
1800  E. 
43.0 

4  IS  bef.!Ch.&Pag 
8     4  bef.'l'agans 

5  40  bcf.lPagans 
4  36  bef.jPagans 

Ch.na' 

'44" 

1 00  J 

i,ics,&o. 

Pf-kiny 

4320.S.E. 

7  24  bet.jf .1^^"" 

Muiiuls 

2CCC 

I  SCO 

1,916, i;cc 

Oeihi 

3720S.E. 

5    16    hef. 

Mah.&P. 

inc.  beyonc 
the  Ga^nge? 

20C0 

ICOO 

741,50c 

siani 
Pegu 

5040  S.E. 

6  44  bef. 

M.&Pag. 

Per.-,. 

1300 

1  ICO 

8oo,coc 

Mrah^n 

2460  S.E. 

7,  20  bet.lMahom. 

'Pt.otAr<,ba 

13CC 

I2CO 

700,  occ 

vircca 

2640  s.E 

2   52  bet-jMahfrn. 

Syr.a. 
Holy  land 

270 

160 

29,OCC 

Alepi).) 

lS6o5.h. 

2    30   bef. 

Ch.&ivid. 
Ch.icMa. 

90 

7.60c 

Jerulalem 

1920 S.E 

i  24  bef. 

1= 

Natolia 

75^- 

390 

i95,poc 

BurU  or 
imvrna 

.440  S.E. 

t  48  bef. 

Mahom. 

< 

c 

Diarbeck  or 
Mefopotam. 

2^0 

210 

27,600 

Diarbeck 

2060 S.E. 

2  56  bef. 

^  Maho. 

^^ 

irac,   or 
Chaldei 

42c 

240 

50,40c 

■Bagdad 

2240 

i  with 
)>fonie 

H 

Turconiinia 
or   Armenia 
Geori;ia 
Cuidiltan 
_nr  AlVvria 

360 

3OC 

~T8o 

55,000 

Erzerum 

i860  S.E, 

2  44  bef. 

1  few 
1  Chrif. 
J  tians. 

24c 

25.600 

letiis 

1920E. 

3    10   brr. 

3IO 

205 

23,900 

Scherazer 

2220  E. 

3  00  bel. 

Mahom. 

All  the  iflands  of  Afia  (except  Cyprus,  already  deferibed,  in  the 
Levant,  belonging  to  the  Turks)  lie  in  the  Pacific  or  Eaftern 
Ocean,  and  the  Indian  Seas,  of  which  the  principal,  where  the 
Europeans  trade,  or  have  fettlements,  are. 


inands 


Towns. 

Sq.Mile. 

Tradewitbor 

belnn. 

ijeddo,     Meaco 

i38,occ 

Dutch 

Guam 

Spain 

Tai-o'-ian-fou 

17, occ 

1  China 

Kionteheow 

.     ii,9cc 

Minilla 

i33>7" 

Spain 

Vi£toria  fort,  Tarnate 

t)utchf 

csLantor 

L 

Dutch 

■) 

Amboyna 

doo 

Dutch 

f 

Macaffar 

68,400 

Dutch 

J 

Gilclo 

io-,4oc 

D-utch 

Borneo,  Caytcngee 

22?  ,000 

All  naiion,-5 

Achen,  Bericooien 

129,000 
38,250 

Enyliflwnd  Dutch 

. 

batavia,  Bantam 

Dutch 

es 

Andaman,  Nicobar 

All  nations 

Candy 

27,730 

Dutch 

Caridon 

All  nations 

Bombay 

Eniilifh 

The  Ladrones 

Formofa 

Anian 

Ths  Philippines 

The  Molucca  or  Clove  ifles 

The  Banda, or  Nutmeg    ifl 

Amboyna     J  furroundiBg 

Celrbea  Vfhe  Molucca 

Gilolo,&C.   5  &Banda  i.^les 

f  Birneo 
The  Sundaides-?  Sumatra 

(  Java,  &( 
The  Andama&Nicobar  ifl« 
Ceylon 

The  Maldlvt!, 
Bombay 

The  Karile  ifles,  and  thofe'n  the  f:a   of  Kairttfchatka,  lately 
difcovered  by  the  Ruffian' 


.f^uffia 


•  Georgia  hath  lately  claimed  independcnccj   and  put  itfelf  under  the  ptotedlion  of 

TURKEY 


T    U     R    K    E    Y 


ASIA. 


TURKEY    IN    ASIA, 


Situation  and   Extent. 


Miles. 
Length     looo  ] 
Breadth      800  J 
Boundaries.] 


Degrees. 


Sq.  Miles. 


between 


t  27  and  46  eaft  longitude.  1 

\  28  and  45  north  latitude.  /  5'^o,S20 


BOUNDED  by  the  Black  Sea  and  Circaffia,  on 
the  north  ;  by  Pcrfia,  on  the  eafl  ;  by  ^Va- 
bia  and  the  Levant  Sea,  on  the  fouth  ;  and  by  the  Archipelago,  the 
Hellcfpont,  and   Propemtis,  which   feparate  it  from  Europe,  on  the 

wcfl. 

Divifions. 


The  eafter 
provinces  -^ 
are 


Natolia,  or 

the  Leffer  ,        ^^       r 
Aha,  on  <  ^-  An^a^^^ 
the  weft. 


Subdivifions. 
t.  Eyraca  Arabic  or  Chaldes 

2.  Diarbec  or  Melopotamia 

3.  Curdiftan  or  Alfyria 

4.  Turcomania  or  Armenia 

5.  Georgia,  including  Men- 
grelia  and  Imaretta,  and 
part  of  Circaffta 

1.  Natolia  Proper 


Chief  towns. 
BafTora  and  Bagdad. 
Diarbec,  Orfa&Mouful, 
Nineveh  and  Betlis. 
Erzerum  and  Van. 

Teflis,  Amarchia,  and 
Gonie. 


Eaft  of  the 
Levant  Sea. 

Mount 


3.  Aladulia 

4.  Caramania 

Saria,  with  Palefline,  or 
the  Holy  Land. 


}{ 


T    r  Burfa,  Niei,  Smyrna,  and 
}  \      Ephefus. 
i    r  Amafia,    Trapefond,  and 
J  \      Sinope. 

Ajazzo  and  Marat. 
Satalia  and  Tareffo. 
Aleppo.  Antioch,  DamaC- 
cuSjTyre,  Sidon, Tripoli,- 
Scanderoon  &  Jerufaiem^ 

AiNS.]  Thefe  are  famous  in  facred  as  well  as  profan^ 
•writings^  The  moft  remarkable  are,  Olympus,  Taurus  and  Anti- 
taurus  ;  Caucafus  and  Ararat  ;    Lebanon  and  Hermon. 

Rivers.]}  The  fame  may  be  obferved  of  the  rivers,  which  are  the; 
Euphrates,  Tigris,   Orontos,   Meander^    Sarabat ;    Kara  ;    and  Jordan* 

Wealth  and  Commerce.]  The  Turkifh  dominions,  including, 
befides  the  above  fpecified  pofTefTionsin  Europe,  the  provinces  of  Aha 
Minor,  Georgia,  Minorelia,  Armenia,  Bagdad,  Aleppo,  Damafcus, 
Palaeftina,  part  of  Arabia  and  Egypt,  belong  to  thole  parts  of  the 
vorld,  which  enjoy  the  moft  delightful  climate,  and  the  happieft  fuu- 
ation  for  commerce  and  the  acquifttion  of  opulence.  Nature  has 
poured  out  her  gifts  on  thefe  provinces  with  profi:hon.  But  the  ty- 
rannical government  now  urevailing  in  this  large  part  of  the  world 
being  hoftile  to  induftry  and  population,  renders  this  immenfe  empire 
wretched  and  indigent. 

Befidcs  the  fiue(t  natural  produftions  which  are  found  in  Spain  and 
Italy,  Turkey  in  Europe  abounds  in  hories,  and  in  various  forts  of 
excellent  peltry,  fupplied  by  the  wild  beafts  in  the  mountainous  and 
•woody  parts  of  the  provinces.  It  produces  alfo  a  great  dcai.  of  cotton, 
maftix,  manna,  goats  hair,  which  refembles  filk  in  foftncfs,  efpccially 
the  fort  called  camel-hair. 

A  a  -T  The 


388  TURKEY: :;     ASIA. 

The  province  of  Walachia  in  particular,  prociuccs,  in  good  years, 
5,000,000  eymers  of  wine,  the  cymer  weighing  2  2|  lb.  Three  fmall 
illands  in  the  Archipelago,  Methalika,  Patrazzo,  and  Roftizza,  yield 
about  8oo,ooolb-  of  currants.  Money  and  wax  is  produced  in  great 
abundance  in  Moldavia  ;  the  tenth  part  of  the  prolits  from  the  hives 
yields  a  revenue  of  2oo.,ooo  dollars  to  the  Hofpodar,  or  prince  of 
Moldavia.  (Sulzer.)  Livadia,  Macedonia,  and  Candia,  produce  annual- 
ly uDwards  3,000.000  lb.  of  honey,  of  which  about  one-fourth  is  ex- 
ported. (Sprengel.)  Mod  provinces  raile,  or  might  raiie,  excellent  filk 
in  cophderable  quantities.  That  which  is  raifed  in  the  province  of 
Macedonia  is  eflimated  to  amount  to  100,000  lb.  and  at  Theffalonica, 
or  Salonichi,  to  the  amount  of  500,000  piaflers,  is  annually  fold. 
Cotton  is  likewife  found  chiefly  in  Macedonia,  which  province  ex- 
ports 120,000  balls,  fold  at  80  piafters  each.  The  French  purchafe 
annually  12,000  balls  at  Salonichi,  the  Englifh  for  400,000  piaflers, 
the  Italians  for  240,000,  and  the  Germans  for  1,700,000  piafleis. 
(Sprengel.)  Tobacco  is  exported  from  the  fame  place  to  Italy,  to  the 
amount  of  250,000  piaflers. 

'  The  provinces  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia  polfefs  immenfe  maffes 
of  falt-rock,  conne£led  with  the  great  rock  ftrata  of  Gallicia  and  Tran- 
fylvania  ;  and  the  prince  of  Wallachia  gains  upwards  of  500,000  flor- 
ins annually  by  the  falt-works  at  Riamick.  (Sulzer.)  Moldavia 
abounds  in  butlalos  and  oxen,  of  which  40,000  head  are  fold  to  the 
neiphbouring  provinces;  nearly  as  many  horfes  are  annually  fold  in 
this  province.  (Bofcowich.)  In  the  fame  fertile  didrifts,  great  num- 
bers of  fheep  arc  bred,  reckoned  to  amount  to  4,000,000.  Befides 
the  profits  arihng  from  the  wool,  the  Iki^is  of  thefe  flieep,  and  Ikins 
of  j7oats,  are  ufed  in  making  Saffian  and  Morocco  leather,  liofnia 
and^Servia  fell  about  40,000  hogs.annually  to  Hungary.  The  wines 
of  Greece,  and  its  olive  oil,  are  very  celebrated  for  their  excellence. 

In  the  extenfive  dominions  of  Turkey,  which  are  bordered  by 
great  ridges  of  mountains,  the  mineral  kingdom  might  yield  extraordi- 
nary riches  ;  but  the  fcience  of  mining  is  ^as  much  neglefted  by  the 
Turks  as  all  other  fciences.  They  have,  however,  begun  to  fearch 
for  copper  and  iron  in  Wallachia  ;  and  the  gold  dufh,  wafhed  dov;n 
by  the  rivers  of  that  province,  gives  lufEcicnt  indication  of  what  may 
be  expefted  to  be  found  in  its  mountains.  'J'he  feveral  forts  of  marble 
found  in  Greece  have  been  highly  efteemed  in  ancient  and  modern 
times.  Sulphur,  allum,  faltpetre,  afphaltes,  and  other  valuable  min- 
erals, are  found  in  plenty. 

If  we  confider  the  natural  riches  of  the  Afiatic  provinces  and  of 
l^gy-pt,  we  ccafe  to  wonder  how  the  Turks,  notwithftanding  their 
averfion  to  induflry  and  manufaftures,  are  no  lofcrs  by  their  trade,  of 
which  the  balance  is  rather  in  their  favour.  From  Turkey  the  follow- 
ing goods  are  exported  :  Cotton,  filk,  wool,  camel  yarn,  leather, 
coffee,  wine,  rice,  fruits,  tobacco,  honey,  wax,  cattle,  marble,  &c. 
The  imports  confifl  in  woollens,  corn,  indigo,  fugar,  cochenille,  fpices, 
cldfs,  hard-ware,  and  Eafl  India  goods.  The  Turks  are  no  great  lof- 
crs by  their  trade  with  France;  they  lofe  not  much  by  their  trade 
with  the  Dutch  ;  and  they  feem  to  be  gainers  by  that  with  England. 
In  1785,  the  goods  exported  from  Turkey  to  England  amounted  to 

146,906^ 


TURKEY     I^^     ASIA.  389 

146,906!.  fterl.  the  goods  impoited  from  England  into  Turkey  to  only 
82,449!.  fterl.  They  are  likewife  gainers  by-lheir  trade  to  Germany 
and  Ilungary  :  Tlie  imports  from  the  latlcr  kingdom  into  'i'urkcv 
amounted,  in  1778,  to  only  241,773  florins,  whereas  the  Turkifn  goods 
fold  to  Hungary  amounted  to  1,328,337  florins.  From  thele  benefits 
derived  from  trade,  eVen  with  the  prefent  iriconfiderable  fliipping  em- 
ployed in  it,  and  notwithftanding  the  want  of  inanufaftures,  we  may 
infer  how  great  the  profits  of  commerce  might  be  rendered,  if  indudry 
fliould  ever  be  fo  far  encouraged  as  to  bear  a  jull  proportion  to  the 
natural  wealth  of  the  country. 

The  principal  trading  towns  in  Turkey  arc  the  cities  of  Conftantino- 
ple,  Smyrnii,   Aleppo,   Damafcus,  Alexandria,  and  Salonichi. 

Government.!  The  government  of  the  Turkifh  empire  is  def- 
potical  ;  the  life  and  property  of  the  fubjcft  depend  on  the  will  of  the 
Sultan,  who  is  tlie  only  free  man  in  his  dominions,  and  who  exafts  a 
blind  obedience  to  his  will  as  a  civil  and  religious  duty.  Yet  the  em- 
peror is  rellrained,  in  fome  meafure,  by  the  fame  religious  fyfl.em  on 
which  his  arbitrary  power  is  founded,  and  fl;ill  more  by  the  intrigues 
of  the  principal  officers  of  his  court  or  feraglio,  who  arc  poffeffed  of 
the  aftual  power  of  which  the  Sultan  enjoys  only  the  appearance. 
The  great  influence  of  the  army,  and,  now  and  then,  a  fcnfe  of  op- 
prelfion  which  roufcs  tlie  people  to  rebellion,  are  likewife  objefls  of 
terror,  and  have  often  proved  fatal  to  thefe  arbitrary  monarchs.  The 
Turkifli  throne  is  hereditary  in  the  family  of  Ofman  :  After  the  ex- 
tin6Lion  of  the  lineal  dcfcendants  of  this  prince,  of  whom  there  are 
few  remaining,  the  right  of  fucceflion  devolves  on  the  family  of  Ghe- 
rai,   Chan  of  the  Crimea, 

The  I'upreme  council  of  fliate  is  called  the  divan.  The  regular  or 
ordinary  divan  is  compofed  of  the  high  officers  of  flate  ;  and,  on  par- 
ticular emergencico,  an  extraordinary  divan  is  held,  which  confifts, 
befides  thefe  officers,  of  other  perfons  of  experience  and  knowledge  of 
the  law,  called  in  by  the  minifters  to  afliO;  in  their  deliberations.  At 
both  meetings  the  Grand  Sultan  is  ufuallv  prefent,  but  only  in  an  a  1- 
jolning  apartment,  where  he  may  hear  the  advice  of  his  minifters  : 
The  preiideiit  of  the  divan  is  the  grand  vi her  as  firfl  minifter,  whofe 
power  in  the  Hate  is  exceedingly  great,  but  whofe  place  is  very  preca- 
rious, and  generally  fatal  to  the  polfellor.  The  provinces  of  the  em- 
pire are  ruled  by  governors,  called  Bafhaws,  who  exercife  nearly  the 
fame  arbitiary  poAyer  over  the  fubjeft  provinces,  which  the  Sultan  h:.s 
over  the  whole  empire.  The  connexion  of  the  diftant  provinces  with 
the  feat  of  the  cmpiic  is  very  weak,  and  often  fh<d^en  by  rebellions, 
and  the  quarrek-  of  the  Bafhaws.  All  public  offices  arc  bought,  and 
of  courfe  generally  fdled  with  the  v/orfl  and  moft  rapacious  perforjs. 
Tr.e  lioipodars,  or  princes  of  Wallachia  and  Tvloldavia,  pay  very  large 
funis  to  the  Grand  Sultan  for  their  dignities,  and  they  indemnify  them- 
felves  by  extortions  from  their  fibjetts. 

The  Turkifli  laws  are  contained  in  the  Koran,  in  the  code  of  laws 
collefted  by  Soliman  II.  and,  in  dubious  cafes,  tlic  decifions  ot  the 
Mufti,  the  chief  of  the  Mahometan  church,  have  the  authority  of 
laws.  Eaci)  town  has  its  court  of  jullice,  confiflin;;  of  the  fuperior 
judge,  or  cadi,  who  is  called  mclla  in  the  larger  towns,  under  whom 
there  is  an  iullrior  judge  and  ^  cleik.     In  the  province,  thj  Bulhaws 

arc 


S5»  TURKEY       IN       ASIA. 

arc  fupreme  judges.  From  the  decilions  of  the  magiftrates  of  the 
towns,  appeal  may  be  made  to  the  Cadi  Lefchkires,  or  fuperior  judges 
cf  the  army,  in  Rumilia  and  Anadoli.  From  thefe,  appeal  lies  in  the 
lafl  inftance  to  a  divan,  held  exprefsly,  for  that  purpofc,  by  the 
Grand  Vifier,  at  his  own  houfe. 

The  Greeks,  fubjeft  to  the  Grand  Sultan,  have  their  own  courts  of 
juflice. 

Finances.]  The  public  revenue  amounts  to  30,000,000  dollars,  or 
^9'955  purfes,  at  500  piaflers  each. 

It  is  very  difficult  to  ilate  the  revenue  of  theTurkifh  emperor  with 
any  degree  of  accuracy,  as  a  very  c.onfiderable  part  of  it  is  irregularly 
levied  on  the  fubjeft,  and  liable  to  great  variations.  The  miri,  or  pub- 
lic treafury,  is  reckoned  to  receive  annually  about  20,000,000  dollars. 
But  there  are,  befides  the  miri,  two  other  treafuries,  the  private  cha- 
toulle  of  the  emperor,  called  chafna,  and  the  treafury  of  the  Mofques. 
The  ordinary  revenue  paid  annually  into  the  chafna,  amounts  to 
(500. 000  dollars  ;  but  a  much  larger  fum  anfes  from  confifcated  eftates 
and  property,  from  the  exchange  and  the  fale  of  public  offices  from 
Seizures  of  the  fortunes  of  rich  private  perfons,  to  whom  the  emperor 
declares  himlcif  heir,  and  from  various  other  extortions. 

In  1776,  the  revenue  was  collected  in  the  following  manner  : 
a.   Amount  of  the  Charatfch,  or  capitation  of  fuch  fubjcfts  in  Europe 
as  are  not   mulTulmen,   and   who   are  not   under  the  immediate 
prctcftion  of  foreign  ambaffadors  Florins     11.313.000 

2.  Charatfch  of  Afia  8,160.000 

2. of  Cyprus,  Candia,  and  the  Archipelago  1,395.000 

4.  of  Egypt  787,000 

fi.  Other  revenues  from  Afia  and  Egypt  850.000 

^.  Contriby  lions  of  the  tributary  nations  of  Afia  2.362,500 

7.  Tribute  of  the  Hofpodars  of  Wallachia  and  Moldavia     1,400.000 

3.  Domaineof  the  emperor,  including  the  revenues  from 

fifheries  —  —  —  2.390.000 

9.  Cufioms  at  Confcantinople,  and  duty  on  tobacco  2,820.000 

10,  Farm  of  the  fait  and  mines  12,5000x00 

3  1.  Revenue  from  Mecca  and  Medina  1,640,000 

JI2.  Extraordinary  revenue    from  inheritance   and   confif- 

xration  — =  — -  —  8,(70.000 


Upwards  of  53,000,000 

In  the  fame  year  the  public  expenditure  was  faid  to  amount  only  to 
44,495,000  florins.  This  ftatement  is  taken  fiom  the  flatiflical 
tables,  publifhed  at  Vienna,  the  author  of  which,  from  the  vicinity  of 
that  capital  to  Tui  key,  was  likclv  to  be  bell  acquainted  with  the  prel- 
ent  flalc  of  the  latter.  Tlie  depart men.t  of  the  treafury,  or  miri, 
is  divided  into  twelve  bureaux  :  The  fuft  minifter  nf  finances  is  called 
Defterdar.  In  every  province  t'-ie  officers  aiui  coUei^lors  of  the  reve- 
nue are  very  numerous  and  oppreffive. 

Army.]  It  is  ufua-Mv  elUmaled  at  300;0Q0  men,  nor  is  it  at  all  diffi- 
cult to  raifefo  large  a  number  of  men  in  time  of  war,  if  all  thofe  undif- 
riplined  crowds  arc  taken  into  the  account,  wliich  ilock  together  from 
ill  parts  to  the  fbndard  of  Mahomet,  lint  even  a  regular  weil  difci- 
«>iinea  army  of  3co,ooo  KieAi,    would  not  be  100  large  for  an  crr.pire  of 

fuch 


TURKEY     IN     A  S  I  A.  394 

fuch  extent,  and  which  .contains  fuch  great  numbers  of  inhabitants. 
About  one  half  of  the  above  number  may  be  confidered  as  of  real  ufe  ; 
and  this  was  the  aftual  force  of  the  empire  in  the  beginning  of  the  late 
Ruffian  war. 

Navy..]     About  6p  fhips  of  war.. 

In  the  year  1786,  the  Turks  had  aftually  30  fhips  of  the  line,  o£ 
,Soo  men  each,  and  40  galleys,  14D  men  each  ;  and  this  number  was 
intended  to  be  increaicd. 

In  any  extraordinary  cxi:^cncy  the  Turks  are  able  to  fit  out 
40  .fhips  of  the  line  of  800  men  each 
40  gallics  140 

20  caravellas  300 

100  galliots  to 

Total  200  fhips  of  war,  and  50,000  lea  troops,  or  leventi.  The 
ilates  under  the  prote6lion  of  the  Forte,  viz.  Algiers,  Twnis,  and  Tri- 
poli, are  obliged  to  furiiifh  ten  fliips  of  the  line. 

Religion.]  The  rftabliilied  religion  in  this  empire  is  the  Ma- 
^lometan,  of  the  feft  of  the  Sunnitcs  :  The  heretical  fcft  of  the  Sha- 
itcs  is,  however,  taiorated  ;  all  other  religions  are  likewife  included 
in  this  fyftem  of  toleration,  on  paying  a  certain  capitation.  Among 
*he  Chriftians  refiding  in  Turkey,  thofe  of  the  orthodox  Greek  re- 
Jiigion  are  the  mo/l  numerous,  and  they  enjoy  feveral  priviliges  ;  ihey 
can,  for  inftance,  be  advanced  to  dignities  and  polls  ot  truftand  prof- 
it ;  as  to  the  princely  dignity  of  Moldavia  and  Wallachia,  to  tjie  place 
of  body  phyficians  and  interpreters  of  the  imperial  court.  The 
Greeks  are,  in  religioi.s  matters,  fubje6tto  the  patriarch  of  ConRanti- 
noplc,  who  is  confidercd  as  the  chief  of  the  Greek,  church  and  riation., 
and  whole  authority  and  jurifdiftion  is  extenfive.  Other  branches  of 
the  Greek  church  are  the  Armenians,  Nedorians,  Maronites,  Coptes, 
and  others. 

The  Turkifh  clergy  is  numerous  :  This  body  is  compofcd  of  all  the 
learned  in  that  empire  :  and  they  arc  likewife  the  only  teachers  of 
the  law,  who  muft  be  confulted  in  all  important  cafes.  In  their  ca- 
pacity of  lawyers,  or  interpreters  of  the  Koran,  which,  in  mofl  ca- 
fes, is  the  code  of  laws,  the  clergy  are  called  ylana,  or  the  inlhufted 
in  the  law.  The  Grand  Sultan  himfelf  as  caliph,  or  fuccellbr  to  the 
prophet  Mahomet,  is  their  head  ;  but  their  aftual  chief  is  the  Mufti, 
an  officer  of  great  authority  and  political  influence.  The  Sultan  ha$ 
the  power  of  depoling  the  Mufti,  but  he  cannot  take  his  property 
from  him,  whi-ch  is  confidcr-cd  as  facred.  The  fucceifors  or  «iefcend- 
antsof  Mahomet,  who  are  called  emirs,  or  fheriffs,  epjoy  the  fame 
privilege.  Thoie  perfons  or  priefts,  who  are  employed  in  the  rites  of 
tJic  public  worfhip,  are  callecl  Imans  ;  and  the  Mahometan  temples 
are  known  by  the  name  of  Mofqucs.  There  are,  among  the  Turks, 
eight  religious  orders  ;  their  Monks  are  called  Dcrvifes,  and  lead, 
in  general,  a  very  auilere  life.  The  Mofques  are  very  richly  endowed, 
?nd  the  efl^tes  which  they  have  acquiied  are  become  facred,  and  can- 
r.ot  he  taken  away  even  by  the  moil  arbitrary  defpots.  Many  opulent 
pfrfons  affign  their  eftatcs  over  to  the  Mofques,  even  in  their  life 
time,  and  pay  lliem  a  fmall  annual  rent,  which  enfures  them  the  pof- 
ieilion  during  life  ;  after  their  death,  the  whole  is  the  property  of  the 
'  lunch, 

Jew? 


S92  T  U  R  K  E  Y     IN-    A  S  I  A. 

Jews  are  very  numerous  in  Turkey  :  They  are  fubjeO:  to  a  chief  6/ 
their  own  nation,  called  Cochan  PafcHa,  whofe  power  over  them  is 
even  greater  than  that  which  the  Patriarch  exercifes  over  the  Greek 
Chriftians.  Gypfics  are  found  in  all  pt evinces.  Upon  the  whole, 
the  number  of  Mahometans  is  greater  than  that  of  the  fuhjefts  of 
other  religious  denominations. 

Population,  i.vHABiTAN'TS,  man-1  The  population  cf  this 
NERS.  customs,  AND  divEusioKs.  /  great  country  is  by  no  means 
equal  either  to  its  extent  or  fertility,  nor  have  the  bell  geographers 
been  able  to  afcertain  it,  becaufe  of  the  uncertainty  of  its  limits.  It 
certainly -is  not  fo  great  as  it  was  before  the  Chriftian  nera,  or  even  un- 
der the  Roman  emperors  ;  owing  to  various  caufcs,  and  above  all,  to 
the  tyranny  under  which  the  natives  live,  and  their  polvg?.my,  which 
is  undoubtedly  an  enemy  to  population,  as  may  be  evinced  from  many 
reafons,  and  particularly  becaufe  the  Greeks  and  Atmenians,  among 
whom  it  is  not  praftifcd,  are  incomparably  more  prolific  than  the 
Turks,  notwithftanding  the  rigid  fubjefacn  in  which  they  are  kept  by 
the  latter.  The  plague  is  another  caufe  of  depopulation.  The  Turkifh 
emperor,  however,  has  more  fubjscts  than  any  two  European  princes. 
The  probable  number  of  inhabitants  we  have  mentioned  in  the  table. 

As  to  the  inhabitants,  tliey  are  generally  well  made  and  robuft  men  ; 
when  young,  their  complexions  are  fair,  and  their  face-s  handfoine  ; 
their  hair  and  eyes  are  black  or  dark  brovt^n.  The  women,  when 
young,  are  commonly  handfome,  but  they  generally  look  old  at  thirtyi 
in  their  demxcanour,  the  Turks  are  rather  hypochondriac,  grave,  fe- 
date,  and  paflive  :  In  matters  of  rclisjion,  tenacious,  fuperftitious,  and 
morofe.  The  morals  of  the  Aiiatic  Turks  are  preferable  to  thofe  of  the 
European.  1  hev  ate  hofpitable  to  flrangcrs  :  They  are  likewife  faid 
TO  be  charitable  to  one  another,  and  ptmftual  in  their  dealings.  Their 
charity  and  public  foirit  is  moft  conlpicuous  in  their  building  caravan- 
icras,  or  places  of  entertainment,  on  roads  that  are  defLitute  of  accom- 
modations, for  the  refrefhmcnt  of  poor  pilgiims  or  travellers.  With 
tlie  lame  laudable  vievr  they  fearch  out  tiie  beft  fprings,  and  dig  wells, 
which  in  thofe  countries  are  a  lurcuiy  to  weary  travellers.  The  Tui^s 
fit  crofs  legged  upon  mats,  not  only  at  their  meals  but  in  companvi 
Their  ideas,  except  what  they  acquire  from  opium,  are  fimple  and  con- 
fined, {'cldom  reaching  without  the  walls  of  their  own  houi'es  ;  wheic 
th?y  fit  converfmg  with  their  women,  drinking  colfce,  fnioking. tobac- 
co, or  chewing  opium.  They  have  little  curiofity  to  be  informed  of 
the  fbte  of  their  own  or  any  othcl- country.  Ifavifier,  bafliaw,  or 
other  ofiicer,  is  turned  out,  or  ftrangled,  they  fay  no  more  on  the  oc- 
cafion,  than  that  there  will  be  a  nev/  viher  or  goven;or,  fcldom  inquir- 
ing into  the  realbn  of  the  difgrace  cf  the  forrj^er  minifler.  They  have 
few  printed  books,  and  feldom  read  any  other  than  the  Koran,  and  the 
comments  upon  it.  Nothing  is  negociated  in  Turkey  without  prei- 
ents  ;  and  here  juftice  may  commonly  be  bought  and  fold. 

The  Turks  dine  about  eleven  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  and  they  fu}j 
at  hvc  in  the  winter,  and  fiX  in  the  fummer,  and  this  is  their  jirincipal 
meal.  Among  the  great  people,  their  diflies  arc  fcrved  up  one  by  one  , 
but  they  have  neither  knife  nor  fork,  and  they  are  not  permitted  bv 
their  religion  to  uie  gold  or  filver  fpoons.  Their  victuals  arc  always 
high  feafoncd.     Rice  is  the  common  food  of  the  lower  fort^  and  fdmfe- 

tiine:. 


t  U  R  K  E  Y     IN     A  S  I  A.  3^J 

times  it  is  boiled  up  with  gvavy  ;  but  their  chief  difli  is  pilau,  whicll 
is  mutton  and  fowl  boiled  to  rags,  and  the  vice  being  boiled  quite  dry, 
the  foup  is  high  fealbned,  and  poured  upon  it.  They  drink  water, 
Jherbet,  and  coffee  ;  and  the  only  dfbaurh  they  know  is  in  opium, 
■which  gives  them  fenl'ations  vcfcinbling  thofc  of  intoxication.  Cucfts 
of  higher  rank  fometimcs  haVc  their  beards  perfumed  by  a  female  flave 
of  tlie  family.  They  are  temperate  and  fober  from  a  principle  of  their 
religion,  wh'ch  forbids  them  the  ufe  of  wine  ;  thoygh  in  private  many 
of  them  indulge  thcmfclves  in  the  ufe  of  ftrong  liquors.  Their  com- 
mon falutation  is  by  an  inclination  of  the  head,  and  laying  their  right 
hand  on  their  breafb.  They  fleep  in  linen  waiftcoats  and  drawers  upon 
matrafles,  and  cover  theml'elves  with  a  quilt.  Yew  or  none  of  the  con- 
fidcrable  inhabitants  of  this  vafh  empire  have  any  notion  of  walking  or 
ridincr  either  for  health  or  diverlion.  The  rnoft  religious  among  them 
iincl,  however,  fufiicient  exercil'c  when  they  conform  themfelves  to  the 
frequent  ablutions,  prayers,  and  rites  prefcribed  them  by  Mahomet. 

'I'heir  aftive  diverfions  confifl  in  fhooting  at  a  mark,  or  tilting  it 
with  darts,  at  whith  they  are  very  expert.  Some  of  their  great  men 
are  fond  of  hunting,  and  take  the  held  with  numerous  equipages, 
which  are  joined  by  their  inferiors  ;  but  this  is  often  done  for  politi- 
cal purpofes,  that  they  may  know  the  ftrength  of  their  dependants. 
Within  doors,  the  chefs  or  draught  board  are^hcir  ufual  amufements  ; 
and  if  they  play  at  chance  games  they  never  bet  money,  that  being 
prohibited  by  the  Koran. 

Dress.]  The  m.en  {have  their  heads,  leaving  a  lock  on  the  crown, 
and  wear  their  beards  long.  They  cover  their  heads  with  a  turban, 
and  never  put  it  off  but  when  they  flecp.  Their  fhirts  are  without 
collar  or  wriflband,  and  over  them  they  throw  a  long  velt,  which  they 
tie  with  a  falh,  and  over  the  vefl:  they  wear  a  loofe  gown  fomewhat 
fhorter.  Their  breeches,  or  drawers,  are  of  a  piece  with  their  (lock- 
ings ;  and  inftead  of  fliocs  they  wear  llippcrs,  v>^hichthey  put  off  when 
they  enter  a  temple  or  houfe.  They  fufFcr  no  Chriftians,  or  other  peo- 
ple, to  wear  white  turbans.  The  drefs  of  the  women  differs  little  from 
that  of  the  men,  only  they  wear  ftiffened  caps  upon  their  heads  with 
horns  iomething  like  a  mitre,  and  wear  their  hair  down.  When  they 
appear  abroad,  they  arc  fo  muffled  up  as  not  to  be  known  by  their  near- 
eft  relations.  Such  of  the  women  as  are  virtuous  make  no  ufe  of  paint 
to  heighten  their  beauty,  or  to  difguife  their  complexion  ;  but  they 
often  tinge  their  hands  and  feet  with  henna,  which  gives  them  a  deep 
yellow.  The  men  make  ufe  of  the  famcf  expedient  to  colour  their 
Ijeards. 

Marriages."]  Marriages  in  this  country  arS  chieily  negoclated  by 
the  ladies.  When  th.c  term.s  are  agreed  upon,  the  bridegroom  pays 
down  a  fum  of  money,  a  licence  is  taken  out  from  the  cadi,  or  proper 
magiffrale,  and  the  parties  arc  married.  Ihe  bargain  is  celebrated,  as 
in  other  nations,  with  mirth  and  jollity  ",  and  the  money  is  generally 
employed  in  furnifliing  the  houfc  of  the  young  couple,  'i'hey  arc  not 
allowed  by  their  law  more  than  four  wives,  but  they  may  have  as  many 
concubines  as  they  can  maintain.  Accordingly,  bcf:des  -their  wives, 
the  wealthy  Turks  keep  a  kind  of  Seraglio  of  women  ;  but  all  ihefe 
indulgencics  are  fometimes  infufficicrit  to  gratifv  their  unnatural 
dehrcs. 

FcMr.ALS.] 


394  T  U  R  K  E  Y     IN    A  S  I  A. 

Funerals.]  The  burials  of  the  Turks  are  dece-nt.  TTie  corpfe  is 
attended  by  the  i-elations,  chanting  paffages  from  the  Koran  ;  and  after 
being  depofited  in  a  mofque  (for  lb  they  call  their  temples)  they  are 
buried  in  a  field  by  the  iman  or  prieft,  who  pronounces  a  funeral  fer- 
mon  at  the  time  of  ike  interment.  The  male  relations  exprefs  their 
lorrow  by  alms  and  prayers  ;  the  womtn,  by  decking  the  tomb  on 
certain  days  with  flowers  and  green  leaves  :  and  in  mourning  for  a 
hiifband  they  wear  a  particular  head  urefs,  and  leave  oflF  all  finery  for 
twelve  months. 

Learning  and  learned  men."]  Tlie  Turks  till  of  late  profefled 
a  fovefeign  contempt  for  our  learning.  Greece,  which  was  the  native 
country  of  genius,  arts,  and  fciences,  produces  at  prefent,  befides 
Turks,  nvimerous  bands  of  Chriftian  bifhops,  priefls,  and  monks,  who 
in  general  are  as  ignorant  as  the  Turks  ihemfelves,  and  are  divided  in- 
to various  abfurd  lefts  of  what  they  call  Chriftianity.  The  education 
of  the  Turks  feldom  extends  farther  than  reading  the  Turkifh  lan- 
guage and  the  Koran,  and  writing  a  common  letter.  Some  of  them 
underftand  agronomy,  fo  far  as  to  calculate  the  time  of  an  eclipfe  ; 
but  the  number  of  thefe  being  very  fmall,  they  are  looked  upon  as  ex- 
traordinary perfons. 

Antiquities  and  curiosities,!  Thefe  are  fo  various,  that  they 
NATURAL  AND  ARTificiAL.  J  havc  fumifhcd  matter  foT  many 
voluminous  publications,  and  others  are  appearing  every  day.  Thefe 
countries  contained  all  that  was  rich  and  magnificent  in  architcfture 
and  fculpture  ;  and  neither  the  barbarity  of  the  Turks,  nor  the  depre- 
dations they  have  fuffered  from  the  Europeans,  fecm  to  have  diminifh- 
ed  their  numbcT.  They  are  more  or  lefs  perfeft,  according  to  the  air, 
foil,  or  climate,  in  which  they  (land,  and  all  of  them  bear  deplorable 
m^iks  of  negleft.  Many  cf  the  fineft  temples  are  converted  into  Turk- 
ifh mofques,  or  Greek  churches,  and  are  more  disfigured  than  thofe 
which  remain  in  ruins.  Amidil  fuch  a  plenitude  of  curiofities,  all 
that  can  be  done  here  is  to  feleft  fome  of  the  moft  ftriking  ;  and  I  fhall 
begin  with  Balbec  and  Palmyra,  which  form  the  piide  of  all  antiquity. 
Balbec  is  fituatcd  on  a  rifing  plain,  between  Tripoli  in  Syria  and  Da- 
mafcus,  at  the  foot  of  Mount  Libanus,  and  in  the  Heiiopolis  of  Caele 
Syria.  Its  remains  of  antiquity  difplay,  according  to  the  beft  judges, 
the  boldeft;  plan  that  ever  was  attempted  in  architcfture.  The  portico 
of  the  temple  of  Heiiopolis  is  inexpreir:bly  fuperb,  though  disfigured 
by  two  Turkijh  towers.  The  hexagonal  court  behind  it  is  no-w 
known  only  by  the  magnificence  of  its  ruins.  Their  walls  were  a- 
dorneu  with  Corinthian  pilafters  and  ftatucs,  and  it  opens  into  a  quad- 
rangular court  of  the  fame  tafte  and  grandeur.  The  great  temple  to 
which  this  leads  is  now  fo  ruined,  that  it  is  known  only  by  an  entabla- 
ture, fupported  by  nine  lofty  .columns,  each  confiding  of  three  pieces 
■joined  together,  by  iron  pins,  without  cement.  Some  of  thofe  pins  are 
a  foot  long,  and  a  foot  in  diameter  ;  and  the  fordid  Turks  arc  daily  at 
work  to  deftrcy  the  columns,  for  tlic  fake  of  the  iron.  A  fmall  temple 
;s  ftill  ftanding.with  a  pedeftal  of  eight  columns  in  frcnt,and  fifteen  in 
ihnk,  and  every  v.'lic;'-  lich.ly  ornamented  with  figures  in  alto  relief, 
.-.xarefiing  the  heads  of  gods,  heroes,  and  emperors,  and  part  of  the  an- 
',:icnt  mvthologv.  To  the  weft  of  diis  temple  is  another,  of  a  circular  . 
-,:m,  of  the  Corintiiian  and  Ionic  order,  but  disfigured  with  Tprkifl^ 

mof^ue^ 


TURKEY     IN     A  S  I  A.  395 

"sncyfqties  and  houfcs.     The  other  parts  of  this  ancient  city  are  propor- 
tionablv  beautiful  and  ftupendous. 

Various  have  been  the  conjeftures  concerning  the  founders  of  thefe 
immenfe  buildings^  Tlie  inhabitants  of  Aha  afcribe  them  to  Solomon, 
-but  fome  make  them  fo  modern  as  the  time  of  Antoninus  Pius.  Per- 
haps thcv  are  of  diiTerent  arras  ;  and  though  that  prince  and  his  fuc- 
cellbrs  may  have  rebuilt  fome  part  of  them,  yet  the  boldnefs  of  their 
architeflure,  the  beauty  of  their  ornaments,  and  the  flupendous  exe- 
cution of  the  whole,  fecm  to  fix  their  foundation  to  a  period  before  the 
Chriflian  a;ra,  but  without  mounting  to  the  ancient  times  of  the  Jews 
or  the  Phccnicians,  who  probably  knew  little  of  the  Greek  flyle  in 
building  and  ornamenting.  Balbcc,is  at  prefent  a  little  city.encompafTed 
with  a  wall.  The  inhabitants,  who  are  about  5000  in  number,  chiefly 
•Greeks,  live  in  or  near  the  circular  temple,  in  houfes  built  out  of  the 
ancient  ruins.  A  free  ftone  quarry,  in  the  neighbourhood,  furnifhed. 
'the  ftoncs  for  the  body  of  the  temple  ;  and  one  of  the  ftoncs  not  quite 
detached  from  the  bottom  of  the  quarry,  is  70  feet  long,  14  broad,  and 
d4  feet  five  inches  deep,  and  reduced  to  our  meafure  is  1 :  35  tons.  A 
coarfe,  white  marble  quarry,  at  a  greater  djflance,  furnifhed  the  orna- 
tnental  parts. 

Palmyra,  or,  as  it  was  called  by  the  ancients,  Tadmor  in  the  Defert, 
is  fituated  in  the  v/ilds  of  Arabia  Petric,  about  33  deg.  N,  lat.  and  200 
miles  to  the  fouth  eafl  of  Aleppo.  It  is  approached  through  a  narrow 
'plain,  lined  as  it  were  with  the  remains  of  antiquity  ;  and,  opening 
all  at  once,  the  eve  is  prefented  with  the  moft  ftriking  objeils  that  are 
to  be  found  in  the  world.  The  temple  of  the  Sun  lies  in  ruins  ;  but 
the  accefs  to  it  is  through  a  vafl  number  of  beautiful  Corinthian  col- 
umns of  white  marble,  the  grandeur  and  beauty  of  which  can  only  be 
known  by  the  plates  of  it,  which  have  been  drawn  and  publifiicd  by  Mr, 
Wood,  who,  with  his  friends,  paid  it  a  vifit  fome  years  ago,  purpofely 
•to  preferve  fome  lemembrance  of  fuch  a  curiofity.  As  thofe  drawings, 
or  copies  from  them  are  now  common,  we  mufk  refer  the  reader 
•to  them,  efpecially  as  he  can  form  no  very  adequate  ideas  of 
ruins  from  a  printed  relation.  Superb  arches,  amazing  columns,  a 
colonnade  extending  4000  feet  in  length,  terminated  by  a  noble  mau- 
■foleum,  temples,  fine  porticos,  periftyles.  intercolumniations.  and  en- 
tablature«,  all  of  them  in  the  higheft  llyle,  and  finifhed  with  the  m.ofl 
beautiful  materials,  appear  on  all  hands,  but  fo  difperfed  and  disjointed, 
that  it  is  impodible  from  them  to  form  an  idea  of  the  whole  when  per- 
feft.  Thefe  flriking  ruins  are  contrafted  by  the  miferable  huts  of  the 
wild  Arabs,  who  refide  in  or  near  them. 

Nothing  but  ocular  proof  could  convince  any  man,  ihr.t  fo  futv^iS 
a  city,  formerly  10  miles  in  circumference,  could  exill  in  the  midit  of 
wiiat  now  are  traffs  of  barren  uninhabitable  fands.  Nothing  however 
■is  more  certain,  than  that  Palmyra  was  formerly  the  capital  of  a  great 
i.ingdom  ;  that  it  was  the  pride  as  well  as  the  emporium  of  the  ealtern 
world,  and  thit  itG  merchants  dealt  with  tjie  Romd^^^,  and  tli;.'  wcflern 
Tiations,  for  the  rnerchandifcs  and  luxuries  of  India  and  Aiabia.  Its 
prclcnt  altered  fituation,  therefore,  can  be  accounted  for  only  by  nat- 
\iral  caufcs,  which,  have  turned  the  more  fertile  tra6ts  into  barren 
defcrts.  The  Afiatics  think  that  Palmyra,  as  well  as  Balbcr,  owes  its 
rjriginal  to  Solomon  ;  and  in  this  thcv  receive  fome  countenance  from 
facied  hiftory.     In  profane  hift;oiy  it  is  net  mentioned  before  the  lime 

of 


35^  TURKEY     im     A  S  I  A. 

of  Marc  Anthony  ;  and  its  moftfuperb  buildings,  are  thought  to  be 
of  the  lower  empire,  about  the  time  of  Gallienus.  Odenathus,  the  laflt 
king  of  Palmyra,  was  highly  careffed  by  that  emperor,  and  even  de- 
clared Auguftus.  His  widow  Zenobia  reigned  in  great  glory  for 
forrie  time,  and  Longinus,  the  celebrated  critic,  was  her  fecretary.  Not 
being  able  to  brook  the  Roman  tyranny,  fhe  declared  war  againft  the 
emperor  Aurelian,  who  took  her  prifoner.  led  her  in  triumph  to  Rome, 
and  butchered  her  principal  nobility,  and  among  others  the  excellent 
Longinus.  He  afterwards  dedroyed  her  city,  and  malfacrcd  its  inhab- 
itants, but  expended  large  fums  out  of  Zenobia's  treafures  in  repairing 
the  temple  of  the  Sun,  the  majeftic  ruins  of  which  have  been  mention- 
ed. This,  it  mud  be  acknowledged,  is  but  a  very  lame  account  of  that 
celebrated  city  ;  nor  do  any  of  the  Palmyrene  infcriptions  reach  above 
the  ChrifLian  zera,  though  there  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  city  itfelf  is 
of  much  higher  antiquity,  TJie  emperor  JuRinian,  made  foire  efforts 
to  reilore  it  to  its  ancient  fplendor,  but  without  effcft,  for  it  dwindled 
by  degrees  to  its  prefent  wretched  flate.  It  has  been  obferved  very 
juftly,  that  its  architefturc,  and  the  proportions  of  its  columns,  arc  by 
no  means  equal  in  purity  to  thofe  of  Balbec. 

Nothing  can  be  more  futile  than  the  boailed  antiquities  fhcwn  by 
the  Greek  and  Armenian  priells  in  and  near  Jerufalem,  which  is  well 
known  to  have  been  fo  often  razed  to  the  ground,  and  rebuilt  anew, 
that  no  fcene  of  our  Saviour's  life  and  fufFerings  can  be  afcertained  ; 
and  yet  thofe  ecclefiaflics  fubfift  by  their  forgeries,  and  pretending  tO/ 
guide  travellers  to  every  fpot  mentioned  in  the  Old-  and  New  Tefta- 
ment.  They  are,  it  is  true,  under  fevere  contributions  to  the  Turks, 
but  the  trade  ftill  goes  on,  though  much  diminifhed  in  its  profits.  The 
church  of  the  Holy  fepulchre,  as  it  is  called,  faid  to  be  built  by  Helc* 
na,  mother  to  Conlbntiue  the  Great,  is  dill  {landing,  and  of  tolerable 
good  architefture  ;  but  its  different  divilions,  and  the  difpofitions 
made  round  it,  are  chietly  calculated  to  fupport  the  forgeries  of  its 
keepers.  Other  (fliurches,  built  by  the  iame  lady,  are  found  in  Palef- 
tinc  ;  but  the  country  is  fo  altered  in  its  appearance  and  qualities,  that 
it  is  one  of  the  mofl  defpicable  of  any  in  Afia,  and  it  is  in  vain  for  a 
modern  traveller  to  attempt  to  trace  in  it  any  veiliges  of  the  kingdom 
of  David  and  Solomon,  But  let  a  fertile  country  be  under  the 
frowns  of  heaven,  and  abandoned  to  tyranny  and  wild  Arabs,  it  will 
in  time  become  a  defert.  Thus  oppreflion  foon  thinned  the  delicious 
plains  of  Italy,  and  the  noted  countries  of  Greece  and  Afia  the  Lefs, 
once  the  glory  of  the  world,  are  now  nearly  deftitute  of  learning,  arts, 
and  people. 

Mecca  and  Medina  are  curiofities  only  through  the  fuperftition  of 
the  Mahometans.  Their  buildings  are  mean,  when  compared  to  Eu- 
ropean houfes  or  churches  ;  and  even  the  temple  of  Mecca,  in  point  of 
architefture,  makes  but  a  forry  appearance,  though  erefted  on  the  fpot 
where  the  great  prophet  is  faid  to  have  been  born.  The  fame  may  be 
iaid  of  the  mofque  at  Medina,  where  that  impoflorwas  buried  :  fo  that 
the  vaft  fums  fpent  yearly  by  Mahometan  pilgrims,  in  vifiting  thofe 
places,  are  undoubtedly  converted  to  temporal  ufes,  I  lliall  not  amufe 
the  reader  with  any  accounts  of  the  fpot  which  is  faid  to  have  formed 
Paradifc,  and  to  have  been  fituated  between  the  river  Euphrates  and 
Tigris,  where  there  are  fome  trafts  which  undoubtedly  deferve  that 

name. 


TURKEY     IN     ASIA.  357 

name.  The  different  ruins,  fome  of  them  inexprcfiibly  magnificent, 
that  are  to  be  found  in  thofe  immenfe  regions,  cannot  be  appropriated 
with  any  certainty  to  their  original  founders  ;  fo  great  is  the  ignorance 
in  which  ihey  have  been  buried  for  thcfc  ihoufand  years  paft.  It  is 
indeed  eaty  (o  pronounce  whether  the  fiyle  of  their  buildings  be 
Greek,  Roman,  or  Saracen  ;  but  all  other  information  mull  come 
from  their  infcriptions. 

The  neighbourhood  of  Smyrna  (now  called  Ifmir)  contains  many 
valuable  antiquities.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  Aleppo,  and  a  number 
of  other  places  celebrated  in  antiquity,  and  now  known  only  by  geo- 
graphical obfervations.  The  feat  of  Old  Troy  cannot  be  diftinouifhcd 
by  the  finalleft  veftige,  and  is  known  only  by  its  being  oppolite  to  the 
ide  of  Tenedos,  and  the  name  of  a  brook,  which  the  poets  magnified 
into  a  wonderful  river.  A  temple  of  marble  built  in  honour  of  Au- 
guflus  Casfar,  at  MilaiTo  in  Caria,  and  a  iew  firuilures  of  the  fame 
kind,  in  the  neighbourhood,  are  among  the  antiquities  that  are  ftill  en^ 
tire.  Three  theatres  of  white  marble,  and  a  noble  circus  near  Laodi- 
cca.  now  Latichea,  have  fufFered  very  little  from  lime  or  barbarifm  j 
and  fome  travellers  think  that  they  dilcern  the  ruins  of  the  celebrated 
temple  of  Diana,  near  Ephefus. 

Chief  cities,  mosques,  ano"!  Thefe  are  very  numerous,  and  at 
OTHER  BUILDINGS.  J  thc  famc  timc  very  infignificantjbe- 

caufe  they  have  little  or  no  trade,  and  are  greatly  decayed  from  their 
ancient  grandeur.  Scanderoon  Hands  upon  the  fite  of  Old  Alexan- 
dria, but  it  is  now  almoft  depopulated.  Superb  remains  of  antiquity  are 
found  in  its  neighbourhood.  Aleppo,  however,  prefervcs  a  rcfpefla- 
ble  rank  among  the  cities  of  the  Ahatic  Turkey.  It  is  flill  the  capital 
ol  Syria,  and  is  fuperior  in  its  buildings  and  conveniences  to  moft  of 
the  Turkifh  cities.  Its  houfes,  as  ufual  in  the  Eaft,  confift  of  a  large 
court,  with  a  dead  wall  to  the  ftreet,  an  arcade  or  piazza  running 
round  it,  paved  with  marble,  and  an  elegant  fountain  of  the  fame  in 
the  middle.  Aleppo  and  its  fuburbs  are  leven  milss  in  compafs,  Hand- 
ing on  eight  fmall  hills,  on  tlic  higheft  top  of  which  the  citadel  or 
caflle  is  eiefted,  but  of  no  great  firength.  An  old  wall  and  a  broad 
ditch,  now  in  many  places  turned  into  gardens,  furround  the  city, 
which  contains  235.000  inhabitants,  of  \vhom  30.000  are  Chriflians, 
and  5000  are  Jews.  It  is  furnirhed  with  moft  of  the  conveniences  of 
life,  excepting  good  water,  within  the  M'alls,  and  even  that  is  fupplied 
by  an  aqueJufl,  diftant  about  four  miles,  faid  to  have  been  cre£ltd  by 
the  emprcfs  Helena.  The  ftreet s  are  narrow,  but  well  paved  with 
large  fquare  ftones,  and  are  kept  very  clean.  Their  gardens  are  pleaf- 
anc,  being  laid  out  in  vineyards,  olive,  fig,  and  piftachio  trees  ;  but  the 
country  round  it  rough  and  barren.  Foreign  merchants  aie  numerous 
here,  and  tranfa6t  their  buhnefs  in  caravanferas,  or  large  fquare  build- 
ings, containing  their  •vvare-houfes,  lodging-rooms,  and  compting- 
houfes.  The  city  abounds  in  neat,  and  fome  of  them  magnificent 
mofques,  public  bagnios,  v/hich  are  very  refrefhing,  and  bazars,  or 
market-places,  which  are  formed  into  long,  narrow,  arched  or  covered 
ftreets,  with  little  {hops,  as  in  other  parts  of  the  Eaft.  Their  coffee  is 
excellent,  and  confidered  by  the  Turks  as  a  high  luxury  ;  and  their 
fwcet  meats  and  fruits  are  delicious.  European  merchants  live  here  in 
greater  fplendor  iind  fafety  tlian  in  any  other  city  of  thc  Turkifh  emr 

pir?, 


3^8  T  U  R  K  E  Y     in     A  S  I  A. 

T)'ire,  Wliich  is  owing  to  particular  capitulations  with  tlie  Porte,' 
Coaches  or  carriages  are  not  ufed  here,  but  perlons  of  quality  ride  on 
horfe-back  with  a  number  of  fervants  before  them  according  to  their 
rank.  The  Englifh,  French  and  Dutch,  have  confuls,  who  are  much 
refpefted,  and  appear  abroad,  the  Englifii  efpecially,  with  marks  of 
difUnftion. 

Tlie  heat  of  the  country  mikes  it  convenient  for  the  inhabitants  tcr 
(leep  in  the  open  air,  here,  over  all  Arabia,  and  many  other  parts  of 
the  Eafh,  for  which  rcafon  their  houfes  are  Hat  on  the  top.  This  prac- 
tice accounts  for  the  eaiiy  acquaintance  thofe  nations  had  with  adron- 
omy,  and  the  motions  of  lire  heavenly  bodies,  and  explains  fome  parts 
of  the  holy  fcripture.  As  the  Turks  are  vefy  uniform  in  their  way  of 
living,  this  account  of  Aleppo  may  give  the  reader  an  idea  of  the  other 
TurkilVi  cities. 

Bagdad,  built  upon  the  Tigris,  not  faf,  it  is  fuppofed,  from  the  fite 
of  ancient  Babylon,  is  the  capital  of  the  ancient  Chaldea,  and  Was  the- 
metropolis  of  the  caliphate,  under  the  Saracens  in  the  twelfth  century. 
This  city  retains  but  few  marks  of  its  aiicient  grandeur.  It  is  in  the' 
form  of  an  irregular  fquare,  and  rudely  fortified,  but  the  conveniency 
of  its  fituation  renders  it  one  of  the  feats  of  the  Turkifh  government, 
and  it  has  flill  a  cftnhderable  trade,  being  annually  vihted  by  the 
Smyrna,  Aleppo,  and  weftern  caravans.  The  houfes  of  Bagdad  arc 
generally  large,  built  of  brick  and  cement,  and  arched  over  to  admit 
the  freer  circulation  of  the  air  ;  many  of  their  windows  are  made  of 
elegant  Venetian  glafs,  and  the  ceiling  ornamented  with  chequered 
work.  Moft  of  the  houfes  have  alfo  a  court-yard  before  therh,  in  the 
middle  of  which  is  a  fmall  plantation  of  orange  trees.  The  number  of 
houfes  is  computed  at  80,000,  each  of  which  pays  an  annual  tribute  to 
the  Bafhaw,  which  is  calculated  to  produce  300.000I.  fterling.  Their 
bazars,  in  which  the  tradefmen  have  their  flrops,  are  tolerably  haiid- 
fome,  large  and  cxtenfive,  filled  with  fhops  of  all  kinds  of  merchan- 
dize, to  the  number  of  i^.oco.  Thefe  were  erected  by  the  Perfians, 
when  they  were  in  poffenion  of  the  place,  as  were  alfo  their  bagnios, 
and  almoft  every  thing  here  worthy  the  notice  of  a  traveller.  In  this 
city  are  five  mofques,  two  of  which  are  well  built,  and  have  handlome 
domes,  covered  with  varnifhed  tiles  of  different  colours.  Two  chap- 
els are  permitted  for  thofe  of  the  Romifli  and  Greek  perfuafions.  On 
the  north-wefl  corner  of  the  city  (lands  the  caftle,  which  is  of  white 
Hone,  and  commands  the  river,  confiding  of  curtains  and  baftions,  on 
which  fome  large  canon  are  mounted,  with  two  mortars  in  each  baf- 
tion,  but  in  the  year  1779,  they  were  lb  honey-combed  and  bad,  as  fo' 
be  fuppotcd  hot  to  fupport  firing.  Below  the  caftle  by  the  M''ater-fide, 
is  the  palace  of  the  Turkifh  governor  ;  and  there  are  fevcral  fummer- 
houfes  on  the  river,  which  make  a  fine  appearance.  The  Arabians, 
who  inhabited  this  city  under  the  caliphs,  were  remarkable  for  the 
purity  and  elegance  of  their  dialeft. 

Aiicient  Affyria  is  now  called  the  Turkifh  Curdiftan,  though  part  of 
it  is  fubjcft  to  the  Perfians.  The  capital  is  Curdiftan  ;  the  ancient 
Nineveh  being  now  a  heap  of  ruins.  Curdiftan  is  faid  to  be  for  the 
moft  part  cut  out  of  a  mountain,  and  is  the  refidence  of  a  viceroy,  or 
bcglerbeg.  Orfa,  formerly  Edelfa,  is  the  capital  of  the  fine  province- 
of  Mefopotamia.     It  is  now  a  mean  place,  and  chiefly  fupported  by  a,, 

inanufafture 


T  U  k  fC  E  Y     IN     A  S  r  A.  39^ 

manufa£ture  of  Turkey  leather.  Mouful  is  alfo  in  the  fame  province, 
a  large  place  fituated  on  the  weft  fhore  of  tkc  Tigris,  oppofite  to' 
where  Nineveh  formerly  ftood. 

Georgia,  orGurgiftan,  now  no  longer  fub]e£l  to  the  Turks,  is  chiefly 
peopled  by  Chriliiarvs,  a  brave,  warlike  race  of  men.  Their  Lapital,Teflis, 
is  a  handfome  city,  and  makes  a  line  appearance,  its  inhabitants  being^, 
about  30,000.  It  is  fvtudted  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain,  by  the  fide  of 
the  river  Kur,  and  is  furrounded  by  ftrong  walls,  except  on  the  tide  of 
the  river.  It  has  a  large  fortrefs  on  the  declivity  of  the  mountain, 
which  is  a  place  of  refuge  for  criminals  and  debtors,  and  tlie  garrifon 
confifts  of  native  Perfians.  There  are  fourteen  churches  in  Teflis,  lix 
of  which  belong  to  the  Georgians,  and  the  reft  to  the  Armenians  ; 
the  Mahometan*  who  are  here,  have  no  mofq.ues.  In  the  neighbour- 
hood of  the  city  are  many  pJea fan t  houfes,  and  fine  gardens.  The 
Georgians  in  general  are  by  fome  travellers  faid  to  be  the  handfomeft 
people  in  the  world  ;  and  fome  think  that  they  early  received  the 
praftice  of  inoculation  for  the  fmall-pox.  They  make  no  fcruple  of 
felling  and  drinking  wines  in  their  capital,  and  other  towns  ;  and  their 
valour  has  procured  them  many  diftinguifhing  liberties  and  privileges. 
Lately  th.ey  have  formed  an  alliance  with  Ruffia,  and  claimed  its  pro- 
teftion. 

The  ancient  cities  of  Damafcus,  Tyre,  and  Sidon,  ftill  retain  part  of 
their  former  trade.  Damafcus  is  called  Sham,  and  the  approach  to  it 
by  the  river  is  inexprefTibly  beautiful.  It  contains  a  fine  mofque, 
which  was  formerly  a  Chviftian  chuich.  It  ftiU  is  famous  for  its  ftecl 
works,  fuch  as  fword  blades,  knives,  and  the  like  ;  the  excellent  tem- 
per of  which  is  faid  to  be  owing  to  a  quality  in  the  water.  The  in- 
habitants manufacture  alfo  thole  beautiful  filks  called  Damafks,  from, 
their  city,  and  carry  on  a  confiderable  traffic  in  raw  and  wcrktd-f.lk, 
rofe-water  exlrafted  from  :he  famous  damafk  rofes,  fruits  and  wine. 
The  neighbourhood  of  this  city  is  ftill  beautiful,  efpecially  to  the 
Turks,  wh«  delight  in  verdure  and  gardens.  Sidon,  now  Said,  which, 
likewife  lies  within  the  ancient  Phoenicia,  has  ftill  lome  trade,  and  a 
tolerable  harbour,  llie  town  is  furrounded  with  a  ftone  wall,  a  cita- 
del on  the  land  fide,  and  arwther  towards  the  fca.  The  houfes  are 
built  chiefly  of  ftone,  and  are  two  ftories  high.  The  inhabitants  are 
about  16,000,  chiefly  Chriftians  of  the  Greek  church,  and  the  place  is 
the  feat  of  a  biflrot>  ©f  that  perfuafion.  There  are  in  the  town  two 
public  baths,  and  two  mofques.  It  ftands  on  a  neck  of  land  over  a- 
gainft  Tyie,  and  both  form  a  bay  of  about  16  miles  in  breadth.  Tyre, 
now  called  Sur,  about  20  miles  diftant  from  Sidon,  fo  famous  formerly 
for  iis  rich  dye,  is  now  inhabited  by  fcarcely  any  but  a  few  fifhermen, 
v/ho  live  in  the  ruins  of  its  ancient  grandeur.  There  are  ftrong  walls, 
on  the  land  fide,  of  ftone,  i  3  feet  high,  and  feven  broad.  The  circumfer- 
ence of  the  place  is  not  more  than  a  mile  and  a  half;  and  Chriftians 
and  Mahometans  make  the  number  of  500.  Some  of  the  ruins  of  an- 
cient  Tyre  are  ftill  vifible. 

Natolia,  or  Afia  Minor,  comprehending  the  ancient  provinces  of 
Lydia,  Pamphylia,  Plfidia,  Lycaonia,  Cilicia,  Cappadocia",  and  Pontus, 
or  Amafia,  all  of  them  territories  celebrated  in  the  Greek  and  Roman 
hiftory,  are  now,  through  the  Turkifh  indolence  and  tyranny,  either 
forfaken,  or  a  theatre  of  ruins.     The  fites  of  ancient  cities  arc  ftill  dil- 

ccrniblc; 


j^co  T  U  R  K  E  Y     iM     A  S  I  A. 

cernible  ;  and  fo  luxurious  is  nature  in  thofe  countries,  that  in  many 
places  fhe  triumphs  over  her  forlorn  condition.  The  felfifh  Turks 
cultivate  no  more  land  than  maintains  themfelvcs  ;  and  their  gardens 
and  lummcr-houl'es  fill  up  the  circuit  of  their  moft  flourifhing  cities, 
The  moft  judicious  travellers-,  upon  an  attentive  furvey  of  theie  coun- 
tries, fully  vindicate  all  that  has  been  (aid  by  facred  and  profane  writ- 
ers of  their  beaut'/,  ftrength,  fertility  and  population.  Even  Paleftine 
and  Judaea,  the  mod  defpicable  at  preient  of  all  thofe  countries,  \\c 
buried  within  the  luxuries  of  their  own  foil.  The  Turks  feem  parties 
ulaily  fond  of  reprcfenting  Judea  jn  the  moll  dreadful  colours,  and 
have  formed  a  thoufand  falfehoods  concerning  it,  M'hich  being  artfully 
propagated  by  fome  European  writers,  have  impofed  upon  weak 
Ghriftians.* 

Under  the  government  of  f^fceik  Daher,  the  ally  of  the  famous  AH 
Bey,  fome  part  of  Paleftine  revived.  He  enlarged  the  buildings  and 
walls  of  St.  John  de  Acre,  formerly  Ptolemais,  and  fhcwed  great  in- 
dulgence to  the  Chrillians.  Its  inhabitants  were  lately  computed  at 
4P5OOO.  Caifa,  which  Hands  on  the  declivity  of  mount  Carmel,  dif- 
tant  about  20  miles  from  Acie,  was  alfo  new  built  and  enlarged  by  Da- 
Jier.  The  ancient  Joppa,  now  Jaffa,  50  miles  weft  from  Jeruialem, 
ftands  on  a  rocky  hill,  hath  an  harbour  fpr  fmall  vcflels,  and  its  cir- 
cumference is  about  two  miles.  The  number  of  inhabitaprts  is  7000  ; 
the  weftern  part  of  ths  town  is  inhabited  by  Chrifhians.  'The  prefent 
ftate  of  Ramah  is  i^eplorable,  its  walls  in  decay^  and  moft  of  the  hou- 
fes  empty,  though  the  number  of  inhabitants  is  ftill  between  3  and 
4000.  Not  a  houfe  is  ftanding'of  the  once  magnilicent  city  of  Cefaren, 
but  the  remains  of  the  walls  teftify  its  former  grandeur.  Azotus  is 
about  two  miles  in  circumference,  the  inljabitants  arc  near  3000,  and 
moftly  Mahometans  :  An  old  ftrufture  is  Ihewn  here,  v/ith  fine  marble 
pillars,  which  is  laid  to  be  the  houfe  that  Sampfon  pulled  down,  when 
intuited  by  the  Philiftines.  Gaza  is  ftiU  refpeftable,  it  extends  from 
eaft  to  weft  three  miles,  and  is  a  mile  in  breadth,  divided  into  the  old 
and  new  tov/n.  The  laltis  inhabited  by  the  inferior  Tuiks  and  Arabs: 
The  number  of  the  inhabitants  is  reckoned  to  be  26.000.  It  is  about 
five  miles  from  the  fea,  and  outiide  the  town  is  a  maiket  for  the  coun- 
try people  todifpofe  of  their  commodities  to  the  inhabitants,  for  they 
are  not  permitted  to  enter  the  town.  The  country  around  is  very  fer- 
tile, but  its  chi?f  produce  is  corn,  oil,  v/ine,  honey,  bees-wax,  flax,  and 
cotton. 

TiTius.J  The  emperor's  titles  are  fwelled  with  all  the  pomp  of 
eaftern  magnificence.     He  is  ftylcd  by  his  fubjetts,  the  Shadow  of  God, 

a  God 

*  The  kte  reveiend  Dr.  Sh.iw,  profeffor  of  Greek  at  OxfirJ,  who  feems  to  have  exatnin-  , 
eil  that  cpuntry  with  an  uncommon  degree  of  accuracy,  ahd  was  qualiried  by  the  fouiidell 
philolbphy  to  make  a  molt  juft  obfervation,  fays,  that  were  the  Holy  L.ind  as  well  cultivated 
as  in  former  times,  it  would  be  more  fertile  than  the  very  bed  parts  ol  Syria  and  Phcenicia, 
becaufe  the  foil  is  generally  miH:Ii  richer,  and,  every  thing  coufidered,  yitldt.  larger  crops. 
Therefore  she  barrennefs,  iayj  he,  of  which  fome  autho'.s  complain,  does  not  proceed  Irorri 
the  natural  unfruitfuinefs  ot  the  country,  but  from  the  want  of  inhabitants,  the  indolence 
which  prevails  among  the  few  who  poii'efs  it,  and  the  perpetual  difcords  and  depredations 
of  the  petty  princes  who  Qiare  this  line  coui.try.  Indeed  the  inhaL'iLmts  can  have  but  little 
inclination  to  cultivate  the  earth.  "  In  Palelfine,fays  Mr.  Wood,  we  have  often  feen  th^ 
hufbandman  fowing,  accompanied  by  an  armed  friend,  to  prevc!;t  his  being  robbed  of  th* 
f«ci)."    4.nd,  after  all,  whoever  fov/s,  is  uncertain  vyhejl>e»-  he  (hall  evpr  reap  th?  harvejt. 


TURKEY     IN     ASIA.  4Qi 

C  Cod  on  Earth,  Brother    to  the   Sun   and  Moon,   Dijpojtr  of  all  earthly 
Crowns,  &c. 

Court  and  SERAr,Lic»]  Great  care  is  taken  in  the  education  of 
Jhc  youths- who  are  dcfignecLfor  the  ftate,  the  army,  or  the  navy  ;  but 
they  are  fcldom  preferred  till  about  40  years  of  age,  and  they  rile  by 
their  merit.  They  are  generally  the  children  of  Chriftian  parents,  ei- 
ther taken  in  war,  purchafcJ,  or  prefects  from  the  viceroys  and  gover- 
nors of  diflant  provinces,  the  mofl  beautiful,  and  well  made,  and 
fprightly  children  that  can  be  met  with,  and  are  always  reviewed  and 
approved  of  by  the  grand-fignior,  before  they  are  fent  to  the  colleges 
or  feminaries,  where  they  are  educated  for  employments  according  to 
their  genius  and  abilities. 

The  ladies  of  the  feraglio  area  colkftion  of  beautiful  young  women, 
chiefly  fent  as  prefents  from  the  provinces  and  the  Greek  iflands,  moii 
of  them  the  children  of  Chriftian  parents.  The  brave  prince  I Icra- 
clius,  hath  for  fome  years  pad  abolifhed  the  infamous  tribute  of  chil- 
<lren  of  both  fexes,  which  Georgia  formerly  paid  every  year  to  the 
Porte.  The  number  of  women  in  the  Harem,  depends  on  the  tallc  of 
the  reigning  monarch  or  fultan.  Solim  had  2000,  Achmet  had  but 
300,  and  the  prcfent  fultan  has  nearly  i6od.  On  their  admifhon 
they  are  conmilted  to  the  care  of  old  ladies,  taught  to  few  and  em- 
broider, muhc,  dancing,  and  other  accomplidiments,  and  furnifh-ed 
with  the  richefl;  clothas  and  ornaments.  They  all  Ileep  in  feparatc 
beds,  and  between  every  fifth  there  is  a  prcceptrefs.  Their  chief  gov- 
crnefs  is  called  Katon  Kiagn,  or  governefs  of  the  noble  young  ladies. 
There  is  not  one  fervant  among  them,  for  they  arc  obliged  to  wait  on 
one  another  by  rotation  ;  the  lafl  that  is  entered  fcrves  her  who  pre- 
ceded hi:  r,  and  herfelf.  Thefe  ladies  are  fcarcely  ever  fu ffcred  logo 
abroad,  except  when  the  grand-fignior  removes  from  one  place  to 
another,  when  a  troop  of  black  eunuchs  conveys  them  to  the  boats, 
which  are  inclofed  with  lattices  and  linen  curtains  ;  and  when  they 
go  by  land  they  are  put  into  clofe  chariots,  and  fignals  are  made  at  cer- 
tain uiftanccs,  to  give  notice  that  none  approach  the  roads  through 
which  they  march.  The  boats  of  the  Harem,  which  carry  the  grand 
fignior's  wives,  are  manned  with  24  rowers,  and  have  white  covered 
tilts,  fliut  alternately  by  Venetian  blinds.  Among  the  emperor's  at- 
tendants are  a  number  of  mutes,  who  aft  and  converfe  by  {Igns  with 
great  quickntfs,  and  fome  dwarfs  who  are  exhibited  for  the  diverfioa 
of  his  inajelty. 

When  he  permits  the  women  to  walk  in  the  gardens  of  the  feraglio, 
all  people  are  ordered  to  retire,  and  on  every  (ide  there  is  a  guard  of 
black  eunuchs,  with  fabres  in  their  hands,  while  others  go  the  rounds 
in  order  to  hinder  any  perlon  from  feeing  them.  If  unfortunately  any 
oiie  is  found  in  the  garden,  even  through  ignorance  or  inadvertence, 
he  is  certainly  killed,  ami  his  head  brought  to  the  feet  of  the  grand 
hgnior,  who  gives  a  great  reward  to  the  guard  for  thoir  vigilance. 
Sometimes  the  grand-fignior  pa'fles  into  the  gardens  to  amufe  himfelf, 
when  the  women  are  there  :  And  it  is  then  that  they  make  ufe  of  their 
utmofl  effort?,  by  dancing,  finging,  feducing  geflurcs,  and  amorous 
blandilhments,  to  enfnare  the  affc^lions.  of  the  monarch.  It  is  not 
permitted  that  the  monarch  fhouldtake  a  virgin  to  his  bed  except  dur- 
ing the  iblornii  fsftival,  and  on  occafions  of  fome  extraordinary  rcjoic- 
B  b  ings, 


402  TURKEY     IN     ASIA. 

ings,  or  the  arrival  of  fome  good  news.  Upon  fuch' occafions,  if  the 
fultan  choofes  a  new  companion  to  his  bed,  he  enters  into  the  apart- 
ment of  the  women,  who  are  ranged  in  files  by  the  governcffes,  lo 
whora  he  fpeaks,  and  intimates  the  perfon  he  likes  beft  :  The  ceremo- 
ny of  the  handkerchief,  which  the  grand-fignior  is  faid  to  throw  at  the; 
girl  that  he  elefts,  is  an  idle  talc,  without  any  foundation.  As  foon 
35  the  grand-fignior  has  chofen  the  girl  that  he  has  deftined  to  be  the 
partner  of  his  bed,  all  the  others  follow  her  to  the  bath,  wafhing  and 
perfuming  her,  and  dreffir.g  her  fuperbly,  conducing  her  finging, 
dancing,  and  rejoicing  to  the  bed-chamber  of  the  grand-fignior,  who 
is  generally,  on  luch  an  occafion,  already  in  bed.  Scarcely  has  the 
new-eleftcd  favourite  entered  the  chamber,  introduced  by  the  grand 
eunuchwho  is  upon  guard, than  The  kneels  down,  and  when  the  fultan  calls 
]\er,  fhe  creeps  into  bed  to  him  at  the  foot  ofthebcd.ifthe  fultan  does  not 
order  her  by  fpecial  grace,  to  approach  by  the  fide  :  After  a  certain 
time,  upon  a  fignal  given  by  the  fultan,  the  governefs  of  the  girls,  with 
all  her  fuite,  enter  the  apartment,  and  take  her  back  again,  conducing 
her  with  the  fame  ceremony  to  the  women's  apartments  ;  and  if  by 
good  fortune  fhe  becomes  pregnant,  and  is  delivered  of  a  boy,  fhe  is 
called  afaki  fultanefs,  that  is  to  fay,  fultanefs-mother  ;  for  the  firft  foa 
ihe  has  the  honour  to  be  crowned,  and  fhe  has  the  liberty  of  forming 
her  court.  Eunuchs  are  alio  affigncd  for  her  guard,  and  for  her  par- 
ticular fervice.  No  other  ladies,  though  deliveced  of  boys,  are  either 
crowned,  or  maintained  with  fuch  coftly  diftinftion  as  the  firft  ;  How- 
ever, they  have  their  fervice  apart,  and  handfome  appointments.  Af- 
ter the  death  of  the  fultan,  the  mothers  of  the  male  children  are  fhut 
up  in  the  old  feraglio,  from  whence  they  can  never  come  out  any 
more,  unlefs  fome  one  of  their  fons  afcend  the  throne.  Baron  d,e  Tott 
informs  us,  that  the  female  Have  who  becomes  the  mother  of  a  fultan, 
and  lives  long  enough  to  fee  her  fon  mount  the  throne,  is  the  only 
woman  who.  at  that  period,  acquires  the  diftinftion  of  Sultana 
Mother  :  She  is  till  then  in  the  interior  of  her  prifon,  with  her  fOn. — - 
The  title  of  Bache  Ka'dun,  principal  women,  is  the  firft  dignity  of  the 
grand-fignior's  Harem,  and  flie  has  a  larger  allowance  than  thofe  who 
have  the  title  of  i'econd,  third,  and  fourth  woman,  which  are  the  four 
free  women  the  Koran  allows. 

His  roRY.]  For  the  bcfl  hiftory  of  the  Turks,  the  reader  is  referred: 
to  "  The  Hiftory  of  the  Turkifti  or  Ottoman  Empire,''  in  4  vols.  8vo, 
Tranflated  from  the  French  of  MrcNOx,  by  A.  Hawkins,  Efq.  Print-, 
cdin  1787,  and  fold  by  Mr.  Stockdale,  London, 


TARTARY 


T  A  R  T  A  R  Y    I N    A  S  I  A.  4<?3 

TARTARY    in    ASIA, 

Situation  and  Extent. 

Miles.  Degrees. 

Length    4000  7   ,  /  5°  and   150  eaft  long. 

Breadth  2400  j  ^'^^^^'^^''^  ,^30  and  72  north  lat. 
BouMDARiEs.  XT  would  be  deceiving  the  reader  to  dcfire  him  to  de- 
X  pond  upon  the  accounts  given  trs  by  geograpliers,  of 
the  extent,  limits,  and  fituation  of  thefe  vafl  regions.  Even  the  em- 
prefs  of  Ruflia  and  her  miniflry  are  ignorant  of  her  precife  limits  with 
the  Chincfc,  the  Perfians,  and  other  nations.  Tartary,  taken  in  it^ 
fulled  extent,  is  bounded  by  the  Frozen  Ocean,  on  the  North  ;  by  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  on  the  Eaft  ;  by  China,  India,  Perfia,  and  the  Cafpiaa 
Sea,  on  the  South  ;  and  by  Mufcovy,  on  the  Wed. 

Grand  divifions.  Subdivifions.  Chief  towns.     Sq.  M, 

\T«ffU  ^oft  A;„t,^     fKamtfchatka Tartars  \   f  Kamtfchatka 
JNortn-eait  aivihon  <   r  n     n    •  ^i-    .  J"  s   i  1      n    ■ 

\Jaftutfkoi  Tartars       J    \  jakutlkoi 

rBratfki  ^    fBrdtfki  ^ 

South-eaft  Jivillon  J  Thibet  and  Mogul      I  J  J^,'^^'^  [985,380 

I      Tarurs  J    [^^^^"^^  J 

f  Samoieda  "1    f  Mangafia 

\  Oftiack  J   1  Knrtfkoi 

c^   .u        n.  J-     r        r  Circa  {Ran  and  Aftra-1    f  Terki 
South-welt  divifion  i         in-.  Maau 

\      chanlartary  J    [  Aitrachan 

r  Siberia  1     fTobolfk 

Middle  divifion.       ''.  Kalmuc  Tartary  >  <  Bokharia  850,000 

[_Ufbeck  Tartary  J     [Samarcand        339,840 

Kamtfchatka  is  a  great  pepinfula,  which  extends  from  North  to 
South  about  feven  degrees  thirty  minutes.  It  is  divided  into  four 
d-iftrifts,  Bolcherefk,  Tigilfkaia  Krepoll,  Verchnei  or  Upper  Kamt- 
fchatkoi  Oftrog,  and  Nifhnei  or  Lower  Kamtfchatkoi  Oflrog. 

Mountains.]  The  principal  mountains  are  Caucafus  in  CircafBa, 
and  the  mountains  of  Taurus  and  Ararat  fo  contiguous  to  it,  that  they 
appear  like  a  continuation  of  the  fame  mountain,  which  crofTes  all 
Afia,  from  Mongrelia  to  the  Indies  ;  and  the  mountains  of  Stolp,  ia 
the  North. 

StAs.]  Thefe  are  the  Frozen  Ocean,  the  Pacific  Ocean,  and  the 
Calpian  Sea. 

Rivers.]  The  principal  rivers  are,  the  Wolga,  which  runs  a 
cpurfe  of  tivo  thoufand  miles:  The  Oby,  which  divides  Alia  from 
Europe  ;  the  Tabol,  Irtis,  Gencfa  or  Jenlka  ;  the  Burrumpooter,  the 
Lena,  and  the  Argun,  which  divides  the  RulTian  and  Chinefe   empires, 

AiR,  climate,  soil,  "1       The  air  of  this  country  is  very  different, 

AND  PRODUCE*        J  by  reafon  of  its   vaft  extent   from   north  to 

fouth  ;  the  northern  parts  reaching  beyond  the  aitlic  polar  circle,   and 

the  foathern  being  in  the  fame  latitudes  with  Spain,  France,  Italy,  and 

J>?rt  of  Turkey. 


404  T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     IN     A  S  I  A 

Nova  Zembla  and  the  Rulfia  Lapland  are  mofl:  uncomfortable  r€» 
gions  ;  the  earth,  which  is  covered  with  fnow  nine  months  in  the 
year,  being  extremely  barren,  and  every  where  incumbered  with  un- 
wholefome  marflies,  uninhabited  mountains,  and  impenetrable  thick- 
neffes.  The  climate  of  Siberia  is  cold,  but  the  air  pure  and  whole- 
fome  ;  and  Mr.  Tooke  obferves,  that  its  inhabitants  in  all  probabib'ty 
would  live  to  an  extreme  old  age,  if  they  were  not  fo  much  addifted 
to  an  immoderate  ufe  of  intoxicating  liquors.  Siberia  produces  rye, 
oats,  and  barley,  aimed  to  the  6oth  degree  of  northern  latitude.  Cab- 
bages, radifhes,  turnips,  and  cucumbers,  thrive  here  tolerably  well  ; 
but  fcarcely  any  other  greens.  All  experiments  to  bring  fruit  trees  to 
bear,  have  hitherto  been'in  vain  ;  but  there  is  reafon  to  believe  that 
induflry  and  patience  may  at  length  overcome  the  rudenefs  of  the  cli- 
mate. Currants  and  flrawberries  of  feveral  forts  are  faid  to  grow  here 
in  as  great  perfeftion  as  in  the  Englifh  gardens.  Herbs,  as  well  me- 
dicinal as  common,  together  with  various  eatable  roots,  are  found  very 
generally  here  ;  but  there  are  no  bees  in  all  Siberia,  Aflrachan,  and 
the  fouthern  parts  of  Tartarv,  are  extremely  fertile,  owing  more  to  na- 
ture than  induflry.  The  parts  that  are  cultivated  produce  excellent 
fruits  of  almoft  all  the  kinds  known  in  Europe,  efpecially  grapes, 
which  are  reckoned  the  largefl  and  fined  in  the  world.  Their  fum- 
xners  are  very  dry  ;  and  from  the  end  of  July  to  the  beginning  of  Oc- 
tober, the  air  is  peflered.  and  the  foil  fometimes  ruined,  by  incredible 
quantities  of  locufts.  Mr.  Bell,  who  travelled  with  the  Ruffian  am- 
batfador  to  China,  reprefcnts  fome  parts  of  Tartary  as  defirable  and 
fertile  countries,  the  grafs  growing  fpontaneoufly  to  an  amazing 
height.  The  country  of  Thibet  is  the  highefl  in  Afia,  and  is  a  part  of 
that  elevated  traft  wliich  gives  rife  to  the  rivers  of  India  and  China, 
and  thofe  of  Siberia  and  other  parts  of  Tartary. 

MiiTAis  AND  MiNERAis.]  It  is  faid  that  Siberia  contains  mines  of 
gold,  fih'er,  copper,  iron,  jafper,  lapis  lazuli,  and  loadflones  ;  a  fort  of 
large  teeth  found  here,  creates  feme  difpute  among  the  naturallfts, 
whether  they  belong  to  elephants,  or  are  a  marine  produftion  ;  their 
appearance  is  certainly  whimfical  and  curious,  when  polifhed  with 
art  and  fkill. 

Animals.]  Thefe  are  camels,  dromedaries,  bears,  wolves,  and  all 
the  other  land  and  amphibious  animals  that  are  common  in  the  north 
parts  of  Europe.  Their  horfes  areof  a  good  lize  for  the  faddle,  and 
very  hardy  :  As  they  run  wild  till  they  are  five  or  fix  years  old, 
they  are  generally  headRrong.  Near  Aftrachan  there  is  a  bird  called 
by  the  Ruffians /^cz/;<s,  of  a  grey  colour,  and  fomething- larger  than  a 
fwan  ;  be  has  a  broad  bill,  under  which  hangs  a  bag  that  may  contain 
a  quart  or  more  ;  he  wades  near  the  edge  of  a  river,  and  on  feeing  a 
(hoal,  or  fry  of  fmall  fillies,  fpreads  his  wings  and  drives  them  to  a 
fhallow,  where  he  gobbles  as  many  of  thern  as  he  can  into  his  bag,  and 
then  going  afhore,  eats  them,  or  carries  them  to  the  young.  Some 
travellers  take  this  bird  to  be  the  pelican. 

The  forefts  of  Siberia  are  well  {locked  with  a  variety  of  animals, 
fome  of  which  are  not  to  be  found  in  other  countries.  Thefe  fupplv 
the  inhabitants  with  food  and  clothes  ;  and,  at  the  fame  time,  furnifh 
them  with  commodities  for  an  advantageous  trade.  Siberia  mav  be 
(.onfidcTGd  as  the  native  couTiti'y of' black  foxes,  fables,  and  ermines, 

the 


T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     ik     ASIA. 


495 


the  fkins  of  which  are  fupcrior  to  thofe  of  any  part  of  the  world. — 
Horfes  and  cattle  are  in  great  plenty,  and  fold  at  low  prices. 

Poi'UiAf  ION,  inharitants,  manners,  "1  We  can  form  no  prob- 
cusroMs,  DivKRsiONs.  AND  DRESS.  J  able  gucfs  as  to  the  num- 
ber r>{  inhabitants  in  Tartdiy  ;  but  from  many  cii cumflances  we  mufl: 
conclude,  that  ibcy  are  far  from  being  proportioned  to  the  extent  of 
their  country.  They  are  in  general  flrong  made,  flout  men  ;  their  fa- 
ces broad,  their  nofes  flattifh.  their  eyes  fmall  and  black,  but  very 
quick  ;  their  beards  are  fcarcely  vifible,  as  they  continually  thin  them 
by  pulling  out  the  hairs  by  the  roots.  M.  le  Clerc's  acccjunt  of  the 
Tartars  (or  Tatars  as  he  calls  them)  juft  publilhcd,  is  curious.  He  ob- 
tained the  information  on  whick  it  is  founded,  from  two  princes  and 
feveral  Mourzas  of  that  nation.  Their  origin  is  the  fame  with  that  of 
the  ancient  Tuiks  ;  and  Turk  was  the  general  denomination  of  this 
people  until  the  time  that  Zingis-Khan  made  himfclf  maflcr  of  the 
North  of  Afia  ;  nay,  they  flill  retain  this  title  among  thcmfelves, 
though,  afterthe  period  now  mentioned,  the  neighbouring  nations 
give  to  all  their  tribes  the  general  appellation  of  Taitars.  The  term 
horde,  according  to  him,  does  not  fignify  propeily  a  tribe  ;  it  denotes  a 
tribe  aflembled,  either  to  march  againft  the  enemy,  or  for  other  politi- 
cal leafons. 

Ihe  beauty  of  the  Circaffian  women  is  a  kind  of  ftaple  commodity 
in  that  country  :  for  parents  there  make  no  fcrup^e  of  felling  their 
daughters  to  recruit  the  fctaglios,  or  rather  harems,  of  the  great  men  cf 
1'uikey  and  Perfia.  They  are  purchafed,  v/hcn  young,  by  merchants, 
and  taught  fuch  accomplifhrnents  as  fuit  their  capacities,  to  render 
them  moie  valuable  againft  the  day  of  fale. 

According  to  Mr,  Bruce,  the  Circafhan  women  are  e?:tremcly  well 
fli::ped,  with  exceeding  fine  features,  finooth,  clc?.r  complexions,  and 
beautiful  black  eyes,  which  with  their  black  hair  hanging  in  two  tref- 
fes,  one  on  each  fide  the  face,  give  them  a  moft;  lovely  appearance  : 
They  wear  a  black  coif  on  their  heads,  covered  with  a  fine  white  cloth 
tied  under  the  chin.  During  the  fummer  they  go  almoft  naked.  They 
have  the  reputation  of  being  very  chafle,  though  they  feldom  want  op- 
portunity to  be  oiherwife  ;  for  it  is  an  eflabliflicd  point  of  good  man- 
ners among  them,  that  as  foon  as  any  perfon  com.cs  in  to  fpeak  to  the 
wife,  the  hufbaud  goes  out  of  the  houfe  ;  but  whether  this  continency 
of  theirs  proceeds  fiom  their  own  gcnerofiiy,  to  recompenfe  their  huf- 
bands  for  the  confidence  ihev  put  in  them,  or  lias  its  foundation  only 
in  fame,  I  pretend  not  to  determine.  Their  language  they  have  in 
common  with  the  other  neighboiuing  Tartars,  although  the  chief  peo- 
ple among  them  are  not  ignorant  of  the  Ruffian  :  The  apparel  of 
the  men  of  Circaflia  is  much  the  lame  with  that  of  the  Nagayans,  only 
their  caps  are  fbmething  laigcr,  and  their  cloaks  being  iikewifc  of 
coarfe  cloth  or  fheep-fltins,  are  faflcncd  only  at  the  neck  with  a  firing, 
and  as  they  arc  not  large  enough  to  cover  the  whole  body,  they  turn 
them  round  according  to  the  wind  and  weather. 

The  Tartars  arc  in  general  a  wandciing  fort  of  people  ;  in  their  pe- 
rigrinations  they  fet  out  in  the  fpring,  their  number  in  one  body  be- 
ing frequently  lo. coo,  preceded  by  their  flocks  and  herds.  When 
they  come  to  an  inviting  fpot,  they  live  upon  it  till  all  its  grafs  arxl 
•  ciduic  is  eaten  up.     They   have   little  money,  except  what  they  get 

from 


46(5  T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     i^     ASIA. 

from  their  neighbours  the  Ruffians.  Perfians,  or  Turks  in  exchange  fcV 
cattle  ;  with  this  they  purchafc  cloths,  filks,  fluffs,  and  other  apppire'l 
for  their  women.  They  have  few  mechanics,  except  thofe  who  make 
arms.  They  avoid  all  labour  as  the  greatefl  flavery  ;  their  only  em- 
ployment is  tending  their  fiocks,  hunting;,  and  managing  their  Jiorles. 
If  they  are  angry  with  a  perfon,  they  wifh  he  may  live  in  one  fixed 
place,  and  work  like  a  Ruffian.  Among  themfelves  they  are  verv  hof- 
pitable,  and  wonderfully  fo  to  frrangers  and  travellers,  who  coniRden- 
tially  put  themfelves  under  their  prote£lion.  They  are  naturally  of  an 
eafy.  cheerful  temper,  always  difpoled  t6  laughter,  and  feldoni  dcorelT- 
ed  by  care  and  melancholy.  When  any  of  their  people  are  infirm 
through  great  age,  or  feized  with  diftempers  reckoned  incurable,  it  is 
faid,  they  make  a  fmall  hut  for  the  patient  near  fome  river,  in  which 
they  leave  him  with  fome  provifions,  and  feldom  or  never  return  to 
vifit  him.  On  fuch  occafions  they  fay  they  do  their  parerits  a  good 
office,  in  fending  them  to  a  better  world.  Notwithftanding  this  be- 
haviour, manv  nations  of  the  Tartars,  efpecially  towards  the  fouth, 
are  traftable,  humane,  and  are  fufceptible  of  pious  and  virtuous  fentl- 
ments.  Their  affeftion  for  their  fathers,  and  their  fubmiffion  to  their 
authority,  cannot  be  exceeded  ;  and  this  noble  quality  of  filial  love 
has  diftinguifhed  them  in  all  ages.  Hiftory  tells  us,  that  Darius,  king 
of  Perfia,  having  invaded  them  with  all  the  forces  of  his  empire,  and 
the  Scythians  retiring  by  little  and  little,  Darius  fcnt  an  ambafiador  to 
demand  where  it  was  they  propofed  to  conclude  their  retreat,  and 
when  they  intended  to  begin  fighting.  They  returned  for  anfwer, 
with  a  fpirit  peculiar  to  that  people,  "  They  had  no  cities  or  cultivat- 
ed fields,  for  the  defence  of  which  they  fliould  give  him  battle  ;  but 
when  once  he  Was  come  td  the  place  of  tlieir  fathers  monuments,  he 
fhould  underftand  in  what  manner  the  Scythians  ufed  to  fight." 

The  Tartars  are  inured  to  horfemanffiip  from  their  infancy  :  they 
feldom  appear  on  foot.  They  are  dextrous  in  fliooting  at  a  mark,  in- 
fomuch  that  a  Tartar,  while  at  full  gallop,  will  fplit  a  pole  with  an  ar- 
row, though  at  a  confiderable  diftance.  The  drefs  of  the  n>en  is  very 
fimple  and  fit  for  aftion  ;  it  generally  confifts  of  a  fhort  jacket,  with 
narrow  fleeves  made  of  deer's  fkirt,  both  of  one  piece,  and  light  to  the 
limbs.  The  Tartars  live  in  huts  half  funk  under  ground  ;  they  have  a. 
fire  in  the  middle,  with  a  hole  in  the  top  to  let  out  the  fmoke,  and 
benches  round  the  fire  to  fie  or  lie  upon.  I'his  feems  to  be  the  corrt- 
mon  method  of  living  among  all  the  northern  nations,  from  Lapland 
eaflward,  to  the  Japanefe  ocean.  In  the  extieme  northern  provinces, 
during  the  Mnnter,  every  family  burrows  itfelf  as  it  were  under  ground  ; 
and  we  are  told,  that  fo  fociable  are  they  in  their  difpofitions,  that 
they  make  fubterrancous  communications  with  each  other,  fo  that  they 
may  be  faid  to  live  in  an  invifiblc  city.  The  Tartars  are  immoderately 
fond  of  horfe-flefh,  efpecially  if  it  be  young,  and  a  litilc  tainted,  which 
makes  their  cabbins  extremely  naufeous.  Though  horfe-flefh  be  pre- 
ferred raw  by  fome  northern  tribes,  the  general  way  of  eating  it  is  af- 
ter it  has  been  fmcked  and  dried.  The  Tartars  purchafe  their  wives 
with  cattle.  In  their  marriages  they  are  not  very  delicate.  Little  or 
no  difference  is  made  between  the  child  of  a  concubine  or  fiave,  and 
that  of  the  wife  ;  but  among  the  heads  of  tribes  the  wife's  fon  is  al- 
ways preferred  to  thefucceffion.     After  a  wife  is  turned  of  forty,  fhe 

is 


T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     i>;     A  S  I  A.  -4©; 

i«  employed  in  menial  duties  as  another  fervant,  and  as  fuch  mud  at- 
tend the  young  wives  who  fucceed  to  their  places  ;  nor  is  it  uncom- 
mon, in  fume  of  the  more  barbarous  tribes,  for  a  fatlier  to  marry  hi:5 
own  daughter. 

The  defcendants  of  the  old  inhabitants  of  Siberia  arc  fl.iU  moft  of 
them  idolaters.  They  confift  of  many  nations,  entirely  differing  f:om 
each  other  in  their  manner  of  living,  religion,  language,  and  .counte- 
nances. But  in  this  they  agree,  that  none  of  them  follow  agriculture, 
which  i.s  carried  on  by  ibme  Tartars,  and  fuch  as  are  converted  to 
Chriftianity.  A  few  of  them  breed  cattle,  and  others  follow  hunting. 
The  population  of  Siberia  has  been  much  increafed  fuice  it  became  a 
Ruffian  province  ;  for  the  Ruflians  have  founded  therein  a  number  of 
towns,  fortrelTcs,  and  villages.  Notwithftanding  which  it  prefentS 
but  a  void  and  defert  view  ;  fmce,  by  its  extent  it  is  capable  of  fup- 
portln<T  feveral  millions  more  than  it  at  prefent  contains.  For  the 
manners  and  cuftoms  of  the  other  Tartars  belonging  to  the  Ruffian  em- 
pire, we  refer  to  our  account  of  that  country. 

Religion.]  The  religion  of  the  Tartars  fom.ewhat  refernbles  their 
civil  government,  and  is  commonly  accommodated  to  that  of  their 
neighbours  ;  for  it  partakes  of  the  Mahometan,  the  Gentoo,  the  Greek, 
and  even  the  Catholic  religions.  Some  of  them  are  the  grolfefh  idola- 
ters, and  wotfliip  little  rude  images  drefled  up  in  rags.  Each  has  his 
own  deity,  with  whom  they  make  very  free  when  matters  do  not  go 
according  to  their  oWn  mind. 

The  Circaffian  religion  is  Paganifm,  for  notwithftanding  they  ule 
circumcifion  among  them,  they  have  neither  prieft,  alcoran,  or  mofque, 
like  other  Mahometans.  Every  body  here  offers  his  own  facrifice  at 
plcafure,  for  which,  however,  they  have  certain  days,  eftablifhed  rather 
by  cuflom  than  any  pofitive  command  :  Their  moft  folemn  facrifice  is 
offered  at  the  death  of  their  neareft  friends,  upon  which  occafion  botli 
men  and  women  meet  in  the  field  to  be  prefent  at  the  offering,  which 
is  a  he-goat  ;  and  having  killed,  they  flay  it,  and  ftretch  the  fkin  with 
the  head  and  horns  on,  upon  a  crofs  at  the  top  of  a  long  pole,  placed 
commonly  in  a  quickfct  hedge  (to  keep  the  cattle  from  it,)  and  near 
the  place  the  facrifice  is  offered  by  boiling  and  roafting  the  flefli,  which 
they  afterwards  eat.  When  the  feaft  is  over,  the  men  rile,  and  hav- 
ing paid  their  adoration  to  the  ns.in,  and  muttered  over  fome  certain 
prayers,  the  women  withdraw,  and  the  men  conclude  the  ceremony 
with  drinking  a  great  quantity  of  aqua  vitK,  and  this  generally  ends  in 
a  quarrel  bclore  they  part. 

But  the  religion  and  government  of  the  kingdom  of  Thibet,  and 
Laffa,  a  large  traft  of  Tartary,  bordering  upon  China,  are  the  moft  re^ 
markable,  and  the  moft  worthy  of  attention.  The  Thibetians  are  gov- 
erned by  the  Grand  Lama,  or  Delai  Lama,  who  is  not  only  fubmittcd 
to,  and  adored  by  them,  but  is  alfo  the  great  objecl  of  adoration  for 
the  various  tribes  of  Heathen  Tartars,  who  roam  through  the  vaft 
traft  of  continent  which  ftrctches  from  the  banks  of  the  Wolga,  to 
Vorea  on  the  fea  of  Japan.  He  is  not  only  the  fovereign  pontifl,  the 
vicegerent  of  the  Deity  on  earth;  but,  as  fuperftition  is  ever  the 
ftrongeft,  where  it  is  moft  removed  from  its  objeft,  the  more  remote 
Tartars  abfolutely  regard  him  as  the  Deity  himfelf.  They  believe 
him  to  be  immortal,  and  endowed  with  all  knowledge  and  virtue.  Ev- 

etv 


4oS  T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     ik     ASIA. 

cry  year  they  come  up  from  different,  parts,  to  worfhip  and  make  rich 
offerings  at  his  fhrine  :  Even  the  emperor  of  China,  who  is  a  Man- 
chou  Tartar,  docs  not  fail  in  acknowledgements  to  him  in  his  religious 
capacity,  though  the  Lama  is  tributary  to  him,  and  aftually  entertains, 
at  a  great  expenfe.  in  the  palace  of  Peking,  an  inferior  Lama,  deputed 
as  his  nuncio  from  1  hibet.  The  opinion  of  thofe  who  are  reputed 
the  mod  orthodox  among  the  Thibetians  is,  that  when  the  grand  Lama 
feems  to  die,  either  of  old  age  or  infirmity,  his  foul  in  faft  only  quits  a 
crai:y  habitation,  to  look  for  another  younger  or  better,  and  it  is  dif- 
covcrcd  again  in  the  body  of  fomc  child,  by  certain  tokens  known 
only  to  the  Lamas  or  pricfts,  in  which  order  he  always  appears.  In 
1774,  the  Grand  Lama  was  an  infant,  which  had  been  difcovered  foTne 
time  before  by  the  Tayfhoo  Lama,  who  in  authority  and  fanftity  of 
charaftcr  is  next  to  the  Grand  Lama,  and  during  his  minority  afts  as 
chief.  The  lamas,  who  form  the  moft  numerous,  as  well  as  the  mod 
powerful  body  in  the  ftate.  have  the  prieflhood  entirely  in  their  hands ; 
and,  beiides,  fill  up  many  monaftic  orders,  which  are  held  in  great 
vencr.ition  among  them.  The  refidence  of  the  Grand  Lama  is  at  Pato- 
li,  a  vaft  palace  on  a  mountain  near  the  banks  of  the  Barampootcr, 
al:>out  feven  miles  from  Lalfa.  The  Englifli  Eaff  India  Company  made 
a  treaty  with  the  Lama  in  1774.*  The  religion  of  Thibet,  though  in 
many  refccfts  it  differs  from  that  of  the  Indian  Bramins,  yet  in  others 
has  a  great  affinity  to  it.  The  Thibetians  have  a  great  veneration  for 
the  cow,  and  highly  refpeft  the  waters  of  the  Ganges,  the  fource  of 
which  they  believe  to  be  in  heaven.  The  Sunniaffes,  or  Indian  pil- 
grims, often  vifit  Thibet  as  an  holy  place,  and  the  Lama  always  enter- 
tains a  body  of  two  or  three  hundred  in  his  pay.  Befides  his  religious 
influence  and  authority,  the  Grand  Lama  Ts  poffcffed  of  unlimited 
power  throughout  his  dominions,  which  arc  very  extenfive,  and  flrctth 
to  Bengal. 

Another  religion,  wliich  is  very  prevalent  among  the  Tartars,  is  that 
of  Schamanifm.  The  profeffors  of  this  religious  feft  believe  in  one  Su- 
preme God,  the  Creator  of  all  things.  They  bfclieve  tlat  he  loves  his 
creation,  and  all  his  creatures  ;  that  he  knows  cve\y  thing,  and  is  all 
powerful  ;  but  that  he  pavs  no  attention  to  the  particular  aftions  of 
men,  being  too  great  for  them  to  he  able  to  offend  him,  or  to  do  any 
thing  that  can  be  meritorious  in  his  light.  But  they  alfo  maintain,  that 
the  Supreme  Being  has  divided  the  government  of  the  world,  and  the 
d^ffiny  of  men,  among  a  great  number  of  fubaltcrn  divinities,  under 
his  command  and  control,  but  who  neveithelefs  generally  aCt  accord- 
ing to  their  own  fancies  ;  and  therefore  m'ankind  cannot  difpenfe  with 
nling  all  the  means  in  their  power  for  obtaining  their  favour.  They 
jikcwife  fuppofe,  that,  for  the  mod  part,  thefe  inferior  deities  abomin- 
ate and  punifli  premeditated  villainy,  fraud,  and  cruelty.  They  are  atl 
firmly  pcrluaded  of  a  future  cxiftence  ;  hut  they  have  many  fuperfti- 
t  ous  notions  and  praftices.  Among  all  the  Scharnanes,  women  are 
conlidered  as  beings  vaflly  inferior  to  men,  and  arc  thought  to  h.-rve 
been  created  only  lor  their  fenfual  j  Icafure,  to  people  the  world,   niA 

to 

*  The  fortofDellinacotta  "hicli  fcm>",andcd  the  fiTncipal  pafs  tliCcugli  the  riJ;:e  of  the 
Piotan  moirntiiin*,  was  taken  by  ftoim,  by  Captain  Jonoi  in  i''j,  si.d  ihe  fame  of  tliis 
e/f'oit  made  the  Thibetians  fue  for  peace. 


T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     rN     A  S  I  A.  409 

to  look  after  houfehold  affairs:  And  in  cnnrcquence  of  thefe  princi- 
ples, they  arc  treat r-d  with  much  feveritv  and  conteinpt. 

Ct  RiosiTius.]  Thefe  arc  compreJiendcd  in  the  remains  of  the  build- 
ings, left  by  the  above  mentioned  great  conquerors  and  their  fuccelfors. 
Remains  of  ditches  and  ramparts  arc  frequently  met  with,  which  here- 
tofore either  furrounded  fmall  towns,  now  quite  demoliflied,  or  were 
defigned  for  the  defence  of  camps,  forts,or  caftlcs,  the  velliges  of  which 
are  often  to  be  difcovered  upon  the  fpot,  as  well  as  other  traces  of  de- 
cayed importance.  Many  of  them  are  in  tolciable  prefcrvation,  and 
make  fome  figure  even  at  prefcnt. 

'Ihc  dcfcrt  of  Kirguis  abounds  in  the  relics  of  opulent  cities.  Some 
gold  and  lilver  coins  have  been  found,  with  feveral  manufcripts  neatly 
written,  which  have  been  carried  lo  Peteifourg.  In  iyjo,  fays  M. 
\'oltaire,  in  his  hiftory  of  Peter  the  Great,  there  were  found  in  Kal- 
muc  Tartavy  a  fubterraneous  houfe  of  Aone.  fome  urns,  lamps,  and  ear- 
rings, an  cqueftrian  {lat\ie,  an  oriental  piince  with  a  diadem  on  his 
head,  two  women  feated  on  thioncs,  and  a  roll  of  manufcripts,  which 
was  fent  by  Peter  the  Great,  to  the  Ac?.dcmy  of  Infcriptions  at  Paris, 
and  proved  to  be  in  the  language  of  Thibet.  About  80  miles  from 
Taffa  is  the  lake  Pake,  or  Jangfo  ;  of  that  extent,  the  natives  fay  it  re- 
quires 18  days  to  walk  round  it.  In  the  middle  of  it  arc  illauds,  one 
of  which  is  the  feat  of  the  Lainajfa  Tiircepnma,  or  the  Great  Regenerate, 
in  whom  the  Thebetians  think  a  divine  fpirit  inhabits  as  in  the  Great 
I.ama. 

Cities' AND  tom-ks.]  Of  thefe  we  know  little  but  the  names,  and 
that  they  are  in  general  no  better  than  fixed  hordes.  They  may  be  taid 
to  be  places  of  abode  rather  than  towns  or  cities,  for  we  do  not  find 
that  they  are  under  anv  regular  government,  or  that  they  can  make  a 
defence  againft  any  enemy.  The  few  places,  however,  that  are  men- 
tioned in  the  preceding  divifions  of  this  country,  merit  notice,  To- 
bolflc  and  Aftrachan  are  confi  lerable  cities*  the  firft  containing  £5,000 
and  the  latter  70,500  inhabitants.  Fcits.  villages,  and  towns  have  alfo 
lately  been  ereftcd  in  different  parts  of  Siberia,  for  civilizing  the  in- 
habitants, and  rendering  them  obedient  to  the  Ruffian  government. 

Teiki,  the  capital  of  Circaffian  Tartary,  is  feated  in  a  fpacious  plain 
en  an  ifland  formed  by  the  rivers  Terki  and  Bufi.row,  and  is  garriloncd 
by  2C00  regulafs,  and  icoo  Coffacks.  It  is  well  fortified  with  ram- 
parts and  baflions  in  the  modern  flyle.  well  ftored  with  cannon,  and 
has  alwavs  a  confidfrable  ganifon  in  it,  under  the  command  of  a  gov- 
ernor. The  CarcafTian  prince  who  refides  here,  is  allowed  five  bun- 
dled Ruffians  for  his  guard,  biit  none  of  his  own  fubjcfts  arc  permitted 
to  dwell  witliin  any  part  of  the  fortifications.  Ever  fince  the  reduc- 
tion of  th'ofe  parts  to  the  obedience  of  Ruffia,  they  have  put  in  all  pla- 
ces of  flrength,  not  only  Ruffian  garrifons  and  governors,  hut  magif- 
trales,  and  pricfls  for  the  excrcife  of  the  Chriftian  religion;  yet  the 
Circaffian  Tartars  arc  governed  by  their  own  princc5,lords,  and  judges, 
but  thefe  adminifl-cr  judicc  in  the  name  of  the  emperor,  and  in  mal- 
tcrs  of  importance,  not  without  the  prcfcnce  of  the  Ruflian  governors, 
being  all  obliged  to  lake  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  his  ii7i]>ci  ial  majefty. 

Taiku  is  the  capital  of  DagcAan.  and  contains  3000  houfes,  two  fio- 
rics  high,  platformed  at  the  top  for  walking-  The  Tartars  of  this 
province    are   i.uracrous,  and   Mahometans,   governed    by   a  fliefkel, 

whufc 


410  T  A  R  T  A  R  Y     in     ASIA. 

whofe  office  is  eleftive.  The  city  of  Derbent  is  fituated  on  the  Caf- 
pian  fhore,  and  called  the  ftontier  of  PeiTia.  It  is  faid  to  have  been 
firft  built  by  Alexander  the  Great,  and  that  he  herd  received  the  vifit 
from  ihe  Amazonian  queen  Thaleftris.  It  is  now  inclofed  with  a  broad 
ftrong  wall,  built  with  large  fquare  ftones,  hard  as  marble,  from  the 
quarries  in  Caucafus,  LalTa  is  a  fmall  city,  but  the  houfes  are  of  ftone, 
and  are  fpacious  and  lofty, 

CoMMERCR  AND  MAN u FA CTu R 1, s.  ]  This  head  maltcs  no  figure  in 
the  hiftory  of  Tartary,  their  chief  traffic  confifting  in  cattle,  ficins, 
beavers,  rhubarb,  mun<.,  and  fifli.  The  Aftrachans,  notwithftandinj^ 
their  interruptions  by  the  wild  Tartars,  carry  on  a  confiderable  traffic 
into  Perfia,  to  which  they  export  leather,  woollen  and  linen  cloth,  and 
fome  European  manufafkurcs. 

PI  I  ST  OK  v.]  Though  it  is  certain  that  Tartar)-,  formerly  known  by 
the  name  of  Scythia^  peopled  the  northern  parts  of  Europe,  and  fur- 
nifhed  thofe  amazing  numbers  who,  under  various  names,  deftroyed 
the  Roman  empire^  yet  it  is  now  hut  very  thinly  inhabited  ;  and  thofe 
fine  provinces,  where  learning  and  the  arts  refided,  are  now  fcenes  of 
horror  and  barbarity.  This  mufl  have  been  owing  to  the  dreadful 
maffacres  made  among  the  nations  by  the  two  abovd  mentioned  con- 
querors and  their  delcendants  ;  for  nothing  is  more  common  in  their 
hillories  than  their  putting  to  the  fword  three  or  four  hundred  thou- 
fand  people  in  a  few  days. 

The  country  of  Ufbec  Tartary  was  once  the  feat  oFa  more  powerful 
fcmpirethan  that  of  Rome  or  Greece.  It  was  not  only  tlie  native  coun- 
try, but  the  favourite  refidence  of  Zingis,  or  Jenghis  Khan  and  Tam- 
trlane,  who  enriched  it  with  the  fpoils  of  India  and  the  eaflern  world. 
But  fome  authors  have  abfurdly  queflioned  the  veracity  of  the  hiftori- 
ans  of  thefe  greac  conquerors,  though  it  be  better  eftablifhed  t!«an  that 
of  the  Greek  or  Roman  writers.  The  former,  about  th-;  year  1206 
made  himfelf  mafter  of  thofe  regions,  which  form  at  this  day  the  Afia- 
tic  part  of  the  Pvuflian  empire  ;  and  his  fon  Eatou  Sagin  made  himfelf 
mailer  of  Southern  Ruffia,  and  peopled  it  witii  Tartar  colonies,  which 
are  now  confounded  or  blended  with  the  Ruffians.  I-ong  and  heavily 
did  the  Tartar  yoke  gall  tlie  neck  of  Ruffia,  till  allevii^tcd  by  the  divi- 
fions  among  themfelves.  But  not  till  Ivan  III.  who  afcended  the  Ruf- 
fian throne  in  1462,  were  they  delivered  from  thefe  warlike  invaders. 
He  repeatedly  defeated  them,  fubdued  the  kingdom  of  Kafan  and  oth- 
ther  provinces,  and  made  his  name  refpefted  in  all  that  quarter, 

Tamerlane's  memory  has  been  more  permanent  than  that  of  Zingis 
Khan,  his  defeat  of  the  Tuikifli  emperor  Bajazet  hatli  been  before  no- 
ticed in  the  hiflory  of  that  nation,  and  great  were  his  conquefts,  and 
his  name,  far  beyond  the  limits  of  his  porper  dominions.  liisdefcent 
is  claimed  not  only  by  all  the  Khans  and  petty  princes  of  Tartary,  but 
by  the  emperor  of  Indoftan  him.feif.  The  capital  of  this  country  is 
Bokharia,  which  was  known  to  the  ancients  by  the  name  of  Bucharia.; 
fituated  in  the  latitude  of  39  degrees  15  minutes,  and  13  miles  diftant 
from  the  once  famous  city  of  Samarcand,  the  birth-place  of  Tamerlane 
the  Great,  and  who  died  in  the  year  j  405. 

The  prefent  inhabitants  of  this  immenfe  common,  compofe  innume- 
rable tribes,  who  range  at  pleafure  with  their  flocks  and  their  herds, 
in  the  old  patriarchal  manner.    Their  tribes  are  commanded  by    fepa- 

rate. 


C5        ll        I        N         A.  41* 

i'ate  Khans  or  leaders,  that,  upon  particular  emergencies,  cleft  a  great 
^LhaIl.  who  claims  a  paramount  power  over  flrangers  as  well  as  natives, 
and  who  can  bring  into  the  field  from  20  to  100  000  horfemen.  Their 
chief  reftdenee  is  a  kind  of  tnilifary  ftation,  which  is  moved  and  fhift- 
^  ed  according  to  the  chance  of  war  and  other  occafions, 

Beddes  what  may  he  learned  from  their  hiftory  and  traditions,  the 
flandard  or  colours  of  the  lefpeilive  tribes  form  a  diftinftive  mark, 
M'herebv  each 'iartar  ];no\Vs  the  tribe  to  which  he  belongs^  Thefe 
marks  of  diftinftion  confrft  of  a  piece  of  Chinefe  linen,  or  other  col- 
oured lb.:tF.  fufpendcd  on  a  l;;nce,  twelve  feet  in  length,  among  the 
Pagan  Tai  tars.  The  Mahometan  Tartars  write  upon  their  llandards 
the  name  of  Cod^  in  the  Arabic  language.  The  Kalmucs  and  the  Mo- 
gul Tartars,  diftinguifli  theirs  by  the  natne  of  fome  animal  ;  and,  as  all 
the  branches  or  divihons  of  a  tribe  preferve  always  the  figure  drawn 
upon  the  ftandard  of  that  tribc^,  adding  only  the  particular  denomina- 
tion of  each  biancli,  thofc  flandards  anfwer  the  purpofe  of  a  genealog- 
ical tabic  or  tree,  by  which  each  individual  knows  his  origin  and  de- 
fcent. 

They  are  bounded  on  every  fide  by  the  Ruffian,  the  Chinefe,  the 
Mogul,  the  Persian,  and  the  Turkifli  empires  ;  each  of  whom  are  pufh- 
in;  on  their  conquefls,  in  this  exlcnfive,  and  in  fome  places,  fertile 
country.  The  Khans  pav  a  tribute,  or  acknowledgement  of  their  de- 
pendency upon  one  or  other  of  their  powerful  neighbours,  who  treat 
them  with  caution  and  lenity  ;  as  the  friendfliipof  thefe  barbarians  is 
of  the  urmoft  confequence  to  the  powers  with  whom  they  are  allied* 
Some  tribes,  however,  affeft  independency  ;  and  when  united  they 
form  a  powerful  body,  and  of  late  have  been  very  formidable  to  their 
hcighbburs,  particulaily  to  the  Chinefe.  as  we  fhall  mention  in  our  ac- 
count of  that  empire.  The  method  of  carrying  on  war,  bv  wafting 
the  cduntry,  is  very  ancient  among  the  Tartars,  and  praitifed  bv  all  of 
them  from  the  Danube  caflt*/ard.  This  circumftance,  renders  them  a 
tlreadful  enemy  to  regular  troops,  who  muft  thereby  be  deprived  of  all 
4"ubfiflence,  while  the  Tartars,  having  always  many  fparc  horfcs  to  kill 
and  eat,  are  at  no  lofs  for  provifious. 

See  Univer.  Hift. 


The  empire  of  CHINA. 

Situation  and   extent. 

Miles.  Degrees.  Sq.Miles. 

Length    1450"!    V  r2oand    42  north  latitude.  J  1,105,000 

Breadth  1260/  °«t^^«^"  \  g8  and  123  eaft  longitude.! 

To  which  fliould  be  added  Chinefe  Tartary.  644,000 

Boundaries.  TT  is  bounded  by  the  Chinefe  Tartary,  and  an  amaz- 
X  ing  ftonc  wall,  on  the  North  ;  by  the  Pacific  Ocean, 
which  divides  it  from  North  America,  on  the  Eaft  ;  by  the  Chinefian 
Sea,  South  ;  and  by  Tonquin,  and  the  Tartarian  countries  and  moun- 
tains of  Thibet  and  RufTia,  on  the  Weft. 

Divisions.  J 


4ia  CHINA. 

Divr5ioys."i  The  great  divifions  of  this  empire,  according  to  the 
authors  of  the  Univcrfal  Hiftory,  is  into  fifteen  provinces  (exclufive 
of  that  of  Lyau-tong,  which  is  fituateri  without  the  Great  Wall,  though 
under  the  fame  dominion  :)  each  of  which  might,  for  their  largencfs, 
fertility,  populoufnefs,  and  opulence,  pafs  for  fo  many  diftinft  king- 
dom F. 

But  it  isneceffarv  to  acquaint  the  reader,  that  the  information  con- 
tained in  Du  Aaldes  voluminous  account  of  China,  are  drawn  from 
the  papers  of  Jefuils,  and  otliers  fent  thither  by  the  pope,  whofe  mif- 
fions  have  been  at  an  end  for  above  half  a  century.  Some  of  thofe  fa- 
thers were  men  of  penetration  and  judgment,  and  had  great  opportuni- 
ties of  being  informed  about  a  century  ago  ;  but  even  their  accounts  of 
this  empire' are  juflly  to  be  fufpe£led.  They  had  powerful  enemies  at 
the  court  oT  Rome,  where  they  maintained  their  footing  only  by  mag- 
nifying  their  own  labours  and  fucceifes,  as  well  as  the  importance  of 
the  Chinefe  empire. 

NANfE.  1  It  is  probably  owing  to  a  Chinefe  word  fignifying  Middle, 
from  a  notion  the  natives  had  that  their  country  lay  in  the  middle  of 
the  world. 

MoL'NTAiNs.]  China,  excepting  to  the  north,  is  a  plain  country, 
and  contains  no  remarkable  mountanins. 

Riyp-RS  AND  WATER.]  The  chief  are  the  Yamour  and  the  Ar- 
gun, which  are  the  boundary  between  the  Ruilian  and  Chinefe  Tarta- 
ry  ;  the  Crocceus,  or  Whambo,  or  the  Yellow  River ;  the  Kiam, 
or  the  Blue  River,  and  the  Tay.  Common  water  in  China  is  very  in- 
different, and  is  in  fome  places  boiled  to  make  it  fit  for  ufe. 

Bays.]     The  chief  are  thofe  of  Nankin  and  Canton. 

Canals.]  Thefeare  fufficient  to  entitle  the  ancient  Chinefe  to  the 
charafterof  being  the  wifeft  and  mod  induflrious  people  in  the  world. 
The  commodioufnefs  and  length  of  their  canals  are  incredible.  The 
chief  of  them  are  lined  with  hewn  flone  oft  the  fides,  and  they  are  fo 
deep,  that  they  carry  large  veffcls.  and  fometimes  they  extend  above 
looo  miles  in  length.  Thofe  veffds  are  fitted  up  for  all  the  convofni- 
encics  of  life  ;  and  it  has  been  thought  by  fome.  that  in  China  the  wa- 
ter contains  as  many  inhabitant."?  as  the  land.  They  are  furniflied  with 
ftone  quays,  and  fometimes  with  bridges  of  an  amazing  conftru6^.:on. 
The  navigation  is  flow,  and  the  veflels  fometimes  drawn  by  :nen. 
About  10,000  boats  from  200  tons  and  under,  are  kept  at  the  public 
pxpcnfc.  No  precautions  are  wanting,  that  could  be  formed  by  art  or 
pcrfeverance,  for  the  fafety  of  the  pafiengers,  in  cafe  a  canal  is  croffed 
by  a  rapid  river,  or  expofed  to  torrents  from  the  mountains.  Thefe 
canals,  and  the  variety  that  is  feen  upon  the  borders,  render  China  the 
xnoft  delightful  to  the  eye,  of  any  country  in  the  world,  as  well  as  fer- 
tile, in  places  that  are  not  fo  by  nature. 

FoBKSTS.]  Such  is  the  indufliy  of  the  Chinefe,  that  they  are  not 
incumbered  wifh  forefiis  or  wood,  though  no  country  is  better  fitted 
for  producing  timber  of  all  kinds.  They  fuiTer.  however,  none  to 
;giow  but  for  ornament  and  ufe,  or  on  the  fules  of  mountains,  from 
whence  the  trees,  when  cut  down,  can  be  conveyed  to  any  place  by 
water, 

AiR,  SOIL,  AND  PRODUCE.]  The  air  of  this  «mpire  is  according  to 
Ac  utuatton  of  the  phcf  s.  Towards  the  north  it  is  fliarp,  in  the  mid- 
dle 


CHINA.  4i3 

die  mild,  and  in  the  fouth  hot.  The  foil  is,  either  by  nature  or  art, 
fruitful  of  every  thing  that  can  ininiftcr  to  the  neceCTities,  conveni- 
cncies  or  luxuries  of  life.  The  culture  of  the  cotton,  and  the  rice 
fields,  from  which  the  bulk  of  the  inhabitants  are  clothed  and  feu,  is 
ingenious  almoft  beyond  delcription.  The  rare  trees,  and  aromatic 
produftions,  either  ornamental  or  medicinal,  that  abound  in  other 
parts  of  the  world,  are  to  be  found  in  China,  and  fome  others  pecu- 
liar to  itfelf  ;  but  even  a  catalogue  of  them  would  forn7  a  little  volume. 
Some,  however,  muft  be  mentioned. 

The  tallow  tree  has  a  fhort  trunk,  a  fmooth  bark,  crooked  branches, 
red  leaves,  fliaped  like  a  heart,  and  is  about  the  height  of  a  common 
cherry-tree.  The  fruit  it  produces  have  all  (he  qualities  of  our  tal- 
low, and  when  manufaftured  with  oil  ferve  the  natives  as  candles; 
but  iliey  fmeU  ftrong,  nor  is  their  lioht  clear.  Of  the  other  trees  pe  ■ 
culiar  to  ('hina,  are  Ibme  which  yield  a  kind  of  flour  ;  fome  partake  of 
the  nature  of  pepper.  The  gum  of  fome  is  poifonoiis,  but  affords  the 
fineft  varnifh  in  the  world.  After  all  that  can  be  faid  of  thefe,  and 
many  other  beautiful  and  ufeful  trees,  the  Chinefe,  notwithflanding 
their  induftry,  are  fo  wedded  to  their  aacient  cudoms,  that  they  are 
very  little,  if  at  all,  meliorated  by  cultivation.  The  fame  may  be  faid 
of  their  richeft  fruits,  which,  hi  general,  are  far  from  being  fo  delicious 
as  thofe  of  Europe,  and  indeed  of  America.  This  is  owing  to  llie 
Chinefe  never  pra6liiing  grafting,  or  inoculation  of  trees,  and  knowing 
nothing  of  experimental  gardening. 

It  would  be  unpardonable  here  not  to  mention  the  raw-filk,  which 
fo  much  abounds  in  China,  and  above  all,  the  iea-plant,  or  fhrub.  It 
is  planted  in  rows,  and  prur»*d  to  prevent  its  luxuriancy.  Notwith- 
llanding  our  long  intercouife  with  China,  writers  are  flill  divided 
about  the  different  fpecies  and  culture  of  this  plant.  It  is  generally 
thought  that  the  green  and  boheate<is  grow  on  the  fame  fhrub, but  that  the 
latter  admits  of  fome  kind  of  preparation,  which  takes  away  its  raking 
qualities,  and  gives  it  a  deeper  colour.  The  other  kinds,  which  go  by 
the  names  of  imperial,  congo,  finglo,  and  the  like,  are  occaiioned  prob- 
ablv  by  the  nature  of  the  foils,  and  from  the  provinces  in  u-hich  they 
grow.  The  culture  of  this  plant  feems  to  be  very  fimple  ;  and  It  is 
certain  that  fome  kinds  are  of  a  much  higher  and  delicious  flavour 
than  others.  It  Ts  thouglil  that  the  finefl,  which  is  called  the  ilower 
of  the  tea,  is  imported  over  land  to  Rufha  ;  but  wc  know  of  little  dif- 
ferencc  in  their  effefts  on  the  human  body.  The  greatefl  is  between 
the  bohea  and  the  green. 

It  is  fuppofed,  that  the  Portuguefc  had  the  ufe  of  Lea  long  before  the 
Englifli,  but  it  was  introduced  among  the  latter  before  the  Keftoration, 
as  mention  of  it  is  made  in  the  firfk  a6l  of  parliament,  that  fettled  the 
cxcife  on  the  king  for  life  in  1660.  Catharine  01  Lifbon.  wife  to 
Charles  II.  rendered  the  ufe  of  it  common  at  c»urt.  'Yhc  ginfcng.  fo 
famous  among  the  Chinefe  as  the  univerfal  remedy,  and  monopoli/,ed 
even  by  their  emperors,  is  now  found  to  be  but  a  common  root,  and  is 
plentiful  in  America.  When  brought  to  Europe,  it  is  little  diflin- 
givllied  for  its  healing  qualities  ;  and  this  inflance  alone  ought  to 
teach  us  with  what  caution  the  former  accounts  of  China  are  to  be 
read.     The  ginfcng,  however,  ii  a  native  of  the  Chioefc  Taitarv. 


4t4  CHINA. 

Metat.s  A\D  MINERALS.]  China  (if  wc  are  to  believe  natura?- 
ifts)  produces  all  metals  and  minerals  that  are  known  in  the  world. 
White  copper  is  peculiar  to  itfclf,  but  we  know  of  no  extraordinary 
quality  it  policflcs.  One  of  the  fundamental  maxims  of  tlie  Chinefe 
government  is,  that  of  not  introducing  a  fuperabundancy  of  gold  and 
filv'cr,  for  fear  of  hurting  induilry.  The  gold  mines,  therefore,  are 
buL  {lightly  worked,  and  the  currency  of  that  metal  is  fupplied  by  the 
grains  the  people  pick  up  in  the  fand  of  rivers  and  mountains.  The 
filver  fpecie  is  furaifhcd  from  the  mines  of  Honan. 

Population  and  inhabitan'ts.]  Much  has  been  faid  of  the popV' 
ia^zon  of  China.  It  is  undoubtedlv  great.  According  to  Le  Compte  the 
15  Provinces  contain  2357  fortified  towns,  10,128,789  families, 
58,9r6,783  men.  But  this  fubjc£l  has  been  treated  with  the  utmoft 
attention  and  iuduflry  by  M.  Amiot.  in  a  defcrtation  dated  Sept.  1777, 
and  inferted  in  the  6th  vol.  of  the  '•  Memoirs  conarnard  ks  Chinois." 
By  eflimates  of  the  inhabitants  of  each  Province  made  by  authority, 
and  communicated  to  the  late  M.  Allerftain,  Prefident  of  the  Mathc-r 
maticul  department,  it  appears  that  this  great  Empire  contains  at  Icaft 
two  hundred  miWons  oi  inhabitants.  Notwithflanding  the  induftry  of 
the  people,  their  amazing  population  frequently  occafions  a  dearth. 
Parents,  who  cannot  fapport  their  female  children,  are  allowed  to  caft 
fhem  into  the  river  ;  but  they  faflen  a  gourd  to  the  child,  that  it  may 
fioat  on  the  water;  and  there  aie  often  compalTionate  people  of  for- 
tune, who  arc  moved  by  the  cries  of  the  children  to  favc  them  froin 
death.  The  Chinefe,  in  their  perfons,  are  middle  fized,  their  faces 
broad,  their  eyes  black  and  fmall,  their  nofes  rather  fhort.  The  (  hiv 
nefe  have  particular  ideas  of  beauty.  They  pluck  up  the  hairs  of  the 
lower  part  of  their  faces  by  the  roots  with  tweezers,  leaving  a  few 
ftraggling  ones  by  way  of  beard.  'J  licir  Tartar  princes  compel  them 
to  cut  off  the  hair  of  their  heads,  and  like  Mahometans,  to  wear  only  a 
lock  on  the  crown.  Their  complexion  towards  the  north  is  fair^  to- 
wards the  fouth,  i'warthy,  and  ihe  fatter  a  man  is,  they  think  him  the 
handfomer.  Men  of  quality  and  learning,  who  are  not  much  expofed 
to  the  fun,  are  delicately  complcxioncd,  and  they  who  are  bred  to  let- 
ters let  the  nails  of  their  fingers  grow  to  an  enormous  length,  to  fliev/ 
tiiat  they  are  not  employed  in  manual  labour. 

I  he  women  have  little  eyes,  plump  rofy  lips,  black  hair,  regular 
features,  and  a  delicate  though  florid  complexion.  The  fmallnefs  of 
their  feet  is  reckoned  a  principal  part  of  their  beauty,  and  r.o  fwathing 
is  emitted,  when  they  are  young,  to  give  them  that  accomplifhment,  i"q 
that  when  they  grow  up,  they  may  be  faid  to  totter  rather  than  to  walk. 
This  fanciful  piece  of  beauty  was  probably  invented  by  the  ancient 
Chinefe,  to  pallKite  thcirjcaloufy. 

Dress.]  This  varies  according  to  the  degrees  among  them.  The 
men  wear  caps  on  their  heads  of  the  fafhion  of  a  bell  ;  thofe  of  quality 
are  ornamented  with  jewels.  The  reft  of  their  drul's  is  eafy  and  loofe, 
Gonfifling  of  a  veil;  and  a  I'afh.  a  coat  or  gown  thrown  over  them,  filk 
boots  quilted  with  cotton,  and  a  pair  of  drawers.  ihe  ladies  towards 
the  fouth  wear  nothing  on  their  head.  Sometimes  their,  hair  is  drawn 
up  in  a  net,  and  fomctimes  it  is  dilbevelled.  Their  drcfs  differs  but 
little  from  that  of  the  men,  only  their  gown  or  upper  garment  has  vevy 
large  open  fleeves. — The  drcfs  both  of  men  ai.d  women  vaiies,  howev- 
er, accordirrg  to  the  temperature  of  the  clirejate, 

Marriag£S.]| 


FI        I        N 


4»5 


Marriages.]  The  parties  never  fee  each  other,  in  Cliina,  till  the 
bargain  is  concluded  by  the  parents,  and  that  is  generally  when  the 
parties  arc  pcrfeft  children.  Next  to  being  barren,  the  greatefl  Ican- 
dal  is  to  bring  females  into  the  world  ;  and  if  a  woman  of  a  poor  family 
happens  to  have  three  or  four  girls  fucceffively,  it  not  unfreqently 
happens  that  (he  will  expofe  them  on  the  high  roads,  or  call  them  into 
aaiver. 

Funerals.]  People  of  note  canfe  their  coffins  to  be  made,  and 
their  tombs  to  be  built  in  their  life  time.  No  perfons  are  buried  with- 
in the  walls  of  a  city,  nor  is  a  dead  corpfe  fuffered  to  be  brought  into 
a  town,  if  a  perfon  died  in  the  country.  Every  Chinefe  keeps  in  his 
houfe  a  table,  upon  which  are  written  the  aames  of  his  father,  grandfa- 
ther, and  great  grandfather,  before  which  they  frec^ucntly  burn  incenfe, 
and  proftrate  themfelves  ;  and  when  the  father  of  a  family  dies,  the 
name  of  the  great  grandfather  is  taken  away,  and  that  of  the  deceafed 
is  added. 

Languase.]  The  Chinefe  language  contains  only  three  hundred 
and  thirty  words,  all  of  one  I'yllable  ;  But  then  each  word  is  pronoun- 
ced with  fuch  various  modulations,  and  each  with  a  different  meaning, 
that  it  becomes  more  copious  than  could  beealily  imagined,  and  enables 
them  to  exprefs  themfelves  very  well  on  the  common  occafions  of  life. 
The  mifhonaries,  who  adapt  the  European  charafters,  as  well  as  they 
can,  to  the  expreflton  of  Chinefe  words,  have  devifed  eleven  different, 
and  fome  of  them  very  compounded,  marks  and  afpirations,  to  fignify 
the  various  modulations,  elevations,  and  depreffions  of  the  voice, 
which  diftinguifh  the  fcveral  meanings  of  the  fame  monofyliable. 
The  Chinefe  oral  language  being  thus  barren  and  coutrafted,  is  unfit 
for  literature,  and  therefore,  their  literature  is  all  comprized  in  ar- 
bitrary charafters,  which  are  amazingly  complicated  and  numerous  ; 
according  to  fome  of  their  writers  they  amount  to  twenty-five  thoufand; 
to  thirty  or  forty  thoufand,  according,  to  others  ;  but  the  later  wri- 
ters fav  they  amount  to  eighty  thoufand,  though  he  is  reckoned  a  very 
learned  man,  who  is  mafter  of  fifteen  or  twenty  thoufand.  This  lan- 
guage being  wholly  addreffed  to  the  eye,  and  having  no  affinity  with 
their  tongue,  as  fpoken,  the  latter  has  ftill  continued  in  its  original 
rude,  uncultivated  ftate,  while  the  former  has  received  all  poflible  im- 
prov^ements. 

The  Chinefe  charafters,  Mr.  Afllc  obferves,  which  are  by  length  of 
time  become  fymboHc,  were  originally  imitative  ;  they  ftill  partake  fo 
much  of  their  original  hieroglyphic  nature,  that  they  do  not  combine 
into  words  like  letters  or  marks  for  founds  ;  but  we  find  one  mark  for 
a  man,  another  for  a  horfe,  a  third  for  a  dog,  and  in  fhort  a  feparate 
and  difliiift  mark  for  each  thing  which  hath  a  corporeal  form.  The 
Chinefe  alfo  ufe  a  great  number  of  marks  entirely  of  a  fymbolic  nature, 
to  imprefs  on  the  eye  the  conceptions  of  the  mind,  which  h^ve  no  cor- 
poreal forms,  though  they  do  not  combine  thefe  laft  marks  into  words, 
like  marks  for  founds  or  letters  ;  but  a  feparate  mark  is  made  to  rep- 
refeni  or  ftand  for  each  idea,  and  they  ufe  them  in  the  fame  manner  as 
they  do  their  abridged  pifturc-charafters,  which  were  originally  imi- 
tative or  hieroglyphic. 

The  Chinefe  books  begin  from  the  right  hand  ;  their  letters  are 
placed  :n  perpendicular  columns,  of  which  there  arc  generally  ten  in 

a  page. 


4i6  CHIN         A. 

a  page.  They  are  read  downwari^s,  beginning  from  the  right  han'3 
fide  of  the  paper.  Sometimes  a  title  is  placed  horizontally,  and  this  is 
Ijkewife  read  from  the  rijrht  hand. 

Genius  AND  learning.]  The  genius  of  the  Cliiiiefe,  it  is  faid,  is 
peculiar  to  theimelves.  Thcv  have  no  conception  of  what  is  heautiful 
in  writing,  regular  in  architefture.  or  natural  in  painting  ;  and  yet  in 
their  gardening,  and  planning  their  grounds,  they  hit  upon  tiic  true 
fubliine  and  beautiful.  They  perform  all  the  operations  of  arithmetic 
with  prodigious  quicknefs,  but  difl'eiemly  from  the  Europeans.  Till 
the  latter  came  among  them,  they  were  ignorant  of  mathematical  learn- 
ing, and  all  its  depending  arts.  They  had  no  proper  apparatus  for 
aftronomical  ohfervations  ;  and  the  raetaphyfical  learning,  which  ex- 
ifled  among  them,  was  only  known  to  their  philofophers  ;  but  even 
the  arts  introduced  by  the  Jcfuits  were  of  very  fliort  duration  among 
them,  and  laded  vc»rv  little  longer  than  the  reign  of  Cang-hi,  who  was 
contemporary  with  Charles  11.  of  England,  nor  is  it  very  probable 
they  ever  will  be  revived.  It  has  been  generally  faid,  that  they  under- 
•ftood  printing  before  the  Europeans  ;  but  that  can  be  only  applied  to 
block  printing,  for  the  fufile  and  moveable  types  were  undoubtedly 
Dutch  or  German  inventions.  The  Chinefe,  however,  had  almanacs, 
which  were  (lamped  from  plates  or  blocks,  many  hundred  years  be^ 
fore  printing  was  difcovered  in  Europe. 

The  difficulty  of  maftering  and  retaining  fuch  a  number  of  arbitrary 
marks  a:id  charafters  as  there  are  in  what  may  be  called  llie  Chinefe 
written  language,  greatly  retards  the  progrefs  of  their  erudition.  But 
there  is  no  part  of  the  globe  where  learning  is  attended  with  fuch 
honours  and  rewards,  and  where  ther>;  are  more  powerful  induce- 
inents  to  cultiva<-e  and  parfue  it.  The  literati  are  reverenced  as  rneu 
of  another  fpecies,  and  are  the  only  nobility  known  in  China.  If  their 
birth  be  ever  fo  mean  and  low,  they  beco:ne  mandarins  of  the  highefl 
rank,  in  proportion  to  the  extent  of  their  learning.  On  the  other 
hand,  however  exalted  their  birth  may  be,  they  quickly  hnk  into  pov- 
erty ar)d  obfcurity,  if  they  neglect  thofe  fludies  which  raifed  their  fa- 
thers. It  has  been  obferved.  that  there  is  no  nation  in  the  world 
where  the  fivft  honours  of  tlje  Hate  lie  fo  open  to  the  lowefl  of  the 
people,  afid  where  there  is  lefs  of  hereditary  gre^tncfs.  The  Chinefe 
range  all  their  works  of  literature  into  four  claffes.  The  fnft  is  the 
clals  of  King,  or  the  facrcd  books,  which  contains  ihe  principles  of  the 
Chinefe  religion,  morality,  and  government,  and  feveral  curious  and 
obfcure  records,  relative  to  thcfe  important  fubjcfts.  Iliftory  forms  a 
€1,a1s  apart ;  yet,  in  this  firft  clals,  there  are  placed  lome  hiflorical  mon- 
uments on  account  of  their  relation  to  religion  and  government,  and 
araor.g  olWzYr,  the  Tekun-t/icou,  a  work  of  Confucius,  which  contains 
the  annals  of  twelve  kings  of  Low,  the  native  country  of  that  iiluftri- 
ous  fage.  The  fccond  clafs  is  that  of  the  Su,  or  Che,  that  is,  of  hiflory 
and  the  hiftorians.  The  third  clafs,  called  lyit,  or  7_yc,  comprehends 
philofophy  and  the  philofophers,  and  contains  all  the  works  of  the 
Chinefe  literati,  the  produftions  alio  of  foreign  fefts  and  religions, 
which  the  Chinefe  confider  only  in  the  light  of  philofophical  opin- 
ions, and  all  books  relative  to  mathematics,  aflronomy,  phyfic,  mllita- 
vy  fciencc,  the  art  of  divination,  agriculture,  and  the  arts  and  fciences 
in  general.  The  fourth  clafs  is  called  Tcic,  or  MiJccUanks,  and  con- 
tains 


CHINA.  417 

tarns  all  the  poetical  books  of  the  Chinefc,  their  pieces  of  eloquence, 
their  fongs,  rorpances,  tragedies,  and  comedicB.  The  Chiiicfe  literati, 
in  all  the  periods  of  their  monarchy,  have  applied  iheml'elves  Ids  to 
the  ftudy  of  nature,  and  to  the  reiearchcs  of  natural  philoropliv,  than 
to  moral  inquiries,  the  pradlcal  fciencc  of  life,  and  internal  polity  and 
maaners.  it  is  faid,  that  it  \vas  not  before  tlie  dynafly  of  the  Sons;,  in 
the  10th  and  nth  centuries  after  Chrifl,  that  the  Chinefc  philofophers 
formed  hypothefis  conccrninsj  the  natural  fyllem  of  the  univerfe,  and 
entered  into  difcuffions  of  a  fcholallic  kind,  in  confcqucnce,  perhaps, 
of  the  intercourfe  they  had  long  kept  up  wilh  the  Arabians,  who 
ftudied  with  ardour  the  works  pf  Arillotle.  And  fince  the  Cliinefe 
have  begun  to  pay  fome  attention  to  natural  philofophy,  their  progrefs 
ifx  it  has  been  much  inferior  to  that  of  the  Europeans, 

The  invention  of  gunpowder  is  juilly  claimed  by  the  Chinefo,  who 
made  ufe  of  it  againft  Zinghis  Khan  and  Tamerlane.  They  feem  to 
have  known  nothing  of  fmall  fire-arms,  and  to  have  been  acq-uainted 
only  \yith  the  cannon,  which  tiiey  call  the  fire-pan.  Their  iiiduflty 
in  their  manufaftures  of  llufFs,  porcelane,  japanning,  and  the  like  fed- 
entary  trades  is  amazing,  and  can  be  equalled  only  by  their  labours  in 
the  field,  in  making  canals,  levelling  mountains,  railing  gardens,  and 
faavigating  their  junks  and  boats. 

Antiquities  akd  curiosities. J  Few  natural  curiofities  prefent 
themfelves  in  China,  that  have  not  been  comprehended  under  foreign 
articles.  Some  volcanos,  and  rivers  and  lakes  of  particular  qualities, 
are  to  be  found  in  different  parts  of  the  empire.  The  volcano  of 
Liv.efang  is  faid  fomrtimes  to  make  fo  furious  a  difcharge  of  fire  and 
gilhes,  as  to  occafion  a  tempefl  in  the  air  ;  and  fome  of  their  lakes  are 
faid  to  petrify  filhes  v.'hen  put  into  them.  The  artificial  curiofities  of 
China  arc  ftupendous.  The  great  wall,  feparating  C  hina  from  Tarta- 
ry,  to  prevent  the  incurfionsof  the  Tartars,  is  fuppofed  to  extend  fiom 
1200  to  1500  miles.  It  is  carried  over  mountains  and  vallics.  and 
reaches  from  the  province  of  Xcnfi  to  the  Kang  {c&,  between  the 
Provinces  of  Pckin  and  Lasnotum.  It  is  in  moil  places  built  of  brick 
andmortar,  which  is  fo  well  tempered,  that  though  ithas'ftood  for  1800 
years,  it  is  but  little  decayed.  The  beginning  of  this  wall  is  a  large 
bulwark  of  flone  raifed  in  the  lea,  in  the  provii\ce  of  Pctcheli,  to  the 
call  of  I'ekin,  and  almoft  in  the  fame  latitude;  It  is  built  like  the 
walls  of  the  capital  city  of  the  empire,  but  much  wider,  being  terralfed 
and  caicd  with  bricks,  and  is  from  twenty  to  twenty-five  feet  high, 
P.  Kegis,  and  the  other  gentleman,  who  took  a  map  of  thcfi-  provin- 
ces, often  ftretched  a  line  on  the  top,  to  meafurc  the  bafis  of  triangles, 
and  to  take  dillant  points  with  an  inllrument.  They  always  found  it 
paved  wide  enough  for  five  or  fix  horfemen  to  traxel  abreafl,  with  cafe. 
Mention  has  been  already  made  of  the  prodigious  <;anals  and  roads 
tiiat  arc  cut  thi-ough  this  empire. 

The  artificial  mountains  prefent  on  their  tops,  temples,  monafteries, 
and  other  edifices.  Some  part,  however,  of  what  we  are  told  con- 
cerning the  cavities  in  thcfe  mountains,  feems  to  be  fabulous.  Tho 
ChJnele  bridges  cannot  be  fufiicicntly  admired.  They  are  built  fome- 
iimes  upon  barges  ftrongly  chained  together,  yet  fo  as  to  be  parted, 
and  to  let  the  vcfi'els  pafs  that  fail  up  and  down  the  river.  Some  of 
iheso.  run  from  mountain  to  mountain|  aad  confiil  only  of  one  arch  ; 


4i8  t         H         I         N         A. 

that  over  the  river  SafTrany  is  400  cuhits  long,  and  500  high,  though  a 
fingle  arch,  anrl  joins  two  mountains  ;  and  fome  in  the  interior  parts  of 
the  empire  are  faid  to  be  flill  more  (lupendous.  The  triumphal  arches 
of  this  country  form  the  next  fpecies  of  artificial  curiofities.  Though 
they  are  not  built  in  the  Greek  or  Roman  flyle  of  architefture,  yet 
they  are  fupcib  and  beautiful,  and  ercfted  to  the  memories  of  their 
great  men,  with  ^•^fi  labour  and  cxpenfe.  They  are  faid  in  the  whole 
to  be  eleven  hundred,  two  hundred  of  w])icli  are  particularly  magni- 
fictriU  Their  fepulchral  monuments  make  likcwife  a  great  figure. 
Their  towers,  the  models  of  which  are  now  fo  common  in  Europe  vm- 
der  the  name  of  pagodas,  are  vaft  embellifhments  to  tlie  face  of  their 
country.  They  feem  to  be  con  drafted  by  a  regular  order,  and  all  of 
them  are  finiflied  with  exquifite  carvings  and  gildings,  and  other  orna- 
ments. That  at  Nankiu.  whicli  is  200  feet  high,  and  40  in  diameter, 
is  the  moft  admired.  It  is  called  the  Porcelane  Tower,  becaufe  it  is 
lined  with  Chinefe  tiles.  Their  temples  are  chiefly  remarkable  for 
the  difagreeable  tafle  in  which  they  arc  built,  for  their  capacioufnefs, 
their  whirnfical  ornaments,  and  the  uglinefs  of  the  idols  they  contain. 
The  Chinefe  are  remarkably  fond  of  bells,  which  gave  name  to  one 
of  their  principal  feftivals.  A  bell  of  Pe.kin  weighs  120.000  pounds, 
b\it  its  found  is  faid  to  be  difagreeable.  The  lad  curiofity  I  fliall 
mention^  is  their  fire  works,  which  in  China  exceed  thofe  of  all  other 
nations.  In  fhort,  every  province  of  China  is  a  fcene  of  curiofities. 
Their  buildings,  except  their  pagodas,  being  confined  to  no  order,  and 
fufceptiblc  of  all  kinds  of  ornaments,  have  a  wild  variety,  and  a  pleaf- 
inof  elegance,  not  void  of  magnificence,  agreeable  to  the  eye  and  the 
imagination-,  and  prefent  a  diverfity  of  objefts  nol  to  be  found  in  Eu- 
ropean architeftute. 

CiHKF  CITIES.]  Little  can  be  faid  of  thefe  more  than  that  fome  of 
them  are  immenfely  large.  The  empire  is  faid  to  contain  4400  walled 
cities  ;  I>o  Compte  fays  but  2357  ;  the  chief  of  which  are  Pekin,  Nan- 
kin, and  Canton.  Pekin,  the  capital  of  the  whole  empire  of  China, 
and  the  ordinary  refidence  of  the  emperors,  is  fituated  in  a  very  fertile 
plain,  20  leagues  diilant  from  the  great  wall.  It  is  an  oblong  fquare, 
and  is  divided  into  two  cities  :  That  which  contains  the  emperor's  pal- 
ace is  called  the  Tartar  city,  becauie  the  houfes  were  given  to  the  Tar- 
tars when  the  prefent  family  came  to  the  throne  ;  and  they  refufing  to 
fuffer  the  Chinefe  to  inhabit  it,  forced  them  to  live  without  the  walls, 
where  they  in  a  fliort  time  built  a  new  city  ;  which,  by  beiuj^  joined  to 
the  other,  renders  the  whole  of  an  irrcgvdar  form,  fix  leagues  in  com- 
pafs:  The  walls  and  gates  of  Pekin  are  of  the  furprifing  height  of  fifty 
cubits,  io  that  they  hide  the  whole  city  ;  and  are  fo  broad,  that  centi- 
nels  are  placed  upon  thein  on  horfeback  •,  for  there  are  Hopes  within 
the  city  of  confiderable  length,  by  which  horfemen  may  afcend  the 
walls,  and  in  feveral  places  there  are  houfes  built  for  the  guard.  The 
•rates,  which  are  nine  in  number,  are  neither  embellifhed  with  ftatues, 
nor  other  carving,  all  their  beauty  confiding  in  their  prodigious  height, 
which  at  a  diftaricc  gives  them  a  noble  appearance.  The  arches  of 
the  gates  arc  built  of  marble,  and  the  reft  with  large  bricks  cemented 
with  excellent  mortar.  Mort  of  the  ftreets  are  built  in  a  direft  line, 
the  largeft  are  about  120  feet  broad,  and  a  league  in  length.  The 
ihops,  where  they  fell  filks  and  china-ware,   generally   take   up  the 

whole 


CHINA.  4:9 

wKole  flreet,  anci  afford  a  very  agreeable  profpc£l.  Each  fhop-keepev 
places  before  his  (hop,  on  a  finall  kind  of  pedeflal,  a  board  about 
twenty  feet  high,  painted,  varnifhed,  and  often  guilt,  on  which  are 
written  in  large  charafters  the  names  of  the  fcveral  commodities  he 
fells.  Thefe  being  placed  on  each  fide  of  the  flreet  at  nearly  an  equ^l 
diflance  from  each  other,  have  a  very  pretty  appearance  ;  but  thehouf- 
es  arc  poorly  built  in  front,  and  very  low,  moH  of  them  having  only  a 
ground  floor,  and  none  exceeding  one  llory  above  it.  Of  all  the  build- 
ings in  this  great  city,  the  moft  remarkable  is  the  imperial  palace,  the 
grandeur  of  which  does  not  confill  fo  much  in  the  noblenefs  and  ele- 
gance of  the  architefture,  as  in  the  multitude  of  its  buildings,  courts, 
and  gardens,  all  regularly  difpoied  ;  for  within  the  walls  are  not  only 
the  emperor's  houfe,  but  a  liiile  town,  inhabited  by  the  oflicers  of  the 
court,  and  a  multitude  of  artificers,  employed  and  kept  by  the  empe- 
ror ;  but  the  houfes  of  the  courtiers  and  artificers  arc  low  and  ill  con- 
trived. F.  Attiret,  a  French  Jefuit,  Vvho  was  indulged  with  a  fight  of 
the  palace  and  gardfens,  fays,  that  the  palace  is  more  than  three  miles 
in  circumference,  and  that  the  front  of  the  buildings  Qiines  with  gild- 
ing, paint,  and  varniih,  while  the  infide  is  fet  oflF  and  furniflied  with 
every  thing  th^t  is  mod  beautiful  and  precious  in  China,  the  Indies, 
and  Europe.  The  gardens  of  this  palace  are  large  trafts  of  grcun«d,  iu 
which  are  raifed,  at  proper  diftanccs,  artificial  mountains,  from  20  to 
60  feet  high,  which  form  a  number  of  fmall  vallies,  plentifully  water- 
ed by  canals,  which  uniting,  form  lakes  and  meres.  Beautiful  and 
jnagnificent  barks  fail  on  thefe  pieces  of  water,  and  the  banks  arc  orna- 
mented with  ranges  of  buildings,  not  any  two  of  which  are  faid  ta> 
have  any  refemblance  to  each  other,  which  diverfity  produces  a  very 
pleafing  clTeft.  Every  valley  has  its  houfe  of  pleafure,  very  large: 
Many  of  thefe  houfes  are  built  with  cedar,  brought,  at  a  vafl  expenl'e, 
the  diftance  of  500  leagues.  Of  thefe  palaces,  or  houfes  of  pleafure, 
there  are  more  than  iioo  in  this  vafh  enclofure.  In  the  middle  of  a 
lake,  which  is  near  half  a  league  in  a  diameter  every  way,  is  a  rockv 
illand,  on  which  is  built  a  palace,  containing  more  than  a  hundred 
apartments.  It  has  four  fronts,  and  is  a  very  elegant  and  magnificent 
{lru6lure.  The  mountains  and  hills  are  covered  with  tiees,  particular-. 
Iv  fuch  as  produce  beautiful  and  aromatic  flowers  -,  and  the  canals  are 
edged  with  ruftic  pieces  of  rock,  difpofed  with  fuch  art,  as  exaftly  to 
refemble  the  wildnefs  of  nature.  The  city  of  Pekin  is  faid  to  contain 
two  million  irjhabitants. 

Nankin  is  faidtoexceed  Pekin,  both  in  extent  and  population.  But 
if  we  may  judge  from  the  account  which  M.  Bourgeois,  mifTionary  at, 
Pekin,  gives  of  it,  in  a  letter  of  his,  dated  in  1777,  wc  are  to  believe 
that  there  is  nothing  remarkable  in  this  celebrated  city,  but  its  famouii 
Iteeplc,  its  vaii  circumference,  the  barren  hills,  and  uncultivat-ed  trails, 
of  land  that  are  ir>clcfcd  within  its  walls,  and  which  make  a  ftranger 
think  that  he  has  left  it  far  behind  him  when  he  is  in  the  midfl  of  it. 

Canton  is  the  greateil  port  in  China,  and  the  only  port  that  has 
been  much  frequented  by  Europeans.  The  city  wall  is  about  five 
miles  in  circumference,  with  very  pleafant  walks  around  it.  From 
the  top  of  fome  adjacent  hills,  on  which  forts  are  built,  you  have  a  fine 
profpeft  of  the  country.  It  is  beautifully  interperfcd  with  moun. 
(C^ins,  little  hills,  and  Vdliies,  all  green.  ;  and   thefe  2?5ia  pleafantly  di-' 


423  CHIN        A. 

verfified  with  fmall  towns,  villages,  high  towers,  teinpks,  the  feats  of 
mandai  ins  and  other  great  men,  which  are  wntefcd  with  delightful 
lakes,  canals, and  final! -t-.ranches  Irom  the  river  Ta  ^  on  vv?iich  arc  num- 
bcilcfs  boats  and  junks,  failing  different  ways  through  the  moll  fertile 
parts  of  the  country..  The  city  is  entered  by  feven  iron  gates,  and 
wuhin-fide  of  each  tfiere  is  a  guard-houfe.  The  ftreets  of  Canton  are 
very  ilraight,  but  gerrersUy  narrow,  and  paved  witii  !lag-ftones»  There 
are  many  pretty  buildings  in  this  cily,  great  numbers  of  triumphal 
arches,  and  temples  well  llocked  with  images.  The  ftreets  of  Cantorx 
are  fo  crowded,  that  it  is  difficult  to  Vvalk  in  them  ;  yet  a  woman  of 
any  fafliion  is  I'eldom  to  be  Icen,  unlefs  by  chance  v^hen  coming  out  of 
their  ch;drs.  There  are  great  numbers  of  market-places  for  fiih,  flefh, 
poultry,  vegetables^  and  all  kinds  of  provihons,  which  are  fold  very 
cheap.  7  here  are  many  private  walks  about  the  fkifts  of  the  town, 
where  thofe  of  the  better  foit  have  iheir  houfcs,  which  are  very  little 
frequented  by  Europeans,  whofe  buiinefs  lies  chiefly  in  the  trading 
parts  of  the  city,  where  there  are  only  fhops  and  warehoufes.  Few 
of  the  Chinefc  traders  of  any  fuoftance  keep  their  families  in  the  hotif? 
Vvhere  they  do  bufineFs,  but  either  in  the  city,  in  the  more  remote  fub- 
urbs,  or  farther  up  in  the  country.  They  have  all  fuch  a  regard  to 
privacy,  that  no  windows  are  made  towards  the  flreets,  but  in  fhops 
and  places  of  public  buhnefs,  nor  do  any  of  their  windows  look  to- 
wards thofe  of  their  neighbours.  Th-e  fhops  of  ihofe  that  deal  in  hlk 
arc  very  neat,  make  a  fine  fiiuw,  and  are  all  in  one  place  ;  for  trades- 
men, or  dealers  in  One  kind  of  good?,  herd  together  in  the  fame  ftreec. 
It  is  com-putcd  that  there  arc  in  this  city,  and  its  fuburbs,  1,200,000 
people  ;  and  thei-e'are  often  5000  trading  veffels  lying  before  the  city. 
Trade  AND  MANUFACTURES.]  China  is  fo  happily  fituated,  and 
produces  fuch  a  variety  of  materials  lor  manufafturcs,  that  it  rnav  be 
jaid  to  be  the  native  land  of  induftry  ;  and  which  is  excrcifed  with  vaft 
art  and  neatnefs.  I'hey  hiake  paper  of  the  bark  of  bamboo,  and  other 
trees,  as  well  as  bf  cOttof?,  but  not  comparable  for  records,  or  printing, 
to  the  European.  Their  ink,  for  the  ufe  of  drawing,  is  Well  known  in 
England,  arvd  is  faid  to  be  made  of  oil  and  lamp-black.  We  have  already 
mentioned  the  antiquity  of  their  printing,  which  they  Rill  do  by  cut- 
ting their  charafters  on  blocks  of  wood.  The  manufafture  of  that 
earthen  ware,  generally  known  by  the  name  of  China,  was  long  a  l"e- 
cret  in  Europe,  and  brought  intmenfe  fums  to  that  country.  The  an- 
cients knew  and  eftcemcd  it  highly  under  the  nameo-f  pOrcelane,  but  it 
was  oF  a  much  better  fabric  than  the  modern.  Though  the  Chinefe 
affcft  to  keep  that  manufacture  ftlli  a  fecrct,  yet  it  is  well  known  that 
the  principal  material  is  a  prepared  pulverized  earth,  and  that  feveral 
European  countries  far  exceed  the  Chinefe  in  m.anufafturing  this  com- 
modity.* The  Chinefe  filks  are  generally  plain  and  flov/cred  gaufes, 
and  they  are  faid  to  have  been  originally  fabricated  in  that  country, 
where  the  art  of  rearing  fUk-v/orms  was  firft  difcovered.  They  manu- 
fafture  filks  likewife  of  a  more  durable  kind,  and  their  cotton,  and 
other  cloths,  ate  famous  for  furnilhinfj  a  light  warm  wear. 

Their 

*  T'le  Fnglifh  in  oarticular  have  carried  this  bra.nch  to  a  high  degree  of  perfection,  as 
appends  from  the  commiirions  which  have  bein  roccivej  of  late  from  (eyeral  princes  of  Ei4» 
rope;  and  we  hope  thu  a  manufadture  fo  generally  ufcfivU  will  meet  with  encouragement 
from  every  true  natrict  in  every  foaatry  vi'hsrc  the  r?w  ir.Pterial  is  fpuod. 


t        H        1        N        A,  421 

Their  trade,  it  is  well  known,  is  open  fo  Amei  leans  and  to  all  the 
European  nations,  with  whom  they  deal  for  ready  n.onrv  ;  for  Inch  is 
the  pride  and  avarice  of  the  Chinese,  that  they  think  no  rnanufaftures 
equal  to  their  own.  But  if  is  certain,  that  fince  the  dilcovery  of  the 
porcelane  manufatlures,  and  tlie  vail  improvements  the  Europca^is 
have  made  in  the  weaving  branches,  the  Chinefe  commerce  has  been 
on  the  decline. 

CoK5iiTUT!o.\  Axn  GOVERNMENT.]  TKis  was  a  vcfy  inflruftive, 
entertaining  article,  before  the  conquefl  of  China  by  the  Tartars  ;  for 
though  their  princes  retain  many  fundamental  maxims  of  the  old  Chi- 
nefe, the  Tartarsliave  obliged  the  inhabitants  to  deviate  from  the  ancient 
difcinline  in  mans'  refpetls.  Perhaps  their  acquaintance  with  the  Eu- 
ropeans may  have  contributed  to  their  degeneracy.  The  original  plan 
of  tlie  Chinefe  government  was  patriarchical,  aimofl  in  the  ftriftefi: 
fenfc  of  the  word.  Duty  and  <5bedience  to  the  father  of  each  family 
was  recommended  and  enforced  in  the  mod  rigorous  manner  ;  but,  at 
the  fame  time,  the  emperor  was  confidered  as  the  father  of  the  whole. 
His  mandarins,  or  great  officers  of  flate,  were  looked  upon  as  his  fub- 
Ilitutes,  and  the  degrees  of  fubmiffion  which  were  due  from  the  infe- 
rior ranks  to  the  fupcnor,  were  fettled  and  obferved  with  tiie  mofh 
fcrupulous  precifion,  and  in  a  manner  that  to  us  feems  highly  ridicu- 
lous. 'I'his  frmple  claim  of  obedience  required  great  addrefi  and 
knowledge  of  human  nature  to  render  it  effcftual  ;  and  the  Chinefe 
legillators,  Confucius  particularly,  appear  to  have  been  poffelfed  of  won- 
derful abilities.  They  enveloped  their  diftates  in  a  number  ofmyftical 
appearances,  fo  as  to  flrilie  the  people  with  awe  and  veneration.  The 
mandarins  had  modes  of  fpeaking  and  writing  different  from  thofe  of 
other  fubjefts,  and  the  people  were  taught  to  believe  that  tlicir  princes 
partook  of  divinity.  I'o  that  they  were  feldom  fcen,  and  more  leldom. 
approached. 

Though  this  fyflem  preferred  the  public  tranquillity  for  an  incredi- 
ble number  of  vcars,  yet  it  had  a  fundamental  defeft  that  often  convulf- 
ed,  and  at  lad  proved  fatal  to  the  date,  becauie  the  fame  attention  was 
not  paid  to  the  military  as  to  ihs  civil  duties.  Tire  Chinefe  had  pal- 
nons  like  other  men,  and  fometimes  a  weak  or  wicked  adminill ration 
drove  them  into  arms,  and  a  revolution  eafily  fucceeded  which  they 
juftified  by  fa)  ing,  that  their  fovcreign  had  ceafed  to  be  their  father. 
During  thofe  connnotion.s,  one  of  the  parties  naturally  invited  their 
neighbours  the  Tartars  to  their  alfifl^nce,  and  it  was  thus  thofe  barba- 
rians, who  had  great  fagacity,  became  acquainted  with  the  weak  fide 
of  thfcir  conflitution,  and  they  availed  themfelves  accordingly,  by  in- 
vading and  conquering  the  cmpiic. 

Bclides  the  great  doftrine  of  patriarchal  obedience,  the  Chinefe  hzd 
fumptuary  laws,  and  regulations  for  the  cxpenfes  of  all  degrees  of  fub- 
jefts,  which  were  very  ufeful  in  preferving  the  public  tranquillity,  and 
preventing  the  effefts  of  ambition.  By  their  inRitulions  likewife  the 
mandarins  might  rcmonflrate  to  the  emperor,  but  in  the  moR  fubroif- 
five  manner,  upon  the  errors  of  his  government,  and  when  he  was  a 
virtuous  prince,  this  freedom  was  often  attended  with  the  mofl  falutary 
effefts.  No  country  in  the  world  is  fo  well  provided  with  magiltrates 
for  the  difchargcof  juRice,  both  in  civil  and  criminal  matters,  as  Chi- 
na ;  but  they  are  often  inellcdual  through  want  of  public  viituc  in  th« 

execution 


4zt  C        H        I        N^         A. 

execution.     The  emperor  is  flyled  '■'•  Holy  Son  of  Heaven^  Sok   Govmi-^ 
or  of  ih(f  Earth,  Great  Father  of  his  Peopk." 

REi.T'diON.]  This  article  is  nearly  connefted  with  the  preceding. 
Though  the  ancient  Chinefe  worfhippcd  idols,  yet  ihfeir  philosophers 
and  legifiators  had  jufter  fentiments  of  the  Diety,  and  indulged  the 
people  in  the  worfhip  of  fenfiblc  ohjeils,  only  to  make  them  more  fub- 
miflive  to  government.  The  Jeluits  ma.de  little,  oppofition  to  this 
when  they  attempted  to  convert  the  Ciiinefe  ;  and  fufferfcd  their  prof- 
elytes  to  vvorfliip  Tien,  pretending  that  it  was  no  otTier  than  the  name 
of  God,  The  truth  is.  Cor/ucius,  and  the  Chinefe  legiflatorS,  intro- 
duced a  mofl  excellent  fyftem  of  r-icrals  among  the  people,  and  en- 
deavoured to  fupply  the  want  of  jufb  ideas  of  a  future  ftate,  by  pre- 
Jcribing  to  them  the  worfliip  of  inferior  d'^ities.  Their  morality  ap- 
proximated to  that  of  Chriilianity  ;  but  as  Ave  know  little  of  iheir  relig- 
ion. Only  through  the  Jefuits,  We  cannot  adopt  for  truth  the  numerous 
jhftances  which  they  tell  us  of  the  confcrinitv  of  the  Chinefe  with  the 
Chriflian  religion.  Thofe  fathers,  it  rrluft  be  ov^^ned,  were  men  of 
great  abilities,  and  made  a  wonderful  progrefs  about  a  century  ago  in 
their  converhons  :  but  they  miftook  tlie  true  charafter  of  the  emperor 
who  was  their  patron  :  for  he  no  looner  found  that  fhey  were  in  fafcl 
iifpiring  to  the  civil  direction  of  the  government,  than  he  expelled 
them,  levelled  their  churches  with  the  ground,  and  prohibited  the  ex- 
crcife  of  their  religion  ;  fince  which  time  Chrifliauity  has  made  no 
progrefs  in  China. 

Revenues.]  Thefe  are  faid  by  fome  to  amount  to  twenty  millions 
{l.erling  a  year  ;  but  this  cannot  be  meant  in  l!^oney,  which  does  not  at 
A\  abound  in  China.  The  taxes  colle6>.ed  for  the  ufe  of  government 
in  rice,  and  other  commodities,  are  certainly  very  great,  and  may  be 
cafily  im,pofed,  as  an  account  of  every  man's  family  and  fubftance  is 
annually  enrolled,  and  very  pofTibly  may  amount  to  that  fum.. 

MitiTARY  AND  MARINE  STREKGTii.J  Chif'ia  is,  at  this  time,  a  far 
more  powerful  empite  than  it  was  before  its  conqueft  by  the  eaftcrn 
Tartars  in  644.  This  is  owing  to  the  confuramate  policy  of  Chun- 
ichi,  the  firft  Tartarian  em.peror  of  China,  who  obliged  his  hereditary 
fubjefts  to  conform  themfelves  to  the  Chinefe  manners  and  policy, 
and  the  Chinefe  to  wear  the  Tartar  drefs  and  arms.  The  two  na- 
tions v.-ere  thereby  incorporated.  The  Chinefe  were  appointed  to  all 
the  civil  offices  of  ihe  empire.  The  emperor  made  Pekin  the  leat  of 
3  lis  government,  and  the  Tartars  quietly  fubmitted  to  a  change  of  then 
country  and  condition,  which  was  fo  much  in  their  favour. 

This  fecurity,  howGvcr,  of  the  Chincie  from  the  Tartars,  t.ikcs  from 
them  all  military  objefts  :  the  Tartar  nower  alone,  b'qing  formidable  to 
that  empire.  The  only  danger  that  tfircatens  it  nt  prefent  is  the  difufe 
I. farms.  The  Chinefe  land  army  is  faid  to  confift  of  five  millions  ot 
men  ;  but  in  thefe  zre  comprehenderi  all  who  are  cm'ployed  in  tb.e  col- 
lettion  of  the  revenue,  and  the  prefcrvation  of  the  canals,  the  great 
ro?.ds,  and  the  public  peace.  The  i.mpevial  guards  amount  to  about 
;^o.OO0.  As  to  the  marine  force,  it  is  compol'ed  chiefly  of  the  junks, 
we  have  already  mentioned,  and  other  fmall  fhips,  that  trade  coaft- 
wayS;  or  to  the  neighbouring  countries,  or  to  prevent  fuddsn  defcenfs. 
A  treatife  on  the  military  art,  tranflated  from  the  Chinefe  into 
*;he  French  language,  was  publiPied   at   Paris  in  ;  77!.    from  which   it 

appears 


CHINA.  423 

^p|»ears  that  tha  Chinele  are  well  veiled  in  the  theory  of  the  art  of 
war  :  But  caution,  and  care,  and  circumfpeftion,  are  mucli  rccom- 
Incnded  to  their  generals  ;  and  one  of  their  maxims  is,  never  to  fight 
with  enemies  either  more  numerous  or  better  armed  than  themielvcs. 

History.]  The  Chincfc  pretend  as  a  nation  to  an  antiquity  be- 
yond all  nieafure  of  credibility  ;  and  their  annals  have  been  carried 
beyond  the  period  to  which  the  Icripture  chronology  affigna  tlie  crea- 
tion of  the  world.  Poan-Kou  is  laid  by  them  to  have  been  the  iirft: 
man,  and  the  interval  of  time  betwixt  him  and  the  death  of  the  cele- 
brated ("onfuciuR,  which  wtis  in  the  year  before  Chrid,  479,  has  been 
reckoned  from  276.000  to  96.961,7.^0  years.  But  upon  an  accurate  iu- 
vcfligation  of  this  I'ubjeft,  thcfe  extravagant  pretenfions  to  antiquity, 
appear  to  be  wholl)'  unlupported.  A  correfpondence  has  been  carried 
on,  for  a  number  of  years  pall,  with  the  miihonarics  of  China,  and 
with  two  young  Cliincle,  whom,  the  delire  of  being  ufeful  to  their 
country,  engaged  to  leave  it  lor  I'ome  time,  that  they  might  learn,  in 
France  the  European  languages  and  fciences.  After  a  rehdence  or 
leveral  years  there,  where  (hey  applied  themfclves  with  fingular  atten- 
tion to  the  ftudy  of  natural  philofopliy,  chemiflry,  &c.  and  alio  acquir- 
ed a  conliderable  knowledge  of  trade,  manufafturcs,  and  the  mechanic 
arts,  they  returned  to  Chinain  1765. carrying  with  thcminftruftions  and 
quellions,  relating  to  a  variety  of  objefts,  which  the  learned  and  others, 
defired  to  have  elucidated.  On  their  arrival  in  China,  they  joined 
their  labours,  with  thole  of  the  rnilFionaries,  and  thus,  fince  the  year 
1766,  a  Variety  of  pieces  have  been  annually  fent,  containing  anfwers 
to  the  (Jueftions  that  had  been  propofed  to  them. 

In  1776,  was  printed  in  a  4to  vol.  at  Paris,  the  {irft  of  a  feries  of  vol- 
ume (fomc  of  which  have  lince  been  publifhed)  v.'hich  we  are  allowed 
Xo  expeft  from  this  annual  correfpondence.  This  volume  contains  a- 
mong  other  valuable  things,  an  ample  memoir  concerning  the  antiqui- 
ty of  the  Chinefe  nation.  It  is  replete  with  learned  refearchcs,  and 
lliews  a  very  extenlive  degree  of  erudition.  The  authors  give  a  niort«l 
blow  to  the  pretended  antiquity  of  the  Chinefe  empire,  and  the  auther.- 
ticity  of  its  ancient  hiftor)-.  They  prove  that^all  hiflorical  relations  oT 
events  prior  to  the  reign  of  YAO,who  lived  1^057  V^-^^^  before  Chrii't, 
are  entirely  fabulous,  compofed  in  modern  times,  unfupporled  by  au- 
ihentic  records,  and  full  of  contradictions. 

The  fame  volume  contains  the  tranflation  of  two  books  of  great  an- 
tiquity, the  one  entitled  Tahio,  or  the  Grand  Science  :  The  oihcr'jybri^- 
yong.  or  the  exact  middle  way,  with  a  preface  and  notci.  Thclc  ivvo 
pieces  of  morality  contain  the  mofl  excellent  precepts  of  wjfdom  and 
virtue,  expteded  with  the  greatcll  eloquence,  elegance  and  nrecifion. 
In  the  preface  to  them  we  ;ne  told,  they  were  cOmpofed  by  the  giand- 
fon  of  Confudus,  and  one  of  his  difciples,  from  the  leifons  of  that  gii^at 
Philofopher.  If  fo,  they  ate  indeed  uncommonly  curious,  and  arc 
equal  to  the  noblcft  philofophical  remains  of  Grecian  antiquity,  of 
which  they  bear,  in  feveral  places,  a  very  flrciig  rcfemblance.  Btit 
one  of  the  paflages,  which  is  \  ery  flriking,  «nd  which  far  exceeds,  in 
clearnci's,  the  prophefy  of  Socrates,  is  that  which  fol!ov.'s.  '•  How  iub- 
lime  are  the  ways  of  the  Holy  One  I  His  virtue  (hail  iill  the  uuiverfc — 
fliMl  vivify  all  things,  and  Ihall  rife  to  the  7Vtr  or  Supreme  Deity. 
W  hilt  a  noble  com  (e  is  opening  (o  our  vicv/  !  M"hat  new  lav.-s  arul  c^b.- 

ligaiiui;^  1 


iU  C        M        I        N        A. 

ligations  !  What  sugufl  rites  and  facred  folemnitics  !  But  HbW  ffeali 
mortals  obfcrve  therh,  if  I^e  does  not  F.rft  give  them  the  example  ?  His 
coming  alone  can  prepare  us  for  lire  performance  of  thefc  fablime  du- 
ties. Hence  that  faying,  known  and  repeated  in  all  ages.  "  the  paths  6f 
perfeftion  fliall  neVer  be  frequented,  until  the  Holj/  One,  by  way  of 
feminencf,  fhall  have  confecrated  them  by  the  traces  of  his  footileps.'^ 

This  dertainly  is  a  remarkable  paitagc,  efpecially  if  it  has  been  tranf- 
lated  with  precifion  and  fidelky,  from  an  authentic  produffion.  of  fd 
early  a  date  as  the  tirhc  of  Confucius. 

The  origin  of  the  Cliinefs  eriipire  cannot  be  placed  higher  than  two 
Or  three  generations  before  Yao,  But  even  this  is  carrying  the  em- 
pire of  China  to  a  very  high  anLiquity,  and  it  is  certain  that  the  ma- 
terials  for  Chinefe  hiftory  are  extremely  ample.  The  grand  annals  of 
the  empire  of  China  are  comprehended  in  668  vo'umes,  and  confift 
of  the  pieces  that  have  been  compofed  by  the  tribunal  or  department 
of  hiftcry,  eflablifhed  in  China  for  tranfmittlng  topofterrty  the  public 
events  of  the  empire,  and  the  lives,  charafters,  and  tranra6lions  of  its 
fovereigns.  It  is  faid,  that  all  the  fafts,  which  canceih  the  monarchy 
fmce  its  foundation,  have  been  depcfited  in  this  department,  and  from 
age  to  age  have  been  arranged  according  to  the  order  cf  time,  under 
the  infpeflion  of  government,  and  with  all  the  precautions  againft  il- 
lulion  or  partiality  that  could  be  fuggefted.  Thefe  precautions  have 
been  carried  fo  far,  that  the  hiftory  of  the  reign  of  each  imperial  farn- 
i!y.  has  only  been  publifhcd  aftor  the  cxtinftion  of  that  family,  and 
-vvas  kept  a  profov.nd  fccret  during  the  dynafly,  that  neither  fear  nor 
flattery  might  adulterate  the  trutih'.  It  is  aflerted,  that  many  or  the 
Chinclc  hiftdrians  expofcd  themfelves  to  exile,  and  even  to  deaths 
rather  than  difguife  the  defe£ls  and  vices  of  the  fovereign.  But  the 
emperor  Chi-hoangti,  at  v/hofe  command  the  great  wall  was  built,  ih 
the  year  213  before  the  Chriflian  arra,  ordered  all  the  hiflorical  books 
and  records,  which  contained  the  fundamental  \z\vz  and  principles  of 
the  ancient  government,  with  the  medals,  infcriptions,  and  monu- 
ments cf  antiquity,  to  be  burnt,  that  they  might  not  be  employed  by 
the  learned  tooppofe  his  authority,  and  the  changes  he  propofed  to  in- 
troduce into  the  monarchy,  and  that  there  might  rem.ain  no  earlier  rec- 
ord, date,  or  authority,  relative  to  religion,  fcience,  or  politics,  than 
thofe  of  his  own  reign,  and  he  be  confidered  as  the  founder  of  the  em- 
pire. Four  hundred  literati  were  burnt  with  their  bocks  ;  yet  this 
barbarous  cdift  had  not  its  full  effeft  ;  feveral  books  were  concealed, 
and  cfcaped  the  general  ruin.  After  this  period,  flrift  fearch  was 
inade  for  the  ancient  books  and  records  that  yet  remained  ;  but  though 
iriuch  induftrv  was  emploved  for  this  purpofe,  it  appears  that  the  au- 
thentic hiflorical  fources  of  the  Chinefe,  for  the  times  anterior  to  the 
year  200  before  Cii rift,  are  very  few,  and  that  they  r^re  Hill  in  fmaller 
number  for  more  remote  periods.  But  notwithilanding  the  depreda- 
tions that  have  been  made  upon  the  Chinefe  hiftory,  it  is  ftillitnmenfe- 
ly  voluminous,  and  has  been  judged  by  feme  writers  fuperior  to  that  of 
all  other  nations.  Of  the  grand  annals  before  mentioned,  which 
amount  to  668  volumes,  a  copy  is  prefcrved  in  the  library  of  the 
French  king.  A  chronological  abridgment  of  this  great  woik,  in.  one 
hundred  volumes,  was  publifhed  in  the  Ai^  year  of  the  reign  of  Kang- 
bi  ;  that  is,  in  the  year  1 703.  This  work  is  generally  called  Kam-nao, 
or  the  abridsjmcnti  Bui 


INDOSTAN,  or  Is'DiA  ON  Tins  sittt  the  GANCta,         425 

But  the  limits  to  which  our  work  is  confined  will  not  permit  us  to 
fcnlaigc  upon  fo  copious  a  (ahjeft'^s  tlii^t  of  the  Chinefc  hiftory  ;  nor 
Would  we  have  faid  even  fo  much  on  this  fubjeft,  could  wc  liave  refer- 
red the  readet  to  any  good  hiftory  of  (his  Empire.  It  fecms,  that  the 
original  form  of  government,  was  monarchical  ;  and  a  fuccefTion  of  ex- 
cellent, princes,  and  a  duration  of  domeftic  tranquility,  united  legifla- 
lien  with  philofophv,  and  produced  their  Fo-hi,  whofe  hifiory  is  wrap- 
ped up  in  myfherics,  their  Li-Loakum,  and  above  all  their  Confucius, 
at  once  the  Solon  and  Socrates  of  China.  After  all,  the  continued 
Wars  for  feveral  centuries  between  the  Chinefe  and  Tartars,  and  the  in- 
ternal revolutions  of  the  empire,  produced  the  moA.  dreadful  effefts,  in 
proportion  as  its  conftitution  was  pacific,  and  they  were  atttcnded 
with  the  mofl  bloody  exterminations  in  fome  provinces  ;  fo  that 
though  the  Chincfc  empire  is  hereditary,  the  imperial  fuccclTion  was 
often  broken  into,  and  altered.  Upwards  of  twenty  dynafties.  or  dif- 
ferent lines  and  families  of  fucceflion,  are  enumerated  in  their  annals. 

In  the  year  177!,  all  the  Tartars  which  compofed  the  nation  of  the 
Tourgnnths,  left  the  fettlements  which  they  had  under  the  Ruflian 
government  on  the  banks  of  the  Wolga,  and  the  laick,  at  a  fmall  dif- 
lance  from  the  Cafpian  fea,  and  in  a  vaft  body  of  Bfty  thoufand  fami- 
lies, they  paffed  througTi  the  country  of  the  Hafacks.  After  a  march 
of  eight  months,  in  which  they  furmounted  innumerable  difficulties  and 
clangers,  they  arrived  in  the  plains  that  lie  on  the  frontier  of  Carapen, 
not  lar  from  the  banks  of  the  river  Ily,  and  offered  themfelves  as  fulv 
jc6b  to  Kien-long,  emperor  of  China,  who  was  then  in  the  thirly-fixth 
year  of  his  reign.  He  received  them  gracioufly,  furnifhcd  them  with 
provifions,  cloths  and  money,  and  allotted  to  each  family  a  portion  of 
land  for  agriculture  and  pafturage.  The  year  follov.'ing  there  was  a 
-focond  emigration  of  about  thirty  thoufand  other  Tartar  families,  who 
alio  quitted  the  fettlements  which  they  enjoyed  under  the  Rulliaii 
government,  and  fubmitted  to  the  Chinefe  fccptre.  The  emperor 
caufed  the  hifiory  of  the  emigrations  to  be  engraven  upon  ftone,  ia 
four  different  languages. 


INDOSTAN,  HINDOOSTAN,  or  India  on  this 
iide  the  Ganges. 

Situation  akd  ?  ^  I  ^KIS  fine  country,  one  of  the  mofi.  celebrated 
BouNDAHiES.  i  X  in  the  woild  for  its  antiquity,  population 
and  opulence,  is  fituated  between  66'^  and  92°  3o^of  eaflern  longitude, 
and  between  the  8th  and  361  h  Degrees  of  northern  latitude,  and  is 
confequently,  partly  in  the  torrid,  and  partly  in  the  northern  temper- 
ate Zone. 

It  is  v/aflied  on  the  South  wefl  by  that  part  of  the  Indian  Ocean, 
called  the  Arabian  fea,  on  the  fouth-eaft  by  another  large  inlet  of  the 
fame  ocean  called  the  Bay  of  Bengal,  and  bounded  on  all  other  fides 
by  Pcrfia,  Independent  Tarlary,  Thibet,  and  India  beyond  the  Ganges. 

Divisions."!  In  the  year  1596,  the  dominions  of  the  Emperor  of 
Indoftan,  confifled  of  105  Sircars  or  Provinces,  fubdivided  into  2737 
Kufbalis  or  townfhips.      The  Empire  at  that  period  wa  parcelled  in- 


426         INDOSTAN,  or  India  on  tiJis  side  Tut  Ganges* 

to  twelve  grand  divifions,  and  each  was  committed  to  the  goveren'» 
ment  of  a  Soobadar  or  Viceroy.  The  names  of  the  Soobahs  or  Vice- 
royalties,  were 

Allahabad  Ahmedabad  Cabul 

Agra  Bahar  Lahoor 

Owdh  Bengal  Multan 

Ajmeer  Dehly  Maiwa. 

To  thefe  were  added,  by  ccnqueft,  Berar,  Rhandeeis,  and  Ahmed- 
na^ur,  which  were  formed  into  tlirce  Soobahs,  incrcafing  the  number 
to  fifteen.* 

I  Indoftan  is  ufually  di\Hded  into  Indoftan  Proper,  to  thenorth  ;  and 
the  peninfula  called  the  Deccan^  to  the  fouth, 

Thefe  contain  a  variety  of  provinces,  whofc  limits  have  been  at  all 
times  very  iluftuating,  from  the  unfctLled  ilate  of  government. 

TheTartar  princes,  the  fucccfl'ors  of  Tamarlane,  as  they  lubdued  this 
country,  divided  it  into  large  provinces  called  Soubahs,  which  were 
lubdivided  into  Circars  and  Purgunnahs  :  The  boundaries  of  thefe 
Soubahs  having  been  fixed  by  the  emperor  Akber  in  the  16th  century 
are  tolerably  well  known. 

Of  thefe  Soubahs  Indoftan  Propel-  contained  thirteen,  viz. 

Soubahs  or  Provinces  Chief  Towns,  &c. 

/Cabal,  a  very  ancient  and  beautiful  city,  lat. 34*' 
30'.  Ion.  164^.   40'. 
^-"—■f  j  Gazna  or  Ghu^neen,  fituated  in  the    fecond  cli- 

L      mate,  a  barren  place. 
fLahoor  on  the  Rauvee,  lat.  31®.  50'.   Ion.  109".' 

■r   ^        f      .1     Tt        I       22' — -a  very  large,  populous  city. 
Lahoor^orthePen-  i    .  ^     ,         »i    't    1       iT  u    1    /      n       c    a  .. 

.  ,      ^  <;  Attock  on  the  Indus,  here  called  the   R.   of  At- 

-^  [       tock,  has  orie  of  the  Urongefl  fortreffes  in  the 

(_     empire,  built  to  fecure  the  paffage  of  the  river. 

fMoultan  or  Multan  is  one  of  the  mod  ancient 

xvloultan  <       cities  of  Indoftan,  and  is  in  lat.  29*^.  25,'   Ion. 

„.    ,  f  Tatta,  Pataia,  on   the  Indus,  here  called  the  R. 

^^"^y  L      of  Mehran,  lat.  ag^*.  25.  long.  107^'.  35. 

Provinces 

*  Ayeen  Akbcny  or  the  inftitutes  of  the  Emperor  Akbtr,  tranflated  frem  the  original 
jferfian,  by  Francis  Gladwin,  and  publi{hed  in  3  vols.  410.  at  Calcutta,  1783,  &  1784. 

+  The  divifions  of  Indoftan  have  been  very  erroneeufly  ftated  in  moft  Geographies  here- 
tofore pubhlhed.  The  divifions  as  above  given  wcreobtaineJ  from  a  gcntkiuan  of  acknowl- 
edged acquaintance  with  the  fubjeft,  and  are  according  to  tlie  gelebr;ite(l  Map  and  Meir.oir 
of  Major  Rennell,  which  are  ellcemed  of  the  firft  authority. 

J  The  weftern  partof  this  Soubah  is  inhabited  Ly  a  barbarous  nation  called  Afghans, 
tranfported  hither  by  Tamerlane  from  the  weftern  coaft  of  the  Cafpian  lea  ;  they  have  been 
alternately  dependent  on  Indoftan  and  Perfia,  and  nearly  oveitiirned  the  latter  empire  a  few 
years  fince,  liaving  taken  and  pillaged  the  city  of  Ifpahan.  No  lefs  Hun  eleven  different 
languages  are  fpoken  in  this  Soubah. 

The  country  of  Calhmire  was  a  circar  of  Cabul  :  This  celebrated  country  is  environed  on 
uU  fides  by  mountains,  and  watered  by  the  R.  Beiiat  or  Hyuafpc-.,  here  called  Ratab  :  It  is 
luppofedto  have  been  originally  a  larf;e  lake,  until  an  earthquake  opened  a  paft'agc  through 
the  furrounding  mountains  for  the  wati^rs  to  flow  off  :  Thu  hnenefs  of  the  climate,  and  in" 
duftry  of  the  inhabitants,  have  rendered  it  fo  beautiful,  that  it  is  called  the  Terreftrial  Pa- 
radile  of  Indoftan  :  Its  capital  is  Calhmere  or  Serinagur. 

i)  This  Soubah  is  very  populous,  highly  cultivated,  aiid  very  healthj.  The  cultivated 
hm'ds  are  chiefly  fupplied  with  water  from  w^ells.  Ice  is  btought  from  the  northern  moun- 
tuiifj  and  fold  here  all  the  year. 


INDOSTAK.  OR  India  ok  iiiis  sict  the  Ganges, 


427 


Provinces 
Delhi  or  Dehly 

Agra* 

Azmerc  or  Agi- 
mere 

Oude,  Owdli  or 
Ahored 


Bahar 


Bengal 


Allahabad 


Maleva 


Chief  Towns,  &c. 
f  Dchly  or  Gehan-abad  on  the  R.   Jumna,  lat  28*^. 
\      15' Ion.  114^33'. 
Agra  on  the  R.  Jumna.     It  contains   500   ftonc 
buildings,  of  furprifing  conftruftion,  and  ex« 
quifite  workmanfliip 
Canoge  on  the  R.  Ganges 
f  Azmcre  en  the  Puddar  was  a  royal  refidence 
\  Chitore 

j^Oude  or  Owhd,-|-  on  the  Dewah  or  Gogra,   one 
J       of  the  largeft  cities  of  Indoftan,   was   the   an- 
-^       cient  capital,  lat  27".   22'.  Ion.  1 18".  6'. 
j  Fyzabad  on  the  fame  R.  is  the  prefent  capital 
I^Lucknow 

rPatna  on  the  Ganges 
<  Tirhoot,  the  ancient  refidence  of  Hindoo   Icarn- 

l      i^g  ,  ,  .  .  . 

TRuins  of  Gour  or  Lucis.nouti,  Gatige-regia,  of 
immenfe  extent,  fituated  formerly  on  the  Gan- 
ges, though  the  main  channel  of  that  river  is 
now  5  miles  from  it ;  it  was  the  capital  of  Ben- 
gal 2270  years  ;  the  feat  of  government  was 
in  1540  removed  to 
Tanda  on  the  Ganges,  now  in  ruins 
-^  Rajemal  "l   have  fucceeded  to  Tanda  and 

Dacca  >    become  fucceflively  the  capi- 

Moorfhedabad  J     tais  of  Bengal 
Hoogly  on  the  River  Hoogly 

^  Two  emporiums  1  mile,  diftant 

Chittacong  [^    from  each  other  ;  both  in  pof- 

Satgong  j     felTion  of  Europeans.  The  lat^ 

(_  J     tor  famous  for  pomegranates. 

r  Allahabad  Hdlabas  at  the  confiux  of  the  Ganges 

and  Jumnat 
I^Bennarcs  on  the  Ganges 


Guzzerat  or  (iujc- 
jerat 

The  Dec  CAN'.] 


< 


f  Ahmedabad,  on  the  R.  Sabermutty,  lat,  23°  con- 
I       taining  icoo  ftone  mofques 
Cambay  and  Ghogch  are  feaports 
Surat  on  the  R.  Taptc,  an  emporium,  formed  in- 
1       to  9  diviiions,    each  inhabited  by   a  different 
t,     tribe,  and  they  fpake  difrcrent  languages. 
This  name,    v/hich  ligiiifies  the  fouth,  in  the  moft 
extenfive  fignification  includas  the  whole  peninful?  fouth  of  Indoftan 
Pioper,  but  in  its  more  limited    fenfe  it  only  comprehends  the  prov- 
inces of  Candeifh.  Bcrar.  Golconda,  Amednagur,  and  Vifiapour  ;  thus 

C.N  eluding 

*  The  eaRefn  part  of  Agra  between  the  Ganges  i!nd  Jumna,  is  called  the  Doab,  or  cotm, 
try  between  the  two  rivers.     In  this  Soubah  agricu'.tuie  is  in  pertedicn. 

t  Near  tiiis  city  are  two  fepukhral  mcsuments,  one  7  the  other  6  cubits  in  length.  The 
vulvar  protend  that  they  are  t^e  tombs  of  Seih  and  Job,  and  relate  wocdeiful  florie.'  of  them. 

:):  The  Hindoos  call  this  ty<}l  the  King  of  •worfi'lpped  ^uaco.  "It  is  aftonifhing  that 
when  the  planet  Jupiter  enters  the  conftellation  Leo,  a  hill  arifesout  otthe  middle  of  the 
Vj".i:igC5,  and  remaius  for  a  month  ;    fo  that  people  to  up>-'n  it  and  perform  divine  worfhip." 

-•Vyeen  .'^ki'Crry.  Vol.  II,  p.  3.5, 


4s3         IMDOSTANj  or  In'dia  on  this  side  the  GANCEg. 

excluding  the  provinces  of  Oriira,  the  Carnatic,  and  the  Malabar  ftateSj 
which  comprehend  that  long  narrow  traft  between  the  Gauts  and  the 
•wefttrn  coaft,  a  confiderable  psit  of  which  was  never  fubjeftcd  by  the 
Mogul  emperors. 

Pravinces.  Chief  Tov/ns,  &c, 

Candcifii  Burhanpour 

„  J  Shawpour,    ancient  capital— ^Nagpour,   prefcnt 

\       capital 

Golconda*  fHydrabad  or  Bagnagar- — — Golconda Mafu- 

^  ^  \      lipatam 

Amednagur,!    Bal-  f  Amednagur 

lagate    or  Dow-'j  Aurungabad 

lataDad  -    [  Dowlatabad,  a  flrong  fortrefs 

VifiapoLir  or   Bcja-f,r.^ 

pour  |V,riapour 

J  Cattac  on  the  Mahanada 
1  Balafore 


Oriila 
Carnatic 


{Bii'naghar — Chandeghert 
Areft-- Trichinapoli 
Seringapatam — — Gingee 


ipatam- 

{\/r  1  k  f  Cochin 

Maubar proper      |  ^^^-^^^ 
^^''''''  1  Gca 

L  Mangalore 
Presrnt  DIVISION'.]  Such  was  the  general  divifion  of  Indofiari 
under  the  Mogul  emperors,  but  the  celebrated  Pcrhan  ufurper  Thamas 
Kouli  Khan,  having  in  the  year  1738  defeated  the  emperor  Mahomed 
Shaw,  plundered  Delhi,  and  pillaged  the  empire  of  treafure  lo  the 
amount  of  more  than  70  millions  fterling,  reftored  the  unhappy  prince 
Kis  dominions,  but  annexed  to  Perfia  all  the  countries  weftward  of  the 
Indu3. 

This  dreadful  incurfion  fo  weakened  the  authority  of  the  emperor, 
that  the  Viceroys  of  the  different  provinces  either  threw  off  their  al- 
legiance or  acknowledged  a  very  precarious  dependence  ;  and  en- 
gaging in  wars  with  each  other,  called  in  as  allies  the  Eaft  India  com- 
panies of  France  and  England,  who  had  been  originally  permitted  as 
traders,  to  form  edabliftnnents  on  the  coaHs  :  Thefe,  from  the  great 
fuperiority  of  European  difcipline,  from  allies  became  in  a  fhort  time 
principals  in  an  obftinate  contelt.  that  at  length  terminated  in  the  ex- 
pulfion  of  the  French  from  Indoftan  ;  and  thus  a  company  of  Britifh 
merchants  have  acquired,  partly  by  cefTions  from  the  country  powers, 
and  partly  by  injuftice  and  ufurpation,  territories  equal  in  extent,  and 
iuperior  in  wealth  and  population  to  mod  of  the  kingdoms  of  Europe. 
The  Mahrattas  originally  pofleffed  feveral  provinces  of  Indoftan, 
frors  whence  they  were  driven  by  the  arms  of  the  Mogul  conquerors  ; 
they  were  never  wholly  fubjefted,  but  retiring  to  the  northern  part  of 
the  Gauts,  made  frequent  irruptions  from  thefe  inacceffible  moun- 
tains ;  taking  advantage  of  the  anarchy  of  the  empire,  they  have  ex- 
tended 

*  That  part  of  Golconda  between  the  GoJavery  and  Kiiftina  was  formerly  called   Tdlia- 
gana,  and  its  capital  was  Wariingole  or  Oringal,  a  fortrefs  of  vaft  exleat. 
■t  The  weftern  part  of  this  country  is  called  IJaglana. 


iNDOSTAN,  or  India  on  tiijs  sidf.  the  Gangbj.         429 

tended  their  frontiers,  and  are  at  prefent  pofiefled  of  a  iraft  of  country 
J  00c  BritiHi  miles  long  hy  700  wide. 

Hyder  Alley,  a  foldiev  of  fortune,  Who  had  learned  the  art  of  war 
from  the  Europeans,  having  poffclTed  himfelf  of  tliat  part  of  the  ancient 
Carfiatic,  called  the  kingdom  of  Myforc,  has  within  a  few  yeai-s  ac- 
quired by  continml  conquefls,  a  confiderable  portion  of  the  fouthern 
part  of  the  Pcninfula  ;  this  able  and  aftive  prince,  the  mod  formidable 
enemy  that  the  Englifh  ever  experienced  in  Indoftan,  dying  in  1783 
left  to  his  fon  Tippo  Saib,  the  peaceful  poffcffion  of  his  dominions,  fu- 
pcrior  in  extent  to  the  kingdom  of  England. 

Thefe  extraordinary  revolutions,  ^i\'-ith  others  of  !efs  importance, 
render  the  following  account  of  the  prefent  divifion  of  property  in 
this  unhappy  empire,  abfolutely  necelfary,  in  order  to  miderftand  itfs 
modern  hiftory. 

PRESENT  DIVISION  of  IN  DOS  TAN. 

Such  is  tlie  inftaliiiity  of  human  greatnefs,  that  the  |jrefcnt  Grcac 
Mogul,  Shaw  Allum,  the  defcendant  of  the  Gi^tit  Tamerlane,  is  merely 
2  nominal  prince,  of  no  importance  in  the  politics  of  Indoftan  :  He  is 
permitted  to  refidc  at  Delhi,  which,  with  a  fmall  adjacent  Territory,  is 
all  that  remains  to  him  of  that  vaft  empire,  which  his  artceftors  gov- 
erned more  than  350  years. 

Tlie  principal  Divifions  of  this  country,  as  they  ftood  in  1782,  are 
as  follow,  viz.  The  Briti/li  poflefnons  ;  States  in  alliance  with  Brit- 
ain ;  Tippo  Salb's  Territories  ;  i^Iahratta  ftates  and  their  tributaries  j 
and  the  Territories  of  the  Subah  of  the  Deccan. 

Brit.'.h  possessions.]  The  Britifh  poiTefTions  contain  about 
150.000  fquare  Britifh  miles,  (which  is  about  x8,ooo  more  than  is  con- 
tained in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland)  and  about  10  millions  of  inhab- 
itants.    They  confift  of  three  diftinft  governments,  viz. 

r^  *    ^r   r^  >     f  Bengal  Subah  "1 

(government    of   Cal-      ,.  1       c   u  i.  /-%     .t     /^ 

,   ..    „    u._     1         <^  hahar  Subah  >  On  the  Gansei. 


cutta  or  Bengal         ]  »!  v      •   j  I 

°  1^  Benares  Zemindary     J 

Northern  Circars         On  the  coafl  of  Orifl'a, 

rThe  Jaghire  -1 

Government   of    Ma- J  TerritoryofCuddalore  I  Onthecoaftof  Coro- 

drafs  I  of  Devicotta     j       mandel. 

L of  Negapatam  J 

Government  of  Bombay  On  the  Gulf  of  Cambay. 

GovERKMENT  Of  BfiNGAt.]  This  govemmcnt  was  rich,  flourilh- 
ing,  and  populous  before  the  late  ufurpations  in  Indoflan  ;  it  is  finely 
watered  by  the  Ganges  and  Burrampooter  with  their  numerous  navi- 
gable channels,  and  the  feveral  navigable  rivers  they  receive  :  It  is  fer- 
tilized by  their  periodical  inundations  ;  and  by  its  natural  lunation  is 
well  fecured  againft  foreign  enemies  :  On  the  eafl  and  north  it  is  de- 
fended by  llupendous  mountains,  large  rivers,  and  extenfive  wafles  ; 
on  the  fouth  by  a  fea-coart;  guarded  by  fliallcws  and  impenetrable 
woods,  where  it  is  acceflible  only  by  the  River  of  Hoogly  ;  and  on 
the  weft,   thpugh   more  expofed,   the  natural  banicr  is  ftrong.     The. 

capital 


43©         IND03TAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges. 

capital  and  feat  of  government  is  Calcutta,  on  the  River  of  Hoogly, 
navigable  by  fhips  of  the  line  ;  it  is  a  modern  city,  and  though  in  an 
unhealthy  fituation,  it  is  at  prefent  one  of  the  moft  rich,  flourifhing, 
and  commercial  cities  in  Indonan. 

GovERNMUNT  OF  Madra^.  J  The  great  dcfcfts  of  this  government, 
are  not  only  the  want  of  connexion  betu'een  its  parts,  which  are  fcat- 
tered  along  an  extenfive  coaft,  and  feparated  from  each  other  by  flates 
frequently  hotlile,  but  being  totally  devoid  of  good  harbours  :  Hopes 
however  have  been  entertained  of  removing  this  laft  defeat,  by  rernqy. 
ingthe  bar  at  the  mouth  of  that  branch  of  the  Caveri  called  Coleroon. 
■which  falls  into  the  fca  at  Devicotta.  The  capital  and  feat  of  goveirn* 
ment  is  Madras  in  the  Jaghire,  called  alfo  Fort  St.  George  •,  it  is  illy 
fituated  without  a  harbour,  and  badly  fortified,  yet  contains  upwards 
of  200,000  inhabitants. — Fort  St.  David  in  the  Territory  of  Cuddaloi? 
is  rich,  flourifliing,  and  contains  60,000  inhabitants. — Masu  li  patam' 
in  the  northern  Circars,  at  one  of  the  mouths  of  the  Krifhna,  was  for- 
merly  the  moft  flourifhing  and  commercial  city  on  this  coaffc,  and 
though  much  declined,  is    fliU  confiderable. 

The  northern  Circars,  which  are  denominated  from  the  towns  of 
Cicacole,  Rajamundry,  Elore  and  Condapily,  are  defended  inland  bv. 
^  flrong  barrier  of  mountains  and  extenfive  forefts,  beyond  which  the 
country  is  totally  unknown  for  a  confiderable  fpace. 

GovERNMEXT  OF  BoMBAY.]  This  government  is  Watered  by  the 
Tapee  and  Nerbudda.  Its  capital  and  feat  of  government  is  Bombay, 
in  a  fmall  ifland  in  an  unhealthy  fituation,  but  well  fortified  and  on  a, 
fine  harbour. —  Surat  on  the  Tapte  which  forms  an  indifferent  port, 
is  one  of  the  moft  rich  and  commercial  cities  in  Indoftan.  Tilmcheu^ 
jtY  on  the  Malabar  coaft,  is  dependent  on  Bombay. 

A  L  L  I  1;  S     OF    T  II  r.     BRITISH. 

dominions    of    the    Nabob  1  Fyzabad 
of  Oude  I  Luc  know 


Dominions 


INDOSTAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Ga:'IGes.         431 


Dominions  of  the  Nabob  of 
Arcot,      comprehend     the<^' 
eaftern  part  only  of  the  an 
cient  Carnatic. 


Arcot  on  the  Paliar  is  the  capita], 
though  the  Nabobufually  rsTides  at 
Madrafs. 

Gingec,  the  ftrongefl  Indian  fcrtrefs  in 
the  Carnatic. 

Trichinapoli  near  the  Caverl  well  for- 
tified in  the  Indian  manner,  was  rich 
and  populous,  containing  near 
406. coo  inhabitants,  now  almoft  ru^ 
ined  by  the  numerous  fieges  it  has 
fuflaincd. 

Seringham  Pagoda,  in  aniflandofthe 
Caveri,  is  famons  throughout  Indof- 
tan  for  its  fanftity,  and  has  no  lefs 
than  40,000  priefts  who  conftantly 
refide  here  in  voluptuous  indolence. 

Chandegeri,  the  ancient  capital  of  the 
empire  of  Narzzingua,  formerly  rich, 
powerful,  and  populous  ;  near  it  is 
the  famons  Pagoda  of 

Tripetti.  the  Lorretto  of  Indoftan,  the 
offerings  of  the  numerous  Pilgrims 
who  refort  hither  bring  in  an  im- 
menfe  revenue. 

Tanjore,  Madura,  and  Tinivelly  are 
the  capitals  of  fmall  ftates  of  the 
fame  name,  which  with  Marawar, 
are  dependent  on  the  Nabob  of  Ar» 
cot, 

Territory  of  Futty  Sing  T  •  j  i  j 
/^■i  •  ,u  cuo.  r  Amedabad 
Uuicker  in  the  boubah  or  •<  /^      1 

Gl  Lambay. 
uzerat.  |_  ■' 

Territory    of    the  Rajah    of  /  ^^.^^^^.  ^  ^^^^^^^^^j  ^^,.^^^^3^ 
TIPPO    SAIB's    Territories. 


Kingdom  of  Mylore 

Bednore 

Canara 

Part  of  Malabar  proper 


Seringapatam  on  the  Caveri 
Bednore  or  Hyder  Nuggar 
Mangalore 
Calicut 


Chitte'.droog,  Sanore,  Harponelly,  Roydroog,  Gooty,  Condanore, 
Canoul,  Cuddapa,  &c.  arc  the  capitals  of  Territories  of  the  fame  name, 
which  have  been  fucceffively  conquered  by  Hyder  Ally. 

MAHRATTA    STATES    axo    their    TRIBUTARIES. 

This  extenfive  country  is  divided  among  a  number  of  chiefs  or 
princes,  who  have  one  common  head  called  the  Paifliwa  or  Nana,  to 
whom  however  their  obedience  is  merely  nominal,  as  they  often  war 
againft  each  other,  and  are  feldom  confederated  except  fpr  mutual  de- 
fpnpe,  Sputherii 


43*         INDOSTAN,  or  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges. 

e     ^,.         T,         u  1VT  u     *^        f  Satara  the  nominal  capital  of  the  Mah- 
Southern  Poonah  Mahrattas,  ,'         ,.     n   ,        ^^      i,  ■  n  ,         r 

.     ^-,      .      .        en  -r     \      ratta  Hates,    the   Taimwa  at   pielent 
or  thelerntories  of  Paifn-  _,  '  «        ^  * 


wa,    are  naturally    flrong,-^  ,- 
being  interfered  by  the  v.;     ' 


refides  at 
'oonah 


",  ,         c^u   n     .        Auningabad,   Amednagur,     and  Vifia- 

nousbranchesoftheCrauti.  \  =»         •     i  •    ^^      •,     • 

[_     pour,  are  m  his  Territories. 

The  Concan  or  traft  between  the  Gauts  and  the  fea  is  fomctiraes 
called  the  Pirate  coaft,  as  it  was  fubjeft  to  the  celebrated  Pirate  An- 
uria and  his  fuccelTors,  whofe  capital  was  the  ftrong  fortrcfs  of  Gneria, 
taken  by  the  EngliHi  and  Mahrattas  in  1755  ;  by  the  acquifition  of  this 
eoaft  the  Mahrattas  have  become  a  maritime  power,  and  dangerous 
enemies  to  the  government  of  Bombay. 

f  N'agpour  is  the  capital 

J  iBalafore  has  confiderable  trade 

TT,         n^  1      .4       xt_   •  Cuttack  on  the  ?vlahanda,  an  important 

Berar  Mahrattas,  their  coun-  aiu         ?         i-  •   ^     c 

,-*i    1  .     y       polt  which  renders  this  nation  a  for- 

try  IS  very  Imle  known  to-<       ^  •  j  1,  .       \.     -n  ■  -n 

y,^  ■  ^       midable  enemy  lo  the   Bncifli.    as  it 

cuts  err  the  communication  bcLweca 

the  governments  of  Bengal  and  Ma- 

l     drafi. 


Europeans. 


Northern   Ponah   Mahrattas  .^       .      .,         r  •>  -  c-    j- 

I  r     ^     1      fUupein,  the  reuQcnce  ot  omnia 

govei-ned    at   prelcnt     by     ,   j        \i.        rj  m  n 

7..     T      rj   u  jr      ■   i  Indoor,  the  relidence  of  Holkar 

binaia,  l^olkar,  andiome<  „  ,        '  ,-,  rr>        j      n     ,. 

,  ■,   r  rj      ui        Caloy,  the  relidence  of  Guno;dar  runt 

other      lets      conuderable     £,     '^      .1         r  1  r  n  n 

L  ^agur,  the  relidence  01  Ballagee. 

Territory    of  the  SoubahoffTi    j     u    i  •    *i  •.  1 

the  Deccan>^^  1  ^^^'^'^^^^  ''  '^'^  "P^'^'- 

Country  of  the  Abdalli.  Tliis  government,  which  includes  the  Sou- 
bah  of  Cabul,  and  the  neighbouring  p?.rts  of  PeiTia.  ^''as  formed  by 
Abdalla,  one  of  the  generals  of  Thamas  Kouli  Kan,  when  on  the  death 
of  that  ufurper  his  em.pire  was  difmembered  :  Its  capital  is  Candahar 
in  Perfia. 

Country  of  the  Seiks  :  They  are  faid  to  confift  of  a  number  of 
fmall  ftates  independent  of  each  other,  but  united  by  a  federal  union. 

Country  of  the  Jats  or  Getes,  very  little  known  to  Europeans. 

Country  of  Zabeda  Cawn,  an  Afguan  RohiUa. 

Territory  of  Agra  on  the  Jumna. 

Furrukabad,  or  country  of  the  Patan  Rohillas,  on  the  Ganges,  fur- 
rounded  by  the  dominions  of  Oude. 

Bundelclund, 

Travan^ore  near  C.  Commorin. 

Air  and  seasons.]  Tlie  winds  in  this  climate  generally  blow  for 
fix  months  from  the  fouth,  and  fix  from  the  ncrtii.  April,  May,  and 
the  beginning  of  June,  arc  exceflively  hot,  but  refrefhed  by  fea  breezes  j 
and  in  fome  dry  feafons,  the  hurricanes,  which  tear  up  the  fands,  and 
let  them  fall  in  dry  fhowers,   are  exceflively  difagrecabls.    The  Eng- 

li% 

^  Aiwi'i  h  dependant  qa  the  Sau|>ah. 


INDOSTAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges.         433 

li{h,  and  confcquently  the  Europeans  in  general,  who  arrive  at  Indof- 
tan,  are  commonly  feized  with  fome  illnefs,  fuch  as  flux  or  fever,  in 
their  different  appearances  -,  but  when  properly  treated,  efpecially  if 
the  patients  are  abflemious,  they  recover,  and  afterwards  prove  healthy. 
About  the  end  of  June,  a  fouth-weft  wind  begins  to  blow  from  the 
fea,  on  the  coafl  of  Malabar,  which,  with  continual  rains,  lafl  four 
months,  during  which  time  all  is  ferene  upon  the  coafl  of  Coromandel 
(the  weftern  and  caftern  coafts  being  fo  denominated.)  Towards  the 
end  of  Oftober,  the  rainy  feafon,  and  the  change  of  the  monfoon  be- 
gins on  the  Corom.andel  coafl,  which  being  dcftitute  of  good  harbours, 
renders  it  extremely  dangerous  for  fhipsto  remain  there,  duiing  that 
time;  and  to  this  is  owing  the  periodical  returns  of  the  Englifh  fhip- 
ping  to  Bombay,  upon  the  Malabar  coafl.  The  air  is  naturally  hot  in 
this  peninfula,  but  is  refrefhed  by  breezes,  the  wind  altering  every  1  2 
hours  ;  that  is  from  midnight  to  noon  it  blows  off  the  land,  when  it  is 
intolerably  hot,  and  during  the  other  twelve  hours  from  the  fea, 
which  lafi  proves  a  great  refrefliment  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  coad. — 
The  produce  of  the  foil  is  the  fame  with  that  of  the  other  parts  of  the 
Eaft-Indies.  The  lik-e  may  be  iaid  of  their  quadrupeds,  fifli,  fowl,  and 
noxious  creatures  and  infefts. 

Mountains.]  At  C.  Camorin  commences  a  range  of  ftcep  and  lof- 
ty mountains,  called  the  Cauts  or  Gettes,  which  run  parallel  to  the 
weftern  coall.  and  affumes  various  names  as  it  advances  northward  : 
Thefe  mountains  rife  abruptly  from  the  low  Country  on  the  weft,  like 
a  ftupendous  wall,  that  fupports  a  vaft  extent  of  fertile  and  populous 
plains,  which  are  fo  much  elevated  as  to  render  the  air,  though  in  the 
torrid  Zone,  cool  and  plcafant.  Indoftan  is  fepaiated  from  the  countries 
that  environ  it  to  the  northward  by  feveral  ranges  of  ftupendous 
mountains  that  Is-ave  no  general  appellation,  but  are  diftinguiflied  by 
various  names,  in  different  parts  :  Ofthcfethe  moft  remarkable  are 
the  mountains  Hindoo-Koh,  the  ancient  Paropamifus  and  Indian  Cau- 
cafus,  on  the  confines  of  Perfia  and  Independent  Tartary.  The  moun- 
tains of  Thibet,  on  the  confines  of  that  country  are  very  lofty,  and 
connecled  with  others  farther  n^th,  offuch  great  height,  that  they 
are  fuppoled  the  higheft  in  Aha. 

RivtRS.J  Of  the  rivers  of  Indoftan  three  far  exceed  the  reft  ia 
magnitude  and  utility  ;  the  Indus,  the  Ganges,  and  the  Burrampocter. 
The  Indus,  called  Sindeh  by  the  Natives,  iffues  from  the  mountains  o£ 
Hindoo-Koh,  and  foon  becoming  navigable  is  called  the  River  of  At- 
tock  ;  in  the  upper  part  of  its  courfe  it  receives  feveral  fine,  navigable 
rivers,  but  none  in  the  lower,  where  it  croffes  a  flat,  open  country,  and 
falls  into  the  Arabian  fea,  by  feveral  channels,  the  chief  of  which 
is  called  the  River  of  Mehran.  Thefe  channels  form  and  interfeft  a 
large  triangular  ifland  which  they  fertilize  by  their  periodical  inunda- 
tions. The  principal  rivers  it  receives  are  the  Behat,  or  liydafpes, 
;ind  the  Ilyphafis,  which  formed  the  eaftern  boundary  of  the  conquefts 
of  Alexander. 

The  Ganges,  one  of  the  fineft  rivers  in  the  world,  iffues  from  Ken- 
taiffe,  one  of  the  vaft  mountains  of  Thibet,  and  after  a  courfe  of  about 
750  miles,  through  mountainous  regions  little  known,  enters  Indoftan 
at  the  Defile  of  Kupele,  fuppofed  by  the  natives  to  be  its  fource  ;  from 
hence  thi'^  fine  river  (which  is  revered  by  the  Hindoos  as  a  deity  that 
Dd  is 


434         ^NDOSTAN,  or  Ln'diaon  rni:;  tiaz  the  CANCts, 

is  to  wafli  away  all  their  ftains,  and  who  Cay  that  it  flows  from  the  lialr 
of  Mahadeo)  pafTes  through  deliglitful  plains,  with  a  fmooth  navigable 
ftrcam,  from  one  to  three  miles  wide,  during  the  remainder  of  its^ 
tourfe,  which  is  about  1350  miles,  to  the  bay  of  Bengal,  into  which  it 
falls  by  two  larger,  and  a  multitude  of  lefTer  channels,  that  form  and  in- 
terfe£l  a  large  triangular  illand,  v.'hofe  bafe  at  the  fea  is  near  200  mile* 
in  extent.  The  entire  courfe  of  the  Ganges  is  2100  miles,  and  is  to 
that  of  the  Thames  as  9!  10  1.  The  navigatior>  of  the  eafhern  branch 
being  dangerous  is  little  frequented.  The  weftern  branch,  called  the 
little  Ganges,  or  R.  of  Hoogly,  is  navigable  by  large  fhips,  and  moft 
generally  frequented.  The  Ganges  receives  1 1  rivers,fomeof  which  are 
equal  to  the  Rhine,  and  none  inferior  to  the  Thames,  in  England. 
The  learned  among  the  Hindoos,  have  compofed  volumes  in  praife  of 
thefe  waters,  all  parts  of  which  they  confider  as  holy  ;  but  fome  parti- 
cular parts  are  efteemed  more  fo  than  others.  People  of  high  rank 
have  the  water  of  the  Ganges  brought  to  them  from  vaft  di fiances,  it 
being  thought  neceflary  to  the  performance  of  fome  religious  rites. 
The  water  of  th«  Ganges  has  been  celebrated  in  all  ages,  not  only  for 
its  fanftlty,  but  aU'u  on  account  of  its  fiveetnefs,  lightnefs,  and  whole- 
fomenefs,  and  bccaufe  it  does  not  become  putrid  tiiough  kept  for  years. 
The  Burrampooter,  is  called  Sanpoo  in  the  upper  part  of  its  courfe. 
This  rival  lifter  of  the  Ganges  iffues  from  the  fame  mountains  that  give 
birth  to  that  river:  buttaking  a  contrary  direflion  through  Thibet,  winds 
to  the  fouth  weft,through  Adam, and  enteringIndoftan,flows  to  the  fouth, 
affumes  thename  of  Megna,  and  joins  the  weftern  branch  of  the  Ganges, 
tvith  an  immenfe  body  of  water,tcjual  if  not  fuperior  to  theGangcsitfelf. 
Thefe  two  noble  Rivers  when  they  approach  the  fea,  divide  inta 
fuch  a  multitude,  of  channels,  and  receive  fuch  a  number  of  navigable 
ftreams,  that  a  traft  of  country,  nearly  equal  to  Great  Britain  in  extent, 
enjoys  by  their  means  the  fineft  inland  navigation  that  can  be  con- 
ceived, and  which  gives  conftant  employment  to  30,000  boatmen  : 
Thefe  channels  are  fo  numerous  that  very  few  places  in  this  traft  are 
even  in  the  dry  fcafon  25  miles  from  a  navigable  ftream  ;  and  in  the 
feafon  of  the  periodical  rains,  they  overflow  their  banks  to  the  depth 
of  30  feet,  and  form  an  inundation  that  fertilizes  the  foil  to  the  extent 
of  more  than  loO  miles. 

Population,    inhabitants,    T        The    Mahometans    (fays    Mr. 
RELIGION  AND  GOVERNMENT.  J  Ormc)  who  avc  catlcd  Moofs,  of 
indoftan,  are  computed  to  be  about  ten  millioas,  and  the  Indians  about 
an  hundred  millions. 

The  original  inhabitants  of  India  are  called  Gentoos  ;  or,  as  others 
call  them,  Hindoos,  and  the  country  Hindooftan.  Ihey  pretend  that 
Brumma,  who  was  their  legiflator  both  in  politics  and  religion,  was 
inferior  only  to  God,  and  that  he  e.xifted  many  thoufand  years  before 
Our  accovmt  of  the  creation.  This  Brumma,  probably,  was  fome  great 
and  good  genius,  whofe  beneficence,  like  that  of  the  pagan  le^iflators, 
}cd  his  people  and  their  pofterity  to  pay  him  divine  honours.  The 
Bramins  (for  fotheGentoo  priefts  are  called)pretcnd  that  he  becfueath- 
ed  to  them  a  book  called  the  Yidam,  containing  his  doftrincs  and  in- 
liitutions  ;  and  that  though  the  original  is  loft,  they  are  ftvU  poffeifed 
of  a  facred  commentary  upon  it,  called  the  Shahftah,  which  is  written 
in  the  Shanfcrita  language,  now  a  dead  language,  and  known  only  to 
the  BraminSj  who  ftudy  it,  even  as  our  facred  fcriptures  are  written  in 

Gieck 


INDOSTAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Ga::ge3.        435 

Greek  and  Hebrew.  But  whetl^er  that  language  was  originally  differ- 
ent from  that  of  the  country,  or  whether  it  has  only  now  become  unin- 
telligible to  the  people,  through  that  change  which  is  incident  to  all 
living  languages,  is  not  w(.!l  known. 

The  foundation  of  Brumman's  doftrine  conflfted  in  the  belief  of  a  Su- 
preme Being,  who  created  a  regular  gradation  of  beings,  fome  fuperior, 
and  fome  inferior  to  man  ;  in  the  immortality  of  the  foul,  and  a  future 
ftate  of  rewards  and  punifhmcnts,  which  is  to  confift  of  a  tranfmigia- 
tion  into  different  bodies,  according  to  the  lives  they  have  led  in  their 
pre-exiftcnt  ftate.  From  this  it  appears  more  than  probable,  th^t  the 
Pythagorean  mctempfychofis  took  its  rife  in  India.  The  neceffity  of 
inculcating  this  fublime,  but  otherwife  complicated  doftrine,  into  the 
lower  ranks,  induced  the  Bramins,  who  arc  by  no  mear.s  unanimous  iri 
thrir  doftrines,  to  have  rscourfe  to  fenfible  reprefentatious  of  the  Deity 
and  his  attributes  ;  fo  that  the  original  doftrines  of  Brumma  have  de- 
generated to  rank  ridiculous  idolatry,  in  the  worfhip  of  different  ani- 
mals, and  various  images,  and  of  the  mofl  hideous  figures,  delineated  or 
carved.  Wooden  im;)ges  arc  placed  in  all  their  temples,  and  on  cer* 
tain  feftivals  are  exhibited  in  the  high  roads  and  in  the  flrects  of  towns* 
The  human  figures,  with  elephants  heads,  which  are  the  objc£ls  of  their 
devotion,  have  many  hands,  and  are  enormoufly  corpulent. 

The  Hindoos  have,  from  time  immemorial,  been  divided  into  fouf 
great  fribrs.  The  fii  fl  and  mofl  noble  tribe  are  the  Bramins,  who  alone 
can  ofliciate  in  the  prieflhood,  like  the  Jewifli  tribe  of  Levi.  They 
are  not,  however,  excluded  from  government,  trade,  or  agriculture^ 
though  they  are  flriftly  p'ohibited  from  all  menial  offices  by  their 
laws.  The  fecond  in  order  is  the  Sittri  tribe,  who.  according  to  their 
original  inftitution,  ought  to  be  all  military  men  ;  but  they  frequently 
follow  other  profclTions.  The  third  is  the  tribe  of  Beiie,  who  are 
chiefly  merchants,  bankers,  and  banias  or  fliopkeepers.  The  fourth 
tribe  is  that  of  Sudder,  who  ought  to  be  menial  fervants  ;  and  they  are 
incapable  of  raifing  themfelves  »o  any  fuperior  rank.  If  any  one  of 
them  fhould  be  excommunicated  from  any  of  the  four  tribes,  he  and 
his  poderity  are  for  ever  fhut  out  from  the  fociety  of  every  bodv  in  the 
nation,  excepting  that  of  the  Ilavri  caft,  who  are  held  in  utter  detefta- 
tion  by  all  the  other  tribes,  and  are  employed  only  in  the  rnsanefl  and 
viled  ofRces.  This  circumflance  renders  excommunication  fo  dread- 
ful, that  any  Hindoo  will  fuffer  the  torture,  and  even  death  itfelf,  ra- 
ther than  deviate  from  one  article  of  his  faith. 

Befides  this  divilion  into  tribes,  the  Gentoos  are  alfo  fubdivided  into 
cn/li,  or  fmaller  clafies  and  tribes  ;  and  it  has  been  computed  that  there 
are  eighty  four  of  thcfc  caffs,  though  fome  have  fuppofed  there  was  a 
greater  number.  Ihe  order  of  pre-eminence  of  all  the  cafts,  in  a  par- 
ticular city  or  province,  is  generally  indiiputably  decided.  The  In- 
dian of  an  inferior  would  think  himfelf  honoured  by  adopting  the  cuf- 
toms  of  a  fuperior  caft  ;  but  this  laft  would  give  battle  fooner  than 
not  vindicate  its  prerogatives  :  1  he  inferior  receives  the  victuals  pre- 
pared by  a  fuperior  call  witii  refpcft,  but  the  fuperior  will  not  partake 
of  a  meal  which  has  bccii'^repared  by  the  hands  of  an  inferior  caff. 
Their  marriages  are  circumfcribed  by  the  fame  barriers  as  the  rcfl  of 
their  intercourfcs  ;  and  hence,  behdes  the  national  phyfiognomy,  the 
members  of  each  cafl.  prefcrve  an  air  of  fliU  greater  rcfcmblance  to  one 
D  d  2  another. 


43^  INDOSTAN,  or  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges. 

another.  There  are  fome  carts  remarkable  for  their  beauty,  and  others 
as  remarkable  for  their  uglinefs.  The  moft  ftriking  features  in  th* 
charafter  of  tlie  Hindoos,  are  their  fuperflition,  and  veneration  for 
the  inflitutions  and  tenets  of  their  forefathers. 

In  India,  the  dominion  of  religion  extends  to  a  thoufand  particulars, 
which  in  other  countries  are  governed  either  by  the  civil  laws,   or  by 
tafle,  cuftoin,  or  fafliion.     Drefs,   food,  the  common   intcrcourfes  of 
life,  marriages,  profeffions,   all   are  under  the  jurifdiftion  of  religion. 
There  is  fcarcely  any  thing  that  is  not  regulated  by   fuperftition.      It 
prefcribes  rules  of  conduct  in  all  circvim'.lances  and  fttuations  ;  nor  is 
there  any  thing  ahnoll  fo  trifling   or  minute  as  to  be  confidered  a^  a 
matter  of  indifference.     The  original  government  of  the  Hindoos,  was 
in  reality  an  hierarchy  ;  for   among  that  religious  people,  the  higheft 
authority  was  pofTeiTed  by  the  priefthocd,  or  the  Bramin  caft.     Nor  13 
it  in  this  inllance  only,  that  we  find  a  refemblance  between  the  natives 
of  India   and  them.     Not  only  were  the  governments  of  both  nations 
hierarchical,    but  in   both  there  was  a  vail  variety   of  religious  obfer- 
vances  and  ceremonies  extending  to  manv  particulars,  which  in  othev 
countries  are  matters  of  choice  or  of  indifference  ;  and  both  entertain- 
ed the  mofl  profound  refpeft  and  veneration  for  their  anceftors.     All 
thccaftacknowledgetheBramins  for  their  prieils,  and  from  them  derive 
their  belief  of  the  tranfmigration  :  which  leads  many  of  them  to  afilift 
thcmfelvcs  even  at  the  death  of  a  fly,  although  occahoned  by  inadvert- 
ence.    But  the  greater  number  of  cafls  arc  Icfs  fcrupulous,  and  eat,  al- 
though very  fparingly,  both  of  lifh  and  flelh  ;  but,  like  the  Jews,   not 
of  all  kinds  indifferently.     I'he  food  of  the  Hindoos  is  fimple,  confift- 
ing  chiefly  of  rice,    ghee,   which  is  a  kind  of  imperfect  butter,    milk, 
vegetables,  and  oriental  fpices  of   different  kinds,  but  chiefly  what  is 
called  in  the  Eaft,   chilly,   and  in  the  Wed,    green  or   Cayen,  pepper. 
The  warrior  caft,  may  eat  of  the  flefn  of  goats,    mutton,   and  poultry. 
Other  fuperior   cafls  may  eat  poultry  and  fifli  :  but  the    inferior  calls 
are  prohibited   from  eating  flelli  or  fifli    of  any  kind.     Their  greateft 
luxury,  confifls  in  the  ufe  of  the   richefl  fpiceries  and   perfumes,  of 
which  the  great  people  are  very  lavifh,  and  which  grow  almoft  fpon- 
taneoufly  in  tlieir  gardens.     They  cflecra  milk  the  pureft  of  foods,  be- 
caufe  they  think  it  partakes  of  forne  of  the  properties  of  the  ne£lar  of 
their  gods,  aiid  becaufe  they  efteem  the  cow  itfelf  almofl  like  a  divinity. 
Their  manners  are  gentle  ;  their  happinefs  confifls  in  the  folaccs  of  a 
domefl'c  life  ;  and  \.\\cy  are  taught  by  their  religion,  that  matrimony  is 
an  indifpcnfabie  duty    in   every  man,  who  docs  not  entirely  feparate 
himfelf  from  the  world  from  a  principle  of  devotion.     Their  religion 
alfo  permits  tliem   to  have  fcveral  wives  ;  but  they  feldom  have  more 
than  one  :   And  it  has  been  obierved,  that  their  wives  arc  diflinguifhed 
by  a  decency  of  demeanour,  a  fblicitude  in  their  families,  and  a  fidelity 
to  their   vows,  which  might  do   honour   to  human   nature  in  the  moft 
civilized  countries.     The  amufements  of  the  Hindoos  conlift   ingoing 
to  their  pagodas,  in  a  {Tilling  at  religious  fhev/s,  and  in  fulfilling  a  vari- 
ety of  ceremonies  prefcribed  to  them  by  the  Bramins.     Their  religion 
feems  to  forbid  them  to  quit   their  ov/n  flioies,*  nor  do  they  want  any 

thing 

*  The  Gentoos  are  perfuaded,  that  the   waters  of  the  three  great  rivers,  Ganges,  Kitlna, 
aai  In4us,  have  the  facred  vircue  of  purifyuig  thofe  who  bathe  in  them,  from  all  pollutions 

an4 


INDOSTAN,  OR  I>:dia  o^f  this  sire  the  GANcts.  437 

tilling  from  abroad.  They  might,  therefore,  have  lived  in  mucli  tran- 
<]uillity  and  happinefs,  if  others  had  looked  on  them  with  the  fame  in- 
difference with  which  tlicy  regard  the  reJl  of  the  world. 

The  foldiers,  are  commonly  called  Raj;ih-poots,  or  pcrfons  dofccnded 
from  rajahs,  and  refide  chiefly  in  the  northern  provinces,  and  are  rrcnerally 
more  fair-complexioned  than  the  people  ofthe  fouthern  provinces, 
who  are  quite  black.  Thefe  rajah-poots  are  a  robuft,  biave.  faithful 
people,  and  enter  into  the  fervice  of  thofe  who  will  pay  them  ;  but 
when  their  leader  falls  in  battle.^  they  think  that  their  engagements  to 
liim  are  finiflicd,  and  they  run  off  the  field  without  any  ftain  upon 
their  reputation. 

The  cufkom  of  women  burning  themfelves,  upon  the  death  of^their 
hufbarids,  flill  continues  to  be  praftifed  among  fome  of  high  caft^  and 
condition,  though  much  lefs  frequently  than  formcily,  and  it  is  faid, 
that  the  Bramins  now  do  not  encourage  it. 

One  particular  clafs  of  women  are  allowed  to  be  openly  prodituted  : 
Thele  arc  the  famous  dancing  girls.  Their  attitudes  and  movements 
are  very  eafy,  and  not  ungraceful.  Their  perfons  are  delicately  form- 
ed, gaudily  decorated,  and  highly  perfume/J.  By  the  continuation  of 
Avanton  attitudes,  they  acquire,  as  they  grow  warm  in  the  dance,  a  fran- 
tic lafcivioufncfs  themfelves,  and  communicate,  by  a  natural  contagion, 
the  moft  voluptuous  dciircs  to  the  beholders. 

The  Gentoos  are  as  careful  of  the  cultivation  of  their  lands,  and  their 
public  works  and  conveniences,  as  the  Chinefc  ;  and  remarkably  hon- 
eft  and  humane  :  There  fcarcely  is  an  inftance  of  a  robbery  in  all  In- 
doflan,  though  the  diamond  merchants  travel  without  defenlive  weap- 
ons. According  to  a  late  writer,  the  Hindoos,  as  well  as  the  Perfians, 
I'artars.  and  adjoining  nations,  who  have  Inhabited  Indoftan  fmce  it 
was  invaded  by  Tam.erlane,  though  of  different  nations,  religions,  laws, 
and  cuftoms,  poffefs  neverthelefs,  in  equal  degrees,  hofpitalitv.  polite- 
nefs,  and  addrefs.  In  refinement  and  eafe  they  are  fuperior  to  any  peo- 
ple to  the  weftward  of  them.  In  politencfs  and  addrefs,  in  graccful- 
nefs  of  deportment,  and  fpeech,  an  Indian  is  as  much  fuperior  to  a 
Frenchman  of  fafhion,  as  a  French  courtier  is  to  a  Dutch  burgo-maftcr 
<;f  Dort.  A  Frenchman's  eafe  is  mixed  with  forward  familiarity,  with 
confidence,  and  felf-conceit  ;  but  the  Hindoos,  cfpccially  thofe  of  the 
higher  cafls,  are  in  their  demeanour  eafy  andunconflrained,  flill  more 
than  even  a  French  courtier,  and  their  eafe  and  freedom  is  referved, 
modefl,  and  refpeftful. 

Their  perfons  arc  flraight  and  elegant,  their  limbs  finely  proportion- 
ed, their  fingers  long  and  tapering,  their  countenances  open  and  pleal- 
ant,  and  their  features  exhibit  the  moft  delicate  lines  of  beauty  in  the 
females,  and  in  the  males  a  kind  of  manly  foftncls.  Their  walk  and 
gait,  as  well  as  their  whole  deportment,  is  in  the  highcft  degree  grace- 
ful.    The  drefs  of  the   men   is    a  kind  of  clofe-bodicd  gown,  like  our 

women's 

and  fins.  This  religious  idea  feems  to  be  fotinded  on  a  principle  ot"  policy,  and  intended  to 
reftrain  the  natives  Irom  migrating  into  dittant  countries  ;  for  it  is  remarkable,  that  tfec 
facred  rivers  are  fo  fituated,  that  there  is  not  any  part  of  the  India  where  the  inhabitants 
may  not  have  an  opportunity  of  w;i(hing  away  their  fins.  'I'iie  Ganges,  which  riles  in  tlie 
mountains  of  Thibet,  with  its  ditVercnt  branches,  runs  through  the  kingdom  ol  IJcngal, 
Bahar,  and  Orixa,  and  the  upper  provinces  of  Oude,  Rohilcund,  A^ra,  Delhi,  and  l.ahore. 
The  Cirtna  divides  the  Carnatic  from  Golconda,and  runs  through  Vifiapore  into  the  interior 
parts  of  the  Deccan.  And  the  Indus,  bounding  the  Guzarat  provinces,  fepsrates  Indoftan 
Irom  the  donmuons  of  Perfia. 


438         INDOSTAN,  Or  India  on  this  side  th  ""  Ganges. 

women's  gowns,  and  wide  trowfers,  refembling  petticoats,  reachitig 
down  to  their  flippers.  Such  of  the  women  as  appear  in  public,  have 
fhawls  over  their  heads  and  fhoulders,  {hort  clofe  jackets,  and  the  tight 
drawers  which  come  down  to  their  ankles.  Hence  the  drefs  of  the 
men  gives  them.  In  the  eyes  of  Europeans,  an  appearance  of  effeminacy  ; 
whereas  that  of  the  women  will  appear  rather  mafculinc  :  Such  is  the 
influence  of  habit  and  cuftom  on  fentiments  ;  an  influence  which  ex- 
tends to  matters  of  tafle,  and  to  objetU  of  higher  importance. 

Their  houfes  cover  much  ground,  and  have  fpacious  galleries  and 
accommodations  of  various  kinds.  The  apartments  are  fmall,  and  the 
furniture  not  very  elegant,  if  we  except  the  rich  Perfian  carpets.  The 
grandeur  of  their  palaces  confifts  in  baths,  perfumes,  temples,  gods,  and 
harams.  The  harams  or  zenanas,  that  is,  the  refidences  of  the  women, 
are  removed  from  the  front  of  the  houfe,  and  lighted  only  from  a  fquare 
fpace  in  the  centre  of  the  whole  building.  The  appaiel  of  the  wom- 
en is  inconceivably  rich  ;  they  have  jewels  on  their  lingers  and  about 
their  necks,  and  alfo  in  their  ears  and  nofl.riliij  with  bracelets  on  their 
wrifl:s  and  arms,  and  around  their  ankles. 

The  temples  or  pagodas  of  the  Gentoos  are  Rupendous  but  difguftful 
ftone  buildings,  erefted  in  every  capital,  and  under  the  direftion  of  the 
Bramins.  If  the  Bramins  are  mafters  of  any  uncommon  art  or  fcience, 
they  freq-.iently  turn  it  to  the  purpofes  of  profit  from  their  ignorant  vo- 
taries. Mr.  Scrafton  fays,  that  they  know  how  to  calculate  eclipfes  ; 
and  tliat  judicial  aftrology  is  fo  prevalent  among  them,  that  half  the 
year  is  taken  up  with  unlucky  days  ;  the  head  aflrologer  being  always 
confulted  in  their  councils.  The  Mahometans  likewife  encourage 
thofe  fuperfl;itions,  and  look  upon  all  the  fruits  of  the  Gentoo  induft.ry 
as  belonging  to  themfelves.  Though  the  Gentoos  are  entirely  paflive 
under  all  their  opprcffions,  and  by  their  ftate  of  exiftence,  the  praftice 
of  their  religion,  and  the  fcantinefs  of  their  food,  have  nothing  of  that 
refentmcnt  in  their  nature  that  animates  the  reft  of  mankind  ;  yet  they 
are  lulceptiblc  of  avarice,  and  fometimes  bury  their  money,  and  rather 
than  difcover  it,  put  themfelves  to  death  by  poifon  or  otherwife.  This 
praftice,  which  it  feems  is  not  uncommon,  accounts  for  the  vaft  fcarci- 
ty  of  iilver  that  till  of  late  prevailed  in  Indoftan. 

1  he  reafons  above  mentioned  account  likewife  for  their  being  lefs 
under  the  influence  of  their  pafflons  than  the  inhabitants  of  other 
countries.  The  perpetual  ufe  of  rice,  their  chief  food,  gives  them 
but  little  nourifhment  ;  and  their  marrying  early,  the  male  before 
fourteen,  and  their  women  at  ten  or  eleven  years  of  age.  keeps  ihem 
low  and  feeble  in  their  perfons.  A  man  is  in  the  decline  of  life  at 
thirty,  and  the  beauty  of  the  women  is  on  the  decay  at  eighteen  :  At 
twenty-five  they  have  all  the  marks  of  old  age.  Weaie  not  therefore  to 
vi^onder  at  their  being  foon  ft^ranoers  to  all  perfonal  exertion  and  vig- 
our of  mind  :  And  whatever  may  be  the  caufc,  a  recent  traveller 
anong  them,  ohfervcs,  it  is  certain,  that  death  is  resJiirded  with  lefs  hor- 
ror in  India  than  in  any  other  countiy  in  the  woild.  The  origin  and 
the  end  of  all  things,  {';\y  the  philcfophers  of  India  of  the  prefent  times, 
is  a  vacuum.  A  fl.ate  of  repofe  is  the  Hate  of  greate/i.  perfe£lion  ;  and 
this  is  the  ftate  after  which  a  wife  man  afpires.  Ir  is  belter,  fay  the 
Hindoos,  to  fit  than  to  walk,  and  to  flotp  than  to  \\,/kc  ;  but  di-ath  is 
the  bcft  of  all.     According  to  the  Gcnioo  laws,  criuiliidL  fcntcnced  to 

death 


INDOSTAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Gakges.         439 

death  are  not  to  be  ftranglcd,  fuffocated,  or  poifoned,  but  to  be  cut  off 
by  the  fword  ;  becaufe,  without  an  efFufion  of  blood,  malefaftors  are 
fuppofed  to  die  Vvilh  all  their  fins  about  them  ;  but  the  Ihedding  of 
their  blood,  it  is  thought,  expiates  their  crimes. 

The  Mahometans,  who,  in  Indoftan,  are  called  Moors,  are  of  Perfian, 
Turkifh,  Arabic,  and  other  cxtraftions.  They  early  began,  in  the 
reigns  of  the  caliphs  of  Bagad,  to  invade  Indoftan.  They  penetrated 
as  far  as  Delhi,  which  they  made  their  capital.  They  fettled  colonies 
in  fcveral  phiccs,  vvhofe  defcendants  are  called  Pytans  ;  but  their  em- 
pire was  overti:rown  by  Tamerlane,  who  founded  the  Mogul  govern- 
ment, which  (Ull  fubfifls.  Thofe  princes  being  drift  Mahometans,  re- 
ceived under  their  protection  all  that  profeifed  the  fame  religion,  and 
who  being  a  brave,  aftive  people,  counterbalanced  the  numbers  of  the 
natives.  They  are  faid  to  have  introduced  the  divifion  of  provinces, 
over  which  they  appointed  foubadars  ;  and  thofe  provinces,  each  of 
v/hich  might  be  flylcd  an  empire,  were  fubdivided  into  naboblliips  ; 
each  nabob  being  immediately  accountable  to  his  foubadar,  who  in  pro- 
<;efs  of  time  became  almoll  independent  on  the  emperor,  or,  as  he  is 
called,  the  Great  Mogul,  upon  their  paying  him  an  annual  tribute.  The 
vaft  refort  of  Perfian  and  Tartar  tribes  has  likewife  ftrengthened  the 
Mahometan  government  ;  But  it  is  obfervable,that  in  two  or  three  gen- 
■erations,  the  progeny  of  all  thofe  adventurers,  who  brought  nothing 
with  them  but  their  horfes  and  their  fwords,  degenerated  into  all  ths 
eaitern  indolence  and  fenfuality. 

Of  all  thofe  tribes,  the  Marattas  at  prefent  make  the  greatefl  figure. 
They  commonly  ferve  onborfcback.  and,  when  well  commanded,  thev 
have  been  known  to  give  law  even  to  the  court  of  Delhi.  Though  they 
are  originally  Gentoos,  yet  they  are  of  bold,  aftive  fpirit,  and  pay  great 
refpeft  to  the  principles  of  their  religion.  Mr,  Scrafton  fays,  that  the 
Mahometans  or  Moors  are  generally  of  fo  deteflable  a  chara6ler,thathe 
never  knew  above  two  or  three  exceptions,  and  thofe  were  among  the 
Tartar  and  Perfian  officers  of  the  army.  Thefe  are  void,  we  are  told, 
of  every  principle  even  of  their  own  religion  ;  and  if  they  have  a  vir- 
tue, it  is  an  appearance  of  hofpitality,  but  it  is  an  appearance  only  ;  for 
while  they  are  drinking  with,  and  embracing  a  friend,  they  will  ftab 
him  to  the  heart.  But  it  is  probable,  that  thefe  reprefentations  of  their 
moral  depravity  are  carried  beyond  the  bounds  of  truth. 

The  manner  of  drinking  among  the  Gentoos  is  remarkable.  They 
religioully  avoid  touching  the  veffel  that  contains  the  liquor  with  their 
lips,  and  pour  it  into  their  mouths,  holding  the  bottle,  or  other  veffel, 
at  leaft  at  a  foot's  diflance.  Their  idea  is,  that  they  v/ould  be  polluted 
by  ftagnating  water.  They  will  drink  from  a  pump,  or  of  any  running 
ilream,  but  not  out  of  a  pool. 

Mr.  Dalrymple  obfervcs,  according  to  the  Gentoo  conflitution,  land 
(lioufes  and  gardens  excepted]  is  not  private  property,  but  belongs  to 
the  community,  in  the  feveral  villages  ;  each  of  which  are  fupplied 
with  their  refoeftive  public  officers,  as  the  headman,  to  execute  juf- 
tice  ;  the  conicopoly,  to  keep  the  accounts  of  the  village  ;  the  corn- 
meter,  fmith,  barber,  do£lor,  aflrologer,  &c.  The  grounds  are  culti- 
vated by  the  community,  and  the  produce  fliared  out  in  certain  pro- 
portion.s  to  all.  One  is  allotted  to  the  Pagodas  and  Bramins,  one  tQ 
ike  government,   another  to   the  public   ofliccrs,  one  to  tiic  repair  of 

tanks. 


440        INDOSTAN,  or  India  oi-r  this  side  thf.  Gances, 

tanks,  or  refervoirs  of  water,  anri  the  reft  diftribiited  among  the  com- 
munity :  But  we  underfland  that  the  Mahometan  government,  and  the 
intrufion  of  Europeans,  have  introduced  fome  innovations  in  this  an- 
cient  conflitution,  particularly,  by  farming  the  circar,  or  government 
fnares. 

Such  are  the  outlines  of  the  government  by  which  this  great  empire 
long  fubfi  fled  without  almofl  the  femblance  of  virtue  amongits  greatofH- 
cers,  either  civil  or  military.  It  was  fhaken,  however,  after  the  over- 
throw of  Mahomet  Shah,  by  Kouli  Khan,  which  was. attended  by  fo 
great  a  diminution  of  the  imperial  aathority  that  the  foubahs  and  na- 
bobs became  abfolute  in  their  own  governments.  Though  they  could 
not  alter  the  fundamental  laws  of  propertv,  yet  they  invented  new  tax- 
es, which  beggared  the  people,  to  pay  their  armies  and  fupport  their 
power  :  fo  that  many  of  the  people,  a  few  years  ago,  after  being  un- 
Tnercifully  plundered  by  colleftors  and  tax-maflers,  were  left  to  perifli 
through  want.  To  fum  up  the  mifery  of  the  inhabitants,  thofe  fou- 
baaars  and  nabobs,  and  other  Mahometan  governors,  employ  the  Gen- 
toos  themfelves,  and  fome  even  of  the  Bramins,  as  the  minifhers  of 
their  rapscioufnefs  and  cruelties.  Upon  the  whole,  ever  fmce  the  in- 
vafion  of  Kouli  Khan,  Indoftan,  from  being  a  well  regulated  govern- 
ment, is  become  a  fcene  of  mere  anarchy  ;  every  great  man  protefts 
liimfelf  in  his  tyranny  by  his  foldicrs,  whofe  pay  far  exceeds  the  nat- 
ural riches  of  his  government.  As  private  affaffinations  and  other 
murders  are  here  committed  with  impunity,  the  people,  who  know 
they  can  be  in  no  worfe  Rate,  concern  themfelves  very  little  in  the 
revolutions  of  government.  To  the  above  caufes  are  owing  the  late 
fucceffes  of  the  Englifli  in  Indoflan.  The  reader,  from  this  reprefen- 
tation,  may  perceive,  that  all  the  PLnglifh  have  acquired  in  point  of 
territory,  has  been  gained  from  ufurpers  and  robbers  ;  and  their  pof- 
felTion  of  it  being  gurantecd  by  the  prefent]  lawful  emperor,  is  faid  to 
be  founded  rpon  the  laws  and  conftitutions  of  that  country.  We  are, 
however,  forry  to  be  obliged  to  remark,  that  the  conduft  of  many  of 
the  fcrvants  of  the  Eafl  India  Company  towards  the  natives,  and  not 
properly  puniflied  or  checked,  either  by  the  dire£lors  or  the  Britifh 
legiflature,  has  in  too  many  inftances  been  highly  difhonourable  to  the 
Englifh  name,  and  totally  inconfiflent  with  that  humanity  which  was 
formerly  their  national  charafterifhic. 

It  may  be  here  proper  juft  to  obferve,  that  the  complexion  of  the 
Gerloos  is  black,  their  hair  long,  and  the  features  of  both  fexes  regu- 
lar. At  court,  however,  the  great  families  are  ambitious  of  intermary- 
ing  with  Perfians  and  Tartars,  on  account  of  the  fairnefs  of  their  com- 
plexion, refembling  that  of  their  conqueror  Tameilane  and  his  great 
generals. 

Provinces,     citif.s,    and    other!       Theprovinceof  Agra  isthe 

BUILDINGS,  PUBLIC  AND  PRIVATE./  largcft  in  all  Indoflan,  con 
taining  40  large  towns  and  340  villages.  Agra  is  the  greateft  city,  and 
its  caftle  the  largefl  fortification  in  all  the  Indies.  The  Dutch  have 
a  fattory  there,  but  the  Englifh  have  none. 

The  city  of  Delhi  or  Dehly,  which  is  the  capital  of  that  province,  is  like- 
wife  the  capital  of  Indoftan.  It  is  defcribed  as  being  a  fine  city,  and  con- 
taining the  imperial  palace,  whicli  is  adorned  with  the  ufual  magni- 
ficenceof  theEaiL    Its  ftables  formerly  contained  1  •2,000  horfes.brought 

fioni 


INDOSTAN,  OR  In'dia  on  Tins  side  the  Ganges.        441 

from  Arabia,  Perfia,  and  Tartary  ;  and  500  elephants.  When  the  for- 
age is  burnt  up  by  the  heats  of  the  feafon,  as  is  often  the  cafe,  thefc 
horfes  are  faid  to  be  fed  in  the  morning  with  bread,  butter,  and  fugar, 
and  in  the  evening  with  rice-milk  properly  prepared. 

Tatta,  the  capital  of  Sindy,  is  a  large  city  ;  and  it  is  faid  that  a 
plague  which  happened  there  in  1699,  carried  off  above  80,000  of  its 
manufafturcrs  in  iilk  and  cotton.  It  is  ftill  famous  for  the  manufac- 
ture of  palanquins,  which  are  a  kind  of  canopied  couches,  on  which 
the  great  men  all  over  India,  Europeans  as  well  as  natives,  repofe 
when  they  appear  abroad.  They  are  carried  by  four  men,  who  will 
trot  alono;.  morning  and  evening  40  miles  a  day  ;  10  being  ufually  hir- 
ed, who  carry  the  palanquin  by  turns,  four  at  a  time.  Though  a  pa- 
lanquin is  dear  at  firft  coft,  yet  the  porters  may  be  hired  for  nine  or 
ten  Shillings  a  month  each,  out  of  which  they  maintain  themfelvcs. — 
The  Indus,  at  Tatta,  is  about  a  mile  broad,  and  famous  for  its  tine  carp 
fini.  ■ 

Though  the  province  of  Moultan  is  not  very  fruitful,  yet  it  yields 
excellent  iron  and  canes  ;  and  the  inhabitants,  by  their  fituation  are 
enabled  to  deal  with  the  PeiTians  and  Tartars  yearly  for  above  6o,coo 
horfes.  The  capital  is  Moultan,  about  800  miles,  by  the  courfe  of  the 
river,  from  the  lea. 

The  province  of  Caffimere,  being  furrounded  with  mountains,  is 
difficult  of  accefs,  but  when  entered,  it  appears  to  be  the  paradile  of 
the  Indies.  It  is  faid  to  contain  100.000  villages,  to  be  Rored  with 
cattle  and  game,  without  any  beafls  of  prey.  The  capital  (CafTimere) 
ftands  by  a  large  lake  ;  and  both  fexes,  the  women  efpecially,  are  al- 
moft  as  fair  as  the  Europeans,  and  are  faid  to  be  witty  and  ingenious. 

Theprovinceandcity  of  Labor  formerlymade  a  great  figure  in  the  Indian 
hi  (lory,  and  is  ftill  one  of  the  largeft  and  fincft  provinces  in  the  Indies, 
producing  the  befl  fugars  of  any  in  Indoftan.  Its  capital  was  once 
about  nine  miles  long,  hu*  is  now  much  decayed.  We  know  little  of 
the  provinces  of  Ayud,  Varad,  Bekar,  and  Hallabas,  that  is  not  in 
com  non  with  the  other  provinces  of  Indoflan,  excepting  that  they 
are  inhabited  by  a  hardv  race  of  men,  who  feem  never  to  have  been 
conq  lered,  and  though  they  fubmit  to  the  Moguls,  live  in  an  eafy  in- 
dependent ftate.  In  fome  of  thofe  provinces  many  of  the  European 
fruits,  plants,  and  flowers  thrive,  as  in  their  native  foil. 

lienoal.  of  all  the  Indian  provinces,  is  perhaps  the  mod  interefting 
to  an  Englifh  reader.  Its  natural  fituation,  (as  defcribed  by  Major 
Rennel,  late  furvcyor  general  in  Bengal)  is  fingularly  happy  with  re- 
fpeft  to  fecurity  from  the  attack  of  foreign  enemies.  On  the  north 
and  eaft  it  has  no  warlike  neighbours,  and  has  moreover  a  formida- 
ble barrier  of  mountains,  rivers,  or  cxtenfive  waftes  towards  thofe 
quarters,  fliould  an  enemy  ftart  up.  On  the  fouth  is  a  fca  coaft  guard- 
ed by  fhallows  and  impenetrable  woods,  and  with  only  one  port, 
which  is  of  difficult  accefs,  in  an  extent  of  300  miles.  Only  on  the 
weft,  can  an  encmv  be  apprehended,  but  there  the  natural  barrier  is 
ftrong,  and  with  its  population  and  refourccs,  and  the  ufual  propor- 
tion of  Britifli  troops.  Bengal  might  bid  defiance  to  any  part  of  In- 
doUan  which  was  inclined  to  become  its  enemy.  It  is  confide;  cd  as 
the  florehoufe  of  the  Eafl  Indies.  Its  fertility  exceeds  that  of  Egypc 
after  being  overflowed  by  the  Nile  ♦,    and  the  produce  of  its  foil    con- 

iifts 


44-         IND03TAN,  or  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges^ 

ftfls  of  lice,  fugar-canes,  corn,  fefamum,  fmall  mulberry,  and  other 
trees.  "  Moftof  the  rivers  of  Bengal,"  fays  the  author  of  Ayeen  Ak- 
berry,  "  have  their  banks  cultivated  with  rice,  of  which  there  are  a 
vrjilety  of  fpecies.  The  foil  is  fo  fertile  in  fome  places,  that  a  fingle 
grain  of  rice  will  yield  a  meafure  of  2  or  3  Seer.  Some  lands  will  pro- 
duce tluee  crops  in  a  year.  Vegetation  is  here  fo  extremely  quick, 
that  as  fall  as  the  water  rifes,  the  plants  of  rice  grow  above  it,  fo  that 
the  ear  is  never  above  it.  Men  of  experience  affirm  that  a  fmglc  ftalk 
will  grow  fix  cubits  in  one  r.ight."  (Ayeen  Akberry.)  Its  calicoes, 
filks,  falt-pctre,  lakka,  opium,  wax,  and  civet,  go  all  over  the  world  ; 
and  provilions  here  are  in  vaft  plenty,  and  incredibly  cheap,  efpccial- 
ly  pullets,  ducks,  and  geefe.  The  country  is  interfe^ied  by  canals  cut 
nut  of  the  Ganges  for  the  benefit  of  commerce  ;  and  extends  near  100 
leagues  on  both  fides  the  Ganges,  full  of  cities,  towns,  villages,  and 
caftles. 

In  Bengal,  the  worfliip  of  the  Gentoos  is  praftifed  in  its  greateft  pu- 
rity ;  and  their  facred  river  (Ganges)  is  in  a  manner  lined  with  their 
magnificent  pagodas  or  temples.  The  women,  notwithftanding  their 
religion,  are  faid  by  fome  to  be  lafcivious  and  enticing. 

The  principal  Englifli  faftory  in  Bengal  is  at  Calcutta,  and  is  called 
Fort  William  :  It  is  fituated  on  the  river  Hoogly,  the  mofl  wefterly 
branch  of  the  Ganges.  The  fort  itfelf  is  faid  to  be  irregular,  and  un- 
tenable againfl  difciplined  troops  ;  but  the  fervants  of  the  company 
have  provided  themfelves  with  an  excellent  houfe,  and  moft  conve- 
nient apartments  for  then^  own  accommod;ition.  As  the  town  itfelf 
i;a3  been  in  faft  for  fome  time  in  polfeifion  of  the  Company,  an  Englifla 
civil  government,  by  a  mayor  and  aldermen,  was  introduced  into  it. 
This  was  immediately  under  the  authority  of  the  Company.  But  in 
J  773,  an  aft  of  parliament  was  pafTcd  to  regulate  the  affairs  of  the 
Eafl  India  Company,  as  well  in  India  as  in  Europe,  By  this  a£l  the 
governor-general  and  four  counfellors  were  appointed,  and  chofen  by 
the  parliament,  with  whom  was  veiled  the  whole  civil  and  military 
government  of  the  prefidency  of  Fort  William;  and.  the  ordering, 
management,  and  government  of  all  the  territorial  acquifitions  and 
revenues  in  the  kingdom  of  Bengal,  Bahar,  and  Oriffa,  fo  long  as  the 
Company  fiiould  remain  poifeffed  of  them.  The  governor-general 
and  council  lo  appointed,  are  jnvefled  with  the  power  of  fuperintend- 
ing  and  controlling  the  government  and  management  of  the  prefiden- 
ties  of  Madras,  Bombay,  and  Bencoolen.  The  governor-general  and 
council  lo  pay  obedience  to  the  orders  of  ihe  court  of  direftors,  and  to 
corrcfpond  with  them.  The  governor-general  and  counfellors  were 
likewife  empowered  to  eftablifli  a  courtof  judicature  at  Fort  William  ; 
to  confifl  of  a  chief  juftice,  and  three  other  judges,  to  be  named  from 
time  to  time  by  his  majefty  :  Thefe  are  to  exercife  all  criminal,  admi- 
ralty, and  ecclefiaflical  jurifdiftion  ;  to  be  a  court  of  record  and  a 
court  of  oyer  and  terminer  for  the  town  of  Calcutta,  and  factory  of 
Fort  William,  and  its  limits,  and  the  fa6lorics  fubordinate  thereto. — 
But  the  efhablifliment  of  this  fupremc  court  does  not  appear  to  have 
promoted  either  the  intcrefts  of  the  Eafl-lndia  Company,  or  the  feli- 
city of  the  people  of  the  country.  No  proper  attention  has  been  paid 
to  the  manners  and  cufloms  of  the  people  ;  afts  of  great  oppreffion  and 
injuftice  have  been  committed  ;  and  the  fupreme  court  has  been  ^ 
luurte  of  great  dilfatisfailion,  diforder^  and  confullon,  Ir^ 


INDOSTAN,  OR  India  on  this  sidu  the  Ganges. 


443 


In  1756,  an  unhappy  event  took  place  at  Calcuf-a,  which  is  too  re- 
markable to  be  omitted.  The  Indian  nabob  or  foubadar,  quarrelled 
with  the  company,  and  invcftcd  Calcutta  with  a  large  body  of  black 
troops.  The  governor,  and  fome  of  the  principal  pei  fons  of  the  place, 
threw  themfclves,  with  their  chief  effefts,  on  bo^rd  the  fliips  in  the 
river  ;  they  who  remained,  for  fome  hours,  bravely  defended  the  place; 
but  their  ammunition  being  expended,  they  furrendered  upon  terms. 
The  foubadar,  a  capricious,  unfeeling  tyrant,  in  (lead  of  obfcrvirig  the 
capitulation,  forced  Mr.  Holwell,  the  governor's  chief  fervant,  and 
J45  Britifh  fubjeclsj  into  a  little  but  fecurc  prifon,  called  the  Black- 
hole,  a  place  about  eighteen  feet  fquare,  and  fluit  up  from  almofl:  all 
communication  of  free  air.  Their  miferles  during  the  night  were  in- 
exprelTible,  and  before  morning  no  more  than  twenty-thiee  were 
found  alive,  the  reft,  dying  of  fufFocation,  which  was  generally  attended 
with  a  horrible  frenzy.  Among  thofc  laved  was  Mr.  Holwcll  himfclf, 
wlio  has  written  a  mod  alTsfting  account  of  the  cataflrophe.  Ihe  in- 
fenfible  nabob  returned  to  his  capital,  after  plundering  theplace, imag- 
ining he  had  rooted  the  Englifh  out  of  his  dominions  ;  but  the  feafon- 
able  arrival  of  admiral  Wat  (on,  and  colonel  (afterwards  lord)  Clivc. 
put  them  once  more,  with  fome  difficulty,  in  poffenion  of  the  place  ; 
and  the  war  was  foon  concluded  by  the  battle  of  Plaffy,  gained  by  the 
colonel,  and  the  death  of  the  nabob  Suraja  Dowla,  in  whofc  place 
Mhir  Jaffeir,  one  of  his  generals,  and  who  had  previoufly  figned  a  fe- 
cret  treaty  with  Clive  to  defert  his  mailer,  and  amply  reward  the 
Englilh,  was  advanced  to  the  foubahfliip. 

The  capital  of  Bengal,  where  the  nabob  keeps  his  court,  is  Muxada- 
bad,  or  Moorfhedabad  :  Benares,  lying  in  the  fame  province,  is  the 
Gcntoo  univerfity,  and  celebrated  for  its  fanftity.  This  zemindary 
which  includes  alfo  the  circars  of  Gazypcur  and  Chunar,  condituted 
a  part  of  the  dominions  of  Oude  or  Owdh  till  1774,  when  its  tribute 
or  quit-rent  of  24  lacks  was  transferred  to  the  Englifh. 

Chandenagore  is  the  principal  place  polIefTcd  by  the  French  ia 
Bengal  :  It  lies  higher  up  the  river  than  Calcutta.  But  though 
ftrongly  fortified,  furnifhed  with  a  garrilon  of  500  Europeans,  and 
1200  Indians,  and  defended  by  123  pieces  of  cannon  and  three  mor- 
tars, it  was  taken  by  the  Englifli  admirals  Watfon  and  Pococke,  and 
colonel  Clive,  and  alfo  was  obliged  to  furrendcr  in  the  laft  war,  but  re- 
ilored  by  the  peace.  Hoogly,  which  lies  fifty  miles  to  the  north  of 
Calcutta,  upon  the  Ganges,  is  a  place  of  prodigious  tiade  for  the  rich- 
eft  of  all  Indian  commodities.  The  Dutch  have  here  a  well  fortified 
fa£lory.  The  fcarch  for  diamonds  is  carried  on  bv  about  10.000  peo- 
ple from  Saumelpour.  which  lies  thirty  leagues  to  the  .\orlh  of  Hoog- 
ly, for  about  fifty  miles  farther.  Daccan  is  laid  to  be  the  iargeft  city  of 
Bengal,  and  the  tide  comes  up  to  its  walls.  It  contains  an  Englifh 
and  a  Dutch  fattory.  The  other  chief  towns  are  Caffumbazar,  Chin- 
chura,  Barnagua.  and  Maldo  :  befides  a  number  of  other  places  of  lels 
note,  but  all  of  them  rich  in  the  Indian  manufactures. 

We  know  little  concerning  the  province  or  ioubaii  of  Malva,  whicli 
lies  to  the  weft  of  Bengal  ;  Sindia  and  Holkar  divide  the  Lngeft  pari 
of  it.  ']  he  capital  of  the  former  is  Ougein.  and  of  Ilolkar.  the  city  oi 
Indoor.  It  is  as  fertile  as  the  other  provinces,  and  its  chief  city  is 
Ratipor.     The  province  of  Kandifli  included  that  of  Berar  and  part  of 

Orijta 


444         INDOSTAN,  or  India  ok  tihs  side  the  Ganges. 

Orixa,  and  its  capital  is  Brampur,  or  Burhanpoor,  a  ilourifhing  cit)', 
and  it  carries  on  a  vaft  trade  in  chintzes,  callicoes,  and  erribroidered 
fluffs.  Cattack  is  the  capital  of  Orixa,  and  lies  in  the  only  road  be- 
tween Bengal  and  the  Northern  circars,  and  belongs  to  the  Berar  Ra- 
iah  Moodajee  Boofla,  whole  dominions  are  very  cxtenfive.  Of  the 
five  Northern  circars,  CicacolCj  Rajamundry,  EUore,  and  Condapilly 
are  in  poffeffion  of  the  Englifh,  and  Gunton  is  in  the  hands  of  the 
Nizam. 

We  fhall  fpenk  of  thofe  provinces,  belonging  to  the  Malabar, or  Coro- 
mandcl  coaft,  the  two  great  objefts  of  Englifli  commerce  in  that  coun- 
try ;  and  firfl,  of  the  eaftcrn,  or  Coromandel  coaft. 

Madura  begins  at  Cape  ConiOrin,  the  Ibuthernmofl  point  of  the  pen- 
infula.  It  is  about  ihe  bignefs  of  the  kingdom  of  Portugal,  and  is 
faid  to  have  been  governed  by  a  fovereign  king,  who  had  under  him 
leventy  tributary  princes,  each  of  them  independent  in  his  own  do- 
minions, but  paying  bun  a  tax  ;  now,  the  cafe  is  much  altered,  the 
prince  of  the  country  being  fcarcely  able  to  proteft  himfclf  and  his 
people  from  the  depredations  of  his  neighbours,  but  by  a  tribute  to 
buy  them  ofl'  ;  the  capital  is  Tritchinopoly.  The  chief  value  of  this 
kiiigdom  feems  to  confift  of  a  pearl  fiiliery  upon  its  coaft.  Tanjore  is 
a  little  kingdom,  lying  to  the  eaft  of  Madura.  The  foil  is  fertile,  and 
its  prince  rich,  till  plundered  by  the  nabob  of  Arcot,  and  fome  Britifli 
iubjefts  connefted  with  him.  Within  it  lies  the  Danifh  Eaft  India 
fctllernent  of  Tanquebar.  and  the  fortrefs  of  Negapatam,  which  was 
taken  from  the  Dutch  the  laft  war,  and  confirmed  to  the  Englifh  by 
the  late  treaty  of  peace.  The  capital  city  is  Tanjore,  governed  by  a 
rajah  under  the  Englifh  proteftion. 

The  Carnatic,  as  it  is  now  called,  is  well  known  to  the  Englifh.  It 
is  bounded  on  the  eaft  by  the  bay  of  Bengal,  on  the  north  by  the  river 
Chriltina,  which  divides  it  from  Golconda  ;  on  the  weft  by  Vifapur, 
or  Vilipour,  and,  on  the  fouth,  by  ilie  kingdoms  of  Mefi'aur  and  Tan- 
jore ;  being  in  length,  from  ibuth  to  north,  about  345  miles.  If  Tan- 
jore, Marrawar,  Tritchinopoly,  Madura,  and  Tincvelly  be  included, 
and  they  are  all  appendages  of  the  Carnatic,  the  length  of  it  from 
north  to  fouth  is  570  miles,  but  no  where  more  than  110  wide,  and 
chiefly  no  more  than  80.  The  capital  of  the  Carnatic  is  Bifnagar,  and 
©f  the  Englifh  ally  the  nabob,  Arcot,  whole  dominions  commence  on 
the  fouth  of  the  Guntoo  circar,  and  extend  along  the  whole  coaft  of 
Coromandel  to  Cape  Comorin.  The  country  in  general  is  efteemed 
healthful,  fertile,  and  populous.  Within  this  country,  upon  the  Co- 
romandel coaft,  lies  fort  St.  David's,  or  Cuddalore,  belonging  to  the 
Englifh,  with  a  diftrift  round  it.  The  fort  is  ftrong,  and  of  great  im- 
portance to  the  Englifh  trade.  Five  leagues  to  the  north  lies  Pondi- 
cherry,  once  the  emporium  of  the  French  in  the  Eaft  Indies,  but 
Vv^hich  had  been  repeatedly  taken  by  the  Englifh,  and  as  often  reftored 
by  the  treaties  of  peace. 

Fort  St.  George,  better  known  by  the  name  of  Madras,  is  the  capital 
of  the  Englifh  Eaft  India  company's  dominions  in  that  part  of  the  Eaft 
Indies,  and  is  diftant  eaftward  from  London,  about  4800  miles.  Great 
complaints  have  been  made  of  the  filuation  of  this  fort  ;  but  no  pains 
have  been  fpared  by  the  company,  in  rendering  it  impregnable  to  any 
force  that  can  be  brought  againft  it  by   the  natives.     It   prolefts  two 

tov.-n:. 


INDOSTAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges.         445 

towns,  called,  fhom  the  complexions  of  their  fcveral  inhabitants,  the 
White  and  the  Black.  The  white  town  is  fortified,  and  contains  ati 
Englifh  corporation  of  a  mayor  and  aldermen.  Nothing  has  been 
omitted  to  mend  the  natural  badnefs  of  its  lituation,  which  feems  orig- 
inally to  be  owing  to  the  neighbourhood  of  the  diamond  mines,  that 
are  but  a  week's  journey  dillant.  Thefe  mines  are  under  the  dircdlion 
of  a  Mogul  officer,  who  lets  them  out  by  admeafurement,  enclofmg 
the  contents  by  pallifwdoes  ;  all  diamonds  above  a  certain  weight  orig- 
inally belonged  to  the  emperor.  The  diftri6l  belonging  to  Madras, 
does  not  extend  much  more  than  40  miles  round,  and  is  of  little  value 
for  its  produce.  Eighty  thoufand  inhabitants,  of  various  nations,  are 
faid  to  be  dependant  upon  Madras  ;  but  its  fafety  confifls  in  the  fupe- 
riority  of  the  Englifh  by  fea.  It  carries  on  a  confiderable  trade  with 
China,  Pei  fia,  and  Mocha. 

The  reader  needs  not  be  informed  of  the  immenfe  fortunes  acquired 
by  the  Englifli,  upon  this  coaft,  within  thefe  thirty  years  ;  but  fome  of 
thefe  fortunes  appear  to  have  been  obtained  by  the  mofl  iniquitous 
praftices.  There  feems  to  have  been  fome  fundamental  errors  in  the 
conftitution  of  the  Eaft  India  Company.  The  direftors  confidered 
the  riches  acquired  by  their  governors  and  other  fervants  as  being 
plundered  from  the  company,  and  accordingly  fent  out  fuperinten- 
dants  to  control  their  governors  and  overgrown  fervant?,  and  have 
from  time  to  time  changed  their  governors  and  members  of  the  coun- 
cil there.  As  this  is  a  fubjeft  of  the  greateft  importance  that  ever  per- 
haps occurred  in  the  geography  of  a  commercial  country,  the  reader 
will  indulge  us  in  one  or  two  refleftions. 

The  Englifli  Eaft  India  company,  through  the  diftraftions  of  the 
Mogul  empire,  the  fupport  of  their  government,  and  the  undaunted, 
but  fortunate  fucceflcs,  of  their  military  officers,  have  acquired  fo  amaz- 
ing a  property  in  this  peninfula,andin  Indoftan,  that  it  is  fuperior  to  the 
revenues  of  many  crowned  heads:  And  fome  of  their  own  fervants 
pretend,  that  when  all  their  expenfes  are  paid,  their  clear  revenue 
amounts  to  near  two  millions  ftcrling  -,  out  of  which  they  were  to  pay 
400.000I.  annually  to  the  government,  while  fuffered  to  enjoy  their 
revenues.  How  that  revenue  is  coUefted,  or  from  whence  it  arifes,  is 
beft  known  to  the  company  :  Part  of  it,  however,  has  been  granted  in 
property,  and  part  of  it  is  fecured  on  mortgages,  for  difcharging  their 
expenfes  in  fupporting  the  interefls  of  their  friends,  the  emperor,  and 
the  refpeftive  foiibadars  and  nabobs  they  have  affifted. 

This  company  has  exercifed  many  rights  appropriated  to  lovereign- 
ty  ;  fuch  as  thofe  of  holding  forts,  coining  money,  and  the  like.  Thofe 
powers  were  thought  incompatible  with  the  principles  of  a  commercial 
limited  company,  and  therefore  tlie  Englifh  miniflry  and  parliament 
ha\e  repeatedly  interfered  :  In  order  to  regulate  the  affairs  of  the 
company,  a  board  of  control  at  home  is  at  length  eflabliflicd.  It  has 
alfo  been  hoped,  that  in  confequence  of  this  interference  of  the  gov- 
ernment, fuch  meafures  may  be  taken  with  the  Eaftern  princes  and 
potentates,  as  may  render  the  acquifitions  of  the  company  permanent 
and  national. 

We  have  already  mentioned  the  kingdom  of  Golconda,  which,  be- 
ftdes  its  diamonds,  is  famous  for  the  cheapnefs  of  its  provifions,  and  for 
making  white  wine  of  grapes  that  are  ripe  in   January.     Golconda  is 

fuhjc£t 


44^        INDOSTAN,  or  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges. 

fubjefl:  to  a  prince, calledNizam  or  foubadarof  the  Deccan,whoisricli, 
and  can  raife  loo.ooo  men.  The  famous  diamond  mine,  Raolconda, 
is  in  this  province.  The  capital  of  his  dominions  is  called  Bagnagur, 
oi-  Hyderabad,  but  the  kingdom  takes  its  name  from  the  city  of  Gol- 
conda,  and  comprifes  the  eallcrn  part  of  Dowlctabad.  Eaft  fouth-eaft 
of  Golconda  lies  Mafulipatam,  where  the  Englifh  and  Dutch  have 
faftories.  The  EngliOi  have  alfo  faftories  at  Ganjam  and  Vifagapa- 
tam,  OP  this  coaft  ;  and  the  Dutch  at  Narfipore.  The  province  of  O- 
riffa,  from  whence  the  Englifh  company  draw  fome  part  of  their  rev- 
enues, lies  to  the  north  of  Golconda,  extending  in  length  from  eaft  to 
well  about  550  miles,  and  in  breadth  about  240.  It  is  governed  chiefly 
by  Moodajee  Boonflah,  and  his  brother  Bembajee,  allies  to  the  Marat- 
tas.  In  this  province  flauds  the  idolatrous  temple  of  Jaganaut,  which 
they  fay  is  attended  by  500  priefts.  The  idol  is  an  irregular  pyramid- 
ical  black  ftone,  of  about  4  or  50oIb.  weight,  with  two  rich  diamonds 
near  the  top,  to  reprefent  eyes,  and  the  nofe  and  mouth  painted  with 
Vermillion.  Near  this  is  the  temple  of  the  Sun,  one  of  the  moft  mag- 
nificent buildings  in  the  world. 

Major  RenncU  obferves,  that  there  is  a  void  fpace  between  the 
known  parts  of  Berar^  Golconda,  Oi  ilia,  and  the  northern  circars  of 
near  300  miles  in  length,  and  250  in  breadth,  and  that  it  is  not  likely 
to  be  filled  up  unlefs  a  great  change  takes  place  in  European  politics  in 
India.  The  Britifh  polTelTions  in  the  northern  circars,  extend  only 
70  miles  by  land,  and  in  fome  places  not  more  than  30,  which  form  a 
flip  of  350  miles  in  length,  bounded  towards  the  continent,  by  a  ridge 
of  mountains.  Within  thefe,  and  towards  Berar  is  an  extenfive  tra6l 
of  woody  and  mountainous  country,  with  which  the  adjacent  provin- 
ces appear  to  have  fcarcely  any  communication.  Though  furrounded 
Wy  people  higlily  civilized,  and  who  abound  in  ufeful  manuff;6lures,  it 
is  faid,  that  the  few  fpecimens  of  the  miferable  inhabitants  of  this  traft 
who  have  appeared  in  the  circars,  ufe  no  covering  but  a  wifp  of  flraw. 
This  wild  coiuitry  extends  about  160  miles,  and  the  firfl  civilized  peo- 
ple beyond  them  are  the  Barar  Marat tas. 

The  country  of  the  Deccan  comprehends  feveral  large  provinces,  and 
fome  kingdoms  ;  particularly  thofe  of  Baglana,  Balagate,  Telenga,  and 
the  kingdom  of  Vifiapour.  The  truth  is,  the  names,  dependencies, 
and  governments  of  thofe  provinces,  are  extremely  unfettled  ;  and 
fince  their  reduftion  by  Aurcngzebe,  or  his  father,  have  been  fubjeft 
to  almoft  annual  revolutions  and  alterations.  The  principal  towns  are 
Aurungabad,  and  DoItabad,or  Dowlatabad  :  The  latter  is  the  ftrongeft 
place  in  all  Indoflan.  Near  it  lies  the  famous  pagod  of  Elora,  in  a 
plain  of  about  two  leagues  fquare.  The  tombs,  chapels,  temples,  pil- 
lars, and  many  thoufand  figures  that  furround  ii,  are  faid  to  be  cut  out 
of  the  natural  rock,  and  to  furpafs  all  the  other  efforts  of  human  art. 
Telenga  lies  on  the  eaft  of  Golconda,  and  its  capital,  Beder,  contains  a 
garrifon  of  3000  men.  The  inhabitants  of  this  province  fpeak  a  lan- 
guage peculiar  to  themfelves. 

Guzerat  or  Gujerat  is  a  maritime  province  on  the  gulf  of  Cambaya» 
and  one  of  the  fineft  in  India,  but  inhabited  by  a  fierce  rapacious  peo- 
ple. It  is  faid  to  contain  35  cities.  Amedabad  is  the  capital  of  the 
province,  where  there  is  an  Englifh  fa6lory,  and  is  faid,  in  wealth,  to 

vie 


INDOSTAK,  oh  Ixdia  ok  this  side  the  Gan'Ces.         ^j^j 

vie  with  the  richefl  towns  in  Europe.     About  43  French  leagues  dif- 
tant  lies  Surat,  where  the  Englifl-i  have  a  flourifhing  faclorv. 

Vifiapour  is  a  large  province,  the  wcftcrn  part  is  called  Konhan, 
which  is  intermingled  with  the  Portuguefe  poltefTions.  'I  he  rajah  of 
Vifiapour  is  laid  to  have  had  a  yearly  revenue  of  i\x  millions  fleiling, 
and  to  bring  to  the  field  150,000  foldiers.  The  capital  is  of  the  (ame 
name,  and  the  country  very  fruitful.  The  principal  places  on  thi* 
coaft  are  Damam,  Baflaim  Tropor,  or  Tarapor,  Chawl,  Dandi-Rajah- 
pur,  Dabul- Rajah  pur,  Gheriah,  and  Vingorla.  The  Portuguefe  have 
loft  feveral  valuable  poffcfTions  on  this  coaft,  and  thofe  which  remain 
are  on  the  decline. 

Among  the  iflands  lying  upon  the  fame  coaft  is  that  of  Bombay,  be- 
longing to  the  Englifh  Eaft-India  company.  Its  harbour  can  conve- 
niently hold  looo  fhips  at  anchor.  The  idand  itfelf  is  abo.it  feven  miles 
in  length,  and  twenty  in  circumference  ;  but  its  fuuation  and  harbour 
are  its  chief  recommendations,  being  deftitute  of  almoft  all  the  conve- 
nienciesof  life.  The  town  is  about  a  mile  long,  and  poorly  built  ;  and 
the  climate  was  fatal  to  Englifh  conflitutions.  till  experience,  caution, 
and  temperance  taught  them  prefervativcs  againft  its  unwholefomenei'^ 
The  bcft  water  there  is  preferved  in  tanks,  which  receive  it  in  the 
rainv  icafons.  The  fort  is  a  regular  quadrangle,  and  well  built  of 
ftone.  Many  black  merchants  rcfide  here.  This  ifland  was  part  of 
the  portion  paid  with  the  infanta  of  Poitugal  to  Oharles  II.  who  gave 
it  to  the  Eaft-lndia  con  pany  ;  and  the  ifland  is  ftill  divided  into  three 
Roman  catholic  parilhes,  inhabited  by  Portuguefe,  and  what  are  called 
catholic  Meftizos  and  Canarins  •,  the  former  being  a  mixed  breed  of 
the  natives  and  Portuguefe,  and  the  other  the  Aborigines  of  the  country. 
The  Englifh  have  fallen  upon  m.ethods  to  render  this  ifland  and  town, 
under  all  their  difadvanlages,  a  fafe,  if  not  an  agreeable  refidence.  The 
governour  and  council  of  Bombay  have  lucrative  pofts.as  well  as  the  of- 
ficers under  them.  The  troops  on  the  ifland  arc  commanded  by  Eng- 
lifh officers  ;  and  the  natives,  when  formed  into  regular  companies, 
and  difciplined,  are  here,  and  all  over  the  Eaft-Indies,  called  Seapoys. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  ifland  amount  to  near  60.000  of  different  na- 
tions ;  each  of  whom  enjoys  the  practice  of  his  religion  unmolefted. 
Here,  befides  Europeans  of  all  countries,  you  meet  with  Turks,  Pei- 
iians,  Arabians,  Armenians,  a  mixed  race,  the  vileft  of  their  fpccies, 
dcfcended  from  the  Portuguefe,  and  the  outcafts  from  the  Gentoo  re- 
legion,  &c.  and  alio  captives  that  are  fiaves  to  every  other  tribe.  The 
Turks  that  refort  to  this  place  on  account  of  trade,  are  like  the  reft  of 
their  countrymen,  ftately,  grave,  and  referved  ;  and  honeft  in  their 
dealings,  'i'hc  Pcrfians  are  more  gay,  lively,  and  converfible,  but  lefs 
honeft  in  matters  of  trade,  than  the  faturnine  Turks.  The  Arabians  are 
all  life  and  fire,  and  when  they  treat  with  you  on  any  fubjeft,  will  make 
you  a  fine  oration  in  flowing  numbers,  and  a  mufical  cadence  :  but  they 
are  the  moft  difhoneft  of  all.  The  Armenians  are  generally  liandfome 
in  their  features,  mild  in  their  tempers,  and  in  their  nature  Icind  and 
beneficent.  They  are  a  kind  of  Chriftians,  and  an  honour  to  that  ft-ft, 
beyond  numbers  that  go  from  England. 

Near  Bombay  are  feveral  other  iflands,  one  of  which,  called  Ele- 
phanta,  contains  the  moft  inexplicable  antiquity  perhaps  in  the  world. 
A  figure  of  an  elephant,  of  the  natural  fizc,  cut  coarfely  in  ftone,  pre- 
fents  itfelf  on  the  landing-place,  near  the  bottom  of  a  mountain.      An 

eafy 


44^        INDOSTAN,  oa  India  on  this  side  the  Ganges^ 

erafy  flope  then  leads  to  a  ftupendous  temple  hewn  out  of  the  folid  rock, 
eighty  or  ninety  feet  long,  and  forty  broad.  The  roof,  which  is  cut 
flat,  is  fupportcd  by  regular  rows  of  pillars,  about  ten  feet  high,  with 
capitals,  refembling  round  cufhions,  as  if  prefled  by  the  weight  of  the 
incumbent  mountain.  At  the  farther  end  are  three  gigantic  figures, 
•which  have  been  multiplied  by  the  blind  zeal  of  the  Portuguefe.  Be- 
sides the  temple,  are  various  images,  and  groupes  on  each  hand  cut  in 
the  ftone  ;  one  of  the  latter  bearing  a  rude  rcfemblance  of  the  judg- 
ment of  Solomon  ;  alfo  a  colonnade,  with  a  door  of  regular  architec- 
ture :  but  the  whole  bears  no  marmer  of  rcfemblance  to  any  of  the 
Gen  too  works. 

The  ifland  and  city  of  Goa,  the  capital  of  the  Portuguefe  fettlements 
in  the  Eaft-Indies,  lies  about  30  miles  fouth  of  Vingoila.  The  ifland 
is  about  twenty-feven  miles  in  compafs.  It  has  one  of  the  finefl  and 
beft  fortified  ports  in  the  Inqies.  This  was  formerly  a  moft  fupcrb 
fettiement,  and  wasfurpaffed  either  in  bulk  or  beauty  by  few  of  the 
European  cities.  It  is  faid  that  the  revenues  of  the  Jcfuits,  upon  this 
ifland,  equalled  thofe  of  the  crown  of  Portugal.  Goa,  as  well  as  the 
reft;  of  the  Portuguefe  feitlements  on  this  coafb,  is  under  a  viceroy, 
who  flill  keeps  up  the  remains  of  ihe  ancient  fplendour  of  the  govern- 
ment. The  rich  peninfula  of  Salvett  is  dependent  on  Goa,  Suiida 
lies  fouth  of  the  Portuguefe  territories,  and  is  governed  by  a  rajah, 
tributary  to  the  Mogul.  Canoree  lies  about  foity  miles  to  the  fouth  of 
Goa,  and  reaches  to  Calicut.  Its  foil  is  famous  for  producing  rice,  that 
fupplies  many  parts  of  Europe,  and  fome  of  the  Indies.  The  Cano- 
rines  are  faid  generally  to  be  governed  by  a  lady,  whofe  fon  has  the  ti- 
tle of  rajah  ;  and  her  fubjcftsare  accounted  the  bravefl.  and  mojl;  civi- 
lized of  any  in  that  peninfula,  and  remarkably  devoted  to  comtrercc. 
The  celebrated  Hydcr  Ally,  with  whom  the  Company  formerly 
made  a  peace,  but  with  whom  their  fervants  foon  after  embroiled  then, 
and  who  lately  made  a  violent  irruption  into  the  Carnatic,  took  many 
of  its  chief  places,  obtained  great  advantages  over  the  company's  troops, 
and  brought  his  forces  to  the  gates  of  Madras,  but  died  before  the  con- 
clufion  ol  the  war,  is  faid  to  be  a  native  of  Myfore,  which  lies  to  the 
fouih-wefl  of  the  Carnatic  ;  and  the  ChriRians  of  the  apoftle  St.  Tho- 
mas, live  at  the  foot  of  the  Gatti  mountains.  The  dominions  of  Tip- 
poo  Saib,  fon  of  Hyder  Ally,  comprehend  generally  the  provinces  of 
Myfore,  Bcdnore,  Zaimbctore,  Zanare,  and  Dindigal,  befides  his  ac- 
quifition  to  the  northward  from  the  Marattas  :  They  are  at  leafk  400 
miles  in  length,  and  in  the  breadth  from  290  to  130,  fo  tliat  he  hath 
the  laroefl:  fhare  in  the  Peninfula. 

Though  Malabar  gives  name  to  the  whole  fouth-wefl:  coafl:  of  the 
peninfula,  yet  it  is  confined  at  prefent  to  the  country  fo  called,  lying 
on  the  weft  of  Cape  Connmorin,  and  called  the  Dominions  of  the 
Samorin.  The  Malabar  language,  however,  is  common  in  the  Carnat- 
ic ;  and  the  country  ilfelf  is  rich  and  fertile,  but  pcOered  with  green 
adders,  wh.ofe  poifon  is  incurable.  It  was  fornerly  a  large  kingdom 
of  itfelf.  The  moft  remarkable  places  in  Malabar  are  Cranganorc.  con- 
taining a  Dutch  factory  and  fort  ;  Tellichery,  where  the  Enolifli  have 
a  fmall  fettiement,  keeping  a  conftant  garrifon  of  thirty  or  forty  foU 
diers.  Calicut,  where  the  French  and  Portuguefe  have  fmall  fadtories, 
befides  various   other  diflin£l   tcrritoiies  and   cities.     Cape  Comorin, 

which 


IND05TAN,  OR  India  on  this  side  the  Gan'ges.         449 

Vhich  isthe  fouthernmofl  part  of  this  peninfula,  though  not  above  three 
leagues  in  extent,  is  famous  for  uniting  in  the  fame  garden  the  two 
fcafons  of  the  year  ;  the  trees  being  loaded  with  bloffoms  and  fruit  on 
the  one  fide,  while  on  the  other  fide  they  are  dripped  of  all  their  leaves. 
This  furpriiing  phenomenon  is  owing  to  the  ridge  of  mountains  fo 
often  mentioned,  which  traverfe  the  whole  peninfula  from  foulh  to 
north.  On  the  oppofite  fides  of  the  Cape,  tlie  winds  are  conftaotlv  at 
variance,  blowing  from  the  weft  on  the  weft  fide,  and  from  the  eaft  on 
the  eaftern  fide. 

Before  we  take  our  leave  of  India,  it  may  be  proper  to  obferve,  that 
in  the  diftrift  of  Cochin,  within  Malabar,  arc  to  be  found  fome  thou- 
fands  of  Jews,  who  pretend  to  be  of  the  tribe  of  Manaifeh,  and  to  have 
records  engraven  on  copper  plates  in  Hebrew  charafters.  They  are 
faid  to  be  fo  poor,  that  many  of  them  embrace  the  Gentoo  religion. 
The  like  difcoveries  of  tho  Jews  and  their  records  have  been  made  in 
China,  and  other  places  of  Afia,  which  have  occafioned  various  fpecu- 
lations  among  the  learned. 

It  appears  to  be  the  intercfl;  of  the  Eaft  India  Company,  that  their 
governments  in  India  fhould  interfere  as  little  as  poffiblein  the  domcf- 
tic  or  national  quarrels  of  the  country  powers,  and  that  they  (hould  al- 
ways endeavour  to  be  in  a  ftate  of  peace  and  tranquillity  with  their 
neighbours.  But  thefe  maxims  of  found  policy  they  have  not  ad- 
hered to  ;  the  governours  and  fervants  of  the  Eaft  India  Company 
have  unneceUarily,  and  fometimes  ver)'  iniquitoufly,  embroiled  ihcm- 
fclves  with  the  country  powers,  and  engaged  in  wars  of  a  very  per- 
nicious and  indefenfible  nature.  The  wars  into  which  they  have  en- 
tered with  the  Marattas,  and  with  that  enterprifing  prince  Ilydcr  Al- 
ly, nov/  dead,  but  fucceedcd  by  a  warlike  fon,  Tippo  Saib,  have  been 
attended  with  an  enormous  expenfe,  and  been  extremely  prejudicial  to 
the  interefts  of  the  company,  and  the  nation  at  home.  By  temporary 
plans  of  violence  and  injuftice,  and  fometimes  difregarding  their  own 
treaties,  they  have  forfeited  the  good  opinion  of  the  natives  ;  and  by 
exciting  the  indignation  of  the  country  princes  againft  them,  greatly 
leflcncd  the  fecurity  of  the  poffelTions  of  the  company. 

The  emperor  oF  Indoftan,  or  Great  Mogul  (fo  called  from  being  de- 
fcended  from  Tamerlane  the  Mongul,  or  Mogul  Tartar)  on  his  advance- 
TTient  to  the  throne,  afl'umes  fome  grand  title  ;  as  The  Conqueror  oj  the. 
World  ;  the  Ornament  of  the  Throne,  &c.  but  he  is  never  crowned. 

History.]  The  reader  will  find  much  entertaining  and  ufeful  in- 
formation both  hiftorical  and  Geographical,  concerning  this  country, 
in  a  work,  in  three  quarto  volumes,  publiihed  at  Calcutta,  in  ty'j^^,  enti- 
tled "  Ayeen  Akbcrry,  or  the  Inftitutes  of  the  Emperor  Akber,"  Tranf- 
lated  from  the  original  Perfian,  by  Francis  Gladwin.  This  valuable 
work  is  in  Harvard  College  Library,  at  Cambridge. 


Ee  The 


4'50  INDIA      BEYOND      THE      GanGE?, 

The  Peninsula  of  INDIA  beyond  the  Ganges^ 
called  the  Farther  Peninsula. 

Situation   and   Extent. 

Miles.  Degrees.  Sq.  M. 

Length     2000 1    ,    ,  f      i  and  30  north  lat.    l 

"        !  1  y  between  •{  ,  "^  a  ,  >  74  {,£500 

iireadui  icooj  L  Q'i  and  109  ealt  long,  j    ^^   '-^ 

Boundaries.]  '  S  Mil  S  peninfula  is  bounded  by  Thibet  and 
JL  China,  on  the  North  ;  by  China  and  the  Chi- 
pefe  fea,  on  the  Eafl  ;  by  the  fame  fea  and  the  ftraits  of  Malacca,  on 
the  South  ;  and  by  the  bay  of  Bengal  and  the  Hither  India,  on  the 
Wefl.  The  fpace  between  Bengal  and  China  is  now  called  the  prov- 
ince of  MeckluSj  and  other  dillncls,  fubjeft  to  the  king  of  Ava  or 
Burmah.- 
Grand  divifions,     Subdivifions,  Chief  towns.  Sq.  M. 


Acham        "j     f  Camdani 

I  I  Ava  \.  i< 

J     [  Arracan.  J 


On  the  north  weft  ^  Ava  ^  ■{  Ava  >  180.000 

Arracan 

Pegu,  E.  lo.  97.  N.  la.  1 7-30.    50,000 


II 


-^      ,     ^     ,,         f,  J  Marthban       I  Mariaban 

On  the  foalh-well<J  ,•  >  \  c-  1  1  o 

Siam  I       Siam, E.l. 100-55. N. la. 14-1(5,  170.000 

Malacca    J  L  Malacca,  e.  1.  loi  .n. la. 2-1 2.  4B.000 

fTonquin    "j  fCachao,  or   Keccio,  e,  ion.  1 12.000 

On  the  north  eafl;  I                       I  I       105.  n.  lat.  21-30. 

[  Laos            J  [  Lanchang.                                     59,400 

Co'.hinChina  Thoanoa                                       61.900 

^      ,     r      ■,        r,  f  Cambodia  "1    f  Cambodia  "1    r 

On  the  fouth-calt  ■<  ^,  .,.  M  p  a^-,^  •  i*  00,200 

|_  Chi  am  pa     J    L  i  aaram  j        ' 

Name.]  The  name  of  India  is  taken  from  the  river  Indus,  which 
of  all  others  was  beft  known  to  the  Perhans.  The  whole  of  this  pen- 
infula was  unknown  to  the  ancients,  and  is  partly  fo  to  the  moderns. 

Air  and  criMAra.]  Authors  difFer  concerning  the  air  of  this 
country,  fomc  preferring  that  of  the  fouthern,  and  fome  that  of  the 
northern  paits.  It  is  generally  agreed,  that  the  air  of  the  former  is 
Iiotanddiy,  but  in  fome  places  moift,  and  confequently  unhealthy. 
The  climate  is  fubjeft  to  hurricanes,  lightnings,  and  inundations,  fo 
that  the  people  build  their  houfes  upon  high  pillars  to  defend  them 
from  floods  ;  and  they  have  no  other  idea  of  feafons,  but  wet  and  dry. 
Eafleily  and  wellerly  utonfoons  (which  is  an  Inu'an  word)  prevail  in 
this  country, 

^L)u^ITA^^'s.]  Thofe  run  from  North  to  South  almoft  the  whola 
length  of  the  country  ;  but  the  lands  near  the  fea  arc  low,  and  an- 
nually overHowcd  in  the  rainy  feafon. 

Rn'ERs.]  The  chief  arc  Sanpoo  or  Burrumpootcr,  Domea,  Mecon, 
Ivlenan,  and  Av;i,  or  the  great  river  Nou  Kian. 

Cays  and  Straits.]  The  bays  of  Bengal,  Siam,  and  Cochin-Chi- 
na.  The  Ilraits  of  Malacca  and  Sincapora.  '1  he  promontcries  of 
Siam,  Romana,  and  Banfac. 

Sou.  .\ND  PRODUCT  OF  Tin,  "1  "i'hc  foil  of  thIs  peninfida  i*-  fruit- 
oiFFERSNT  NATIONS.         _  J  fid   in  (^enctal,    and  produces  all  the 

d'llicious 


India  beyond  tue  Gance3.  451 

delicious  fruks  that  are  found  iti  other  countries  contiguous  to  the 
Ganges,  as  well  as  roots  and  vegetables  ;  and  in  Ava,  a  quantity  of  falt- 
petre.  and  the  bell  teek.  timber,  or  Indian  oak,  which  fui  fhip-building 
in  warm  climates  is  of  much  longer  duration  tiian  any  European  oak. 
Tcek  ■(hips  of  40  years  old  ate  no  uncommon  objecls  in  the  Indian  feas. 
This  peninfula  abounds  lihovvife  in  filks,  elephants,  and  quadv.ipeds, 
both  domellic  and  wild,  that  arc  common  in  the  louthcrn  kmi^doms  of 
Afia.  The  natives  dtive  a  great  trade  in  gold,  diamonds,  ruhics.  to- 
pazes, amethylts,  and  other  precious  ftoncs,  Tonquin  producer  liule 
or  no  corn  or  wine,  but  is  the  moft.  healthful  country  of  all  the  penin- 
fula.  In  fome  places,  efpecially  towards  the  north,  the  inhabitantii 
have  fwellings  in  their  throats,  faid  to  be  owing  to  the  badnefsof  theiv 
Water. 

LvHABrTANTS,  CUSTOMS,  "1  The  Touquincfe  are  excellent  mechan- 
AND  DiVERSio.Ns.  J  ics  and  fair  traders  ;  but  greatly  oppreff* 
ed  by  their  king  and  great  lords.  His  majelly  cngroffes  the  trade,  and 
his  faftors  fell  by  retail  to  the  Dutch  and  other  nations.  The  I'onqui- 
nefc  are  fond  of  lacker  houfes,  which  are  unwholcfome  and  poiionous. 
The  yjcoplc  in  the  iouth  are  a  favage  race,  and  go  almofl:  naked,  v/itll 
large  filvcr  and  gold  ear-rings,  and  coral,  amber,  or  Ihell  bracelets.  lit 
Tonquin  and  Cochin-China,  the  two  fexes  are  foarcely  diflinguilhable 
by  their  drefs,  which  rcfembles  that  of  the  Perhans.  The  people  of 
quality  are  fond  of  Englifli  broad-cloth,  red  or  green  ;  and  others  wear 
a  dark-coloured  cotton  cloth.  In  Azem,  which  is  thought  one  of  the 
bell  countries  in  Aha,  the  inhabitants  prefer  dogs-flefl^  to  all  other  an- 
imal food.  The  people  of  that  kingdom  pay  no  taxes,  becaufe  the  king 
is  fole  proprietor  of  all  the  gold  and  filver,  and  other  metals,  found  in 
his  kingdom.  They  livcj  however,  eaiy  and  comfortably.  Almoft 
every  houfe  keeper  has  an  elephant  for  the.  conveniency  of  his  wives 
and  women,  polygamy  being  piaftifed  all  over  India. 

It  is  unquelfionable  that  thofe  Indians,  as  well  as  the  Chincfe,  had 
the  ufe  of  gunpowder  before  it  was  known  in  Europe  ;  and  the  in- 
vention is  generally  afcribed  to  the  Azemcfe.  The  mhabitants  of  thcs 
louthc'.n  divihon  of  this  peniniula  go  under  the  the  name  ot  Malayans, 
from  the  neighbouring  country  of  ivialacca. 

Though  the  religious  fuperltitions  that  prevail  in  this  peninfula  are 
extremely  grofs,  yet  the  people  believe  in  a  future  ftatc  ;  and  when 
their  kings  are  interred,  a  number  of  animals  are  buried  with  them^ 
and  fuch  veflels  of  gold  and  fdver  as  they  think  can  be  of  ufe  to  thetu 
in  their  future  life.  The  people  in  this  peninfula  are  ccmmor.ly  very- 
fond  of  fhew,  and  ofteu  make  an  appearance  beyond  their  circumftan- 
ccs.  They  are  delicate  in  no  part  of  their  drefs  but  in  their  ha-.r, 
which  they  buckle  up  in  a  very  agreeable  manner.  In  their  food  liiey 
arc  loathfome  ;  for  belidcs  dogs,  they  eat  rats,  mice,  ferpents,  and 
(linking  fifh.  The  people  of  Arracan  are  equally  indelicate  in  their 
amours,  for  they  hire  Dutch  and  other  foreigners  to  coniuromate  the 
nuptials  with  their  virgins,  and  value  their  women  moll  when  in  a 
(li.tc  of  pregnancy.  Their  treatment  of  the  hck  is  ridiculous  beyond 
belief  ;  anu  in  many  places,  when  a  patient  is  judged  to  be  incurable, 
he  is  expofcd  on  the  bank  of  fome  river,  where  he  is  cither  drowned, 
or  devoured  by  birds  or  bcafts  of  prey.  Notwithllanding  the  great 
antiquity  of  molt  Indian  nations,  it  is  faid,  on  the  veracity  of  lome 
E  c  2  \vbo 


452  I   N   D   I  A    auvoND    the    Gaxgej. 

who  have  feen  them,  that  on  the  coiifines  of  Arracan  and  Pegu,  there 
is  a  people  (if  folilavy  favages  roaming  through  woods  in  queft  of  prey, 
deferve  the  name  of  people)  that  appear  to  b  lin  the  very  firlt  ftage  of 
focietv.  They  are  the  only  people  in  the  known  Vv'orld  that  go  abfo- 
lutely  naked,  without  the  fmallefl;  covering  on  any  part  of  their  bodies. 
They  live  on  fruit,  v.-hich  grows  fpontaneoudy,  in  the  uncultivated 
defert  they  inhabit,  in  great  abundance  ;  and  on  the  flcfl-i  of  animals, 
which  they  tear  alive  and  devour  raw.  They  fit  on  their  hams,  with 
their  legs  and  arms  difpofed  in  the  manner  of  monkeys.  At  the  ap- 
proach of  men,  they  fly  into-their  woods:  They  take  care  of  their 
ofl'spring,  and  live  in  families,  but  fcem  to  have  no  ideas  of  fubordi- 
nation  of  rank  or  civil  government. 

The  diverfions  common  in  this  country  are  fifliing  and  hunting,  the 
celebrating  of  feflivals,  and  afting  comedies,  by  torch  light,  from  even- 
ing to  mofning. 

Language.]  The  langiiags  of  tlie  court  of  Delhi  is  Perfian,  but  in 
this  peninfula  it  is  chiefly  Malayan,  interfperfed  with  other  dialefts. 

Learning  and  leaned  men. J  The  Bramins,  who  are  the  tribe 
of  the  prieflhood,  defcend  from  thofc  Brachmans  who  are  mentioned 
to  us  with  fo  much  reverence  by  antiquity  ;  and  although  much  infe- 
rior, either  as  philofophers  or  men  of  learning,  to  the  reputation  of 
their  anceRors,  as  priefts,  their  religious  dofirines  are  ftill  implicitly 
followed  by  the  whole  nation  ;  and  as  preceptors,  they  are  the  fource 
of  all  (he  knowledge  which  exiiis  in  Indoftan.  But  the  utmoft  ftretch 
cf  their  mathematical  knowledge  feems  to  be  the  calculation  of  eclipfe?. 
They  have  a  good  idea  of  logic  ;  but  it  does  not- appear  they  have  any 
treatifes  on  rhetoric  ;  their  ideas  '.^f  mufic,  if  we  may  judge  from  their 
praftice,  are  barbarous  ;  and  in  medicine  they  derive  no  afliftance 
from  the  knowledge  of  anatomy,,  fince  dilTcdlions  are  repugnant  to  their 
religion. 

The  poetry  of  the  Aliatics  is  too  turgid,  and  full  of  conceits,  and 
the  diftion  of  their  hiftorians  very  dilFufe  and  veibofe  ;  but  though 
the  manner  of  eaflern  compoiitinns  differs  from  the  correft  tafie  of 
Europe,  there  are  many  things  in  the  w^-itings  of  Aiiatic  authors  wor- 
thy the  attention  of  literary  men.  IMr.  Dow  obferves,  that  in  the 
Shanfcrita,  or  learned  language  of  the  Bramins,  which  is  the  grand 
repofitory  of  ^the  religion,  philolophy,  and  hiilory  of  the  Hindoos, 
there  are  in  particular  many  hundred  volumes  in  profe  which  treat  of 
the  ancient  Indians  and  their  hiftory.  The  fame  writer  alfo  remarks, 
that  the  Shanfcrita  records  contain  accounts  of  the  affairs  of  Wefterri 
Afia  very  different  from  what  any  tribe  of  the  Arabians  have  ti-anfmit- 
ted  to  poflerity  ;  and  that  it  is  more  than  probable,  that,  upon  exam- 
ination, the  former  will  appear  to  bear  the  marks  of  more  authenticity, 
and  of  greater  antiquity  than  the  latter.  The  Arabian  v/riters  have 
been  generally  fo  much  prejudiced  againft  the  Hindoos,  that  their  ac- 
counts of  them  are  by  no  means  to  be   implicitly  relied  on. 

Mr.  Dow  ohferves,  that  the  fmall  progress,  which  correftnefs  and 
elegance  of  fentiment  and  diftion  have  made  in  the  Eafl,  did  not  pro- 
ceed from  a  want  of  encouragement  to  literature.  On  the  contrary,  it 
appears,  that  no  princes  in  the  world  patronized  men  of  letters  with 
more  generofity  and  refpecl  than  the  Mahometan  emperors  of  Indof- 
tan. A  literary  genius  was  not  only  the  certain  means  to  acquire  a 
degree  of  wealth  which  muftaftonilh  Europeans,  but  an  infallible  road 

for 


INDIA      BEYOND      THE      CaNGES. 

for  rifing  to  the  firft  ofRces  of  the  ftale.  The  charafter  of  the  learned 
was  at  the  fame  time  fo  facred,  that  tyrants,  who  made  a  paftiine  of 
embruing  their  hands  in  the  blood  of  their  other  fubjcils,  not  only  aU- 
ftained  from  offering  violence  to  men  of  genius,  but  Rood  in  (ear  of 
their  ftrength. 

Manu  lACTURES  AND  COMMERCE.]  THcfe  Vary  in  the  different 
countries  of  this  pcninfula  ;  but  the  chief  branches  have  been  already 
mentioned.  The  inhabitants,  in  fome  parts,  are  faid  to  manufafcUue 
their  fait  out  of  allies.  In  all  handicraft  trades  that  they  undorfland, 
the  people  aie  more  induftrious.  and  better  workmen,  than  moll  of  the 
Europeans;  and  in  weaving,  lowing,  embroidering,  and  fome  other 
manufafturesj  it  is  faid  that  the  Indians  do  as  much  work  with  their 
feet  as  their  hands.  Their  painting,  though  they  are  ignorant  of  draw- 
ing, is  amazingly  vivid  in  its  colours.  The  linenefsof  their  linen,  and 
and  their  hllagrce  work  in  gold  and  lilvcr,  are  beyond  any  tin'ng  of 
thole  kinds  to  be  found  in  other  parts  of  the  world.  The  commerce 
of  India,  in  fliort,  is  courted  by  all  trading  nations  in  the  world, 
and  probably  has  been  fo  from  the  earlieft  ages  :  It  was  not  unknown 
even  in  Solomon's  time  ;  and  the  Greeks  and  Romans  drew  from 
thence  their  higheft  materials  of  luxury.  The  grealeft  flaare  of  it, 
through  events  foreign  in  this  part  of  our  work,  is  now  centered  in 
England,  though  that  of  the  Dutch  is  ftill  very  conhderablc  ;  that  of 
the  French  lias  for  fome  time  declined,  nor  is  that  of  the  Swedes  and 
Danes  of  much  importance. 

Constitution,  government,  1  This  article  is  fo  extenfive,  that 
RARITIES  anb  CITIES.  J  it  requires  a  flight  review  of  the 

kingdoms  that  form  this  peninfula.  In  Azem,  it  hath  already  been 
obierved,  the  king  is  proprietor  of  all  the  gold  and  hlver  ;  he  pays  lit- 
tle or  nothing  to  the  Great  Mogul  ;  his  capital  is  Ghergong  or  Kirga- 
nu.  W'e  know  little  or  nothing  of  the  kingdom  of  Tipra,  but  that  it 
was  anciently  fiibject  to  the  kings  of  Arracan  ;  and  that  they  lend  to 
the  Chinefe  gold  and  lilk,  for  which  they  receive  hlver  in  return. 
Arracan  lies  to  the  foiith  of  Tipra,  and  is  governed  by  twelve  princes, 
l"ubje6l  to  the  chief  king,  who  relides  in  his  capital.  His  palace  is  ve- 
ry large,  and  contains,  as  we  are  told,  fevcn  idols  caft  in  gold  of  tvyo 
inches  thick,  each  of  a  man's  height,  and  covered  over  with  diamonds 
and  other  precious  ftones.  IVgu  is  about  350  linglifh  miles  in  length, 
and  alm.off  the  fame  in  breadth.  The  riches  of  the  king  v.hen  an  in- 
dependent ftate,  were  almolt  incredible  ;  Ibme  of  his  idols,  as  big  as 
life,  being  of  maffy  gold  and  lilver.  Mis  revenues  arofe  fiom  the  rents 
of  lands,  of  which  he  was  fole  proprietor,  and  from  duties  on  mer- 
chandife  ;  fo  that  fome  thought  him  to  be  the  richeft  monarch  in  the 
world,  excepting  the  Chiuclc  emperor.  lie  was  faid  to  be  able  to 
bring  a  million,  and  on  occalioii,  a  million  and  a  half  of  foldicrs  to  the 
Held,  well  clothed  and  aimed  ;  and  to  be  mailer  of  800  tr.iined  ele- 
phants, each  with  a  callle  on  his  back,  holding  four  foldicrs. — 
The  conffitution  of  this  empire  is  of  the  feudal  kind,  for  he  alhgns 
lands  and  towns  to  hi^  nobles  upon  military  tenures.  In  the  year 
1754,  Pegu  was  reduced  to  the /tale  of  a  dcpcn  Jcnt  pro\-incc  by  the 
king  of  Avi.      Macao  is  the  great  mart  of  trade  in  that  province. 

\Vc  know  little  of  the  kingdom  of  Ava,  Monchaboo  was  the  rcfi- 
dence  of  the  king,  and  not  Ava,  in  1755.     It  is  laid,  the  honours  the 

king 


454  INDIA     EEYOKD      THE      GaKGES. 

king  adumes  are  np,xt  to  divine.  His  fubjefts  trade  chiefly  in  mufk 
and  jewels,  rubies  and  faphires.  In  other  particulars,  the  inhabitants 
refemble  thofe  of  Pegu.  In  thofe  kingdoms,  and  indeed  in  the  greateft 
part  of  this  peninfula,  the  doftrines  of  the  Grand  Lama  of  Thibet  pre- 
vail, as  well  as  thofe  of  the  Bramins. 

The  kingdom  of  Laos  or  Lahos,  formerly  included  that  of  Jangoma 
or  Jangomay,  but  that  is  now  fubjeft  to  Ava  ;  we  know  few  particu- 
lars of  it  that  can  be  depended  upon.  It  is  faid  to  be  immenl'elv  pop- 
ulous, to  abound  in  all  the  rich  commodities  as  well  as  the  grols  fuper- 
ilitions  of  the  Eaft,  and  to  be  divided  into  a  number  of  petty  king- 
doms, all  of  them  holding  of  one  fovereign,  who,  like  his  oriental 
brethren,  is  abfolulely  defpotic,  and  lives  in  inexprelhble  pomp  and 
magnificence;  but  is  of  the  Lama  religion,  and  often  tho  flave  of  his 
priefts  and  minifters. 

The  kingdom  of  Siam  has  been  often  defcribed  by  mifTionaries  and 
pretended  travellers  in  the  moft  romantic  terms  ;  and  therefore  we 
can  pay  little  other  credit  to  their  accounts,  farther  than  that  it  is  a 
rich  and  flourifhing  kingdom,  and  that  it  approaclies,  in  its  govern- 
ment, pqlicy,  and  the  quicknefs  and  acutenefs  of  its  inhabitants,  very 
near  to  the  Chinefe.  The  kingdom  of  Siam  is  furrounded  by  high 
mountains,  which,  otj  the  eafl  fide,  feparate  it  from  the  kingdoms  of 
Camboja  and  Laos  ;  on  the  weft,  from  Pegu  ;  and  ou  the  north,  from 
Ava,  or.  more  properly,  from  Jangoma  ;  on  the  fouth  it  is  wafhcdby 
the  river  Siarn,  and  has  the  peninfula  of  Malacca,  the  north-weft  part 
^vhereof  is  under  its  dominion.  The  extent  of  the  country,  however, 
is  very  uncertain,  and  it  is  but  indifferently  peopled.  The  inhabil- 
ants  of  both  fexes  are  more  modeft  than  any  found  in  the  reft  of  this 
peninfula.  Great  care  is  taken  of  the  education  of  their  children. 
Their  marriages  are  fimple,  and  pei  formed  l)y  their  talai>oins,  or  priefts, 
fprinkling  holy  water  upon  the  couple,  and  repeating  fome  prayers. 
We  are  told  that  gold  is  fo  abundant  in  this  country,  that  their  moft 
ponderous  images  are  made  of  it  ;  and  that  it  is  feen  in  vaft  quantities 
on  the  out  fide  of  the  king's  palace.  Thefe  rehitions  are  found,  by 
modern  traveller*,  to  be  the  fiftions  of  French  and  other  mifiionaries  ; 
for  though  the  country  has  mines  of  gold,  their  ornaments  are  either 
exceiTively  thin  plates  of  that  metal,  or  a  very  bright  lacker  that  cover 
wooden  or  other  materials.  The  government  here  is  extremely  def- 
potic ;  even  fervants  muft  appear  before  their  mafters  in  a  kneeling 
pofture  ;  and  the  madarins  are  proftrate  before  the  king.  Siam,  the 
capital,  is  reprcfented  as  a  large  city,  but  fcarcelv  a  fixth  part  of  it  is 
inhabited  ;  and  the  palace  is  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circuit.  Ban- 
kok,  vyhich  ftands  about  i3  leagues  to  the  fouth  oF  Siam,  and  12  miles 
from  the  fea,  is  the  only  place  towards  the  coaft  that  is  fortified  with 
walls,  batteries,  and  brafs  cannon  ;  and  the  Dutch  b.ave  a  f^florv  ?.t 
Ligor,  which  Aands  on  the  cAl  Cidc  of  the  peninfula  of  .\Lilaccu,  but 
belonging  to  Siam. 

The  peninfula  of  Malacca  is  a  large  country,  and  contains  feveral 
kingdoms  or  provinces.  The  Dutch,  however,  are  faid  to  be  real 
inaftcrs  and  fovereigns  of  the  whole  peninfula,  being  in  poflTeffion  of 
the  capital  (Malacca.)  The  inhabitants  differ  hut  little  from  brutes  in 
their  manner  of  living  ;  and  yet  the  Malayan  Iarigua?,e  is  reckoned  the 
pureft  ef  any  fpoken  in  all  the  Indies.     We  arc  told  by  the  lateft  tra^'- 


I     N     D     I     A      BEYOND      THE      GanT.ES. 


4$; 


cllevs,  lint  its  chief  produced  is  tin,  pepprr,  elephants  tcetli,  canes,  and 
gums.  Some  mi  {nonaries  prciend  that  it  is  the,  GoMen  Cherfonerns, 
f)r  Peninfula  of  the  ancients,  and  that  the  inhabitants  ufed  to  meafure 
their  riches  by  bars  of  gold.  The  truth  is,  that  the  excellent  fituation 
of  this  country  admits  of  a  trade  with  India  :  fo  that  when  it  was  firfl 
difcovcred  by  the  rortugurfe,  \s-ho  were  afterwards  expelled  by  the 
Dutch,  Malacca  was  the  richefl  city  in  the  EaO.,  next  to  Goa  and  Or- 
mus,  being  the  key  of  the  China,  the  japan,  the  Moluccas,  and  the 
vSunda  trade.  The  country,  however,  at  prcfent,  is  chiefly  valuable  for 
its  trade  with  the  Chincfe.  This  degeneracy  of  the  Malayans,  who 
were  formerly  an  induftrious,  ingenious  people,  is  cafily  accounted  for, 
hy  the  tjnanny  of  the  Dutch,  whofe  intereR  it  is  that  they  fhould  nev- 
er recover  from  their  prefent  ftatc  of  ignorance    and  llavcry.  , 

The  Englifh  carry  on  a  fmuggjling  kind  of  trade  in  their  country 
fliips,  from  the  coafl  of  Coromandel  and  the  Bay  of  Bengal  to  Malac- 
ca. This  commerce  is  connived  at  by  the  Dutch  governor  and  coun- 
cil among  them,  who  little  regard  the  orders  of  their  fuperiors.  provi- 
ded ihev  can  enrich  thcmfelvcs. 

Cambodi.T,  or  Cainbrjn,  is  a  country  little  knov/n  to  the  Europeans  ; 
but,  according  to  the  bcfl  information,  its  greated  length,  from  north 
lo  fouth,  is  about  5P0  Englifli  miles  ;  and  its  greatefl  breadth,  from 
weft  to  eafl:,  about  398  miles.  This  kingdom  has  a  fpacious  river  run- 
ning through  itj  the  banks  of  which  are  the  only  habitable  parts  of  the 
natiori,  on  account  of  its  fulliy  air,  and  the  peftiferous  gnats,  fsrpents, 
and  other  animals  !)rcd  in  the  woods.  Its  foil,  commodities,  trade, 
animals,  and  produfts  by  fca  and  land,  are  much  the  fame  v/ith  the 
other  kingdoms  of  lliis  vafl.  peninfula.  'J'he  betel,  a  creeping  plant 
of  a  paiticular  flavour,  and,  as  they  fay,  an  excellent  rem.edy  for  all 
thofe  difeafes  th?t  arc  common  to  the  inhabitants  of  tlie  Eafl.  Indies,  is 
the  higliefl  luxury"  of  the  Cambodians,  from  the  king  to  the  peafanr  ; 
but  is  very  unpalatable  and  difagreeable  lo  the  Europeans.  The 
fame  barbarous  magniliccncc.  the  defpotifm  of  their  king,  snd  the  ig- 
norance of  the  people,  prevail  here  as  throughout  the  rcfl  of  the  pen- 
infula. Betv/ccn  Cambodia  and  Cochin-China  lies  the  little  kingdom 
of  Chiampa,  the  inhabitants  of  which  trade  with  the  Chinefe,  and 
iccm  therefore  to  be  fomewhat  more  civilized  than  their  neighbours. 

Cochin-China,  or  the  wcriern  Cliina,  is  lituated  under  the  torrid 
zone,  and  extends,  according  to  fdme  authors,  about  500  miles  in 
length  ;  but  it  is  much  Icfs  e.xtenhve  in  its  breadth  from  eafl  to  weft. 
Taos,  Cambodia,  and  Chiampa,  as  well  as  fome  other  fmaller  king- 
doms, are  faid  to  be  tributary  to  Cochin-China;  fomc  particulars  of 
which  we  have  mentioned  in  the  general  view  of  this  peninfula.  'J'hc 
manners  and  religion  of  the  people  feem  to  be  originally  Chinefe  ; 
and  they  are  much  given  10  trade.  Their  king  isfaid  to  I)e  rmircTd'^ly 
rich,  and  his  kingdom  enjoys  all  the  advantages  of  commerce  that  aic 
found  in  the  other  parts  of  the  Eaft  Indies  ;  but  at  the  fame  lime  we 
are  told,  that  this  mighty  prince,  as  well  as  the  king  of  Tonquin,  is 
fubjeft  to  the  Chincfe  emperor.  It  is  reafonable  to  fuppofc,  that  all 
thofe  rich  countries  were  peopled  from  China,  or  at  Icaft  that  they 
had,  feme  time  or  other,  been  governed  by  one  head,  till  the  nether 
empire  became  fo  large,  that  it  might  be  convenient  to  parcel  it  out, 
jcfsrvi.ig  to  itfclf  a  kind  of  feudal  fuperiority  over  them  all. 

Tonquin 


456  INDIA     BEVOND      THE      GaNGES. 

Tonquin  has  been  already  mentioned,  and  little  can  be  added  ta 
what  has  been  faid,  unlefs  we  adopt  the  fiftions  of  the  catholic  mif- 
fionaries.  The  government  of  this  kingdom,  however,  is  particular- 
The  Tonquinefe  had  revolted  from  the  Chinefe,  which  was  attended 
by  a  civil  war.  A  compromife  at  laR  took  place  between  the  chief  of 
the  revolt  and  the  reprefentative  of  the  ancient  kings,  by  whicli  the 
former  was  to  have  all  the  executive  powers  of  the  government,  under 
the  name  of  the  Chouah  ;  but  that  the  Bua,  or  real  king,  fliould  re- 
tain the  royal  titles,  and  be  permitted  fome  inconfiderable  civil  pre- 
rogatives within  his  palace,  from  which  neither  he  nor  any  of  his  fam- 
ily can  (lir  without  the  permiffion  of  the  chouah. 

The  chouah  refides  generally  in  the  capital  Cachao,  which  Is  fitua- 
ted  near  the  centre  of  the  kingdom.  The  bua's  palace  is  a  vafh  flruc- 
ture,  and  has  a  fine  arfenal.  The  Englifh  have  a  very  flourifl^ing 
houfe  on  the  north-hde  of  the  city,  conveniently  fitted  up  with  Aorc- 
houfes,  and  ofhce-houfes,  a  noble  dining-room,  and  handfome  apart- 
ments for  the  merchants,  faftors,  and  officers  of  the  company. 

The  above  is  the  beft  account  we  have  been  able  to  give  of  this  vail 
peninfula.  Its  rarities,  confi fling  of  houfes  overlaid  with  gold,  and 
folid  idols  of  the  fame  metal,  adorned  with  an  infiiiite  number  of  prec- 
ious flones  and  jewels,  are  mentioned  by  many  travellers  ;  but  it  is 
difficult  to  give  them  credit,  when  we  coniider  the  undifciplined  wcak- 
Dcfs  of  the  inhabitants,  their  fuperftition,  indolence,  ignorance,  and 
native  timidity  ;  which  mufl  render  them  a  prey  not  only  to  European 
adventurers,  but  to  the  Tartar  conquerors  of  China.  To  this  we  may 
add,  the  univerfally  admitted  pafTion  of  thofe  people  for  oflentation, 
and  the  many  difcoveries  that  have  been  made  by  candid  travellers,  of 
their  difplaying  plated  or  gilded  furniture  and  ornaments,  at  which 
they  are  wonderfully  expert,  for  thofe  of  mafly  gold. 

The  poffefTion  of  rubies,  and  other  precious  flones  of  an  extraordi- 
nary fize,  and  even  of  white  and  party-coloured  elephants,  conveys 
among  thofe  credulous  people  a  pre-eminence  of  rank  and  royalty, 
and  has  fometimes  occafioned  bloody  wars.  After  all,  it  mufl  be  ac- 
knowledged, that,  however  dark  the  accounts  we  have  of  thofe  king- 
doms rnay  be,  yet  theie  is  fufficient  evidence  to  prove,  that  they  are 
immenfely  rich  in  all  the  treafiires  of  nature;  but  that  thofe  advan- 
tages are  attended  Vv'ith  many  natural  calamities,  fuch  a:  floods,  volca- 
nos,  earthquakes,  tempells,  and  above  all,  rapacious  and  poifonous 
animals,  which  render  the  poffeffion  of  life,  even  for  an  hour,  preca- 
rious and  uncertain. 


PERSIA. 


A. 


457 


PERSIA. 

Situation  and  extent. 

Miles.  Degrees.  Sq.  Miles. 

Lenpth    1300  1    ,    ,  [44  and  70  eaft  longitude.  "1  o 

Breadth  1100}  ^^'^^^"  ('5  and  44  north  latitude.  )  ^°°-^^°- 

Boundaries.]  "jV  /TODERN  Perfia  is  bounded  by  the  mountains 
i.VJL  of  Ararat,  or  Daghiuan,  which  divide  it 
from  Circaffian  Tartary,  on  the  North-Weft  ;  by  the  Cafpian  fea, 
which  divides  it  from  Ruflia,  on  the  North  ;  by  the  river  Oxus.  which 
divides  it  from  L'fbcc  Tartary,  on  tlie  Norch-Eafl  ;  by  India,  on  the 
Eaft;  and  by  the  Indian  Ocean,  and  the  gulfs  of  Perfia  and  Ormus, 
on  the  South  ;  and  by  Arabia  and  Turkey,  on  the  Weft. 

This  kingdom  is  divided  into  the  following  provinces:  On  the 
frontiers  of  India  arc  Choralau,  part  of  the  ancient  Hyrcania,  includ- 
ding  Herat  and  Efterabad  ;  Sableullan,  including  the  ancient  Baftria- 
na  and  Candahor  ;  and  Sngiftan  the  ancient  Drangiana.  The  foutheri: 
divifion  contains  Makeran,  Kerman,  the  ancient  GedrofTia,  and  Far- 
fiftan,  the  ancient  Perha.  The  fouth  weft  diviiion,  on  the  frontiers 
of  Turkey,  contains  the  provinces  of  Chufiftan,  the  ancient  Sufiana, 
and  Irac-Agem  the  ancient  Parthia.  Thcnorth-vvcft  divifion,  lying  be- 
tween the  Cafpian  fea  and  the  froiitiers  of  Turkey  iu  Afia.  contains 
the  provinces  of  Aderbeitzcn,  the  ancient  Media  ;  Gangca,  Daghiftan, 
part  of  the  ancient  Iberia  and  Colchis  ;  Ghilan  part  of  the  ancient 
iiyrcania  ;  Shirvan,  and  Mar.anderan. 

Name.]  Perfia,  according  to  the  poets,  derived  its  name  from  Per- 
feus,  the  fon  of  Jupiter  and  Danae.  Lef;  fabulous  authors  Uippofe  it 
derived  from  Paras,  which  lignifies  a  horfeman  ;  the  Perhans,  or  Par- 
thians,  being  always  celebrated  for  their  Ikill  in  horfemanfliip.' 

Air.]  In  fo  cxtenfive  an  empire  this  is  very  dilrerent.  Thofe 
parts -which  border  upon  Caucafus  and  Daghiftan,  and  the  mountains 
near  the  Cafpian  fea,  are  cold,  as  lying  in  the  neighbourhood  of  thofe 
mountains  which  arc  commonly  covered  with  fnow.  The  air  in  the 
midland  provinces  of  Perfia  is  ierene,  pure,  and  exhilarating,  but  in 
the  fouthein  provinces  it  is  hot,  and  iometimes  communicates  nox- 
ious blafts  to  the  midland  parts,  which  are  fo  often  mortal,  that  the 
inhabitants  fortify  their  heads  with  very  thick  turbans. 

Soil  AND  productions.]  Thei'e  vary  like  the  air.  The  foil  is 
far  from  being  luxuriant  towards  Tartary  and  the  Calpian  fea,  but 
with  cultivation  it  might  produce  abundance  of  corn  and  fruits. — 
South  of  mount  Taurus,  the  fertility  of  the  country  in  corn,  fruits,  wine, 
and  otlier  luxuries  of  life,  is  equalled  by  few  countries.  It  produces 
wine  and  oil  in  plenty,  fenna,  rhubarb,  and  the  fineft  of  drugs.  Tlu" 
fruits  are  delicious,  efpecially  their  dates,  oranges,  piftachio  nuts,  mei 
ons,  cucumbers,  and  garden-ftufi".  not  to  mention  vaft  quantities  of  ex- 
cellent hlk  ;  and  the  gulf  of  Baifora  formerly  furnilhcd  great  part  o: 
Europe  and  Afia  with  very  fine  pearls.  Some  parts,  near  Ifpahan  ei 
pecially,  produce  almoft  all  the  flowers  that  are  valued  in  Europe  ; 
and  from  tome  of  them,  tiic  roles  efpecially,  they  extraft  waters   of  r. 

falubriou- 


fr,S 


R 


fa.u.nous.na  odonfic  kind,  xvhich  form  a  gainful  commod^tv  in 
trade.  In  fhort,  the  Auits,  vegerablcs,  and  flowers  of  Perf.a,  are  of  a 
noft  excellent  flavour  ;  and  had  the  natives  .he  art  of  horticukure  to 
.  great  periea.on  as  fume  nations  ir,  Europe,  by  tranfplaruin;  en 
f,.afl,ng  and  other  mehorations.  they  would  add  greatly  o  the  r?  lural 
r.ches  of  he  country.  The  Perfian  afTafoelida  flows  f>L  a  pla^t  c 
jcd  H.ltot,  and  turns  ,nto  a  gum.  Sorr.e  of  it  is  white,  and  foL  black  • 
but  the  former jsfo  much  valued,  that  the  natives  m,ke  very  '  ch 
iauces  of  It,  and  fometimes  eat  it  as  a  rarity.  ^ 

Mountains.]     Tbefe  are  Caucafus  and  Ararat,  which  are   called 
..he„.ouutamsof  Daghifl^n;  and   the    vaft   collcdion   of  moun  ains 

:^^^m  Si^;!;f:sf  ■^'^"^' '-'  ^^--^^ ''-  -^'^-^  ^^^  -- 

Rivers.]      It  ha.  been  obferved,  that  no  country,  of  fo  great  an  ex- 

h of^  oT  V  K  ""''''•''  T'"?  '^  ^^^'^"  ^'^^  --^  conlderable  'e 
Jiofe  of  tne  kur,  anciently  Cyrus:  and  Aras,  anciently  Araxes 
wh,chnfes  -  or  ,,  ^,  _^^.^^^^;   ^^^^   joi^.ing  S 


il^a^s,  fan  into  the  Cafpian  lea.     sL:  im^ri^vS  '^;:i  [^ 
the  mounta.ns  water  the  country  ;  but  their  flreams  are  fo  inconfider 

he  navigated  even  with  boats.  The 
an  river,  though  it  divides  PerHa 
le  river  Indus  on  the   eafl,   and  the 

by  meansofrefervoirs.  aa„.-.^■,A/ i.  '    _  ■     .,       .    ^     .    ^    luppnea 


,1       .       r  — ^-"w^  ,  i,ui  lueir  itreams  are  io  inconf'dpr 

.ble,  tnat  few  or  none  of  them  can  he  navigated  ev  en  with  b^at  Th" 
Oxus  can  fcarcely  be  called  a  Perfian  river'  though  it  divide,  Pef  I 
from  Upec  i  artary.  Perfra  has  the  river  Indus  on  the  ft  and "L 
Euphrates  and  1  igns  on  the  v/eft.  ' 


,        r    7 — r-""'^"-"- prevails,  IS    admirab  y  well    fuoolied 

by  means  of  refervoirs,  .queduas,  canals,  and  other  ing'enious  methods 

Meta.s  A.o  ^^^-ERALs.]     Perfia  contains  mines  of  iron     cooper 

iulphu"    f!lt"^     '  '''T'''  ^^""'  ^^'^'^^  ^^^  f-'"^  -  Ch'orS- 

Se-^^of  r 'd    7-        '  Tm'"^'"'^^,'  "^  ^^'^"'^  -  ^^-  mountains.  Quar- 

Taurt      '  '  ^^     "'''^^'-  ^'^''''^^''   ^^^"    difcovcred    near 

FopULATioN,  iNHABiTA.:TS,  MAN'-'l       It   is    impoffible    to   fpeak 

.gg-srofHou^^ 

fe:K:s^eSh-lS::.h;?-^e  J  ^';hr?;r^f  b^t  ^ 
^i:^is:\o:?v  ^^^'  ""h'^  ^^  s^- on  each  hS;,  J::?^  t:J:, 

k>nlb  rd  M  ?'"  ;heu-  temples;  but  religious  people  wca 
^ag  boards.  Men  of  rank  and  quality  wear  very  ma^rnif  rent  turbans  • 
n.any  of  them  ccft  twenty -five  p^ound -.  and  few^under  nine  or    en  ~ 

.?nu'  "ffVh  """"  ''  '^"P  "^^"  '''-'''  ^•'^■■y  — '  ^^^  that  they  n'v- 
f '  P^"l«ff  their  caps  or  their  turbans  out  of  refpea  even  to  .hi  k"nl 
i  neir  drefs  is  very  fimple.  Next  to  their  fldn  thev  wear  caUico  {hh"?' 
over  them  a  veft,  which  reaches  below  the  knee,  girt  ^v it"a  ^^1?^ 
over  that  a  loofe  garment  fomewhat  fnorter.       The  maredals  of  the"  r 

-.h,o,d.,cd  with  gold  and  hlvcr.     They  wear  a  kind  of  loofc   boots 
-.a  ..^s,  ana  h.ppers  on  their  feet.     They  are  fond  of  riding,  and 


PERSIA.  439 

very  expenfive  in  their  equipages.  They  wear  at  all  times  a  dagger 
in  their  f.ilh.  and  linen  trcwlci?.  Ihe  collars  of  their  fhirts  and 
clothes  are  open  ;  fo  that  th.cir  drefs  upon  the  \vholc  is  far  better 
adapted  for  the  purpofes  boih  of  health  and  aflivity,  than  the  long 
flowin<T  riihes  of  the  Turks.  The  drefs  of  the  women  is  not  much 
different  :  their  wear,  as  well  as  that  of  the  men,  is  very  coltly  ;  and 
the--'  are  at  great  pains  to  heighten  their  beauty  by  art,  eolourt-,  and 
waflics. 

I'he  Perfians  .iccuftom  thcmfelves  to  frequent  wafhings  and  ahlu- 
tions,  which  arc  the  more  necefi'ary,  as  tliey  feldom  cliangc  their  linen. 
In  the  morning  early  they  drink  coffee,  about  eleven  go  to  ilinner, 
upon  fruits,  fweatmeats,  and  milk.  Their  chief  meal  is  at  night.  They 
eat  at  their  repafls  cakes  of  rice,  and  others  of  wheat  flour  ;  and  as 
they  elteem  it  an  abomination  to  cut  either  bread,  or  any  kind  of  meat, 
after  it  is  drefled,  thefe  cakes  are  made  thin,  that  they  may  be  cafily 
broken  with  the  hand  ;  and  their  meat,  which  is  generally  mutton,  or 
fowls,  is  fo  prepared,  that  they  divide  it  with  their  fingers.  When 
every  thing  is  fet  in  order  before  them,  they  eat  faft,  and  without  any 
ceremony.  But  it  is  obfcrved  by  a  late  traveller,  that  when  the  oldeft 
man  in  the  company  fpeaks,  though  he  be  poor  and  fet  at  the  lower 
end  of  the  room,  they  all  give  a  flrift  attention  to  his  words.  They 
arc  temperate,  but  ufe  opium,  though  not  in  fuch  abundance  as  the 
Turks:  nor  are  they  very  delicate  in  their  entertainmentsi  of  eating 
and  drinking.  They  are  great  maflers  of  ceremony  towards  their  fu- 
periors,  and  fo  polite,  that  they  accommodate  Europeans  who  vifit 
them,  with  ftools.  that  they  may  not  be  forced  to  fit  crofslegged.  They 
are  fo  immoderately  fond  of  tobacco,  which  they  fmoke  through  a 
tube  fixed  in  water,  fo  as  to  be  cool  in  the  mouth,  thnt  when  it  has 
been  prohibited  by  their  ptinces,  they  have  been  known  to  lea'-e  their 
country  rather  than  be  debarred  from  that  enjoyment.  The  Perfiana 
arc  naturally  fond  of  poetry,  moral  fentences,  and  hyperbole.  Their 
long  wars,  and  their  national  revolutions,  have  mingled  the  native  Per- 
fians with  barbarous  nations,  and  are  faid  to  have  taught  them  diilim- 
nlation  ;  but  they  arc  ftill  pleafmg  and  plaufible  in  their  behaviour, 
and  in  all  ages  have  been  remarkable  for  hofpitality.  > 

The  Perlians  write  like  the  Hebrews,  from  the  right  to  the  left  ;  are 
neat  in  their  fcals  and  materials  for  writing,  and  wonderfully  expedi- 
tious in  the  art.  The  number  of  people  employed  on  their  manu- 
fcripts  (for  no  printing  is  aiiowcd  there)  is  incredible.  Their  grcuL 
foible  feems  to  be  oflentation  in  their  equipages  and  dreffes  ;  nor  are 
t!;ey  lefs  jealous  of  their  women  than  the  Tuiks,  and  other  eaftern  na- 
tions. They  arc  fond  of  mufic,  and  take  a  pleafure  in  convcrhng  7n 
large  companies  :  but  their  chief  diverfions  are  thofc  of  the  lield, 
huniing,  hawking,  horlcmanfhip,  and  the  exercife  of  arms,  in  all 
which  they  are  very  dexterous.  They  excel,  as  their  anceflors  the 
Pcirlhians  did,  in  archery.  They  are  fond  of  rope-dancers,  jugglers, 
and  fighting  of  wild  beafls  ;  and  privately  playing  at  games  of  chance. 

Men  may  many  for  life,  or  for  any  deteimined  time,  in  j'cifa,  as 
well  as  thiough  all  Tartary  ;  and  travellers  or  mcichants,  who  intend 
to  (lay  fome  time  in  any  city,  comm.only  apply  to  the  <  adce,  or 
j'ldgc,  for  a  wi'c  duiiiig  the  time  they  propofc  to  itay.  Ihe  cadcc  for 
a  flatcd  gratuity,  produces  a  number  of  girls,  whom  h.e  declares  to   be 

hone  ft, 


460        •  PERSIA. 

honeft,  and  free  from  difeafes  ;  and  he  becomes  furety  for  them.  A 
gentleman  who  lately  attended  the  Ruffian  embalfy  to  Perfia  declares, 
that,  amongft  thoufands,  there  has  not  been  one  inllance  of  their  dif- 
honefty  during  the  time  agreed  upon. 

Religion.]  The  Perfians  are  Mahometans  of  the  fc£l  of  Ali  ;  for 
which  reafon  the  Tmksj  who  follow  the  fuccefTion  of  Omar  and  Abu 
Bekr,  call  them  heretics.  Their  religion  is.  if  pofTible,  in  fome  things 
more  fantaflical  and  I'enfual  than  that  of  the  Turks  ;  but  in  many 
points  it  is  mingled  with  fome  bra;nin  fuperftitions.  When  they  are 
ta^ed  by  the  Chriflians  with  drinking  ftrong  liquors,  as  many  of  them 
do,  they  anfwer  very  fenfibly,  '•  You  Chriflians  whore  and  get  drunk, 
though  you  know  you  are  committing  fins,  which  is  the  very  cafe 
with  us."  Having  mentioned  the  bramins,  the  comparifon  betwef;n 
then  and  the  Perfian  giccbrzs  or  gaurs,  who  pretend  to  be  the  difciplcs 
-■ind  iucceffors  of  tlie  ancient  magi,  the  followers  of  Zoroafter,  may  he 
highly  worth  a  learned  difquifition  :  That  both  of  them  held  original- 
ly pui-e  and  fimpie  ideas  of  a  Supreme  Being,  may  be  eafily  proved  ; 
but  the  Indian  bramins  and  parfees  accufe  the  gains,  who  flill  worfhio 
the  fire,  of  having  fenfualized  thofe  ideas,  and  of  introducing  an  evil 
principle  into  the  government  of  the  world.  A  combullible  ground, 
about  ten  miles  diftant  from  Baku,  a  city  in  the  north  of  Perfia,  is  the 
fcene  of  the  grubres  devotions.  It  mufl  be  admitted,  that  this  ground 
is  impregnated  with  very  furprifing  inflammatory  qualities,  and  con- 
tains feveral  old  little  temples  ;  in  one  of  which  the  gucbres  pretend  to 
prelerve  the  facred  flame  of  the  univerfal  fire,  which  riles  from  the 
end,  and  a  large  hollow  cane  (luck  in  the  ground,  refembling  a  lamp 
burning  with  very  pure  fpirits.  The  Mahometans  arc  the  declared 
enenties  of  the  gaurs,  w!so  were  banifhed  out  of  I'erfia  by  Shah  Abbas, 
Their  fe£l  is  faid  to  be  numerous,  though  tolerated  in  very  few  places. 

The  long  wars  between  the  Perfians  and  the  Romans  feem  early  to 
have  driven  the  ancient  Chriflians  into  Perfia,  and  the  neighbourint^ 
countries.  Even  to  this  day,  many  fefts  are  found  that  evidently  have 
Chriilianity  for  the  ground- work  of  their  religion.  Some  of  them, 
called  Souffees,  who  are  a  kind  of  quietifls,  facrihce  their  pafTions  to 
God,  and  profsfs  the  moral  duties.  The  Sabean  Chriflians  have,  in 
their  religion,  a  mixture  of  Judaifm  and  Mahometanilm  ;  and  are  nu- 
inerous  towards  the  Perfian  gulf.  We  have  already  mentioned  the 
Armenian  and  Georgian  Chriflians,  who  are  very  numerous  in  Perfia. 
The  prefent  race  of  Perfians  are  iaid  to  be  very  cool  in  the  doftrinesof 
Mahomet,  owing  chiefly  to  their  late  wars  with  the  Turks. 

Learning  and  learned  men.]  The  Perfians,  in  ancient  times, 
were  famous  for  both  ;  and  their  poets  renowned  all  over  the  Eaft. 
There  is  a  manufcript  at  Oxford  (Eng.)  containing  the  lives  of  an  hun- 
dred and  thirty-five  of  the  finefl  Periian  poets.  Ferdufi  and  Sadi  were 
among  the  mofl  celebrated  of  the  Perfian  poets.  The  former  compri- 
i'ed  the  hiftory  of  Perfia  in  a  feries  of  epic  poems,  which  employed  ]>im 
•for  near  thirty  years,  and  which  are  faid  by  Mr.  Jones  to  be  "  a  glori- 
ous monument  of  Eadern  genius  and  learning."  Sadi  was  a  native  of 
Schiras,  and  flourifhed  in  the  thirteenth  century,  and  wrote  many  fine 
pieces,  both  in  profe  and  verfe.  Shemfeddin  was  one  of  the  moil  em- 
inent lyric  poets  that  Afia  has  pmduced  ;  and  Nakhfbeb  wrote  in  Per- 
iian a  book  called  the  "  Tales  ot  a  Parrot,"  not  unlike  the  Decameron 

of 


PERSIA.  461 

of  Boccace.  Jami  was  a  moft  animated  and  elegant  poet,  who  tlour- 
ifticd  in  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  whofe  beautiful  com- 
pofitions,  on  a  great  variety  of  fubje6>s.  are  prefervcd  at  Oxford,  in 
twenty-two  volumes,  Hariri  compofed  in  a  rich,  elegant,  and  flowery 
flyle,  a  moral  work,  in  fifty  diflertations,  on  the  changes  of  fortune, 
;ind  the  various  conditions  of  human  life,  interfperl'ed  with  a  number 
of  agreeable  adventures,  and  feveral  fine  pieces  of  poetry. 

At  prcfcnt,  learning  is  at  a  very  low  ebb  among  the  Ferfians.  Their 
boalled  Ikill  in  aftronomy  is  now  reduced  to  a  mere  fmattering  in  that 
fcience,  and  terminates  in  judicial  aftrology  ;  k>  that  no  people  in  the 
world  are  more  iuperftilious  than  the  Ferfians.  The  learned  profef- 
hon  in  greateft  efteem  among  them  is  that  of  medicine  ;  which  is  at 
perpetual  variance  with  aflrology,  becaufe  every  dofe  mud  be  in  the 
lucky  hour  fixed  by  the  aftrologer,  which  often  defeats  the  ends  of  the 
prefcription.  It  is  laid,  however,  that  the  Peifian  phyficians  are  acute 
and  fagacious.  Iheir  drugs  are  excellent,  and  they  are  no  ftrangersto 
the  praftices  of  Galen  and  Avicenna.  Add  to  this,  that  the  plague  is 
but  little  known  in  this  country  ;  as  equally  rare  arc  many  other  dif- 
eafcs  that  are  fatal  in  other  places  ;  fuch  as  the  gout,  the  ftone,  the 
fmall-pox,  confumptions,  and  apoplexies.  The  Perfian  praftice  of 
phyfic  is  therefore  pretty  much  circumfcribed,  and  they  are  very  ig- 
norant in  furgcry,  which  is  exercifed  by  barbars,  whofe  chief  knowl- 
edge of  it  is  in  letting  blood  ;  for  they  trufl  the  healing  of  green 
wounds  to  the  excellency  of  the  air,  and  the  good  habit  of  the  pa- 
tient's body. 

Antiquities  AND  CURIOSITIES,!  The  monuments  of  antiquity 
NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  /  in  Fcrfia,  are  morc  Celebrated  fot 
their  magnificence  and  cxpenfe.  than  their  beauty  or  tafle.  No  more 
than  nineteen  columns,  which  formeily  belonged  to  the  famous  palace 
of  Fcrfepolis,  are  now  remaining.  Each  is  about  fifteen  feet  high,  and 
compofed  of  excellent  Farian  marble.  The  ruins  of  other  ancient 
buildings  are  found  in  many  parts  of  Perfia,  but  void  of  that  elegance 
and  beauty  which  is  difplayerl  in  the  Greek  architefture.  The  tombs 
of  the  kings  ol  Perfia  are  ilupendous  works  .:  being  cut  out  of  a  rock, 
and  highly  ornamented  with  fculptures.  The  chief  of  the  modern 
edifices  is  a  pillar  to  be  feen  at  Hpahan.  fixty  feet  high,  confiding  of 
the  (kulls  of  hearts,  eredled  by  Shah  Abbas,  after  the  fupprelRon  of  a 
rebellion.  Abbas  had  vowed  to  ereft  fuch  a  column  of  human  (kulls  ; 
but  upon  the  fubmiflion  of  the  rebels,  he  performed  his  vow  by  fub- 
ftituting  thofe  of  brutes,  each  of  the  rebels  furnifhing  one. 

The  baths  near  Gombroon  work  fuch  cures,  that  they  arc  efteemed 
among  the  natural  curiofities  cf  Perfia.  The  fprings  of  the  famous 
Naphiha  near  Baku,  are  mentioned  often  in  natural  hiftory  for  their 
furprifing  qualities  ;  but  the  chief  of  the  natural  curiofities  in  this 
country,  is  the  burning  phasnomenon,  and  its  inflammatory  neigh- 
bourhood, already  mentioned  under  the  article  of  Religion. 

Houses,  CITIES,  AND  puclic  r.oiriCEs.J  The  houfes  of  men  of 
quality  in  Perfia,  are  in  the  fame  tafte  with  thofe  of  the  Afiatic  Turks 
already  ccfcribed.  They  are  fcldorn  above  one  ftory  high,  built  of 
bricks,  with  flat  roofs  for  walking  on,  and  thick  walls.  The  hall  is 
arched,  the  doors  arc  clumfey  and  narrow,  and  the  room.s  have  no 
communication  but  with  the  hall  ;   the   kitchens  and  office-houfes  be- 

ing 


46a  P        £        R        S        i        A. 

ing  built  apart.  Few  of  them  have  chimnies,  but  a  round  hole  in  the 
middle  of  the  room.  Their  furniture  chiefly  confifls  of  carpets,  and 
their  beds  are  two  thick  cotton  quilts,  which  ferve  them  likewife  as 
toverlids,  with  carpets  urwder  thsm. 

lipahan  or  Spahawn,  the  capital  of  Perfia,  is  fcated  on  a  fine  plain^ 
within  a  mile  of  the  river  Zendcrhcnd,  which  fupplies  it  with  water. 
It  is  faid  to  be  twelve  miles  in  circuiiiference.  The  ilreets  are  narrow 
and  crooked,  and  the  chief  amufcment  of  the  inhabitants  is  on  the  flat 
iroofs  of  their  houfes,  where  they  fpend  their  fummer  evenings  ;  and 
different  families  alTociatc  toijether.  Tiie  royal  fquare  is  a  third  of  a 
mile  in  length,  and  about  half  as  much  in  breadth  ;  and  we  are  told, 
^that  the  royal  palace,  with  the  buildings  and  gardens  belonging  to  itj 
is  three  miles  in  circumference.  There  are  in  Kpahan  160  mofques, 
1800  caravanferas,  260  public  baths,  a  prodigious  number  of  fine 
fquares,  ftreets,  and  palaces,  in  which  arc  canals,  and  trees  planted  to 
fliade  and  better  accommodate  the  people.  This  capilitl  is  faid  for- 
nlierly  to  have  contained  S^Cf  000  inhabitants  ;  but  was  often  depopu- 
lated by  Kouli  Khan  during  l\is  wars,  fo  that  we  may  eafily  luppofe, 
Ihat  it  has  loft  great  part  of  its  magnificence.  In  1744,  when  Mr. 
Hanway  Vv-as  there,  it  was  thought  that  not  above  5000  of  its  houfes 
were  inhabited^ 

Schiras  lies  about  200  miles  to  the  fouth  of  Aflrachan.  It  is  an 
bpen  town,  but  its  neighbourhood  is  inexpreffibly  rich  and  beautiful, 
being  laid  out  for  many  miles  in  gardens,  the  flowers,  fruits,  and  vines 
of  which  are  incomparable.  The  vines  of  Shiras  are  reckoned  the  beft: 
'of  any  in  Perfia.  This  town  is  the  capital  of  Pars,  the  ancient  Perfia, 
and  hath  a  college  for  the  fhudy  of  ealtern  learning.  It  contains  an 
\uicommon  number  of  mofques,  and  is  adorned  by  many  noble  build- 
ings, but  its  flreets  are  narrow  a/id  inconvenient,  and  not  above  4000 
of  its  houfes  are  inhabited. 

The  cities  of  Ormus  and  Gombroon,  on  the  narrow  part, of  the  Pcr- 
fian  Gulf,  were  formerly  places  of  great  commerce  and  importance. 
The  Engiilli,  and  other  Europeans,  have  faftories  at  Gombroon,  where 
they  trade  wiih  the  Perfians,  Arabians,  Banyans,  Armenians,  Turks, 
and  Tartars,  who  come  hiiher  with  the  caravans  which  fet  out  from 
various  inland  cities  of  Afia,  under  the  convoy  of  guards. 

iVIolqucs  are  leligious  buildings,  fquare,  and  generally  of  Hone  ;  and 
are  pretty  much  the  fame  in  all  Mahometan  countries.  Before  the. 
chief  gate  there  is  a  fquare  court,  paved  with  white  marble,  and  lo\V 
galleries  round  it,  whofe  roof  is  fupported  by  marble  pillars.  Thofe 
galleries  farvc  for  places  of  ablution  before  the  Mahometans  go  into 
the  mofque.  About  every  mofque  there  are  fix  higb  towers,  called 
minarets,  each  of  which  has  three  little  open  galleries,  one  above  an- 
other. Thefe  towers,  as  well  as  the  mofques,  are  covered  with  lead, 
and  adorned  with  gilding  and  other  ornaments  ;  and  from  thence  in- 
stead of  a  bell,  the  people  are  called  to  prayer  by  certain  officers  ap- 
pointed for  that  purpofe.  No  wo!nan  is  allowed  to  enfer  the  mofque  ; 
nor  c-an  a  man  with  his  fhoes  or  flockings  on.  Near  mod  mofques  is 
a  place  of  entertainment  for  ftrangers  during  three  days  ;  and  the  tomb 
of  the  founded,  with  convcnicncies  for  reading  the  Koran,  and  pray- 
ings 

The 


PERSIA.  4^3 

The  bagnios  in  the  Maho:r.etan  countries  are  wonderfully  well  con- 
flrufted  for  the  purpofe  of  bathing.  Somt'limes  they  aie  fquare,  but 
oftenei' circular,  built  of  white  well  poliflifd  {tone  o<- niaihle.  Each 
bagnio  contains  three  rooms  ;  the  firft  for  drc^lling  and  undrelTmg  ;  the 
I'econd  contains  the  water,  and  the  third  the  bath  ;  all  of  them  paved 
■with  black  and  white  maible.  The  operation  of  the  bath  is  very  curi- 
ous, but  wholefome  ;  though  to  thofe  not  accuflomed  to  it,  it  is  pain- 
fid.  The  waiter  rubs  the  patient  with  grc<\t  vigour,  then  handles  and 
Ihctches  his  limbs  as  if^he  was  dillocating  every  bone  in  the  body  ;  all 
which  cxercifes  are,  in  thofc  inert  warm  co!:ntries,  very  conducive  ta 
health.  In  public  bagnios,  the  men  bathe  fiom  morning  to  lour  in 
the  afternoon  ;  when,  ?.!!  male  attendants  being  removed,  the  ladies 
fuccced,  and  when  coming  out  of  the  bath  difplay  their  fincft  clothes. 

Wc  might  here  attempt  to  defcribe  the  caflcrn  feraglios  or  haramS, 
the  women's  apartments  ;  but  from  the  mofh  credible  accounts,  they 
are  contrived  accorduig  to  the  tafte  and  conveniency  of  the  owner, 
and  divided  into  a  certain  number  of  apartments,  which  aie  feldom  ov 
never  entered  by  flrangers  ;  and  there  is  no  country  where  women  arc 
lb  ftridlly  guarded  and  coiifmed  as  among  the  great  men  in  Pcrfia. 

MAMUfACTUKES  A  N  D  coMME  R  c  E.]  The  Pcrfians  equal,  if  not  ex- 
ceed, all  the  manufafturcs  in  the  world  in  filk,  woollen,  mohair,  car- 
pets, and  leather.  Tiielr  woiks  in  thcfe  join  fancy,  talle,  and  elegance, 
to  richncfs,  neatnefs,  and  fliew  ;  and  ye;;  they  arc  ignorant  of  painting, 
and  tlieir  drawings  ."ire  very  rude.  Their  dying  excels  that  of  Europe, 
Their  filver  and  gold  laces,  and  threads,  are  admirable  for  prcferving 
their  luftre.  Their  embroideries  and  hoife  furniture  are  not  to  bo 
equalled  ;  nor  ;ire  they  ignorant  of  the  pottery  and  window-glafs  maii- 
ufaftures.  On  the  oilier  hand,  tlieir  carpenters  are  very  indifl'crcnt 
artifts,  which  is  laid  to  be  owing  to  the  fcarcity  of  timber  all  over  Per- 
fia.  Their  jewellers  and  goldfmiths  are  cluiniV  workmen  ;  and  they 
are  ignorant  of  lock-making,  and  the  manufdilure  of  looking-glaffe*. 
Upon  the  vthole,  they  lie  under  inexprcffible  difadvantages  from  th.c 
form  of  their  govcrntnent,  which  renders  them  flaves  to  their  kings, 
who  often  engrols  either  their  labour  or  their  prohts. 

The  trade  of  the  Perfians,  who  have  little  or  no  fhipping  of  their 
own,  is  carried  on  in  foreign  bottoms.  That  between  the  Enghfii  ana 
other  nations,  by  the  gulf  of  Ormus  at  Gombroon,  was  the  moft  gain- 
ful they  ha-1  ;  but  the  perpetual  wars  they  have  been  engaged  in  have 
ruined  their  commerce.  The  great  fchemc  of  the  Englifh,  in  trad'.ri?; 
with  the  Perfians  through  RuIIia,  promifcd  vail  advantages  to  both 
nations,  but  it  has  hitherto  anfwcred  the  expectations  of  neither.  Per- 
haps the  court  of  Pelcrfburgh  is  not  fond  of  luffering  the  Englifli  to 
cft'ablifh  thcmfclves  upon  the  Caipian  fea,  the  navigation /^f  which  i«; 
now  poilcfled  by  the  Pvullians  ;  but  notliing  can  be  faid  with  certainty 
on  that  head,  till  the  government  of  Peifia  is  in  a  more  fettled  condi 
tlon  than  it  is  at  prefcnt. 

Cons  riruTiON  A.ND  covrRNMENT.1  Both  thefc  are  extrcnuly 
precarious,  as  reftingin  the  breaft  of  a  defpotic,  and  often  capricious 
monarch.  Tiie  Perfians  however  had  fome  fundamental  rules  of  gov  • 
crnment.  They  excluded  from  their  throne  females,  hut  not  tiicir 
male  progeny,  lilindnefs  likewifc  Was  a  d!fq'.ial!fic?.tion  Ur  the  roy- 
al fucceiFion.     In  other  rerp.;th  the  kin^r's  will  was  a  law  fjr  ihc  pen- 

pL-. 


464  PERSIA. 

pic.  The  in ftances  that  have  heen  given  of  the  cruelties  and  inha- 
mnnities  praftifed  bv  the  Mahometan  kings  of  Perfia,  are  almoft  in- 
credible, efpecially  during  the  two  laft  centuries.  The  reafon  giveti 
to  the  Chriflian  ambairadors,  by  Shah  Abbas,  one  of  their  moft  cele- 
brated princes,  was,  that  the  Perfians  were  fuch  brutes,  and  fo  infenfi- 
ble  by  nature,  that  thev  could  not  be  governed  without  the  exercife  of 
exemplary  cruelties.  But  this  was  only  a  wretched  and  ill-grounded 
apology  for  his  own  barbarity.  The  favourites  of  the  prince,  female 
as  well  as  male,  are  his  only  counfellors,  and  the  fmallefl  difobedience 
to  their  will  is  attended  witji  immediate  death.  The  Perfians  have  no 
degrees  of  nobility,  fo  that  the  refpcft  due  to  every  man,  on  account 
of  his  high  ftation,  expires  with  himfelf.  The  king  has  been  known 
to  prefer  a  younger  ion  to  his  throne,  by  putting  out  the  eyes  of  the 
elder  brother. 

Revenues.]  The  crown  claims  one  third  of  the  cattle,  corn,  and 
fruits  of  his  fubjefts,  and  likcwife  a  third  of  iilk  and  cotton.  No  rank 
or  condition  of  Perfians  is  exempted  from  fevere  taxations  and  fervicfis. 
The  governors  of  provinces  have  particular  lands  affigned  to  them  for 
maintaining  their  retinues  and  troops  ;  and  the  crown  lands  defray  the 
expenfes  of  the  court,  king's  houfehould,  and  great  officers  of  flate. 
After  faying  thus  much,  the  reader  cannot  doubt  that  the  revenues  of 
the  Persian  kings  were  prodigious  ;  but  nothing  can  be  faid  with  any 
certainty  in  the  prefent  diltratled  (late  of  that  country.  Even  the 
water  that  is  let  into  fields  and  gardens  is  fubjeft  to  a  tax  ;  and  foreign- 
ers, who  are  not  IVIahometans,  yjay  each  a  ducat  a  head. 

MiMTARY  STRENGTH.]  This  confiflcd  formerly  of  cavalry,  and 
it  is  now  thought  to  exceed  that  of  the  Turks.  Since  the  beginning 
of  this  century,  however,  their  kings  have  rai fed  bodies  of  infantry. 
The  regular  troops  of  both  brought  to  the  field,  even  under  Kouli 
Khan,  did  not  exceed  60.000  ;  but  according  to  the  modern  hiflories 
of  Perfia,  they  are  eafily  recruited  in  cafe  of  a  defeat.  The  Perfians 
have  few  fortified  towns  ;  nor  had  they  any  fiiips  of  war,  until  Kouli 
Khan  built  a  royal  navy  ;  but  fince  his  deatli  we  hear  no  more  of  their 
fleet. 

Arms  and  titles.]  The  arms'  of  the  Perfian  monarch  are  a  lion 
couchant  looking  at  the  rifing  fun.  His  title  is  Shah,  or  the  Difpo- 
Jcr  of  Kingdoms.  Shah  or  Khan,  and  Sultan,  which  he  affumes  like- 
wife,  are  7'artar  titles.  To  afts  of  ftate  the  Perfian  monarch  does  not 
fubfcribe  his  name  ;  but  the  grant  runs  in  this  manner.  This  aEl  is  giv- 
en by  whom  i/ie  univtrfc  obeys. 

History.]  All  ancient  hiflorians  mention  the  Perfian  monarchs 
and  their  grandeur  ;  and  no  empire  has  undergone  a  greater  variety 
of  governments.  It  is  here  fufficient  to  fay,  that  the  Perlian  empire 
I'ucceeded  the  AfTyrian  or  Babylonian,  and  that  Cyrus  laid  its  founda- 
tion about  556  years  before  Chrift,  and  reftored  the  Ifiaelitcs,  who 
had  been  captive  at  Babylon,  to  liberty.  It  ended  in  the  perfon  ot 
Darius,  who  was  conquered  by  Alexander  ^?.q  years  before  Chrifl. 
When  Alexander's  empire  was  divided  among  his  great  general  offi- 
cers, their  pollerity  were  conquered  by  the  Romans.  Theie  lafi:,  how- 
ever, never  fully  fubducd  Ferha,  and  the  natives  had  princes  of  their 
own,  bv  the  name  of  Arfaces,  who  more  than  once  defeated  the  Roman 
legions.     The  fucceffurs  of  thcic  princes  furvived  the  Roman   empire 

ilfelf, 


P       i:       R       S       X  -     A.  ^iCs 

itfelf,  but  were  fubdued  by  the  famous  Tamerlcne,  whofe  pofterity 
were  fupplanted  by  a  doftor  of  law,  Cheki  Adir,  the  a.iccftor  of  the 
Sefi  or  Sophi  famdy,  and  who  pretended  to  be  defcendcd  from  Ma- 
homet himfelf.  His  fucccffors,  though  fomeof  them  were  valiant  andt 
politic,  and  enlarged  the  empire,  and  from  him  fometimes  Called  So- 
phis,  proved  in  general  to  be  a  difgrace  to  humanity,  by  their  cruelty,* 
Ignorance  and  indolence,  which  brought  them  into  fuch  difrepute 
with  their  lubjefts,  barbarous  as  they  were,  that  HafTein,  a  prince  of 
the  Sell  race,  who  fucceeded  in  1694,  was  murdered  by  Mahmud,fon 
and  fuccelTor  to  the  famous  Miriweis  ;  as  Mahmud  himfelf  was  by  Ef- 
ref,  one  of  his  general  officers,  who  ufurped  the  throne.  Prince 
Tahmas,  the  reprefiritative  of  the  Sefi  family,  had  efcaped  from  the 
rebels,  and  affjmbling  an  army,  took  into  his  fervice  Nadir  Shah,  who 
defeated  and  killed  Efref,  and  re-annexed  to  the  Perhan  monarchy  all 
the  places  difmembered  from  it  by  the  Turks  and  Tartars  during  their 
late  rebellions.  At  lall  the  fecret  ambition  of  Nadir  broke  out,  arid 
after  alfuming  the  name  of  Thamas  Kouli  Khan,  and  pretending  that 
his  fcrvices  were  not  fufficiently  rewarded,  he  rebelled  againft  his  fov- 
ercign,  made  him  a  prifoner,  and,  it  is  luppofed,  put  him  to  death. 

This  ufurper  afterwards  mounted  the  throne,  under  the  titli  of 
Shah  Nadir  ;  made  a  fuccefsful  expedition  into  Indoftan,  where  he 
acquired  an  amazing  booty,  but  brought  back  an  inconfidcrable  part 
of  this  booty  from  India,  lofing  great  part  of  it  upon  his  return,  by  the 
Marrattas  and  various  accidents.  He  next  conquered  Ufbec  Tartary  ; 
but  was  not  fo  fuccefsful  a^.ainft  the  Dagheftan  Tartars,  whofe  coun- 
try he  found  to  be  inacceiTible.  He  beat  the  Turks  in  feveral  engagd- 
ments,  but  was  unable  to  take  Bagdad.  The  great  principle  of  his 
government  was  to  flrike  terror  into  all  his  fubjefts  by  the  mod  cruel 
executions.  His  conduft  became  fo  intolerable,  that  it  was  thought 
his  brain  was  touched  ;  and  he  was  aflafTinated  in  his  own  tent,  partly 
in  felf-dcfence,  by  his  chief  oflicers  and  his  relations,  in  the  year  1747- 
Many  pretenders,  upon  his  death,  darted  up  ;  but  the  fortunate  can- 
didate was  Kerim  Khan,  who  was  crowned  at  Tauris  in  1763,  and, 
according  to  the  lateft  accounts,  ftill  keeps  polTeffion  of  the  throne. 

See  KoUin's  Ancient  Hiftoryi 

*  The  inilances  of  wanton  cruelty,  and  the  moft  favage  barbarity,  recorded  of  fome  of  the 
kings  of  Perfia,  are  Ihocking  to  humanity,  and  a  rtriking  evidence  ot  the  miferies  and  cai- 
-imities  oc-jafioned  by  d^l'potic  power.  Shah  Aisbas,  furnamed  the  Great,  having  three  fons, 
caufcJ  the  eyes  of  the  two  youngeft  to  be  put  out,  and'atterwnrdj  put  the  eidtll  to  death.  Hft 
was  fucceeded  by  his  grandr'on,  who  began  hii  reign  by  ordering  the  eyes  of  his  only  broth--, 
er  to  be  cut  out,  and  he  alfo  cilt  from  a  rock  his  two  uncles,  who  had  before  been  bUoded  by 
Order  of  Shah  Abbas.  The  inftjnces  of  his  cruelty  were  innumerable  .  He  buried  »livc  forty 
four  women  ot  his  Karam,  tiiough  wlien  he  w.is  not  hunung,  or  over  his  cups,  he  ulcd  to 
pals  his  time  with  tiiem.  Si^i'lic,  or  Suliman,  who  afeended  the  throne  of  Perfia  in  1666* 
and  was  a  brutal  tjraiit,  when  he  was  intoxicated  either  with  wine  or  anger,  often  ordered 
the  handsj  feet,  ears,  and  nofes,  of  thofe  near  him  to  be  cue  olf,  iheireycs  to  be  plucked  6ut, 
or  their  lives  ro  rv  facrUiced,  as  if  it  were  his  t>alli;ne . 


ARABIA, 


F£ 


A 


A. 


R      A      B      I      A. 


Mil 


SiTUATioi?  AND  Extent. 
Degrees. 


Sq.  Miles. 


Length    1430!    ^^^^^^^^  1 35  ai>d  60  eaft  longitude. 
Breadth  1 200  J  112  and  30  north  latitude. 


Boundaries.]  T>  OUNDED  by  Turkey  on  the  North  ;  by  the  gulfs 
-U  of  Perfia  or  Balfora,  and  Ormus,  which  feparate  it 
Irom  Perfia,  on  the  Eaft  ;  by  tlie  Indian  Ocean,   South ;  and  the  Red 
Sea,  which  divides  it  from  Africa,  on  the  Weft. 


Di'vi  lions. 

Subdivifions. 

Chief  towns. 

1.  Arabia  Petrjea,  N.  f 

w.                  1       _        ■■    "■ 

1    r  Suez,  E.  Ion.  33-27.  N 
/  t      lat.  29-50. 

"  H'*ggi'i2  or  Mecca 

-     r  Mecca,  E.  Ion.  43-30. 

2.  Arabia  Deferta,  in  1 

J       lat.  21-20. 

the  middle.              j 

'  1  Siden — Medina 

I  Tehama     - 

I  Dhafar 

"Mocha         -     - 

■^ 

"Mocha,  E.  long.  44-4 

N.  lat.  13-45' 

Sibit 

Hadramut     - 

Hadramut 

3.  Arabia  Felix,  S.  E.^  Caffeen     -       - 

>< 

Caffeen 

Segur     - 

Segur 

Oman  or  Mufcat 

Mufcat 

Jamama     - 

Jamama 

_Bahara     - 

J 

LElcalf. 

Name.]  It  is  remarkable  that  this  country  has  always  preferved  its 
ancient  name.  The  word  ylra^,  it  is  generally  faid,  fignifies  a  robber, 
or  freebooter.  The  word  Saracen,  by  which  one  tribe  is  called,  is 
faid  to  fignify  both  a  thief  and  an  inhabitant  of  the  defert.  Thefe 
names  juftly  belong  to  the  Arabians,  for  they  feldom  let  any  merchan- 
dife  pafs  through  the  country  v.?ithout  extorting  fomething  from  the 
owners,  if  they  do  not  rob  them. 

Mountains.]  The  mountains  of  Sinai  and  Horeb,  lying  in  Ara- 
bia Petraea,  eaft  of  the  Red-Se*a,  and  thofe  called  Gabel  el  Ared,  in  A- 
rabia  Felix,  are  the  moft  noted. 

Rivers,  seas,  gulfs,  and  capes.]  There  are  few  fountains, 
fprings,  or  rivers  in  this  country,  except  the  Euphrates,  which  wafhes 
the  north-eaft  limits  of  it.  It  is  almoft  furrounded  with  feas  ;  as  the 
Indian  Ocean,  the  Red-Sea,  the  gulfs  of  Perfia  and  Ormus.  The  chief 
capes  or  promontories  are  thofe  of  Rofalgate  and  Mufledon. 

Climate,  ai  r,  soil,  and  vroduce.]  As  a  confiderable  part  of  this 
country  lies  under  the  Torrid  Zone,  and  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  paflcs 
over  Arabia  Felix,  the  air  is  exceflively  dry  and  hot,  and  the  country 
is  fubjeft  to  hot  poilonous  winds,  like  thofe  on  the  oppofite  fhores  of 
Perfia,  which  often  prove  fatal,  efpecially  to  ftrangers.  The  foil,  in 
fome  parts,  is  nothing  morQ  than  immenfe  fands,  which,  when  agitated 

by 


ARABIA.  467 

by  the  winds,  roll  like  the  troabled  ocean,  and  fomctimes  form  moun- 
tains by  which  whole  caravans  have  been  buried  or  loft.  In  thefe  def. 
erts,  the  caravans,  having  no  tracks,  are  guided,  as  at  fea,  by  a  com- 
pafs,  or  by  the  ftars,  for  they  travel  chiefly  in  the  night.  Here,  fays 
Dr.  Shaw,  are  no  paft^ures  clothed  with  flocks,  nor  vallies  (landing 
thick  with  corn  :  here  are  no  vineyards  or  oliveyards  ;  but  the  whole 
is  a  loncfome  defolate  wildcrncfs,  no  otherways  diveif.ficd  than  by 
plains  covered  wi  h  fand,  and  mountains  that  are  made  up  of  naked 
rocks  and  precipices.  Neither  is  this  country  ever,  unlefs  fometimes 
at  the  equinoxes,  rcfreflicd  with  rain  ;  and  the  intcnfenefs  of  the  cold 
in  the  night  is  almoft  equal  to  that  of  the  heat  in  the  day-time.  But 
the  fouthern  part  of  Arabia,  dcfcrvedly  called  the  Happy,  is  bleffed 
with  an  excellent  foil,  and,  in  general,  is  very  fertile.  There  the  cul- 
tivated lands,  which  are  chiefly  about  the  towns  near  the  fea-coaft, 
produce  balm  of  Gilcad,  manna,  niyrrli,  cafTia,  aloes,  frankinccnfe, 
fpikenard,  and  other  valuable  gums  :  cinnamon,  pepper,  cardamum, 
oranges,  lemons,  pomegranates,  figs,  and  otlier  fruits  ;  honey  and  wax 
in  plenty,  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  corn  and  wine.  This  country  is 
famous  for  its  coffee  and  its  dates,  which  laft  are  found  fcarcely  any 
where  in  fuch  perfcftion  as  here  and  in  Perfia.  There  are  few  trees 
fit  for  timber  in  Arabia,  and  little  wood  of  any  kind. 

Animais.]  The  moft  ufcful  animals  in  Arabia  are  camels  and 
dromedaries  ;  they  are  amazingly  fitted  by  Providence  for  travelling 
the  dry  and  parched  deferts  of  this  country,  for  they  are  fo  formed, 
that  they  can  throw  up  the  liquor  from  their  flomach  into  their  throat, 
by  which  means  they  can  travel  fix  or  eight  days  without  water.  The 
camels  ufually  carry  8oolb.  weight  upon  their  backs,  which  is  not  ta- 
ken off  during  the  whole  jouiney,  for  they  naturally  kneel  down  to 
reft,  and  in  due  time  rife  with  their  load.  The  dromedary  is  a  Imall 
camel  that  will  travel  many  miles  a  day.  It  is  an  obfervation  among 
the  Arabs,  that  wherever  there  are  trees,  the  water  is  not  far  off ;  and 
when  they  drav/  near  a  pool,  their  camels  will  fmeli  it  at  a  diftance, 
and  fet  up  their  great  trot  till  they  com.e  to  it.  The  Arabian  horfcs 
are  well  known  in  Europe,  and  have  contributed  to  improve  the  breed 
of  thofe  in  England.  They  are  only  fit  for  the  faddle,  and  are  admired 
for  their  make  as  much  as  for  their  fwiftnefs  and  high  mettle.  The 
fineft  breed  is  in  the  kingdom  of  Sunnaa,  in  which  Mocha  is  fituated. 

Inhabitants,  MANNERS,  7  The  Arabians,  like  moft  of  the  na- 
cusTOMs,  AND  DRESS.  ^  tions  of  Afia,  are  of  a  middle  ftature, 
thin,  and  of  a  fwarthy  complexion,  with  black  hair  and  black  eyes. 
They  are  fwift  of  foot,  excellent  horfemen.  and  are  faid  to  be  in  gene- 
ral a  brave  people,  expert  at  the  bow  and  lance,  and,  fince  they  became 
acquainted  with  fire  arms,  good  markfmen.  The  inhabitants  of  the  in- 
land country  live  in  tents,  and  remove  from  place  to  place  with  their 
flocks  and  herds,  as  they  have  ever  done  fir.ce  they  become  a  nation. 

The  Arabians  in  general  are  fuch  thieves,  that  travellers  and  pil- 
grims, who  are  led  thither  from  all  nations  through  motivesof  devotion 
or  curiofity,  are  ftruck  with  tenor  on  their  approaches  towards  the 
deferts.  Thofe  robbers,  headed  by  a  captain,  traverfc  the  country 
in  confiderable  troops  on  horfeback,  and  affault  and  plunder  the  car- 
avans ;  and  we  are  told,  that  fo  late  as  the  year  1750,  a  body  of  50.000 
Arabians   attacked    a  caravan   of  m.errhants    and   pilgrims  returning 

-from 


-468  A        R        A        B        I        A. 

from  Mecca,  killed  about  60,000  perfons,  and  plundered  it  of  every 
thing  valuable,  though  efcorted  by  a  Turkifh  armv. 

It  has  been  contended  fays  Mr.  Bruce,  that  Polygamy  is  unnatural 
and  detrimental  to  the  population  of  a  country.  This  has  been  found- 
ed upon  a  calculation  fiom  the  bills  of  mortality  of  particular  coun- 
tries, by  which  it  appears  that  the  number  of  the  fexes  is  equal.  In 
England  the  proportion  is  found  to  be,  as  thirteen  to  twelve  :  Nature 
liaving  provided  a  greater  proportion  of  men,  in  order  to  make  up  for 
the  havock  occahoned  by  war,  murder,  drunkennefs,  and  all  fpecies  of 
violence  to  which  women  are  not  lo  fubjeft  as  men.  Thefe  arguments 
however,  do  not  apply  to  this  country  and  many  others  :  From  a  dil- 
igent enquiry,  il  appears,  that  from  the  Iftlimus  of  Suei  to  the  Straits 
oF  Babehnandeb,  which  contains  the  three  Arabias,  the  proportion  is 
fully  four  women  to  one  man. 

Without  allowing  Mahomet  all  the  abilities  fome  have  done,  we 
rnay  furely  fuppofe  him  to  have  feen  this  great  difproportion  of  four 
\A'omen  born  to  one  man  :  And  from  its  obvious  confcquences,  we  are 
not  to  wonder  that  one  of  his  firft  cares  was  to  reftify  it,  as  it  ftruck 
at  the  very  root  of  his  Empire,  Power  and  Religon  ;  with  this  view, 
he  enafted,  or  rather  revived,  the  law  which  gave  liberty  to  every  In- 
dividual to  marry  four  wives,  each  of  whom  was  to  be  equal  in  rank 
and  honour,  without  any  preference  but  vyhat  the  prcdileftion  of 
the  hufband  gave  her.  By  this  he  fecured  civil  rights  to  each 
woman,  and  procured  a  means  of  doing  away  that  reproach,  of 
dyiiig  tcithont  ijfue,  to  which  the  minds  of  the  whole  fex  have  al- 
v/ays  been  fenhble,  whatever  their  religion  was,  or  from  whatever 
part  of  the  world  thev  came.  Many,  have  taxed  this  permilTion 
of  a  plurality  of  wives,  (one  of  the  mofh  ii  otitic  at  diX\(^  ne.cejfary  meafares 
of  that  I.egiflator)  vvith  a  tendency  to  encourage  lewdnefs,  from  which 
it  was  very  far  diflant.  The  expediency  of  tlie  meafure  will  further 
appear,  by  drawing  a  comoarifon  between  the  flate  of  women  in  thofc 
countries  in  which  the  former  calculations  are  made,  and  the  one  we 
are  now  defcribing.  X-^'omen  in  thofe  countries  are  commonly  capa- 
ble of  child  bearing  at  fourteen,  let  the  other  term  be  forty  eight, 
when  they  bear  no  more  :  Thirty  four  years  therefore  thefe  women 
bear  children.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  they  ate  objects  of 
our  love  ;  they  are  endeared  by  bearing  us  children  after  that  time, 
and  none  will  pretend,  that  at  forty  eight  and  filty  years  a  woman  is 
nut  an  agreeable  companion.  Perhaps  the  la'l;  years,  to  thiJiking 
minds,  are  fuliv  as  agreeable  as  the  firft.  We  grow  old  togeihrr,  we 
have  a  near  profpefl  of  dying  together  ;  nothing  can  preltnt  a  more 
agreeable  pifture  of  fecial  life,  than  monogamy  in  thefe  countru;.-- 

The  Arab  on  the  other  hand  begins  to  bear  children  at  eleven,  t\d 
feldom  or  never  has  a  child  after  twenty.  The  time  then  of  her  cinld- 
bearing  is  nine  years,  and  Jour  uovien  taken  together,  have  then  the 
term  of  thirty  fix  ;  fo  that  the  women  in  tiie  foimer  cafe,  who  bear 
thildren  for  thirty  four  years,  have  oidy  two  years  Icfs  than  the 
wives  whom  Mahoniet  has  allowed.  But  there  are  other  grievous 
diflFerences,  An  Arabian  girl,  at  eleven  years  old,  is  the  objeft  ot 
jnan's  defire  ;  being  an  infant  howpver  in  under ftanding,  fhe  is  not  a 
rational  companion  for  him.  A  man  marries  there,  fay  at  tzvenly,  and 
before  he  is  thirty,  his  wife  improved  as  a  companion,  ccafes  to  be  an 
objeft  of  his  defires,  and  a  mother  of  children  ;  fo  that  the  beil  and 

-'  inod 


ARABIA.  469 

moft  vigorous  of  his  davs  are  fpent  with  a  woman  he  cannot  love,  and 
with  her  he  would  be  deftir.cd  to  live  forty  or  foity-five  years  withoijt 
conafort  to  himfelf  by  incrcafc  of  family,  or  utility  to  the  public. 

I'he  rcafons  then  againft  poliganiv,  which  fubfills  in  the  countries 
firn.  mentioned,  do  by  no  means  fubiift  in  Arabia.* 

The  habit  of  tlie  rovinp;  Arabs  is  a  kind  of  bhie  fhirt,  tied  about 
them  with  a  white  fafh  or  girdle  ;  and  fome  of  them  have  a  veil  of 
furs  or  fheep-fkins  over  it  ;  they  alfo  wear  drawci?,  and  fometimes 
flippers,  but  no  fldckings  :  and  have  a  cap  or  tm  ban  on  their  head. 
Many  of  them  go  almoft  naked  ;  but,  as  in  the  eaftern  countries,  the 
women  arc  fo  wrapped  up,  that  nothincr  can  be  difccrned  hut  their 
eyes.  Like  other  Mahometans,  the  Arabs  eat  all  manner  of  f-efh,  ex- 
cept that  of  hogs  ;  and  prefer  the  ficfh  of  camels,  as  we  prefer  veni- 
fon,  to  othea"  meat.  1  hey  take  care  to  drain  tlie  blood  from  the  flefh, 
as  the  Jews  do,  and  like  them  refufe  fuch  fifli  as  have  no  fcales.  Cof- 
fee and  tea,  water,  and  fherbet  made  of  oranges,  water  and  fugar,  is 
their  ufual  drink  ;  thev  have  no  ftrong  liquors. 

Religion.]  Of  this  the  reader  will  find  an  account  in  the  follow- 
ing hiftory  of  Mahomet  their  countryman.  Many  of  the  wild  Arabs 
ate  flill  Pagans,  but  the  people  in  general  piofels  Mahometanifm. 

Le.'VRNing  and  i.anguagk.]  Though  the  Arabians  in  former  ages 
were  famous  for  their  learning  and  fkill  ni  all  the  liberal  arts,  there  is 
Icarccly  a  country  at  prefent  where  the  people  are  lo  univeifally  ig- 
norant. The  vulgar  language  ufed  in  the  three  Arahias  is  the  Arabefk, 
or  corrupt  Arabian,  which  is  likcwife  fpoken,  with  fome  variation  of 
dialeft,  over  great  part  of  the  Ead,  from  Egypt  to  the  court  of  the 
Great  Mogul,  The  pure  old  grammatical  Arabic,  which  is  faid  to  be 
a  diale£t  of  the  Hebrew,  and  by  the  people  of  the  Eaft  accounted  the 
richeft,  mofl  energetic,  and  copious  language  in  the  world,  is  taught 
in  their  fchools,  as  Greek  and  Latin  arc  among  Europeans,  and  ufed  by 
Mahometans  in  their  worfliip  ;  for  as  the  Koran  was  wiitten  in  this 
language,  they  will  not  fuffer  it  to  be  read  in  any  other  :  They  look 
upon  it  to  have  been  the  language  of  Paiadife,  and  think  no  man  can 
be  maflerof  it  without  a  miracle,  as  confiding  of  feveral  millions  of 
words.  The  books  M'hich  treat  of  it  fay,  they  have  no  fewer  than  a 
thoufand  terms  to  exprefs  the  woid  camel,  and  live  hundred  for  that 
t,>f  a  lion. 

In  the  Temple  oF  Mecca,  or  fufpended  on  its  walls  and  gates,  are 
fe\-en  Arabian  poems,  called  the  Moalakaf,  a  fine  fpccirncn  of  Orien- 
tal poetry,  as  to  the  dramatic  pafloral,  which  have  been  lately  tranf- 
lated  into  Englifli  by  lir  William  Jones  :  The  following  (lanzas  of 
one  of  the  poems  are  tranfcribed,  as  they  fcrve  to  gratify  the  curiolity, 
and  alfo  difplay  a  lively  and  entertaining  view  of  the  Arabian  cuftoms 
and  modes  of  living. 

1.  "  Defolate  are  the  manfions  of  the  fair,  t|ie  Nations  m  Minia, 
where  ihey  reftcd,  and  tliofe  where  ilicv  fixed  their  abodes  ! 
Wild  are  the  hills  of  Goul,  and  defertcd  is  the  fummit  of  Rijaam, 
2.  The  canabsof  Rayann  are  deflroyed  ;  the  remains  of  them  ate  laid 
bare,  and  fmoolhed  by  the  floods,  like  characters  engraved  on  the 
fulid  rocks. 

3.  Dear 

*  Bruce's  Travels. 


47»  ARABIA. 

3.  Dear  ruins  !  Many  a  year  has  been  clofed,  many  a  month,  holy 
and  unhallowed,  has  elapfed  fmce  I  exchanged  tender  vows  with 
the  fair  inhabitants. 

4.  The  rainy  conftellations  of  fpring  have  made  their  hills  green  and 
luxuriant  :  The  drops  from  the  thunder-clouds  have  drenched 
them  with  profufe  as  well  as  gentle  fliowers  : 

^.  Showers  from  every  nightly  cloud,  from  every  cloud  veiling  the 
horizon  at  day-break,  and  from  every  evening  cloud,  rcfponfive 
with  hoarfe  murmurs. 

f.  Here  the  wild  cringo-plants  raifc  their  heads  ;  here  the  antelopes 
bring  forth  their  young  by  the  fides  of  the  valley;  and  here  the 
oftriches  drop  their  eggs. 

y.  The  large-eyed  wild  cows  lie  fuckling  their  young  a  few  days 
old  ;  their  young,  who  will  foon  become  an  herd  on  the  plain. 

8.  The  torrents  have  cleared  the  rubbifh,  and  difclofed  the  traces  of 
habitations,  as  the  reeds  of  a  writer  reftore  effaced  letters  in  a 
book. 

g.  Or  as  the  black  duft,  fprinkled  over  the  varied  marks  on  a  fair 
hand,  brings  to  view,  with  a  brighter  tint,  the  blue  fhains  of  woad. 

10.  I  ftood  afking  news  of  the  ruins  concerning  their  lovely  habit- 
ants ;  but  what  avail  my  queftions  to  dreary  rocks,  who  anfwer 
them  only  by  their  echo  ? 

It.  In  the  plains,  which  now  are  naked,  a  populous  city  once  ftood  ; 
but  they  decamped  at  early  dawn,  and  nothing  of  them  remains 
but  the  canals,  v.hich  encircled  their  tents,  and  the  Thumaam- 
plants,  with  which  they  were  repaired. 

12.  How  were  thy  tender  affeftions  raifed,  when  the  damfels  of  the 
tribe  departed  ;  when  they  hid  themfelves  in  carriages  of  cotton, 
like  antelopes  in  their  lair  ;  and  the  tents,  as  they  were  flruck, 
gave  a  piercing  found  ! 

13.  They  were  concealed  in  vehicles,  whofe  fides  were  well  covered 
with  awnings  and  carpets,  with  fine  fpun  curtains,  and  piftured 
veils. 

14.  A  company  of  maidens  were  feated  in  them,  with  black-eyes  and 
graceful  motions,  like  the  wild  heifers  of  Tudah,  or  the  roes  of 
Wegera,  tenderly  gazing  on  their  young. 

15.  They  haftened  their  camels,  till  the  fultry  vapour  gradually  Hole 
them  from  thy  fight  ;  and  they  feemed  to  pafs  through  a  vale, 
wild  with  tamarifks.  and  rough  with  large  ftoncs,  like  the  valley 
of  BeiJIia." 

Chief  CITIES,  CURIOSITIES,  1  What  is  called  the  Defert  of  Sinai, 
AND  ARTS.  /  is  a  beautiful  plain  near  nine  miles 

long,  and  above  three  in  breadth  ;  it  lies  open  to  the  north-eaft,  but  to 
the  fouthward  is  clofed  by  fome  of  the  lower  eminences  of  Mount  Si- 
nai ;  and  other  parts  of  tliat  mountain  make  fuch  encroachments  upon 
the  plain  as  to  divide  it  into  two,  each  fo  capacious  as  to  be  fufficient 
to  receive  the  whole  camp  of  the  Ifraelites. 

From  Mount  Sinai  may  be  feen  Mount  Iloreb,  where  Mofes  kept 
the  flocks  of  Jethro,  his  father-in-law,  when  he  faw  the  burning  bufli. 
On  thofe  mountains,  are  many  chapels  and  cells,  polTeffed  by  the 
Greek  and  Latin  monks,  who,  like  the  religious  at  Jerufalem,  pretend 
tofhew  the  very  fpot  where  every  miracle  or  tranfaftion  recorded  \i\ 
fcripture  happened,  The 


ARABIA.  i7t 

The  chief  cities  in  Arabia  are  Mocha,  Aden,  Mufchat,  Suez,  and 
Juddah  or  Jidda.  Mocha  is  well  built,  the  houfes  very  lofty,  and  are 
with  the  walls  and  forts  covered  with  a  chinam  or  ftucco  that  gives  a 
dazzling  whitenefs  to  them.  The  harbour  is  femicircular,  the  circuit 
of  the  wall  is  two  miles,  and  there  are  feveral  handfonie  mofques  in 
the  city.  Suez,  the  Arfinoe  of  the  ancients,  is  furrounded  by  the 
defert,  and  but  a  fhabby  place.  The  fhips  are  forced  to  anchor  a 
league  from  the  town,  to  which  the  leading  channel  has  only  about 
nine  feet  water.  Juddah  is  the  place  of  the  greateft  trade  in  the 
Red  Sea,  for  there  the  commerce  between  Arabia  and  Europe  meets 
and  is  interchanged,  the  former  fending  her  gums,  drugs,  coffee,  &c, 
and  from  Europe  come  cloths,  iron,  furs  and  other  articles  by  the  way 
Cairo.  The  port  of  Juddah,  according  to  Mr.  Bruce,  is  very  exten- 
five,  confiding  of  numberlefs  fhoals,  fmall  iflands,  and  funken  rocks, 
with  deep  channels  between  them.  The  harbour  is  very  fecure,  but 
difficult  of  entrance  :  The  pilots,  however,  are  very  fltilful,  and  no 
accidents  ever  happen. 

We  cannot  omit  here  to  mention  the  aftonifhing  manner  in  which 
trade  is  carried  on  at  this  place.  While  Mr.  Bruce  was  there  in  May, 
1769,  nine  (hips  arrived  from  India,  feme  of  them  worth  perhaps 
£^200, 000.  One  merchant,  a  Turk,  living  at  Mecca,  thirty  hours 
journey  off,  where  no  chriftian  dares  go,  while  the  whole  continent  is 
open  to  the  Turk  for  efcape,  offers  to  purchafe  the  cargoes  of  four  out 
of  nine  of  thefe  Ships  himlelf  :  Another  of  the  fame  caft,  comes  and 
fays  he  will  buy  none,  unlefs  he  has  them  all.  The  famples  are  fnewn, 
and  the  cargoes  of  the  whole  nine  fliips  are  carried  into  the  wildeft 
part  of  Arabia,  by  men  with  whom  one  would  not  wifh  to  truft  him- 
felf  alone  in  the  field.  This  is  not  all  ;  two  India  Brokers  come  into 
the  room  to  fettle  the  price.  One  on  the  part  of  the  India  Captain, 
the  other  on  that  of  the  buyer  the  Turk.  They  are  neither  Mahome- 
tans nor  Chriftians,  but  have  credit  with  both.  They  fit  down  on 
a  carpet,  and  take  an  India  fhawl,  which  they  carry  on  their 
fnoulder  like  a  napkin,  and  fpread  it  over  their  hands.  They  talk  in 
the  mean  time,  on  different  fubjefts  ;  of  the  arrival  of  the  fhips  from 
India,  or  of  the  news  of  the  day,  as  if  they  were  employed  in  no  feri- 
ous  bufinefs  whatever.  There  never  was  one  inftance  of  a  difpute 
happening  in  thefe  fales. 

Matters  are  to  be  carried  ftill  further,  and  the  money  is  to  be  paid. 
A  private  Moor,  who  has  nothing  to  fupport  him  but  his  chara£Ver, 
becomes  refponfible  for  the  payment  of  thefe  cargoes.  This  man  de- 
livers a  number  of  hempen  bags  full  of  what  is  fuppofed  to  be  mon- 
ey. He  marks  the  contents  upon  the  bag,  and  puts  his  feal  upon  the 
firing  that  ties  the  mouth  of  it.  This  is  received  for  what  is  marked 
upon  it,  without  any  one  ever  having  opened  the  bag,  and  in  India,  it 
is  current  for  the  value  marked  upon  it,  as  long  as  the  bag  lafts. 

Juddah  being  the  moft  unwholefome  part  of  Arabia,  is  at  the  fame 
time,  in  the  moft  barren  and  defert  fUuation.  This,  and  many  other 
inconveniences  under  which  it  labours,  would  pi-obably  have  occa- 
fioned  its  being  abandoned  altogether,  were  it  not  for  its  vicinity  to 
Mecca,  and  the  great  and  fudden  influx  of  wealth  from  the  India 
trade,  which  once  a  year,  arrives  in  this  part,  but  does  not  continue, 
paffing  on  as  through  a  turnpike  to  Mecca,  whence  it  is  difpcrfcd  all 

•ver 


472  A        k        A        B        I        A. 

over  the  eafl.  Very  little  advantage  however  accrues  to  Juddahj 
The  cufloms  are  all  immediately  I'erit  to  a  needy  fovereign,  and  a  hun- 
gry let  of  relatioiis,  dependents  and  minifters  at  Mecca.  The  gold  is 
returned  in  bags  and  in  boxes,  and  pafles  on  as  rapidly  to  the  fliips  as 
tlie  goods  da  to  the  market,  and  leaves  as  little  profit  behind.  In  the 
mean  time  provifions  r-'le  to  a  prodigious  price,  and  this  falls  upon 
the  townfmen,  while  all  the  profit  of  the  traffic  is  in  the  hands  of 
ftrangers,  mod  of  whom,  after  the  market  is  over,  retire  to  Yemen,  and 
other  neighbouring  countries,  which  abound  in  every  fort  of  provifion. 
Though  Jidda  or  Juddah  is  the  country  of  their  Prophet,  yet  no  where 
are  there  fo  many  unmarried  women  ;  and  the  permiifion  of  marry- 
ing four  wives  was  allowed  in  this  di drift  in  the  firfl  inftance,  and  af- 
terwards communicated  to  all  the  tribes.  But  Mahomet,  in  his  per- 
miilion  of  plurality  of  wives,  feems  conft.intly  to  have  been  on  his 
guard  againft.  iuffering  that,  which  was  intended  for  the  welfare  of  his 
people,  from  operating  in  a  different  manner.  He  did  not  permit  a 
man  to  marry  two,  three  or  four  wives,  unlefs  he  could  maintain 
them  :  And  the  man  whi-i  married  ihcm  was  obliged  to  Ihew  before 
the  Cadi  or  tome  equivalent  officer,  that  it  was  in  his  power   to  fup- 

f)ort  them.  From  this  great  fcarcity  of  provifions,  which  is  the  re- 
ult  of  an  extraordinary  concourfe  of  people  to  a  place  almoft  dcfli- 
tute  of  the  neceffaries  of  life,  few  inhabitants  of  Jidda  can  avail  them- 
felves  of  the  privileges  granted  by  Mahomet,  as  they  cannot  maintain 
more  than  one  wife.  From  this  caufe  arifes  the  want  of  people  here, 
and  the  large  number  of  unmarried  women. 

Mecca  the  capital  of  all  Arabia,  and  Medina,  deferve  particular  no- 
tice. At  Mecca,  the  birth-place  of  Mahomet,  is  a  mofque  fo  glorious, 
that  it  is  generally  counted  the  mod  magnificent  of  any  temple  in  the 
Turkifli  dominions  ;  lis  lofty  roof  being  railed  in  fafliion  of  a  dome, 
and  covered  with  gold,  with  two  beautiful  towers  at  the  end,  of  ex- 
traordinary height  and  architefture,  m  dee  a  delightful  appearance,  and 
are  confpicuous  at  a  great  diftance.  The  mofque  hath  a  hundred  gates, 
with  a  window  over  each  ;  and  the  whole  building  v/ithin  is  decorat- 
ed with  the  fined  gildings  and  tapedry.  The  number  of  pilgrims  who 
yearly  vifit  this  place  is  almod  incredible,  every  Mutfulman  being 
obliged  by  his  religion  to  come  hither  once  in  his  life  time,  or  fend  a 
deputy.  At  Medina,  about  fifty  miles  from  the  Red  Sea,  the  city  to 
which  Mahomet  Red  when  he  was  driven  out  of  Mecca,  and  the  place 
•where  he  was  buried,  is  a  djtely  mofque,  fupported  by  400  pillars, 
and  furniffied  with  300  filver  lam.^s,  which  are  continually  burning. 
It  is  called  the  A/ 6»^/2 //o/y  by  the  Turks,  becaufa  in  it  is  placed  the 
coffin  of  their  prophet  Mahomet,  covered  with  cloth  of  gold,  under 
a  canopy  of  filvcr  tilTue,  which  the  balhaw  of  Egypt,  by  order  of  the 
grand-iignior,  renews  every  year.  The  camel  which  carries  it  derives 
a  fort  of  fanctity  fiom  it,  and  is  never  to  be  ufed  in  any  drudgery  after- 
wards. Over  the  foot  of  the  coffin  is  a  rich  golden  crefcent,  fo  curi- 
Gudy  wrought,  and  adorned  with  precious  ftones,  that  it  is  edeemed  a 
mader-piece  of  great  value.  Thither  the  pilgrims  refoit,  as  to  Mecca, 
but  not  in  fuch  number;--.. 

GovEKNMiiN  I .  J  The  inland  country  of  Arabia  is  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  many  petty  princes,  wlio  are  diled  xerifsand  imans,  both 
vi  :hc;n  including  offices  of  king  and  pried,  in  the  fame  manner  as  the 

calif* 


R        A        B        I        A. 


473 


califs  of  the  Saracens,  the  fucceffors  of  Mahomet.  Thefc  monarchs 
appear  to  be  abfohite,  both  in  fpirituals  and  temporals  :  t'lie  fucceffion 
is  hereditary,  and  they  have  no  other  laws  than  thofc  found  in  the 
Koran,  and  the  comments  upon  it.  The  northern  Arabs  owe  fubiec- 
tion  to  the  Turks,  and  are  governed  by  bafliaM^s  refiding  arnong  them ; 
but  it  is  certain  they  receive  large  gratuities  from  the  grand-ii-rnior 
for  prote£ting  the  pilgrims  that  pafs  through  their  country  from  ihe 
robberies  of  their  countrymen.  The  Arabians  have  no  ftandina  recr- 
xilar  militia,  but  their  kings  command  both  the  perlbnsand  the  purfes 
of  their  fiihjefts,  as  the  neccffity  of  affairs  requires. 

History.]  The  Arabs  are  dcfcended  from  Ifhmael,  of  whofe  pof- 
terity  it  was  foretold,  that  they  fhall  be  invincible,  "  have  their  hands 
againfl  every  man,  and  every  man's  hands  againfl  theirs."  They  are 
at  prefent,  and  have  remained  from  the  remoteft  ages,  during  the  va- 
rious conqucfts  of  the  Greeks,  Romans  and  Tartars,  a  convincing 
proof  of  the  divinity  of  this  preditlion.  The  conquefts  of  the  Arabs 
make  as  wonderful  a  part  of  their  hiRory,  as  the  independence  and 
freedom  which  they  have  ever  continued  to  enjoy.  Thefe.  as  well  as 
their  religion,  began  with  one  man.  whofe  charafter  forms  a  very  Angu- 
lar phenomenon  in  the  hiftory  of  mankind.  This  was  the  famous  Ma- 
homet, a  native  of  Mecca,  a  city  of  that  divifion  of  Arabia,  which,  for 
the  luxuriancy  of  its  foil,  and  happy  temperature  of  its  climate,  has 
ever  been  efleemed  the  lovelieft  and  fweeteft  region  of  the  world,  and 
is  diftinguifhed  by  the  epithet  of  Happy. 

Mahomet  was  born  in  the  fixth  century,  anno  569,  in  the  reign  of 
Juftinian  II.  emperor  of  ConRantinople.  Though  defcendedof  mean 
parentage,  illiterate  and  poor,  Mahomet  was  endowed  with  a  fubtile 
genius,  like  thofe  of  the  fame  country,  and  pofifcffed  a  degree  of  enter- 
prize  and  ambition  peculiar  to  himfclf,  and  much  beyond  his  condition. 
He  had  been  employed,  in  the  early  part  of  his  life,  by  an  uncle,  Abu- 
teleb,  as  a  faftor,  and  had  occafion,  in  this  capacity,  to  travel  into 
Syria,  Palefline,  and  Egypt.  He  was  afterwards  taken  into  the  fervice 
of  a  rich  merchant,  upon  whofe  death  he  married  his  widow,  Cadiga, 
and  by  her  means  came  to  be  poflTedcd  of  great  wealth,  and  of  a  numer- 
ous family.  During  his  peregrinations  into  Egypt  and  the  Eaft,  hs 
had  obferved  the  vaft  variety  of  fcfts  in  religion,  whofe  hatred  againft: 
each  other  was  ftrong  and  inveterate,  while  at  the  fame  time  there 
were  many  particulars  in  which  the  greater  part  of  them  were  agreed. 
He  carefully  laid  hold  of  thefe  particulars,  by  means  of  which,  and  by 
addreihng  himfelf  to  the  love  of  power,  riches,  and  pleafure,  palhons 
univerfal  among  them,  he  expefted  to  raife  a  new  fyftem  of  religion, 
more  general  tb.an  any  which  hitherto  had  been  cflablifhed.  In  this 
defign  he  was  affifted  by  a  Sergian  monk,  whofe  libertine  difpofition 
had  made  him  forfake  his  cloifter  and  profcihon,  and  engage  in  the 
fervice  of  Cadiga,  with  whom  he  remained  as  a  domeflic  when  Ma- 
homet was  taken  to  her  bed.  This  monk  was  perfectly  qualified 
by  his  gre-it  learning,  for  fupplying  the  defcfts  which  his  malter,  for  ' 
want  of  a  liberal  education,  laboured  under,  and  which  in  all  proba- 
bility, mull  have  obftrufted  the  execution  of  his  dcfign.  It  Wis 
neceffary,  howe\er,  that  the  religion  they  propofcd  to  cRablifh  fhould 
have  a  divine  fanftion  ;  and  for  this  purpofe  Mahomet  turned  a  cala- 
mity, with  which  he  was  adlicled,  to  his  advantage.  He  was  often 
G  g  fubjeft 


474  A        R        A        B        I        A. 

fubjeft  to  fits  of  the  epilepfy,  a  clifeafe  which  thofe  whom  it  afflifirs  ar^ 
defiro'js  to  conceal  ;  Mahomet  gave  out  therefore  that  thefe  fits  were 
trances,  into  which  he  was  miraculoufly  thrown  by  God  Almiohty, 
during  which  he  was  inftrufted  iri  his  will,  which  he  was  commanded 
to  publifli  to  the  world.  By  this  ftrange  flory,  and  by  leading  a  re- 
tired, abftemious.  and  auflcre  life,  he  eafily  acquired  a  charafter  for 
fuperior  fanftity  among  his  acquaintance  and  neighbours.  When  he 
thought  himfelf  fufficiently  fortified  by  the  numbers,  and  the  enthufi- 
afm  of  his  followers,  he  boldly  declared  himfelf  a  prophet,  fent  by 
God  into  the  world,  not  only  to  teach  his  will,  but  to  compel  mankind 
to  obey  it. 

As  we  have  already  mentioned,  he  did  not  lay  the  foundation  of  his 
fyftem  fo  narrow  as  only  to  comprehend  the  natives  of  his  own  coun- 
try. His  mind,  though  rude  and  enthufiaflic,  was  enlarged  by  travel- 
ling into  diftant  nations,  whofe  manners  and  religion  he  had  made  a 
peculiar  ftudy.  He  propofed  that  the  fyftem  he  eftablifhed  ihould 
extend  over  all  the  neighbouring  nations,  to  whofe  do6trines  and  pre- 
judices he  had  taken  care  to  adapt  it.  Many  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
£aftern  countries  were  at  this  time  much  addifted  to  the  opinions  of 
Arius,  who  denied  that  Jefus  Clirill  was  co-equal  with  God  the 
Father,  as  is  declared  in  the  Athanafiau  creed.  Egypt  and  Arabia 
were  filled  with  Jews,  who  had  fled  into  thefe  corners  of  the  world 
from  the  perfecution  of  the  emperor  Adrian,  who  threatened  the  total 
extinftion  of  that  people.  The  other  inhabitants  of  thefe  countries 
\vere  pagans.  I'hefe,  however,  had  little  attachment  to  their  decayed 
and  derided  idolatry  ;  and,  like  men  v>/hofe  religious  principle  is  weak, 
had  given  themfelves  over  to  pleafure  and  fenfuality,  or  to  the  acquifi- 
tion  of  riches,  to  be  tlie  better  able  to  indulge-  in  the  gratifications  of 
fenfe,  which,  together  wiih  the  dodrine  of  predelli nation,  compofed 
the  fole  principles  of  their  religion  and  philofophy.  Mahomet's  lyftem 
was  exaftly  fuited  to  thefe  three  kinds  of  men.  To  gratify  the  two 
former,  he  declared  that  there  was  one  God,  who  created  the  world 
and  governed  ail  things  in  it  ;  that  he  had  fent  various  prophets  into 
the  world  to  teach  his  will  to  mankind,  among  whom  Mufes  and  Jefus 
Chrift  were  the  moft  eminent ;  but  the  endeavours  of  thefe  had  proved 
ineff^edludl,  and  God  had  therefore  now  fent  his  lail  and  greateft  pro- 
phet, with  a  commiftion  more  ample  than  what  Mofes  or  Chrift  had 
been  entrufted  with.  He  had  commanded  him  not  only  to  publifii 
his  laws,  but  to  fubJue  thofe  who  were  unwilling  to  believe  or  obey 
them  ;  and  for  this  end  to  eftahlifii  a  kingdom  upon  earth  which  fhould 
propagate  the  divine  jaw  throughout  the  world  ;  that  God  had  defign- 
ed  utter  ruin  and  d2ftru6tion  to  thofe  who  fhould  refufe  to  fubmit  to 
him  ;  but  to  his  faithful  follovvers^  he  had  given  the  I'poils  and  pof- 
feflions  of  all  the  earth,  as  a  reward  in  this  life,  and  had  provided  for 
them  hereafter  a  paradifc  of  ail  fenfual  enjoyments,  efpecially  thofe  of 
love  ;  that  the  pleafurcs  of  fuch  as  died  in  propagating  the  faith,  would 
be  peculiarly  intenfe,  and  vaftly  tranfcend  thofe.  of  the  reft.  Thefe, 
together  with  the  prohibition  of  drinking  ftrong  liquors  (a  reftraint 
not  very  fevere  in  v\'aim  climates),  and  the  do6lrine  of  predeftination, 
were  the  capital  articles  of  Mahomet's  creed.  They  were  no  fooner 
publilhed  than  a  vaft  many  of  his  countrymen  embraced  them  with 
implicit  faith.     They  were  written  by  the  prieft  we  formerly  raention- 


INDIAN  AND  O  RI  E  N  T  A  L  I  S  L  A  N  D  S  .  475 

c<l,  and  compofe  a  book  called  the  Koran,  or  Alkoran,  by  way  of  emi- 
nence, as  we  fay  l!ic  Bible,  which  means  the  Book.  The  pcvfon  of 
Mahomet,  however,  was  familiar  to  the  inhabitants  of  Mecca  ;  fo  that 
the  greater  part  of  them  were  fuflicientiy  convinced  of  the  deceit.  The 
more  enlightened  ^nd  leading  men  entered  into  a  defign  to  cut  him 
O-fF  ;  but  Mahomet  getting  notice  of  their  intention,  fled  from  his  na-' 
tive  city  to  Medina  Tahmachi,  or  the  city  of  the  Prophet.  The  fame 
of  his  miracles  and  doftiine  was,  according  to  cuftom,  greatefk  at  a 
diftance,  and  the  inhabitants  of  Medina  received  him  with  open  arms. 
From  this  flight,  which  happened  in  the  62?.d  year  of  Lhiill,  the  fifty- 
fourth  year  of  iMalvomet's  age,  and  the  tenth  of  his  miniflry,  his  fol- 
lowers, the  Mahometans,  compute  their  time,  and  the  iura  is  cjUed  in 
Arabic,  Hegira,  •'  the  Flight." 

Mahomet,  by  the  affiftance  of  the  inhabitants  of  Medina,  and  of 
others  whom  his  inhnuation  and  addrefs  daily  attached  to  him,  brought 
over  all  his  countrymen  to  a  belief,  or  at  leaft  to  an  acquiefcence  in 
his  doftrines.  The  i'peedy  propagation  of  his  i'yflem  among  the  Ara- 
bians, was  a  Kew  argument  in  its  behalf  among  the  iidiabitants  of 
p^gypt,  and  the  Eaft,  who  were  previouflv  dilpofed  to  it.  Arians, 
Jews,  and  Gentiles,  all  forfook  their  ancient  faiih,  and  became  Maho- 
metans. In  a  word,  the  contagion  fpread  over  Aiabia,  Syria,  Eg)'pt, 
and  Perfia  ;  and  Mahomet,  from  a  deceitful  hypocrite,  became  the 
mod  powerful  monarch  in  his  time.  He  was  proclaimed  king  at  Me- 
dina in  the  year  627,  and  after  fubduing  part  of  Arabia  and  Syria,  he 
.died  in  632,  leaving  two  branches  of  his  race,  both  efteemed  divine 
among  their  fubjefts.  Thefe  were  the  caliphs  of  Perfia  and  of  Egypt, 
under  the  lafl  of  which  Arabia  was  included.  The  former  of  thele 
turned  their  arms  to  the  Eafh,  and  made  conquePcs  of  m.anv  countries. 

The  caliphs  of  Egypt  and  Arabia  direfted  their  ravages  towards  Eu- 
rope, and  under  the  name  of  Saracens  or  Moots  (which  they  obtained 
becaufe  they  entered  Europe  from  Mauritania  in  Africa,  the  country 
of  the  Moors)  reduced  moll  of  Spain,  France,  Italy,  and  the  if!.ands  iu 
the  Mediterranean. 

In  this  manner  did  the  fucceiTors  of  that  impoRor  fpread  their  re- 
ligion and  concjuefis  over  the  gvcafcfl;  part  of  Alia,  Africa,  and  Europe  ; 
and  they  flill  give  law  to  a  very  confiderabie  part  of  mankind. 

See  '•  J'he  Iliiloiy  of  the  Tinkidi  or  Ottoman  Empire,  from  its  foun- 
dation in  1300,  to  the  peace  of  Belgrade  in  1740  ;  to  which  is  prefixed 
an  Hiflorical  Difcourfe  on  Mahomet  and  his  fuccefi'ors  ;"  tranQated 
from  the  French  of  Mignot,  by  A.  Hawkins,  Efq.  publifhcd  1787. 


The  INDIAN  and  ORIENTAL  ISLANDS. 

THE  JAPAN  ISLANDS,  Japan  cr  Nipham',  Bongo,  Tonfa,  and 
Dezima,  form  together  what  has  been  called  the  empire  of  JA- 
PAN, and  are  governed  by  a  mod  defpotic  prince,  who  is  fom.ctimos 
called  empeior  and  fometimes  king.  They  are  fitualcd  about  150 
miles  eaft  of  China,  and  extend  fromi  the  30th  to  the  45  ft  degree  of 
north  latitude,  and  from  the  130th  to  the  147th  of  eaff  longi;ude.  Th-.; 
chief  town  is  Jeddo,  in  the  141  ft  degree  of  eafl-longi'-ude,  and  the  3C'ili 
of  north  lalitudo. 


476        INDIAN  AtjD  ORIENTAL     ISLANDS. 

The  foil  and  produftions  of  the  country  are  pretty  much  the  fame 
with  thofe  of  China  ;  and  the  inhabitants  are  famous  for  their  lacker 
ware,  known  by  the  name  of  Japan.  The  iflands  themfelves  are  very 
inaccelfible,  through  their  high  rocks  and  tempeftuous  feas  ;  they  are 
fuhjeft  to  earthquakes,  and  have  feme  volcanos.  The  Dutch  expelled 
the  Portugucfe  from  this  gainful  trade.  The  Japaneie  are  idolaters, 
?.nd  fo  irreconcilable  to  Chriftianlty,  that  it  is  commonly  faid  the 
Dutch,  who  are  the  only  European  people  with  whom  they  now  trade, 
pretend  themfelves  to  be  no  Chriftians,  and  humour  the  Japanefc  in 
the  moft  abfurd  fuperflitions.  Notwithftanding  all  this  compliance^ 
the  natives  are  very  fhy  and  rigorous  in  all  their  dealings  with  the 
Dutch  :  and  Nagafacci,  in  the  Ifland  of  Dezima,  is  the  only  place 
where  they  are  fuffered  to  trade.  The  complexions  of  the  Japanefe 
are  in  general  yellowifli,  although  feme  few,  chiefly  women,  are  almofl 
white.  .  Their  narrow  eyes,  and  high  eye-brows,  are  like  thofe  of  the 
Chinefe  and  Tartars  ;  and  their  nofes  are  fhort  and  thick.  Their  hair 
is  univerfally  black  ;  and  fuch  a  famenefs  of  falhion  reigns  throughout 
this  whole  empire,  that  the  head-drefs  is  the  fame  fiom  the  emperor 
'to  the  pcafant.  The  fafhion  of  their  clothes  has  alfo  remained  the 
fame  from  very  high  antiquity.  They  confift  of  one  or  more  loofe 
gowns,  tied  about  the  middle  with  a  fafli.  People  of  r.ink  have  them 
made  of  filk,  but  the  lower  clafs  of  cotton  fluffs.  Women  generally 
wear  a  greater  number  of  them  than  men,  and  much  longer,  and  have 
them  more  ornamented,  often  with  gold  or  hlver  flowers  woven    inlQ 

the  -a.-ff. 

Their  houfes  are  built  with  upright  pofts,  crofled  and  wattled  with 
bamboo,  plaiftered  both  without  and  within,  and  while-waflicd.  They 
generally  have  two  florics  ;  but  the  uppermoft  is  low,  and  feldom  in- 
habited. The  roofs  are  covered  with  oantiies,  large  and  heavy,  but 
neatly  made.  The  floors  arc  elevated  two  feet  from  the  ground,  and 
covered  with  planks,  on  which  mats  are  laid.  They  have  no  furni- 
ture in  their  room,s  ;  neither  tables,  chairs,  ftools,  benches,  cupboards, 
or  even  beds.  Their  cuflom  is  to  fit  down  on  their  heels  upon 
the  mats,  which  are  always  foft  and  clean.  Their  food  is  ferved  up 
to  them  on  a  low  board,  raifeJ  but  a  few  inches  from  the  floor,  and 
one  difh  only  at  a  time.  They  have  mirrors,  but  never  fix  thein  up 
in  their  houfes  as  ornamental  furniture  ;  they  are  made  of  a  compound 
Tnetal,  and  ufed  only  at  their  toilets.  Notwithftanding  the  (cverity  of 
their  winters,  v/hich  obliges  them  to  warm  their  houfes  from  Novem- 
ber to  March,  they  have  neither  fire-places  nor  floves  :  inftead  of  thefe 
they  ule  large  copper  pots  ftanding  upon  legs.  'I'hefe  are  lined  on  the 
inflde  with  loain,  on  which  afhes  are  laid  to  ibme  depth,  and  charcoal 
lighted  upon  them,  which  fecms  to  be  prepared  in  fome  manner  which 
renders  the  fumes  of  it  not  at  all  dangerous.  The  firfl  compliment 
offered  to  a  llranger  in  their  houfes,  is  a  dilh  of  tea,  and  a  pipe  of  to- 
bacco. Fans  are  vu'cd  by  both  fcxes  equally  ;  and  are,  within  or  with- 
out doors,  their  Infeparable  companions.  The  whole  nation  are  na- 
turally cleanly  :  every  houfe,  whetJier  public  or  private,  has  a  bath,  of 
which  conftdiit  and  daily  ufc  is  made  by  the  whole  family.  Obedience 
to.  parents,  and  refpeft  to  fuperiors,  are  the  charafterillics  of  this  nation, 
'iheir  fdlutations  and  converfations,  between  equals,  abound  alfo  with 
civility  andpolitenefs  .-'to   this  children   are  early  ace  u. domed  by   the 

cxampis 


INDI  AN  AN-0  OUT  ENTAL  ISLAN  DS.  477 

example  of  their  parents.  Their  penal  laws  nre  very  fe'/cre  ;  but 
punifhments  are  reldom  inflifted.  Perhaps  tliere  is  !io  co-antry  where 
fewer  crimes  againft  faciety  are  committed.  Commerce  and  manufac- 
tures flourifh  here,  though,  as  thefe  people  have  few  wants,  they  are 
not  carried  to  the  extent  which  they  are  in  Europe.  Agriculture  is  fo 
well  underO-Ood,  that  the  whole  country,  even  to  the  tops  o\  the  hills 
is  cultivated.  They  trade  with  no  foreigners  but  tlie  Dutch  and  Chi- 
nele,  and  in  both  cafes  with  companies  of  privileged  merchants-  Be- 
fidcs  the  fus;ars,  fpices,  and  manufaftured  goods  which  the  Dutch  fend 
to  Japan,  I  hey  carry  thither  annually  upwards  of  200.000  deer  flcins, 
and  more  than  100,000  hides,  the  greeted  part  of  which  they  get  from 
Siam,  where  thev  pay  for  them  in  money.  The  merchandife  they  ex- 
port from  the{eiflands,both  for  Bengal  and  Europe, confifl  ingooochefts 
of  copper,  each  weighing  120  pounds,  and  from  25  to  30,000  weight 
of  camphor.  Their  profits  on  imports  and  exports  are  valued  at  40 
or  45  per  cent.  As  the  Dutch  company  do  not  pay  duty  in  Japan, 
cither  on  their  exports  or  imports,  they  fend  an  annual  prefent  to  the 
emperor,con{iitingof  cloth, chintz,  fuccotas,  cottons,  ftufFs  and  trinkets. 

Tlie  Ladrone  Islands,  of  which  the  chief  town  is  faid  to  be  Guam, 
eaR  longitude  140,  north  latitude  14  :  they  are  about  twelve  in  num- 
ber. The  people  took  their  name  from  their  pilfering  qualities.  We 
know  nothing  of  them  worth  a  particular  mention,  except  that  lord 
Anfon  landed  upon  one  of  them  (Tinian),  where  he  found  great  refrefh- 
ment  for  himfelf  and  his  crew. 

Formosa  is  likewife  an  Oriental  Ifland.  It  is  fituated  to  the  eafl  of 
China,  near  the  province  of  Fc  kieii,  and  is  divided  into  two  parts  by 
a  chain  of  mountains,  which  runs  through  the  middle,  beginning  at 
the  fouth  coad:,  and  ending  at  the  north.  This  is  a  very  fine  ifland, 
and  abounds  with  all  the  necelTaries  of  life.  That  part  of  the  ifland 
which  lies  to  the  weft  of  the  mountains,  belongs  to  the  Chincfe,  who 
confider  the  inhabitants  of  the  eaflern  parts  as  favages,  though  they  are 
faid  to  be  a  very  inoffenflve  people.  The  inhabitants  of  the  cultivat- 
ed parts  are  the  fame  with  the  Chinefe,  already  dcfcribed.  The  Chi- 
nefe,  have  likewife  made  themfelves  mafters  of  fcveral  other  iuands  in 
thefe  feas,  of  which  we  fcarcely  know  the  names  :  that  of  Ainan  is 
between  fixty  and  fcventv  leagues  lon?^,  and  between  fifty  and  fixty  in 
breadth,  and  but  twelve  miles  from  the  province  of  Canton.  The 
original  iidiabitants  nre  a  Ihy,  cowardly  people,  and  live  in  the  mod 
unwholcfome  part  of  the  ifland,  the  toall  and  cultivated  parts,  %vhich 
are  vciy  valuable,  being  pofTcflfed  by  the  Chinefe. 

The  Philippines,  are  faid  to  be  i  too  in  number,  lying  in  the  Chi- 
nefe fea  (part  of  the  Pacific  Ocean).  300  miles  fouth-eafl:  of  China,  of 
which  Manilla,  tlie  chief,  is  400  miles  long  and  20c  hroad.  The  in- 
habitants conhll  of  Chinefe,  Ethiopians.  Malays,  Spaniards,  Portu- 
gusfe,  Pintudos,  or  painted  people,  and  iVIefles,  a  mixture  of  all  thefe. 
The  property  of  the  iflands  belongs  to  the  king  of  Spain,  tliey  having 
been  cifcovered  by  Magellan,  and  afterwards  conquered  by  the  Span- 
iards in  the  reign  of  Philip  II.  from  whom  they  take  their  name. 
Their  fituation  is  fuch,  between  the  eaf^ern  and  wcflern  continents, 
that  the  inhabitants  trade  witli  Mexico  and  Peru  as  well  as  with  all 
the  iflands  and  places  of  the  Eafl:  Indies.  Two  fiiips  from  Acapulco, 
in  Mexico,  carry  on  this  commerce  for  the  Spaniards,    who  make  400 


j^Z         INDIAN  AXD  ORIENTAL    ISLANDS, 

■per  cent,  profit.  The  country  is  fruitful  in  all  the  neceffaries  of  life, 
and  beautiful  to  the  eye.  Venifon  of  all  kinds,  buffaloes,  hogs,  Iheep, 
goats,  and  a  particular  large  fpecies  of  monkeys,  are  found  here  in  great 
plenty.  The  nell  of  the  bird  faligau  affords  that  diffolving  jelly, which 
is  fo  voluptuous  a  rarity  at  European  tables.  Many  European  fruits 
and  flowers  thrive  furprifmgly  in  thole  iflands.  If  a  fprig  of  an  orange 
or  lemon  tree  is  planted  there,  ii  becomes  wuhin  the  year  a  fruit-bear- 
ing tree  ;  fo  that  the  verdure  and  luxuriancy  of  the  foil'are  almoft  in- 
credible. The  trecamet  fupplies  tlie  natives  with  water  ;  and  there 
is  alfo  a  kind  of  cane,  which  if  cut,  yields  fair  water  enough  for  a 
dxaught,  of  which  there  is  plenty  in  the  mountains,  where  water  is 
moft  wanted. 

The  city  of  Manilla  contains  about  3000  inhabitants  ;  its  port  is  Ca- 
X'ite,  lying  at  ihe  diftance  of  three  leagues,  and  defended  by  the  caftle 
of  St.  Philip.  In  the  year  1762,  Manilla  was  reduced  by  the  Englifh 
under  general  Draper  and  admiral  Cornifh,  who  took  it  by  ftorm,  and 
humanely  fuffered  the  archbifhop,  who  was  theSpanifli  viceroy  at  the 
i'ame  time,  to  ranfom  the  place  for  about  a  million  fterling.  The  bar- 
gain, however,  was  ungeneroufly  difov/ned  by  him  and  the  court  of 
Spain,  fo  that  great  part  of  the  ranfom  is  Hill  unpaid.  The  Spanifli 
government  is  fettled  there,  but  the  Indian  inhabitants  pay  a  capitation 
tax.  The  other  iflands,  particularly  Mindanao,  the  largeft  next  to  Ma- 
nilla, are  governed  by  petty  princes  of  their  own,  whom,  they  call  ful- 
tans.     The  fultan  of  Mindanao  is  a  Mahomi^tan. 

Upon  the  whole,  though  thcfe  iflands  are  enriched  with  all  the  pro- 
fufion  of  nature,  yet  they  are  fubjeft  to  mod  dreadful  earthquakes, 
thunder,  rains,  and  lightning  ;  and  the  foil  is  -peftered  with  many  nox- 
ious and  venomous  creatures,  and  even  herbs  and  flowers,  whofe  poi- 
fons  kill  almoft  infliantaneoufly.   Some  of  their  mountains  are  volcancs. 

The  Moluccas,  commonly  called  the  Spice  or  Clove  Islanhs^ 
Tbefe  are  not  out  of  flght  of  each  other,  and  lie  all  within  the  compafs 
of  twenty  five  leagues  to  the  fouth  of  the  Philippines,  in  125  degrees 
of  call  longitude,  and  between  one  degree  fouth,  and  two  north  lati- 
tude. They  are  in  number  five,  viz.  Bachian,  Machian,  Motyr,  Ter- 
nate,  and  Tydore.  Thcfc  iflands  produce  neither  corn  norrice,  fo  that 
the  inhabitants  live  upon  a  bread  made  of  fagoe.  Their  chief  produce 
confifts  of  cloves,  mace,  and  nutmegs,  in  vaft  quantities;  w^hich  are 
TOonopolized  by  the  Dutch  with  fo  much  jcalouf;  that  they  defl;roy 
the  plants  left  the  natives  fhouid  fell  the  fupernumerary  fpices  to  other 
nations.  7  hefe  iflands,  after  being  fuhjeft  to  vaiious  powers,  are  now 
governed  by  three  kings,  fubordniate  to  the  Dutch.  Ternale  is  the 
largell  of  thefe  iflands,  though  no  more  than  thirty  miles  in  circum- 
ference. The  Dutch  have  here  a  fort  called  Vi6loria,  and  another 
called  Fort  Orange  in  Machian. 

Amboyna.  This  ifland,  taken  in  a  large  fenfe,  is  one,  and  the  moft 
confiderable,  of  the  Moluccas,  which,  in  faft,  it  commands.  It  is  fit- 
uated  in  the  Archipelago  of  St.  Lazarus,  between  the  third  and  fourth 
degree  of  fouth  latitude,  and  120  leagues  to  the  eaflward  of  Batavia. 
Aniboyna  is  about  fevcnty  miles  in  circumference,  and  defended  by  a 
Dutch  garrifon  of  7  or  800  men,  befides  I'mall  forts,  which  proteO: 
their  clove  plantations.  It  is  well  known  that  when  the  Portuguefe 
wcie  driven  off  this  ifland,  the  trade  of  it  was  carried  on  bv  the  Eng.- 

Ilk 


INDIAN  AND  ORIENTAL  ISLANDS.  4r9 

lifh  and  Dutch,  and  the  barbarities  of  the  latter  in  firfl  torturing  ani 
then  murdering  the  Englifli,  and  thereby  engroding  the  whole  trader, 
and  that  of  Banda,  can  never  be  forgotten  ;  but  mull  be  tranfmitted  as 
a  memorial  of  Dutch  infamy  at  that  period,  to  all  poftevity.  This  tra- 
gical event  happened  in  162Z. 

The  Banda,  or  MuiMEG  Islands,  are  fituated  between  127  and  12? 
degrees.eafl  longitude,  and  between  four  and  five  foutli  latitude,  com- 
prehending the  iflands  of  Lantor,  (the  chief  town  of  which  is  Lantory 
Poleron)  Rolinging,  Poolowas',  and  Gonapi.  The  chief  torts  belong- 
ing to  the  Dutch  on  thefe  iflands,  are  thofe  of  Revenge  and  Naffau. 
The  nutmeg,  covered  with  mace,  growson  thefe  iflandsonly,  and  they 
are  entirely  fubjeft  to  the  Dutch.  In  feveral  ifl'ands  that  lie  near  Bani- 
da,  and  Amboyna,  the  nutmeg  and  clove  would  grow,  becaufe,  as  nat- 
uraliRs  tell  us,  birds,  efpecially  doves  and  pigeons,  fwallow  the  nut- 
meg and  clove  whole,  and  void  them  in  the  fame  ftate  ;  which  is  on3 
of  the  reafons  why  the  Dutch  declare  war  againft  both  thofe  birds  ia 
their  wild  plantations.     The  great  nutmeg  harvefb  is  in  June  and  Au- 

'Ihe  ifland  of  CEiESES,  or  Macassar,  is  fituated  under  the  equator, 
between  the  ifland  of  Borneo  and  the  Spice  iflands,  at  the  diftance  of 
iCo  leagues  from  Batavia,  and  is  500  miles  long,  and  2co  broad.  This 
ifland,  notwithfl.anding  its  heat,  is  rendered  habitable  by  breezes  from 
the  north,  and  periodical  rains.  Its  chief  produft  is  pepper  and  opi- 
um ;  and  the  natives  are  expert  in  the  lludy  of  poifons,  with  a  variety 
of  which  nature  has  furnifhed  them.  The  Dutch  have  a  fortification 
on  this  ifland  ;  but  the  internal  part  of  it  is  governed  by  three  kings, 
the  cliief  of  whom  refides  in  the  town  of  Macafl'ar.  In  this,  and  in- 
deed in  almofl:  all  the  Oriental  ifl.nids,  the  inhabitants  live  in-  houfes 
built  on  large  pods,  which  are  accellrblc  only  by  ladders,  which  they 
pull  up  in  the  night  time,  for  their  fecuritv  againfl;  venomous  animals. 
They  are  faid  to  be  hofpitable  and  faithful,  if  not  provoked.  They 
carry  on  a  large  trade  with  the  Chinefe  ;  and  if  their  chiefs  were  not 
perpetually  at  war  with  each  other,  they  might  eafily  drive  the  Dutch 
from  their  ifland.  Their  port  of  Jampoden  is  the  moft  capacious  oF 
any  in  that  oart  of  the  v;or!d. 

The  Dutch  have  likewife  fortified  Gir.oto  and  Cekam,  two  other* 
fpice  nlands  lying  under  the  equator,  and  v/ill  fink  any  Hiips-  that  at- 
tempt to  traffic  in  thofe  feas. 

The  SuNDA  Islands.  Tlrefe  are  fituated  in  the  Indian  Ocean,  be- 
tween 93  and  120  degrees  of  eaft  longitude,  and  between  eight  degrees 
north  and  eight  degrees  fouth  latitude,  comprehending  the  iflands  ot 
Borneo,  Sumatra,  Java  Bally,  i.amboe,  Banca,  &c.  The  three  firft, 
from  their  great  extent  and  importance,  require  to  be  feparately  de- 
fer ibed. 

Borneo  is  faid  to  be  800  miles  long,  and  700  broad,  and  has  there- 
fore been  thought  to  be  the  lavgefh  ifland  in  the  world.  The  inland 
part  of  the  country'  is  rnarfiiy  and  unhealthy  ;  and  the  inhabitants  live 
in  towns  built  upon  floats  in  the  middle  of  the  rivers.  The  foil  pro- 
duces rice,  cotton,  canes,  pepper,  camphor,  the  tropical  fruits,  gold, 
and  excellent  diamonds.  The  famous  ouran-outang,  one  of  which 
was  diflefted  by  Dr.  Tyfon  at  Oxford,  is  a  native  of  this  country,  and 
s  thought,  of  all  irrational  beings,  to  refcmblc  a  man  the  moft:.     The 

oritjinal 


'^20         I N  D  I  A  N  a>:d  O  R  I  E  N  T  A  L    ISLANDS. 

original  inhabitants  are  faid  to  live  in  the  mountains,  and  make  ufe  of 
poifoned  darts  ;  but  the  fea-coaft  is  governed  by  Mahometan  princes  ; 
the  chief  port  of  this  illar.d  is  Benjar-Maffeen,  and  carries  on  a  com- 
merce with  all  trading  nations. 

Sumatra  has  Malacca  on  the  north,  Borneo  on  the  eafl,  and  Java 
on  the  fouth-eaft,  from  which  it  is  divided  by  the  ftraits  of  Sunda  ;  it 
3S  divided  into  two  equal  parts  by  the  equator,  extending  five  degrees, 
and  upwards,  novth-wefl  of  it,  and  five  on  the  fouth-eall  ;  and  is  looo 
jniles  long,  and  I'oo  broad.  This  ifland  produces  fo  much  gold,  that 
it  is  thought  by  fome  to  be  the  Ophir  mentioned  in  the  fcriptures  ;  but 
Mr.  Marfden  in  his  late  hiftery  of  the  ifland,  thinks  it  was  unknown 
to  the  ancients.  The  higheft  mountain  in  Sumatra,  is  called  Ophir  by 
the  Europeans,  vvhofe  fummit  above  the  level  of  the  fea  is  13,842  feet, 
exceeding  in  height  the  Peak  of  Teneriffeby  577  feet.  The  Portuguefe 
■were  the  firft  difcoverers  and  fettlers,  but  met  with  difgrace  in  their  at- 
tempts againft  Acheen.  The  firft  Englifh  fleet  that  made  its  appear- 
ance in  this  part  of  the  world,  and  laid  the  foundation  of  a  commerce 
that  was  to  eclipfe  that  of  every  other  European  ftate,  vifited  Acheen 
in  the  year  1602,  under  captain  Lancafher,  who  carried  a  letter  from 
queen  Elizabeth  to  the  king  of  that  place.  The  Englifh  Eaft-India 
comp;aiy  have  two  fettlernents  here,  Bencoolen,  and  Fort-Marlbo- 
rough  ;  from  whence  they  bring  their  chief  cargoes  of  pepper.  The 
king  of  Acheen  is  the  chief  of  the  IVlahomctan  princes  who  pollefs  the 
fea-coafts.  The  interior  parts.are  governed  by  Pagan  princes,  whofe 
governments  are  all  independent,  and  their  language  and  manners  are 
very  different.  The  natural  produtls  of  Sumatra  are  pretty  much  tlic 
fame  v/ith  thofe  of  the  adjacent  iflands,  but  this  ifland  is  furpaffed  by 
few  in  rice,  pepper,  and  camphor,  and  in  the  bountiful  indulgence  of 
nature.  It  is  from  thil  country  that  moft  of  the  caflia  fent  to  Europe 
is  produced.  The  caflia  tree  grows  to  fifty  or  fixty  feet,  with  a  ftcm  of 
about  two  feet  diameter,  and  a  beautiful  and  regular  fpreading  head. 
The  quantity  of  pepper  produced  in  the  Eaft-India  company's  diltrifts 
on  Sumatra,  is  annually  1200  tons  ;  of  which  the  greater  part  comes  to 
-Europe,  and  the  refl:  is  fent  to  China. 

Rain  is  very  frequent  here  ;  fometimes  very  heavy,  and  almoft  al- 
ways attended  with  thunder  and  ligiitning.  Earthquakes  are  not  un- 
common, and  there  are  feveral  volcanos  on  the  ifland.  The  people 
who  inhabit  the  coafh  are  Malays,  who  came  hither  from  the  peninfula 
of  Malacca  :  but  the  interior  parts  are  inhabited  by  a  verv  different 
people,  and  who  Iiave  hitherto  had  no  connexion  with  the  Europeans. 
Their  langv.age  and  charafter  difl"er  much  from  thofc  of  the  Malays  ; 
the  latter  ufing  the  Arabic  character,  as  do  the  Achecnefe.  The  prin- 
cipal internal  languages  of  the  ifland  are  the  Rejang  and  Batha,  each 
containing  characters  ejTentially  different  from  each  other.  The  peo- 
ple between  the  diflricb  of  the  Englifli  company,  and  thofe  of  the 
.Dutch  at  Pi'.lembang,  on  the  other  fide  the  ifland,  write  on  long  narrow 
;fnps  of  the  bark  of  a  tree,  with  a  piece  of  bamboo.  They  begin  at  the 
bouom,  and  write  from  the  left  hand  to  the  right,  contrary  to  the  ci;f- 
tom  of  other  eaflern  nations.  Thefe  inhabitants  of  the  interior  parts 
ol  Sumatra  are  a  free  people,  and  live  in  fmall  villages,  called  Doofons, 
independent  of  each  other,  and  governed  each  by  its  own  chief.  All 
cl  them  have  laws,  fome  written  ones,  by  which  they  punifn  offend- 
ers. 


INDIAN  AND  ORIENTAL  ISLANDS.  aSi 

t?vs,  and  terminate  difputes.  They  have  almoftall  of  them,  particularly 
the  women,  large  fvvellings  in  their  throat,  fome  nearly  as  big  as  a 
Tnan's  head,  but  in  general  as  big  as  an  oftrich's  egg,  like  the  goi- 
tres of  the  Alps.  That  part  of  this  ifland  which  is  called  the  Calfia 
country,  is  well  inh?bited  by  a  people  called  Battas,  who  differ  from 
all  the  other  inhabitants  of  Sumatra  in  language,  manners  and  cuftoms. 
They  have  no  king,  but  live  in  villages,  independently  of  each  other, 
and  generally  at  variance  with  one  another.  They  fortify  their  vil- 
lages very  ftrongly  with  double  fences  of  camphor  plank  pointed,  and 
placed  v/ith  their  points  projefting  outwards  ;  and  between  thefc 
fences  they  place  pieces  of  bamboo,  hardened  by  fire,  and  likewife  point- 
ed, which  are  concealed  by  the  grafs,  but  which  will  run  quite  through 
a  man's  foot.  Such  of  their  enemies  whom  they  take  pnfoners,  they 
put  to  death  and  eat,  and  their  (kulls  they  hang  up  as  trophies,  in  the 
houfes  where  the  unmarried  men  and  boys  eat  and  deep.  They  allow 
of  polygamy  :  a  man  may  purchafe  as  many  wives  as  he  pleafes  ;  but 
Mr.  Marfden  obferves,  it  is  extremely  rare,  that  an  inftance  occurs  of 
their  having  more  than  one,  and  that  only  among  a  fewof  their  chiefs  » 
hilt  this  continence  is  attributed  to  their  poverty.  The  original  cloth- 
ing of  the  Sumatrans  is  the  (ame  with  that  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
South-Sea  iilands,  generally  flyled  Otheitean  cloth.  The  Buffalo 
{cart'ozo)  conllilutes  a  principal  part  of  their  food,  and  is  the  only  ani- 
jnal  employed  in  their  domellic  labours.  The  Sumatran  pheafant  is  a 
bird  of  uncommon  beauty. 

Within  about  ninety  miles  of  Sumatra  is  the  ifland  of  Enganho, 
which  is  very  little  known,  on  account  of  the  terrible  rocks  and  break- 
ers that  entirely  furround  it.  It  is  inhabited  by  naked  favages,  who 
are  tall  and  well  made,  and  who  generally  appear  armed  with  lances 
and  clubs,  and  fpeak  a  different  language  from  the  inhabitants  of  any 
of  the  neighbouring  iilands. 

'  The  greatcll  partof  Java  bx^longs  to  the  Dutch, who  have  hereerefleda 
kind  of  commercial  monarchy,  the  capital  of  which  is  Batavia,  a  noble 
and  populous  city,  lying  in  the  latitude  of  fix  degrees  fouth,  at  the 
month  of  the  river  Jucata,  and  furnillied  with  one  of  the  fine  ft;  har- 
bours in  the  world.  The  town  itfelf  is  built  in  the  manner  of  thofe 
in  Ilolland,  and  is  about  a  league  and  a  half  in  circumference,  with 
five  gates,  and  furrounded  by  regular  fortifications  ;  but  its  fuburbs 
are  laid  to  be  ten  times  more  populous  than  itfelf.  The  government 
here  is  a  mixture  of  Eaftern  magnificence  and  European  police,  and 
held  by  the  Dutch  governor-general  of  tire  Indies.  When  he  appears 
abroad,  lie  is  attended  by  his  guards  and  officers,  and  with  a  fplendor 
luperior  to  that  of  any  European  potentate,  except  on  fome  folemn  oc- 
cahons.  The  city  is  as  beautiful  as  it  is  ftrong,  and  its  fine  canals, 
bridges,  and  avenues,  render  it  a  moft  agreeable  refidence.  The  de- 
Icription  of  it,  its  government,  and  public  edifices,  have  employed 
whole  volumes.  The  citadel,  where  the  governor  has  his  palace,  com- 
mands the  town  and  the  I'uburbs,  which  are  inhabited  by  natives  of 
almolt  every  nation  in  the  world  ;  the  Chinefe  refiding  in  this  ifland 
are  computed  at  loo.oco  ;  but  about  30.000  of  that  nation  were  bar- 
baroufiy  maffacrcd,  without  the  fmalleft  offence  ever  proved  upon 
?hcm,  in  1740.  This  maffacre  was  too  unprovoked  and  deteftable  to 
ur  defended  even  by  the  Dutch,  who,  when  the  governor  arrived  in 
II  h  Europe 


482        INDIAN  AKD  ORIENT  A  L  ISLANDS, 

F.urope.  fent  him  back  to  be  tried  at  Batavia  ;  but  he  never  has  been 
heard  of  lince.  A  Dutch  garrifon  of  3000  men  conflantly  refides  at 
Batavia  ;  and  about  15.000  troops  are  quartered  in  the  ifland  and  the 
neighbourhood  of  the  city.  Their  government  is  admirably  well  cal- 
culated  to  prevent  the  independency  either  of  the  civil  or  military 
power. 

The  Andaman  and  Nicobar  iilands.]  Thefe  iflandslie  at  the  en- 
trance of  the  bay  of  Bengal,  and  furnifli  provifions,  confiding  of  tropi- 
cal fruits  and  other  necelfiiries,  for  the  fhips  that  touch  there.  They 
are  otherwife  too  inconfiderable  to  be  mentioned.  They  are  inhabited 
by  a  harmlefs,  inofFenfive,  but  idolatrous  people. 

Ceylon,  or  Se  i  en-dive.]  This  illand,  though  not  the largeft,  is 
thought  to  be  by  nature  the  richeft,  and  fineft  :lland  in  the  world  ;  and 
is  celebrated  for  being  the  only  place  which  produces  the  true  Cinna- 
mon. It  is  feparated  by  the  Gulf  of  Manora,  from  the  continent  of 
Indoftan,  to  which  it  is  fuppofed  to  have  been  joined,  till  torn  from 
it  by  the  force  of  the  waves,  or  earthquakes  ;  and  the  fliallownefs  of 
the  intervening  channel  feems  to  favour  this  opinion,  for  a  fand-bank, 
called  Adain's  bridge,  (on  which  only  a  few  feet  water  runs,)  inter- 
rupts all  navigation  except  by  boats.  On  this  bank,  and  the  neigh- 
bouring Goaftj  is  a  pearl  filhery,  formerly  coniiderable,  but  now  much 
declined. 

This  ifland,  which  is  happily  fituafed  for  commerce,  is  inhabited  by 
two  diflinft  nations,  the  Bedas  to  the  north,  and  the  Cinglaffes  to  the 
fouth  ;  it  is  about  250  miles  long,  and  200  broad  ;  the  natives  call  it, 
with  fome  fhew  of  reafon,  the  teneftrial  paradife  ;  and  it  produces, 
befides  excellent  fruits  of  all  kinds,  long  pepper,  fine  cotton,  ivory, 
filk,  tobacco,  ebony,  mulk,  cryflal,  falt-petre.  fulphur,  lead,  iron,  flcel, 
copper  ;  befides  cinnamon,  gold,  and  hlver,  and  all  kinds  of  precious 
ftones,  except  diamonds.  All  kinds  of  fowls  and  fifh  abound  here. 
Every  part  of  the  illand  is  well  wooded  and  watered  ;  and  bcfvdes 
fome  curious  animals  peculiar  to  ilfelf,  it  has  plenty  of  cows,  buffa- 
loes, goats,  hogs,  deer,  hares,  dogs,  and  other  quadrupeds.  The  Cey- 
lon elephant  is  preferred  to  all  others,  efpecially  if  fpottcd  ;  but  l^x^eral 
noxious  animals,  fuch  as  ferpents  and  ants,  are  likewife  found  here. 
The  chief  commodity  of  the  illand  is  its  cinnamon,  which  is  by  far  the 
beft  in  all  Alia.  Though  its  trees  grow  in  great  profufion,  yet  the  beffc 
is  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  Columbo,  and  Negambo, 

Mountains,  covered  wiih  impoflible  forefls,  interleft  it  in  ail  direc- 
tions, amongil  which  Adam's  pic  rifes  like  a  lofty  cone,  far  fuperior  to 
the  red  in  elevation,  and  vifible,  (it  is  faid)  at  the  diftance  of  more 
than  100  miles.  From  this  mountain  ilTues  the  Mowil-ganga,  the 
largeft  river  in  the  ifland,  which  vifiting  Candy  the  ancient  capital, 
falls  after  a  courfe  of  feveral  miles  into  the  bay  of  Trinconomale, 
the  finefl  not  only  in  Ceylon,  but  in  all  Indoftan  ;  it  is  capable  of  re- 
ceiving 1000  fail  of  the  laigeft  fhips  in  perfeft  fecurity.  Ceylon,though 
formerly  divided  into  feveral  petty  kingdoms,  has  now  but  one  prince, 
■who  poffefles  only  the  internal  parts  of  the  ifland,  and  refides  at  Deg- 
lige,  but  is  called  the  king  of  Candy,  from  the  ancient  capital,  which 
having  fuffered  much  in  the  v/ars,  between  the  Portuguefe  and  natives, 
has  ceafed  to  be  the  royal  refidcnce. 

The  Dutch,  who  expelled  the  Portuguefe,  have  pollened  themfe'ves 
of  the  entire  coail,  in  order  to  exclude  all  other  nations  from  the  cin- 
namon 


INDIAN  AND  O  RI  E  N  T  A  L  ISLANDS.  4^3 

namon  trade  :  this  valuable  fpice,  however,  is  cultivated  only  in  the 
fouth-weft  coafl,  in  a  n-c:6l  called  the  Cinnamon  coaft.  in  which  the 
principal  places  are.  Coi  i;m»o,  the  capital  of  the  Dutch  iV  ttlemcnts, 
in  the  idand,  regularly  fortihcd,  on  a  tolerable  harbour  formerly  vciy 
confiderablc,  but  much  declined.  Columbo  root,  an  article  lately  in- 
troduced into  the  viutaia  mediea, or\g\ua\\y  grew  in  America,  and  was 
thence  tranfplanted  to  this  town,  which  ^rives  name  to  it,  and  fupplies 
all  India,  and  F-uvopc  with  it.  It  is  a  bitter,  rather  ungrateful  to  the 
tafte,  but  when  received  into  the  (lomach,  it  appears  to  be  corrobcrant, 
antilceptic.  fed.itive  ?.nd  powerfully  antiemetic.  It  has  been  iited 
with  great  lucccfs  in  the  cholera  morbus  and  other  bilious  complaints. 
Point  De  Gal  i.e.  on  a  fmall  indifferent  harbour,  is  fortified,  and  be- 
come the  centre  of  the  Dutch  trade  in  the  ilhind. 

It  may  be  here  proper  to  obferve,  that  the  cinnamon-trcc,  which  is 
a  native  of  this  idand,  hac  two.  if  not  three  barks,  which  form  the  true  , 
cinnamon;  the  trees  of  a  middling  growth  and  age  jflFord  the  bcft  •. 
and  the  body  of  the  tree,  which  when  ftiipped  is  white,  fervcs  for 
building  and  other  ufes.  In  1 656.  the  Dutch  v;ere  invited  by  the  na- 
tives of  this  deli^cious  ifland,  to  defend  them  againft  the  PorCuguefe, 
whom  they  expelled,  and  have  monopolized  it  ever  fince  to  themfeives. 
Indeed,  in  January  1782,  Trinconomale,  the  chief  fea-poft  of  the 
ifland  was  taken  by  the  Englifh,  but  foon  afterwards  retaken  by  the 
French,  and  reftored  to  the  Dutch  bv  the  lad  treaty  of  peace. 

TheMAiDiVFs.  Thefc  area  vaft  clufter  of  fmall  iflands  or  little 
rocks  juft  above  the  water,  lying  between  the  equator  and  eight  de- 
grees north  latitude,  near  Cape  Comorin.  They  are  chiefly  reforted  to 
by  the  Dutch,  who  drive  on  a  prt)fitable  trade  with  the  natives  for 
couries,  a  kind  of  fmall  fliells,  which  go,  or  rather  formerly  went  for 
money  upon  the  coafts  of  Guinea  and  other  parts  of  Africa.  The 
cocoa  of  the  Maldives  is  an  excellent  commodity  m  a  medicinal  ca- 
pacity :  "  Of  this  tree  (fays  a  well-informed  author)  they  build  veflels 
of  twenty  or  thirty  tons  ;  their  hulls,  mads,  fails,  rigging,  anchors, 
cables,  provifions,  and  firing,  are  all  from  this  ufeful    tree. 

We  have  already  mentioned  BoMr.AYon  the  Malabar  coaft,  in  fpeak- 
ing  of  India.  With  regard  to  the  language  of  all  the  Oriental  illands, 
nothing  certain  can  be  faid.  Each  ifland  has  a  particular  tongue  ; 
but  the  Malayan,  Chlnefe,  Portuguefe,  Dutcl'.,  and  Indian  words,  are 
fo  frequent  among  them,  that  it  is  difncult  for  an  European,  who  is  not 
very  expert  in  thofe  matters,  to  know  the  radical  language.  The  fame 
may  be  almoft  faid  of  their  religion  ;  for  though  its  original  is  certain- 
ly Pagan,  yet  it  is  intermixed  with  many  Mahometan,  Jewifli,  Chriflian 
religions,  and  with  many  foreign  fuperflitions. 

The  fea  which  feparates  the  fouthern  point  of  the  peninfula  of 
Kamtfchatka  from  Japan,  contains  a  number  of  iflands  in  a  pofition 
from  north-north-eaft  to  fouthfouth-eaft, which  are  called  the  Ivt-rii.e 
Islands.  They  are  upwards  of  twenty  in  number,  are  all  mountain- 
ous, and  in  feveral  of  them  are  volcanoes  and  hot  fprings.  'J'hc  prin- 
cipal of  thefe  iflands  are  inhabited  ;  but  fome  of  the  little  ones  are  en- 
tirely defcrt  and  unpeopled.  They  differ  much  from  each  other  in 
rcfpcft  both  to  their  fituation  and  national  conflitution.  The  forefts 
in  the  more  ndrthern  ones  are  compofed  of  laryx  and  pines  ;  thofe 
to  the  fouthward  produce  canes,  bamboos,  vines,  &c.  In  feme  of 
them  arc  bears  and  foxes.  The 


484         INDIAN  AND  ORIENTAL    ISLANDS. 

Thefea-otter  appears  on  thecoaflsofall  thefeinands,aswell  aswhaleSj 
fea-horfes,  feals,  and  other  amphibious  animals.  Some  of  the  inhabi- 
tants of  thefe  iflands  have  a  great  likenefs  to  the  Japanele  in  their 
manners,  language,  and  perfonal  appearance  ;  others  very  much  re- 
femble  the  Kamtfchadales.  The  northern  iilands  acknov.'ledge  the 
fovereignty  of  the  empire  of  Ruffia  ;  but  thofe  to  the  iouth  pay  hom^ 
age  to  Japan.  The  Kurilians  diftover  much  humanity  and  probity  in 
their  conduft,  and  are  courteous  and  hofpitable ;  but  adverfity  renders 
them  timid,  and  prompts  them  to  fuicide.  Tliey  have  a  particular  vene- 
ration for  old  age.  They  reverence  an  old  man  whoever  he  be,  but 
have  an  efpecial  afFeftion  for  thofe  of  their  refpeftive  families.  Theis" 
language  is  agreeable  to  the  ear.  and  they  fpeak  and  pronounce  it  {low- 
ly. The  men  are  employed  in  hunting,  fiftiing  for  fea  animals  anci 
whales,  and  catching  fowl.  Their  canoes  are  made  of  wood  that  their 
forefts  produce,  or  that  the  fea  cads  upon  their  fhores.  The  women 
have  charge  of  the  kitchen,  and  make  clothes.  In  the  northern  iflands 
they  few,  and  make  different  cloths  of  the  thread  of  nettles.  The 
fouihern  iflanders  are  more  refined  and  polifhed  than  the  northern,  and 
carry  on  a  fort  of  commerce  with  Japan,  whither  they  export  whale- 
oil,  furs,  and  eagles  feathers  to  fledge  arrows  with.  In  return,  they 
bring  Japanefe  utenfils  of  metal  and  varnifhed  wood,  TKillets,  fabres, 
different  fluffs,  ornaments  of  luxury  and  parade,  tobacco,  all  forts  of 
trinkets,  and  fmall  wares. 


A  F  R  I  C 


AFRICA. 


AF  R  I  C  A.  the  third  j^rand  rlivlfion  of  the  globe,  is  generally  TCp- 
relcntcd  as  bearing  foine  refemblancc  to  the  form  of  a  pyramid, 
the  bafc  being  tlie  northern  part  of  it,  which  runs  along  the  fliores  of 
the  Mediterranean,  and  the  point  or  top  of  the  pyramid,  the  Cape  of 
Good  Hope.  Africa  is  a  peninfvila  of  a  prodigious  extent,  joined  to 
Aha  only  by  a  neck  of  land,  about  hxty  miles  over,  between  the  Red 
Sea  and  the  Mediterranean,  ufually  called  the  Iflhmus  of  Suez,  and  its 
utmoH;  length  from  north  to  fouth,  from  Cape  Bona  in  the  Mediterra- 
nean, in  37  degrees  north,  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  in  34-7  fouth 
latitude,  is  4300  miles  ;  and  the  broadeft  part  from  Cape  Verd.  in  17-20 
degrees,  to  Cape  Gurdafui,  near  the  flraits  of  Babel-Mandeb,  in  51-20 
ea(t  longitude,  is  3500  miles  from  eaft  to  weft.  It  is  bounded  on  the 
north  by  the  Mediterranean  fea,  which  feparates  it  from  Europe  ;  on 
the  eaft  by  the  Ifthmus  of  Suez,  the  Red  Sea,  and  the  Indian  ocean, 
which  divides  it  from  Afia  ;  on  the  fouth  by  the  foulhern  ocean  ;  and 
on  liie  weft  by  the  great  Atlantic  ocean,  which  feparates  it  from  Ame- 
rica. As  the  equator  divides  this  exlenfivc  country  almofl  in  the 
middle,  and  the  far  greater  part  of  it  is  within  the  tropics,  the  heat  is 
in  many  places  almoft  infupportable  to  an  European  ;  it  being  there 
increafed  by  the  rays  of  the  fun  from  vaft  defcrts  of  burning  fands. 
The  coafts,  however,  and  banks  of  rivers,  fuch  as  the  Nile,  are  gene- 
rally fertile  ;  and  moft  parts  of  this  region  arc  inhabited,  though  it  is 
far  from  being  fo  populous  as  Europe  or  Afia.  From  what  has  been 
faid,  the  reader  cannot  cjfpeft  to  find  here  a  variety  of  climates.  Iri 
m^ny  parts  of  Africa,  fnow  feldom  falls  in  the  plains  ;  and  it  is  geuK- 
rally  never  found  but  on  the  tops  of  the  higheft  mountains.  The  na- 
tives, in  thefe  fcorching  regions,  would  as  foon  expeft  that  marble 
fhould  melt,  and  flow  in  liquid  ftreams,  as  that  water  by  freezing 
fliould  lofc  its  fluidity,  be  arrefted  by  the  cold,  and  cealing  to  flow,  be- 
come like  the  iolid  rock- 

The  moft  confiderable  rivers  in  Africa,  are  the  Niger,  which  falls 
into  the  Atlantic  or  weftern  ocean  at  Senegal,  after  a  courfe  of  2800 
miles.  It  increafes  and  decreafes  as  the  Nile,  fertilizes  the  country, 
and  has  grains  of  gold  in  many  parts  of  it.  The  Gambia  and  Senegal 
are  only  branches  of  this  river.  The  Nile  which  dividing  Egypt  into 
two  parts,  difcharges  itfelf  into  the  Mediterrajiean,  after  a  prodigious 
courfe  fiom  its  fource  in  Abyftinia.  The  moft  confiderable  mountains 
in  Africa  are  the  Atlas,  a  ridge  extending  from  the  weftern  ocean,  to 
which  it  gives  the  name  of  Atlantic  Ocean,  as  far  as  Egypt,  and  had 
its  name  from  a  king  of  Mauritania,  a  great  lover  of  aftronomy,  who 
ufcd  to  obferve  the  rtars  from  its  fummit  ;  on  which  account  the  poets 
reprefent  him  as  bearing  the  heavens  on  his  fhouldcrs.  The  mountains 
of  tlie  moon,  extending  themfelves  between  Abylfinia  and  Monomo- 
pata,  and  a-e  ftill  higher  than  thofe  of  Atlas.  Thofe  of  Sierra  Leona, 
or  the  mountains  of  the  Lions,    which  divide   Nigiitia    fi cm  Guinea, 

and 


486  AFRICA. 

and  extend  as  far  as  Ethiopia.  Thefe  were  ftyled  by  the'ancients  the 
Mountains  of  God,  on  account  of  their  being  fubjeQ;  to  thunder  and 
lightning.  The  Peak  of  TenerifFe,  wliich  the  Dutch  make  their  firfh 
meridian,  is  about  tv/o  miles  high,  in  the  form  of  a  fugar-loaf,  and  is 
fituated  on  an  ifland  of  the  fame  name  near  the  coaft.  The  moft  noted 
capes,  or  promontories,  in<this  country,  are  Cape  Verd,  fo  called,  be- 
caufe  the  land  is  ahvays  covered  with  green  trees  and  moITy  grounds. 
It  is  the  moft  weflerljt  point  of  the  continent  of  Africa.  The  Cape  of 
Good  Hope,  fo  denominated  by  the  Portugucfe,  when  they  firft  went 
round  it  in  1498,  and  difcovered  the  pafiage  to  Afia.  It  is  the  fouth 
extremity  of  Africa,  in  the  country  of  the  Hottentots  ;  at  prefent  in 
the  poffelTion  of  the  Dutch  ;  and  the  general  rendezvous  of  fhips  of  ev- 
ery nation  who  trade  to  India,  being  about  half  way  from  Europe. 
There  is  but  one  flrait  in  Africa,  which  is  called  Babel-Mandeb,  and  is 
the  communication  between  the  Red  Sea  and  the  Indian  ocean. 

The  fituation  of  Africa  for  commerce  is  extremely  favourable,  (land- 
ing as  it  were  in  the  centre  of  the  globe,  and  having  thereby  a  much 
nearer  communication  with  Europe,  Aha,  and  America,  than  any  of 
the  other  quarters  has  with  the  reft.  That  it  abounds  with  gold,  we 
have  not  only  the  teftimony  of  the  Portuguefe,  the  Dutch,  the  Englifh 
and  the  French,  who  have  fettlements  on  the  coaft  of  Africa,  but  that 
of  the  moft  authentic  hiftorians.  It  is  however  the  misfortune  of  Af- 
rica, that,  though  it  has  10,000  miles  of  fea-coaft,  with  noble,  large, 
deep  rivers,  penetrating  into  the  very  centre  of  the  country,  it  fhould 
have  no  navigation,  nor  receive  any  benefit  from  them  ;  that  it  fliould 
be  inhabited  by  an  innumerable  people,  ignorant  of  commerce,  and  of 
each  other.  At  the  mouths  of  thefe  rivers  are  tlie  moft  excellent  har- 
bours, deep,  fafe,  calm,  and  flieltered  from  the  wind,  and  capable  of 
being  made  perfeftly  fecure  by  fortifications  ;  but  quite  deftitute  of 
fhipping,  trade,  and  merchants,  even  M'hcre  there  is  plenty  of  mer- 
chandize. In  fhort,  Africa,  though  a  full  quarter  of  the  globe,  ftored 
with  an  inexhauftible  treafure,  and  capable,  under  proper  improve- 
ments, of  producing  fo  many  things  delightful,  as  well  as  convenient^ 
within  itfelf,  feems  to  be  almoft  entirely  neglefted,  not  only  by  the  na- 
tives, who  are  quite  unfolicitous  of  reaping  the  benefits  which  Nature 
has  provided  for  them,  but  alfo  by  the  more  civilized  Europeans  who 
arc  fettled  in  it,  particularly  the  Portuguefe. 

Africa  once  contained  feveral  kingdoms  and  ftates,  eminent  for  the 
liberal  arts,  for  wealth  and  power,  and  the  moft  extenfive  commerce. 
The  kingdoms  of  Egypt  and  Ethiopia,  in  particular,  were  much  cele- 
brated ;  and  the  rich  and  powerful  ftate  of  Carthage,  that  once  formi- 
dable rival  to  Rome  irfelf,  extended  her  commerce  to  every  part  of  the 
then  known  world  ;  even  the  Britifli  ftiores  were  vifited  by  her  fleets, 
till  Juba,  who  was  king  of  Mauritania,  but  tributary  to  the  republic 
of  Carthage,  unhappily  called  in  the  Romans,  v/ho,  with  the  alhftance 
of  the  Mauritanians,  fubdued  Carthage,  and  by  degrees  all  the  neigh- 
bouring kingdoms  and  ftates.  After  this,  the  natives,  conftantly 
plundered,  and  confequently  impoverifhed,  by  the  governors  fent  from 
Rome,  neglefted  their  trade,  and  cultivated  no  more  of  their  lands 
than  might  ferve  for  their  fubfiftence.  Upon  the  decline  of  the  Ro- 
man empire,  in  the  fifth  century,  the  north  of  Africa  was  over-run  by 
the  Vandals,  who  contributed  ftill  more  to  the  deftruftion  of  arts  and 

fciences  j 


AFRICA.  48; 

fciences  ;  and,  to  add  to  this  country's  calamity,  the  Saracens  made  a 
fudden  conqueft  of  all  the  coafts  of  Egypt  and  Barbary,  in  the  feventh 
century.  Thefe  were  fuccecded  by  the  Turks  ;  and  both  being  of  the 
Mahometan  religion,  vvhofe  profeffors  carried  defolation  with  them 
wherever  they  came,  the  ruin  of  that  once  flourifhing  part  of  the 
world  was  thereby  completed. 

The  inhabitants  of  this  continent,  with  refpe£l  to  religion,  may  be 
divided  into  three  forts  ;  namely,  Pagans,  Mahometans,  and  Chriftians. 
The  firft  are  the  moft  numerous,  poffeffing  the  greatcft  part  of  the 
country,  from  the  tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and 
they  are  generally  black.  The  Mahometans,  who  are  of  a  tawny  com- 
plexion, pofTefs  Egypt,  and  almoft  all  the  northern  fhores  of  Africa,  or 
what  is  called  the  Barbary  coafl.  The  people  of  Abyffinia,  or  the 
Upper  Ethiopia,  are  denominated  Chriftians,  but  retain  many  Pagan 
and  Jewifh  rites.  There  are  alfo  fome  Jews,  on  the  north  of  Africa, 
who  manage  all  the  little  trade  that  part  of  the  country  is  potfcfTed  of. 

There  are  fcarcely  any  two  nations,  or  indeed  any  two  of  the  learn- 
ed, that  agree  in  the  modern  divifions  of  Africa  ;  and  for  this  very  rea- 
fon,  that  fcarcely  any  traveller  has  penetrated  into  the  heart  of  the 
country  ;  and  confequently  we  muft  acknowledge  our  ignorance  of  the 
bounds,  and  even  the  names  of  feveral  of  the  inland  nations,  which 
may  be  flill  reckoned  among  the  unknown  and  undifcovered  parts  of 
the  world  ;  but  according  to  the  beft  accounts  and  conjeftuies,  Africa 
may  be  divided  according  to  the  following  Table, 


458 


A. 


Dift. an 

d 

Nations. 

leng 

area 

Chief   cities. 

bear,  from 

Religions. 

London. 

Morocco,    1 

i\ 

rifile^&c./ 

500 

4^50 

Fez, 

1080  S. 

Mahom. 

Algiers 

480 

IOC 

Algiers 

920  S. 

Mahom. 

-3  ^ 

Fufiis 

2  2oi    I7&lrunis 

996  S.E. 

X'lalioai. 

^    » 

•  lipoli 

70C 

240  Tripoli 

.260  S.E. 

Mahom, 

Rarca 

40c 

300  rolemeta 

•  440  S.E. 

Mahom. 

Iluypt 

600    25oGran(i  Cairn 

1920  s.k. 

.via  horn. 

JiiledulotMid 

12500    35c 
'3400    bbc 

'Dai  a 

.565  s. 

Pagans 

Zaara 

i  Tegcira 

1800  s. 

Pa>T-,ns 

Negrolaiid      ;2'20o    8jc 

)  Mcidiriga 

25C.O  S.      JFaaans                 | 

o 

Guinea 

jiSoo'  3  be 

iienin 

-•700  S. 

Pagans 

Nubia 

Q/ioj  bof 

J  Nubia 

241 «  S. 

Ma.    &  Pa. 

^1 

Abyllirila 
A  hex 

900;  80c 
,54o|   i;^,c 

)|Dnr 

ditr               2800  .S.K. 

Chnllian. 

cala                3580  S.L.  (Jh.    &    Pa.       | 

ihe  miudle  paits,  called  the  uower  Ethiopia,  are  very  little  knowiT 

to  the  Eiifnpeans,  but  arc  computed  at  1,200.000  iquare  miles. 

L,.MIlgU 

410    300 

Loau<>(3 

3300  S.      |Ch.  &  I'a.         j 

(^ont;0 

5Z!0 

420 

St.  Salvador 

3480  b. 

Ch.  &  Pa.         j 

AnQ;ola    ■ 

3  bo 

1:^0 

2  re 
.80 

2  .  i  0 
300 

!  .oando 

^750  s. 

Ch.  &  Pa. 

Bcnffuela 

Kenoucla 

3900  s. 

Pagans. 

M  ataman 

450 

N'o.  dcwns 

*           *           :t: 

I'agans. 

Ajaa 

100 

tv.-ava 

3702  .S.E 

P.:t;ans. 

Zanguebar 

1400 

Zo^ 

Viehiidaor  Mu- 
zamoiqiic 

4440  S.E. 

i^agans. 

Monnmotapa 

9OG 

b 

00 

Monomotapa      I4500  6.      j 

'aijans. 

ivioiieinuffi 

90(; 

bbo 

Chicova 

4260  s. 

'agans. 

Sotala 

4H0 

30Q 

Sohala 

4000  S.E 

■-aaans.                \ 

Terr^de  Nat. 

boo 

3.50 

Mo   I'owns 

*      *      * 

i'd^aus.               \ 

Cai?r:u-ia  or  1  (       A 
Ho.t.ntot      W   /°1 

660 

C-apc   of   Good 
Hope 

5200  s. 

Pagans.             \ 

The  principal  iflaiidi  ot  Arnca  lie  in  t!i2  iriJian  leas  and  Atlantic  Ocean  ;     uf    wimh   Liici 
tbllowuii;  belong  to,  or  trade  with,  the  Europeans,   and  ferve   to   refrelh  their  iljippin^',! 
to  rind  rrom  India.                                                                                                                          { 

lilands.           ^ 

Sq.Mi.  I                Towns. 

Trad,  with  or  belon.j 

Babel  Mandeb,  at  the  entrance  of 

Eabel  Mandeb 

All  Nations              i 

the  Red  Sea 

1 

Socotra,  in  thf  Indian  Occ-.in 

3,600  1  Caktufia 

Ditto                        J 

The  Comora  lllt-s,  ditto 

I, coo  1  Joanna 

Ditto                        1 

Madagafcar,  ditto 

168,000  1  St.  Au'tin 

Ditto                        1 

Mauritius,  ditto 

1,840     Mauritiuj 

Frerch                        ! 

oourbon,  ditto 

2,IC0  1  Bourbon 

Ditto                        1 

It.  Helena,  in  the  Atlantic  Ocean 

St.  Helena 

Engiiln 

Alccnfinn,  ditto 

Uninhabited 

St.  Matthew,  do 

Ditto 

St.  Tho:na.,Auaboa,Piinces7  £ 
ifland,  FeixUnandopo            ^^ 

S.  Thomas,  An aboa 

Portuguefe 

Ja-'e  Verd  Illandi,  dirto 

2,000 

St.  Domingo 

Ditto 

'io  e>,  ditto 

Fort  St.  M-cha'-l 

French 

■>'naries,  ditM 

Palma,St.Chriaoiihers 

Spanifh 

■Madeiras,  ditto 

1,500 

Santa   Cruz,   Fuiichal 

Portuguefc 

The  Az..,e5,orVv'fnt.  Ides  lie!  -> 

ncarlv   at  an, equal  diftance  >  ^ 

2,C0O 

Angra,  St.  Michael 

Ditto 

tr'vT,K,r-'vi.  A iV; (■..■':  Am.-r.  )  '° 

E  Cx  Y  P  T.  489 

Having  given  the  reader  fome  idea  of  Africa,  in  general,  with  the 
principal  kingdoms,  and  their  fiippofcd  dimenfions,  we  (hall  now  con- 
sider it  under  three  grand  divifions  :  Firft,  Egypt  ;  fecondlv,  the  dates 
of  Barbary,  ftretching  alongr  the  coaft  of  the  Mediterranean,  from 
Egypt  on  the  eafl,  to  the  Atlantic  Ocean,  weft  ;  and,  laftlv,  that  part 
of  Africa,  between  the  tropic  of  Cancer  and  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  ; 
the  Irfftofthefc  divifions,  indeed,  is  vaftly  greater  than  the  other  two  ; 
but  tlie  nations,  which  it  contains,  are  fo  little  known,  and  fo  barba- 
rous, and,  like  all  barbarous  nations,  fo  fimilar  in  moft  refpcfts  to  one 
another,  that  they  may,  without  impropriety,  be  thrown  under  one 
general  head. 


Situation  and  Ektent, 

Miles.  Degrees.  Sq.  Miles, 

Lencrth    600  1    1    ,  f  20  and  Q  2  north  latitude.  "1  . 

Breadth  250)  ^"^^"""  (  28  and  36  eaftlongitude. /*  ^ojoo. 

BouNDARiES.]TT  is  boundcd  by  the  Mediterranean  Sea,  North  ;  by 
1  the  Red  Sea,  Eaft ;  by  Abyflinia,  or  the  Upper  Ethi- 
opia, on  the  South  ;  and  by  the  Defert  of  Barca,  and  the   unknown 
parts  of  Africa,  Weft. 

Divifions.  Subdivifions.  Chief  towns. 

r  ■*)     fGRAND  Cairo,  E.lon, 

I  I    j       32N.  Lat.30. 

Northern  divifion  contains-(  Lower  Egypt  ><  Alexandria 
j  j    I  Rofctto 

\_  J     l_Damietta 

.^,  ,.   -r  ."Itt  -n  ^    r  Savd  or  Thebes 

Southern  aivihon  contains    >Lpper  Egypt  r  ^  f  'rp 

Air.]  It  is  obferved  by  M.  Volney,  that  during  eight  months  of 
the  year  (from  March  to  November)  the  heat  is  aimoft  infupportable 
by  an  European.  "  During  the  whole  of  this  ieafon,  the  air  is  inflamed, 
the  fky  fparkling,  and  the  heat  opprcftive  to  all  unaccuftomed  to  it." 
The  other  months  are  more  temperate.  The  foutherly  winds  which 
fometimes  blov/  in  Egypt,  are  by  the  nitives  cMed  poifonous  winds,  or 
the  hot  winds  of  the  defert.  They  are  of  fuch  extreme  heat  and  aridity 
that  no  animated  body  expofed  to  it  can  withftand  its  fatal  influence. 
During  the  three  days  which  it  generally  lafts,  the  ftreets  are  defertcd  ; 
and  woe  to  the  traveller  whom  this  wind  furprizes  remote  from  fhcl- 
ter  :  when  it  exceeds  three  days  it  is  infupportable. 

Rivers,  son,  and  produce.]  The  fources of  this  celebrated  river 
were  fo  much  unknown  to  the  ancients,  that  to  fearch  for  them  be- 
came a  proverb  to  cxprefs  any  ridiculous  or  impoffible  attempt.  By 
the  Jcfuit  milhonaries,  however,  who  formerly  paffed  into  AbylTinia, 
they  certainly  were  exp'ored  ;  and  the  very  reafon  given  by  Mr.  Bruce 
for  itippofing  that  the  milRonaries  never  were  there,  muft  be  a  convinc- 
1  i  i"S 


49P  EGYPT. 

ing  proof  to  every  rational  perfon  that  they  really  -did  viCit  thetn.  The 
reafon  he  gives,  is  a  fmall  diifcrence  betwixt  his  calculation  and  that  c( 
the  niilhonaries  in  the  latitude  of  the  fountains  from  which  the  prin- 
cipal blanch  of  the  Nile  proceeds,  and  which,  according  to  his  map,  is 
cxaftly  in  i  i  degrees  north  latitude,  1  he  diflerence  is  not  auite  a  d'-:- 
gree  ;  it  is  impoilible  to  know  which  of  the  travellers  are  in  the  right, 
andwemay  aswell  makethis  diifcrence  an  argument againft Mr. Bruce, 
asagainfl  the  mifhonaries.  According  to  both  accounts,  it  rifes  in  the 
territory  of  Gojam  in  Abyflinia,  runs  firil  northward,  then  changing 
its  couife  to  north-eaft,  falls  into  the  great  lake  of  Dembea,  from 
whence  takfng  a  circle  fouth  and  wefhvard,  it  again  aflumesa  norther- 
ly direftion,  and  being  joined  by  two  other  large  rivers,  named  the 
While  River  and  the  Atbara,  or  Aflaboras,  it  paffes  through  the  great 
defert  of  Nubia,  enters  Egypt  at  the  fouth  weft  corner  under  the  Tro- 
pic of  Cancer,  and  continues  its  courfe  between  two  rows  of  moun- 
tains, fertilizing  annually  the  low  ground  between  them  ;  for  the 
whole  of  Upper  Egypt,  as  has  already  been  mentioned,  is  a  long  and 
not  very  broad  valley.  The  fountains  are  lituated,  as  has  already  been 
mentioned,  in  a  long  and  not  very  broad  valley.  The  fountains  are 
fituated,  as  has  already  been  faid,  in  ii  degrees  north  latitude  ;  and  al- 
moft  37  eaft  longitude  ;  and  are  three  in  number,  riling  out  of  the 
marfhy  ground  at  the  foot  of  a  mountain  ;  the  water  is  fine,  and  iffues 
in  confide'rable  quantity.  About  two  miles  from  its  fource  the  ittcam 
becomes  fufliciently  large  to  turn  a  mill,  but  foon  afterwards  increafes 
greatly,  though  even  after  a  courfe  of  60  miles  it  is  fordable  at  certain 
leafons. 

The  natives,  at  the  head  of  the  Nile,  pay  divine  honours  to  it. 
Thoufands  of  cattle  are  offered,  fuppofed  to  rehde  at  its  fource.  The 
Lake  Dembea  is  much  the  largeft  known  in  this  country.  Itsgreateft 
breadth  is  thirty-five  miles  ;  but  it  decreafes  greatly  at  each  extremity, 
where  it  is  not  fometimes  above  ten  miles  broad.  Its  greatefl  length 
is  forty  nine  miles  from  north  to  fouth.  In  the  dry  months,  from 
Ocftober  to  march,  the  Lake  flirinks  greatly  in  fi::e  ;  but  after  all 
thofe  rivers  are  full  which  are  on  every  hde  of  it,  and  fall  into  the 
lake,  like  Radii  drawn  to  a  center,  then  it  Iwells,  and  extends  itfelf  inia 
the  plain  country,  and  has  of  courfe  a  much  larger  furface. 

The  fertility  of  Egypt  is  well  known  to  arife  entirely  from  the  annu- 
al overflowing  of  the  Nile,  and  this  is  now  equally  well  known  to  arife 
from  the  rains  w^hich  fall  periodically  in  Abylhnia.  By  thcfe  its  waters 
are  augmented,  and  begin  to  rife  about  the  middle  of  June,  and 
continue  fo  to  do  until  the  middle  of  September,  or  the  end  of  that 
month,  the  inundation  taking  up  100  days  to  arrive  at  its  height. 
After  that  time  it  gradually'  decreafes,  and  returns  to  its  former 
channel,  and  fo  great  is  the  influence  of  the  fun,  that  even  the 
vaft  quantity  of  water  which  at  all  times  runs  in  its  channel,  becomes 
corrupted  and  heated  to  fuch  a  degree,  that  it  can  fcarce  be  ufed  be- 
fore the  return  of  the  flood.  No  notice,  however^  is  taken  of  the  rife 
of  the  river  till  the  end  of  June,  when  it  has  ufualiy  fwelled  to  five 
or  dx  cubits  beyond  its  former  flandard.  This  is  publickly  proclaim- 
ed through  the  ftreets  of  Cairo  by  a  crier,  and  the  daily  increafc  con- 
linues  to  be  proclaimed  in  like  manner,  till  it  has  attained  the  height 
of  16  peeks,  when  great  rejoicings  arc  made,  and  the  inhabiunts   cry 

out 


cut  Jla^aA  f///(i^,  "  God  has  given  us  abundance."  This  common- 
ly happens  about  the  end  of  July,  ov  before  the  aoih  of  Auguft,  andfc 
the  fooner  it  riles  to  the  height  jufl:  mentioned,  the  greater  hoi^e  they 
Ijave  of  a  plentiful  harveft.  Sometimes,  however,  they  are  difap- 
pointed,  as  was  the  cafe  in  1705,  when  it  did  not  rife  to  the  requiftte 
height,  till  the  1  Qlh  of  September  ;  the  conRqiience  of  which  w^s,  that 
a  famine  and  peftiknce  eiidied.  After  the  inundation  has  rifcn  to 
this  height,  the  banks  are  cut  to  let  it  into  the  canals  which  water 
the  country,  and  prepare  it  for  the  reception  of  the  feed.  >  The  height 
to  which  it  rifcs  is  different,  depending  entirely  on  the  quantity  of  rain 
that  falls  in  Abyflinia.  If  it  does  not  attain  to  16  peeks,  the  inhabitants 
?.re  exempted  from  paying  tribute.  Eighteen  culnis  produces  but  an 
indilVerent  crop  ;  22  a  very  good  one  ;  but,  if  the  inundation  exceeds 
fi  J,  a  famine  enfucs,  bccvtufe  the  waters  do  not  retire  in  time  for  fowing 
the  corn. 

I'he  waters  of  the  Nile  afe  mightily  extolled  by  the  E;;yptians,  on 
account  of  theirwholefome  and  light  qualities,  and  likewilc  their  plea- 
fant  tafte  ;  but  thcfe  commendations  are  naturally  to  be  expefted  fiom 
people  who  never  faw  any  other  water  ;  though  it  is  certain  that  by 
the  great  length  of  its  couifc,  the  Nile  mull  be  very  perfcftly  deprived 
of  every  falinc  and  earthly  taint,  excepting  only  the  mud  which  hap- 
pens'to  be  accidentally  mixed  with  it.  This  indeed  is  fo  abundant  in 
the  dry  fcafon,  that  it  cannot  be  ufed  without  filtraiion,  and  even 
then  has  a  putrid  quality,  which  were  it  to  continue  long,  would  un- 
doubtedly biing  on  dangerous  difeales,  but  the  waters  of  the  inunddr 
lion  are  always  pure  and  wliolelome. 

SoitAND  PRODUCE.]  The  fertility  of  the  foil  of  Egynt  has  been  celebra- 
ted in  all  ages,  and  if  proper  care  was  taken,  there  is  not  the  leaff.  rcafon 
to  doubt  that  it  would  now  be  the  fame  as  ever.  In  the  drv  months 
indeed  the  whole  of  this  country  is  a  dufty  defert  ;  though  this  is  ow- 
ing to  nothing  but  the  want  of  water  ;  for  the  gardens  which  are  arti- 
ficially watered  afford  a  pcrpe:ual  verdure.  As  fomc  parts  of  the 
country  He  too  high  to  be  reached  by  the  inundation,  artificial  means 
are  likewilc  uled  for  walcriaig  the  corn  grounds,  though  by  rcafon  of 
the  unartful  methods  made  ufeof,  very  little  produce  can  be  expected. 
One  of  the  ways  in  which  the  water  is  generally  raifed  is  by  the  Sakiak, 
or  Periian  wheel,  turned  by  oxen,  and  leaving  feveral  earthen  veffels 
faflened  to  it  by  a  rope,  which  empty  themfelves  as  the  wheel  turns 
round,  into  a  ciftern  at  top.  In  places  where  the  banks  of  the  river 
are  high,  they  fometimes  make  bafons  in  the  fide  of  them,  near  which 
they  fix  an  upright  pole,  on  the  top  of  which  is  another  moving  upon 
an  axle.  At  one  end  of  the  crofs  pole  hangs  a  great  ftone,  and  at  the 
other  a  leathern  bucket  ;  and  the  latter  being  pulled  down  by  two 
men,  is  raifed  by  the  weight  of  the  ftone,  and  emptied  into  a  proper 
ciftern.  From  thefe  cifterns  the  water  is  conveyed  to  the  gardens,  or 
plantations,  and  allowed  to  run  in  feveral  little  trenches,  from  wiiencc 
It  is  conducted  all  round  the  beds  in  rills,  which  th-?  gardener  ealily 
ftops  by  railing  the  earth  with  his  foot,  and  diverts  the  current  another 
way. 

Throughout  all  Egypt  the  foil  is  remarkably  impregnated  with  that 
fpecies  of  fait  called  Mineral  Alkali,  mingled  with  fome  common  fait, 
and  thismay  bcfuppofed  a  reafon  of  the  extraordinary   qvucknefs  of 

vegetation 


492  £.  o  I  r  1. 

vegetation  in  this  country,  ^^;hich  is  fo  remarkable,  that  a  certain  fpa- 
cies  of  gourd,  named  Kara,  will  fend  out  in  one  night  a  fhoot  four 
inches  in  length  ;  but  for  the  fame  reafon  in  all  probability  it  is,  that 
foreign  plants  will  not  thrive  here.  Thus  the  European  mercliants, 
refiding  at  Cairo,  arc  obliged  annually  lo  fend  to  Malta  for  the  feeds  of 
their  garden  fluffs  ;  and  always  obfervc,  that  though  they  thrive  very 
veil,  and  bear  feed  the  firfl  year,  yet  if  that  feed  is  fown,  the  fucceed- 
in<T  plants  are  too  weak  and  fiender.  All  kinds  of  grain  are  produced 
in  plenty  in  Egypt,  and  the  harveft  months  are  march  and  April,  dur- 
ing w^hich  the  people  seap  three  crops,  viz.  one  of  lettuces  and  cucum- 
bers (the  latter  being  a  principal  article  of  food  with  them)  another  of 
melons,  and  a  third  of  corn.  Dates,  figs,  plantanes,  &c.  are  pioduced 
here  in  great  plenty,  as  well  as  palm  trees,  from  which  wine  is  made. 

Amimals.]  Egypt  abounds  in  black  cattle  ;  and  it  is  faid,  that  the 
inhabitants  empjoy  every  day  20,000  oxen  in  raifing  v/ater  for  their 
grounds.  Thev  have  a  fine  large  breed  of  ali'es,  upon  which  the  Chrif- 
tians  ride,  thei'e  people  not  being  fufFered  by  the  Turks  to  ride  on  any 
other  beaft.  The  Egyptain  horfes  arc  veiy  fine  ;  they  never  tiot,but 
walk  well,  and  gallop  with  great  fpeed,  turn  Ihort,  ftop  in  a  moment, 
and  are  extremely  traftable.  The  hippopotamus,  or  river-horle, 
an  amphibious  animal,  refembling  an  ox  in  its  hinder  parts,  with  the 
head  like  a  horfe,  is  common  in  Upper  Egypt.  Tygers,  hyenas,  cam- 
els, antelopes,  apes,  with  the  head  like  a  dog,  and  the  rat,  called  Ich- 
rieumon,  are  natives  of  Egypt.  The  camelion,  a  little  animal  fome- 
thing  refembling  a  lizard,  that  changes  colour  as  you  (land  to  look 
upon  him,  is  found  here  as  well  as  in  other  countries.  The  crocodile 
was  formerly  thought  peculiar  to  this  country  ;  but  there  does  not 
feem  to  be  any  mater,ial  difference  between  it  and  the  alligators  of  India 
and  America. 

This  country  produces  likewife  great  numbers  of  eagles,  hawks, 
pelicans,  and  water-fowls  of  all  kinds.  The  ibis,  a  creature  (accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Norden)  fomewhat  refembling  a  duck,  was  deified  by  the 
ancient  Egyptians  for  its  deftroying  ferpents    and    peltiferous   infefts. 

They  were  thought  to  be  peculiar  to  Egypt,  but  a  fpecies  of  them  is 
faid  to  have  been  lately  difcovered  in  other  parts  of  Africa.  Oftriches 
are  common  here,  and  are  fo  ftrong  that  the  Arabs  fometimes  ride  upon 
their  backs. 

I'opui.ATioN,  MANNERS,  cus-  ^^  As  the  population  of  Egypt  is  aU 
TOMS,  AND  uivEP  sioNS.  j  moft  confined  to  the  banks  of  tlie 
Nile,  and  the  refl  of  the  country  inhabited  by  Arabs,  and  other  na^ 
tions,  we  can  fay  little  upon  this  head  with  prccifion.  It  feems  to  be 
certain,  that  E)jypt  is  at  pi^efeut  not  near  fo  populous  as  formerly  -,  ac- 
cording to  M.  Volney,  the  number  of  inhabitants  may  amount  at  pres- 
ent to  2,300.000,  of  which  Cairo  contains  about  250.000. 

The  dcfccndants  of  the  original  Egyptians' are  reprcfented  as  floven- 
ly,  indolent  people,  and  are  here  diflinguifhed  by  the  name  of  Coptis  ; 
in  their  complexions,  they  are  rather  hni-burnt  than  f\varthy  or  black. 
Their  anceftors  were  once  Chriilians,  and  in  general  they  flill  pretend 
to  be  of  that  religion.  Mahoraetaniim  is  the  prevailing  worfhip  among 
the  natives.  The  Arabs  who  inhabit  the  villages  and  fields,  at  any 
confiderable  diftance  from  the  Nile,  are  of  a  deep  fwarthy  complex- 
ion,and  they  are  reprefentedby  the  befl authorities, as  retaining  the  pa- 
triarchal 


E  G  Y  P  T.  49S 

iiiarchal  mode  of  tending  their  flocks,  and  many  of  them  have  no  fixed 
place  of  abode.  The  Turks,  who  refide  in  Egypt,  retain  all  their  Ot- 
toman pride  and  infokncc,  and  the  Tuvkifh  habit,  to  didinguifh  them- 
fclves  from  the  Arabs  and  coptis,  who  drefs  very  plain,  their  chief  fi- 
nery beinp  an  upper  garment  of  white  linen,  and  linen  drawers  ;  but 
their  ordinary  drefs  is  of  blue  linen,  witli  a  long  cloth  coat,  cither  over 
or  under  it.  The  Chriftians  and  Arabs  of  the  meaner  kind  content 
themielves  with  a  linen  or  woollen  wrapper,  Avhich  they  fold,  bknket 
like,  round  their  body.  The  Jews  wear  blue  leather  flippers,  the  oth- 
er natives  of  their  country  wear  red,  and  the  foreign  Chriftians  yellow. 
The  drefs  of  the  women  is  tawdry  and  unbecoming  ;  but  their  clothes 
are  filk,  when  they  can  afford  it  ;  and  fuch  of  them  as  are  not  expofed 
to  the  fun,  have  delicate  complexions  and  features.  The  Coptis  are 
generally  excellent  accomptants,  and  many  of  them  live  by  teaching 
the  other  natives  to  read  and  wii:e.  Their  exercifes  and  diverfions 
are  much  the  fame  as  thoie  made  ufs  of  in  Perha,  and  other  Afiatic 
dominions.  All  Egypt  is  over-run  with  jugglers,  fortune-tellers, 
mountebanks,  and  travelling  flight-of-hand  men. 

Religion.]  The  bulk  of  the  Mahometans  are  enthufiafts,  and 
have  among  them  their/^^nfor,  or  fellows  who  pretend  to  a  fupcrior 
degree  of  holinel's,  and  without  any  ceremony  intrude  into  the  bcft 
houfes,  where  it  would  be  dangerous  to  turn  them  out.  The  Egyptian 
Turks  mind  religious  affairs  very  little,  and  it  would  be  hard  to  fay 
what  {pecics  of  Chriftianity  is  profefi'ed  by  the  Chriflian  Coptis,  which 
are  here  numerous,  but  they  profefs  themfelves  to  be  of  the  Greek 
church,  and  enemies  to  that  of  Rome.  In  religious,  and  indeed  many 
civil  matters,  they  are  under  the  jurifdiftion  of  the  patriarch  of  Alex- 
andria, who  by  the  dint  of  money,  generally  purchafes  a  proteftion  at 
the  Ottoman  court. 

Language.}  The  Coptic  is  the  mod  ancient  language  of  Egypt, 
This  was  fucceeded  by  the  Greek,  about  the  lime  of  Alexander  the 
Great  ;  and  that  by  the  Arabic,  upon  the  commencement  of  the  cali- 
fatc,  when  the  Arabs  difpofTefTcd  tlie  Greeks  of  Egypt.  Arabic  or 
Arabefque,  as  it  is  called,  is  flill  the  current  language,  but  the  Coptic 
and  modern  Greek  continue  to  be  fpoken. 

Learning  AND  learned  men.]  Though  it  is  pad  difputc  that 
the  Greeks  derived  all  their  knowledge  from  the  ancient  Egyptians, 
yet  fcarcely  a  veflige  of  it  remains  among  their  defcendants.  This  is 
owing  to  the  bigotry  and  ignorance  of  their  Mahometan  mafters. 
Here  it  is  proper  to  make  one  obfervation  which  is  of  general  ufe. 
The  califs  or  Saracens  who  fubdued  Egypt,  were  of  three  kinds.  The 
fii  il,  who  were  the  immediate  fucccfTors  of  Mahomet,  made  war  from 
confcicnce  and  principle  upon  all  kinds  of  literature,  excepting  the 
Koran  ;  and  hence  it  was,  that  when  they  took  poffeffion  of  Alexan- 
dria, which  contained  the  moll  m.agnificent  library  the  world  ever  be- 
held, its  valuable  manufcripts  were  applied  for  foms  months  in  cook- 
ing their  victuals,  and  warming  their  baths.  The  fame  fate  attended 
the  other  magnificent  Egyptian  libraries.  The  califs  of  the  fecond 
race  were  men  of  tafte  and  learning,  but  of  a  peculiar  flrain.  They 
bougiit  up  all  the  manufcripts  that  furvived  the  general  conflagration, 
i-elating  to  aflronomy,  medicine,  and  fome  ufelcfs  parts  of  philofophy  ; 
but  they  had  no  tafte  for  the  Greek  arts  of  architefture,  fculpture, 

painting^ 


494  E  ^'  V  P  T. 

painting,  or  poetry,  and  learnirtg  was  confined  to  their  own  courts  and  , 
coliegeSj  without  ever  finding  its  way  feack  to  Egypt.     The  lower  race 
of  califs,  efpecially  thofe  who  called  themfelves  califs  of  Egypt,  dif- 
gi-aeed  human  nature  :  and  the  Turks  have  riveted  the  chains  of  barba- 
irous,  ignorance  which  thcv  impofcd. 

All  the  learning  therefore  pofleifed  by  the  modern  Egyptians  con- 
fifts  in  arithmetical  calculations  for  the  difpatch  of  bufincfs,  the  jargon 
of  aflrology,  a  few  noftrums  in  medicine,  and  fome  knowledge  of  Ara- 
befque  or  the  Mahometan  religion. 

Curiosities  and  antiou  ities.]  Egypt  abounds  with  tiiefe.  Its 
pyramids  have  been  often  defcribed.  Their  antiquity  is  beyond  the 
rcfearchcs  of  hiflory  itfelf,  and  their  original  ules  aie  dill  unknown. 
The  bafis  of  the  largeft,  cover*  eleven  acres  of  ground,  and  its  perpen- 
dicular height  is  500  feet,  but  if  meafured  obliquely  to  the  terminating 
point,  700  feet.*  It  contains  a  room  thirty  four  feet  long,  and  feven- 
teenbroad,  in  which  is  a  marble  cheft,  but  %vithout  either  cover  or 
contents,  fuppofed  to  have  been  defigned  for  the  tomb  of  the  founfler. 
In.  fnort,  the  pyramids  of  Egypt  are  the  mofl  ftupcndous,  and  to  ap- 
pearance, the  moll  ulclefs  flruiiuies  that  ever  were  raifed  by  the  hands 
of  men. 

Among  the  greate Ft  curiofitics  in  this  country,  or  perhaps  in  the 
whole  world,  we  mav  reckon  thofe  people  called  Pjylli.  who  have  the 
faculty,  either  natural  or  acquired,  of  enchanting  the  mod  venomous 
ferpents,  fo  that  they  fhall  have  no  power  to  bite  or  hurt  them,  though 
they  retain  all  their  milchievous  qualities  with  regard  to  others.  Ac- 
counts of  thefe  have  been  tranimilted  by  the  Roman  hidorians, 
but  were  looked  upon  a;,  falfe  till  confirmed  by  thofe  of  modern  trav- 
ellers, JMr.  llalfelquid  aderts,  that  lie  has  ieen  one  of  tijele  people 
handling  the  mod  venomous  reptiles  of  this  kind  as  if  they  had  been 
laces ;  nay,  Mr.  Bruce  not  only  adures  us  of  this  faft,  but  that  he  has 
feen  a  fellow  eat  a  living  fcrpent,  beginning  at  its  tail,  and  proceeding 
all  the  way  up  to  its  head,  without  the  creature  offering  to  refent  fuch 
a  violent  injury.  In  what  manner  this  extraordinary  enchantment  is 
performed  we  know  not  ;  for  thofe  vvho  pr^ftife  it  will  not  fpeak  up- 
on \\\<t  fubjeft. 

The  mum.my  pits,  lo  called  for  theit  containing  the  mummies  or 
embalmed  bodies  of  the  ancient  Egyptians,  are  iubcerraneous  vaults  of 
a  prodigious  extent  ;  but  the  art  of  preparing  the  mummies  is  now  lod. 
It  is  faid  that  fom.e  of  the  bodies  thus  em»balmed.  are  perfect  and  dif- 
tinft  at  this  day,  though  buried  3000  years  ago.  The  labyrinth  in  Up- 
per Egypt  is  a  curiohty  thought  to  be  miore  wonderful  than  the  pyra- 
mids themfelves.  It  is  partly  under  ground,  and  cut  out  of  a  marble 
rock  conUding  of  twelve  palaces,  and  1000  houfes,  the  iiatricacics  of 
which  occafion  its  name.  The  lake  Mccris  was  dug  by  order  of  an 
Egyptian  king,  to  correct  the  irregularities  of  the  Nile,  and  to  commu- 
nicate with  that  river,  by  canals  and  ditches  which  dill  fubfid,  and 
are  evidences  of  the  utility,  as  well  as  grandeur  of  the  work.  Won- 
derful gi^ottos  and  excavations,  modly  artificial,  abound  in  Egypt. 
The  whole  country  towards  Grand  Cairo,  is  a  continued  fcene  of  anti- 
quities, of  which  the  oldeft   are  the  mod  dupendous,  but  the  more 

modern 

*  M.  Volncy,  fays,  that  a  late  menfuration  afiigns  to  each  face  of  the  Great  Pyramid,  fix 
hundred  feet ;  and  ui  perpendicular  height,  four  hundred  and  eighty  feet- 


E  U  Y  I'  T,  495 

moctern  tlic  moft  beautiful,  Cleopatra's  necill?,  and  its  fculptures^ 
are  admirable.  Pompey's  pillar  is  a  fine  regulir  column  of  the  Corin- 
thian order,  the  (liaft  of  which  is  one  ftone,  being  eighty-eight  feet 
nine  inches  in  height,  or  ten  diameters  of  the  column  ;  the  whole 
hei.'ht  is  1 14  feet,  including  the  capital  and  the  pedeRal.  The  Sphynx, 
as  it  is  called,  is  no  more  than  the  head  and  part  of  the  flioulders  of  a 
woman  hewn  out  of  the  rock,  and  about  thirty  feet  high,  near  one  oi" 
the  pyramids. 

The  papyrus  is  one  of  the  natural  curiofitics  of  Egypt,  and  ferved 
the  ancients  to  write  upon,  but  we  know  not  the  manner  of  prepaLin;^ 
it.  The  pith  of  it  is  a  nourifhing  food.  The  manner  of  hatching 
chiclicns  in  ovens,  is  common  in  Egypt,  and  now  pra£lifed  in  fome 
parts  of  Europe.     The  conllruftion  of  the  oven  is  very  curious. 

Cities,  TOWNS,  AXD  "1  Even  a  flight  revievv  of  thefe  would  a- 
vuELic  EDiFiciES.  J  mount  to a  large  volume.  In  many  places, 
not  only  temples,  but  the  walls  of  cities,  built  before  the  time  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great,  are  ftill  entire,  and  many  of  their  ornaments,  particu- 
larly the  colours  of  their  paintings,  are  as  frefli  and  vivid  as  when  fuft 
laid  on. 

Alexandria,  which  lies  on  the  Levant  coafl,  was  once  the  emporium 
of  all  the  world,  and  by  means  of  the  Red  Sea  furnifhed  Europe  and 
great  part  of  Afia  with  the  riches  of  India.  It  owes  its  name  to  its 
founder  Alexander  the  Great.  It  ftands  forty  miles  weft  from  the 
Nile,  and  a  hundred  and  twenty  north-weft  of  Cairo.  It  rofe  upon 
the  ruins  of  Tyre  and  Carthage,  and  is  famous  for  the  light-houfe 
creeled  on  the  oppofite  ifland  of  Pharos,  for  the  direftion  of  mariners, 
defervedly  efteemcd  one  of  the  wonders  of  the  world.  The  mole 
which  waj  built  to  form  a  conmiunication  with  the  ifland  of  Pharos  is 
looo  yards  in  length,  and  though  near  2000  years  old,  fuch  were  its 
excellent  materials  as  to  reiift  in  a  great  mealure  the  violence  of  winds 
and  waves  ever  lince.  All  the  parts  of  the  city  were  magnificent  in 
proportion,  as  appears  from  their  ruins,  particularly  the  cifterns  and 
aquedufts.  Many  of  the  materials  of  the  old  city,  however,  have 
been  employed  in  building  New  Alexandria,  which  at  prefent  is  a  very 
ordinary  fca-port,  known  by  the  name  of  Scanderoon.  N o:\vithftand- 
ing  the  poverty,  ignorance,  and  indolence  of  the  inhabitants,  their 
mofques,  bagnios,  and  the  like  buildings,  eicfted  within  thefe  ruins, 
preferve  an  inexpreiPible  air  of  majefty.  Some  think  that  Old  Alex- 
andria was  built  from  the  materials  of  the  ancient  Memphis. 

Rofetta,  or  Rafchid,  ftands  twenty-five  miles  to  the  north-weft  of 
Alexandria,  and  is  recommended  for  its  beautiful  fituation,  and  de- 
lightful profpefts,  which  command  the  fine  country,  or  ifland  of 
Delta,  formed  by  the  Nile,  near  its  mouth.  It  is  likewife  a  place  of 
great  trade.  The  length  of  the  city  is  two  miles,  but  only  half  a  mile 
broad.  In  the  environs  are  many  country  houfes  belonging  10  Chrif- 
tian  merchants,  with  fine  gardens,  producing  the  choicelt  fruits  of  the 
Eaft.  The  Mahometan  inhabitants  are  here  alfo  particularly  civil  and 
polite. 

Cairo,  now  Mafr,  the  prefent  capital  of  Egypt,  is  a  large  and  popu- 
lous, but  a  difagrecable  refidence,  on  account  of  its  peftilcntial  air,  and 
narrow  ftreets.  It  is  divided  into  two  towns,  the  Old  and  the  New, 
and  defciidf;d  by  an  old  calUe,  the  woik-  o'"  u  hii  h  arc  faid  to  hz  three 

miles 


499  E  G  Y  P  r. 

sniles  in  circumference.  This  caflle  is  faid  to  have  been  built  by  Sala- 
dine  ;  at  the  weft  end  are  the  remains  of  very  noble  apartments,  feme 
of  which  are  covered  with  domes,  and  adorned  with  piftures  in  Mofaic 
work  ;  but  thefe  apartments  are  now  only  ufed  for  weaving  embroide- 
ry, and  preparing  the  hangint^s  and  coverings  annually  fent  to  Mecca, 
The  well,  called  Jofeph's  well,  is  a  curious  piece  of  mechanifm,  about 
300  feet  deep.  The  memory  of  that  patriarch  is  ftill  revered  in  Egypt, 
where  they  fiiew  granaries,  and  many  other  works  of  public  utility, 
that  go  under  his  name.  They  are  certainly  of  vaft  antiquity  ;  but  it 
is  very  queftionable  whether  they  were  eredled  by  him.  One  of  his 
granaries  is  fhewn  in  Old  Cairo,  but  Captain  Norden  fufpefts  it  is  a 
Saracen  work,  nor  does  he  give  us  any  high  idea  of  the  buildings  of 
the  city  itfelf.  On  the  bank  of  the  Nile,  facing  Cairo,  lies  the  village 
of  Gize,  which  is  thought  to  be  the  ancient  Memphis.  Two  miles 
weft,  is  Bulac,  called  the  port  of  Cr.iro.  The  Chriltians  of  Cairo  prac- 
tife  a  holy  cheat,  during  the  Eafter  holidays,  by  pretending  that  the 
limbs  and  bodies  of  the  dead  arife  from  their  graves,  to  Vv'liich  they  re- 
turn peaceably.  The  ftreets  of  Cairo  are  pellered  with  the  jugglers 
and  fortune-tellers  already  mentioned.  One  of  their  favourite  exhibi- 
tions is  their  dancing  camels,  which,  when  young,  they  place  upon  a 
lar&e  heated  floor  :  The  intenfe  heat  makes  the  poor  creatures  caper, 
and  being  plied  all  the  time  v/ith  the  found  of  drums,  the  noife  of  that 
inftrument  fcts  them  a  dancing  all  their  lives  after. 

The  other  towns  of  note  in  Egypt  are  Damietta,  fuppofed  to  be  the 
ancient  Peluilum  ;  Seyd,  on  the  weft  banks  of  the  Nile,  200  mik-s  fouth 
of  Cairo,  faid  to  be  the  ancient  Egyptian  Thebes  ;  by  the  few  who 
have  vifited  it,  it  is  reported  to  be  the  moft  capital  antique  curiofity 
that  h  nov/ extant  ;  and  Colhar,  on  the  weft  coaft  of  the  Red  Sea, 
The  general  praftice  of  ftrangers,  who  viht  thofe  places,  is  to  hire  a 
Janizary,  whofe  authority  commonly  protefts  them  from  the  infults  of 
the  other  natives.  Suez,  formerly  a  place  of  great  trade,  is  now  a 
fmall  city,  and  gives  name  to  the  lilhmus,  that  joins  Africa  with  Afia. 
The  children  of  Ifrael  are  fuppofed  to  have  marched  near  this  city, 
when  they  left  Egypt,  in  their  way  towards  the  R.ed  Sea  ;  almoft  every 
objeft  and  village  in  this  country  prefents  fome  amazing  piece  of  anti- 
quity. The  difficulties  in  vifiting  it  are  great ;  fo  that  the  accounts 
we  can  depend  upon  are  but  few,  nor  do  they  always  agree. 

Manufactures  and  coMMeRCE.J  The  Egyptians  export  pro- 
digious quantities  of  unmanufaftured  as  well  as  prepared  flax,  thread, 
cotton,  and  leather  of  all  forts,  callicoes,  yellow  wax,  fal  ammoniac, 
faff'ron,  fugar,  fenna,  and  cafTia.  They  trade  with  the  Arabs  for  cof- 
fee, drugs,  fpices,  callicoes,  and  other  merchandifes,  which  are  landed 
at  Suez,  from  whence  they  fend  them  to  Europe.  Several  European 
ftates  have  confuls  refident  in  Egypt,  but  the  cuftoms  of  the  Turkifh 
government  are  managed  by  Jews.  The  trade  of  the  Englifh  with  this 
country  is  almoft  annihilated,  as  the  French  are  able  to  underfell  them 
in  the  principal  articles  of  trade,  particularly  in  light  cloths  of  Langue- 
doc,  called  firft  and  fecond  Londriyu,  which  yield  a  good  profit. 

Constitution  AND  GOVERNMENT.]  A  viceroy  is  fent  to  Egypt, 
from  the  Porte,  under  the  title  of  the  baftiaw  of  Cairo,  and  is  one  of 
the  greateft  officers  of  the  Ottoman  empire.  It  is  generally  agreed, 
that  the  haftiav/  is  very  careful  how  he  provokes  the  little  princes,  or 

bevs. 


The  States  of  B  A  R  li  A  R  Y.  497 

beys,  who  have  parcelled  out  Egypt  among  ihemfelves,  and  whom  he 
governs  chiefly  by  playing  one  againft  another.  It  has  fometimes  hap- 
pened, that  ihofe  bafliaws  have  employed  their  arms  againfl:  their  maf- 
ters  ;  and  they  are  often  difplaced  by  the  Porte,  upon  complaint  from 
thofe  petty  princes.  Thefe  circumftanccs  may  account  for  the  reafon 
why  Egypt  is  not  overloaded  with  taxes.  Captain  Norden  and  Dr. 
Pococke  have  given  us  the  beft,  and  indeed  a  very  favourable  account 
of  thofe  petty  princes,  who  are  called  the  Schechs  or  Sheiks  of  the  Bc- 
donians,  or  wandering  Arabs,  and  aregencially  too  powerful  to  receive 
laws  from  the  Turkilh  government. 

Egypt  is  now  divided  into  24  provinces,  each  of  which  is  governed 
by  a  Sangiack,  or  Bey,  lo  that  the  government  of  Egypt  is  both  mo- 
narchical and  republican.  The  monarchical  is  executed  by  the  bafhaw, 
and  the  republican  by  the  mamalukes  or  fangiacs.  The  baihaw  is  ap- 
pointed by  the  grand  fignior  as  his  viceroy.  The  republican,  or  rather 
the  ariftocratical  part  of  the  government  of  Egypt,  confifts  of  a  divan, 
compofed  of  thefe  twenty-four  fangiacks,  beys,  or  lords.  The  head  of 
them  is  called  the  fheik  bellet,  who  is  cholen  by  the  divan,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  bafhaw.  Every  one  of  the  fangiacks  is  arbitrary  in  his 
own  territory,  and  exerts  fovereign  power  ;  the  major  part  of  them  re- 
fide  at  Cairo.  Jf  the  grand  fignior'.s  bafhaw  arts  in  oppofition  to  the 
fenfe  of  the  divan,  or  attempts  to  violate  their  privileges,  they  will 
not  fufFer  him  to  continue  in  his  pofl,  the  Porte  is  obliged  to  fend  an- 
other. They  have  an  authentic  grant  of  privileges,  dated  in  the  year 
1517,  in  which  year  fultan  Selim  conquered  Egypt  from  the  Mama- 
lukes. 

Revenues.]  From  the  nature  of  this  divided  government  it  muft 
be  difiicult,  if  not  impofhble  to  form  a  judgment  of  the  amount  of  the 
revenue  of  this  country  ;  according  to  the  moH  probable  conjefture,  it 
exceeds  two  millions  annually  at  prefent. 

Military  strength,  j  Authors  are  greatly  divided  on  this  arti- 
cle. Captain  Norden  tells  us,  that  it  is  divided  into  two  corps  of  jani- 
zaries, and  affafs  which  arc  the  chief ;  the  former  amounting  to  about 
fix  or  eight  thoufand,  and  the  latter  to  between  three  and  four  thou- 
fand.  I'he  o:her  troops  are  of  little  account.  After  all,  it  does  not 
appear,  that  the  bafhaw  ever  ventures  to  employ  thofe  troops  againfl 
the  Arab  or  Egyptian  beys  already  mentioned,  and  who  have  feparate 
armies  of  their  own  ;  lb  that,  in  faft,  their  dependance  upon  the  Forte 
is  little  more  than  nominal,  and  amounts  at  inoft  to  feudal  fervices.* 

History.     SceRoliin's  Anciiut  liijiory. 


The  St  ates  of  B  A  R  B  A  R  Y. 

UNDER  this  head  we  fliall  rank  the  countries  of,  i.  Morocco  and 
Fez  -,  2.  Algiers  ;  3.  Tunis;  4.  'J  ripoli  and  Barca. 
The  empire  of  Morocco,  including  Fez,  is  bounded  on  the  North  by 
llie  Mediterranean  fea  ;  on  the  South,  by  Tafilet  ;  and  on  the  Eaft,  by 
Segclmeffe  and  the  kingdom  of  Algiers,  being  500  miles  in  length,  and 
480  in  breadth.  Fez, 

*  According  to  M.  Volney,  the  principal  military  ftrenjth  of  the  co'.:ntry  is  now  in  the 
hands  of  the  MamlcHiks,  as  fcarce  a  veftige  remain*  q;  t^ie  corps  of  janiziiie:,  &<;.  whicK 
formerly  kept  Egypt  in  fubjeftion, 

Kk 


498  The  States  ofBARBARY. 

Fez,  which  is  now  united  to  Morocco,  is  about  125  miles  in  length, 
and  much  the  fame  in  breadth.  It  lies  between  the  kingdom  of  Al- 
giers to  the  Eaft.  and  Morocco  on  the  fouth,  and  is  furrounded  in  oth- 
er parts  by  the  fea. 

Algiers,  formerly  a  kingdom,  is  bounded  on  the  Eafk  by  the  kingdom 
of  Tunis,  on  the  North  by  the  Mediterranean,  on  the  South  by  Mount 
Atlas,  and  on  the  Weft  bv  the  kingdoms  of  Morocco  and  Tafilet.  Ac- 
cordintT  to  Dr.  Shaw,  who  refided  12  years  at  Algiers  in  quality  of 
chaplain  to  the  Britifa  faftory,  and  has  correfl-ed  many  errors  of  an- 
cient and  modern  geographers  refpefting  the  flatcs  of  Barbary,  this 
country  extends  in  length  480  miles  along  the  coaft  of  the  Mediterra- 
nean, and  is  between  40  and  100  miles  in  breadth, 

Tunis  is  bounded  by  the  Mediterranean  on  the  NTorth  and  Eaft  ;  by 
the  kingdom  of  Algiers  on  the  Weft  ;  and  by  Tripoli,  with  part  of 
Biledulgerid.  on  the  South  ;  being  ^20  miles  in  length  from  North  to 
South,  and  170  in  breadth  from  Eaft  to  Weft. 

Tripoli,  including  Barca,  is  bounded  on  the  North  by  the  Mediter- 
ranean fea  ;  on  the  South  by  the  country  of  the  Beriberies  ;  on  the 
rWeft  by  the  kingdom,  of  Tunis,  Biledulgerid,  and  a  territory  of  the 
jGadarnis  ;  and  on  the  Eaft  by  EgJ'pt  ;  extending  about  1100  miles 
along  the  fea-coaft  ;  and  the  breadth  is  from  1  to  300  miles. 

JEach  capital  bears  the  name  of  the  ftate  or  kingdom  to  which  it  be- 
longs, but  the  capital  of  Biledulgerid  (the  ancient  Numidia)  is  Dara. 

This  being  premifed,  I  fhall  conhder  the  Barbary  ftates  as  forming 
(which  they  really  do)  a  great  political  confederacy,  however  indepen- 
dent each  may  be  as  to  the  exercife  of  its  internal  policy  ;  nor  is.  there 
3  areater  difference  than  happens  in  different  provinces  of  the  fame 
kingdom,  in  the  cuftoms  and  manners  of  the  inhabitants. 

Air  and  seasons.]  The  air  of  Morocco  is  mild,  as  is  that  of  Al- 
giers, and  indeed  all  the  other  ftates,  except  in  the  months  of  July 
and  Auguft. 

Soil,  vegetaei.e  an-d  animai."\  Thefe  ftates,  under  the  Ro- 
TRODUCTiONS,  BY  SEA  AND  LAND.  J  man  empire  were  juftly  denom- 
inated the  garden  of  the  world  ;  and  to  have  a  refidence  there,  was 
confidercd  as  the  higheft  ftate  of  luxury.  The  produce  of  their  foil 
formed  thofe  magazines,  which  furnifhed  all  Italy,  and  great  part  of 
the  Roman  empire,  with  corn,  wine,  and  oil.  Though  the  lands  are 
now  uncultivated,  through  the  opprelTion  and  barbarity  of  their  con- 
ftitution,  yet  they  are  ftill  fertile,  not  only  in  the  above  mentioned 
commodities,  but  in  dates,  figs,  raifins,  almonds,  apples,  pears,  cherries, 
plums,  citrons,  lemons,  oranges,  pomegranates,  with  plenty  of  roots 
and  herbs  in  their  kitchen-gardens.  Excellent  hemp  and  flax  grow 
on  their  plains  ;  and  by  the  report  of  Europeans,  who  have  lived  there 
for  fome  time,  the  country  abounds  with  all  that  can  add  to  the  pleaf- 
ures  of  life  ;  for  their  great  people  find  means  to  evade  the  fobriety 
prefcribed  by  the  Mahometan  law,  and  make  free  with  excellent  wines, 
and  fpirits  of  their  own  growth  and  manufafture.  Algiers  produces 
falt-petre,  and  great  quantities  of  excellent  fait  ;  and  lead  and  iron 
have  been  found  in  i'everal  places  of  Barbary. 

Neither  the  elephant  nor  the  rhinoceros  arc  to  be  found  in  the  ftates  of 
Barbary;  but  their  deferts  abound  with  lions,  tigers,  leopards,  hyaenas, 
and  monftrous  ferpents.     The  Barbary  horfes  were  formerly  very  val- 
uable, 


*fiiE  States  of    B  A  R  B  A  R  Y.  499 

"fiablc,  and  thought  equal  to  the  Arabian.  Though  their  breed  Is  now 
laid  to  be  decayed,  yet  fome  very  fine  ones  are  occafionally  importsd 
into  England.  Camels  and  dromedaries,  affes,  mules,  and  kumrahs, 
tL  moll  ferviceable  creature,  begot  by  an  afs  upon  a  cow,  are  their  beafts 
of  burden.  Their  cows  are  but  Imall,  and  barren  of  milk.  Their 
fheep  yield  but  indifferent  fleeces,  but  are  very  large,  aSare  their  goats. 
Bears,  porcupines,  foxes,  apes,  hares,  rabbits,  ferrets,  weafels,  moles, 
camelions,  and  all  kinds  of  reptiles  are  found  here.  Belides  vermin, 
tays  Dr.  Shaw  (fpeaking  of  his  travels  through  Barbary)  theapprehen- 
fions  we  were  under,  in  fome  parts  at  lead  of  ihis  country,  of  being 
bitten  or  (lung  by  the  fcorpion,  the  viper,  or  the  venomous  fuider, 
rarely  failed  to  interrupt  our  repofe  ;  a  rcfrefliment  fo  very  grateful, 
and  fo  highly  necelfary  to  a  weary  traveller.  Partridges  and  quails, 
eagles,  hawks,  and  all  kinds  of  wild  fowl,  are  found  on  thiscoafl  ;  and 
of  the  fmallcr  birds,  the  capfa-fparrow  is  remarkable  for  its  beauty,  and 
fweetnefs  of  its  note,  which  is  thought  to  exceed  that  of  any  other 
bird,  but  it  cannot  live  out  of  its  own  climate.  The  feas  and  bays  of 
Barbary  abound  with  the  (ineft  and  moft  delicious  filh  of  every  kind, 
and  were  preferred  by  the  ancienls  to  thofe  of  Europe. 

Population,  INHABITANTS,  MAN-I  Morocco  was  certainly  far 
NERS,  CUSTOMS,  AND  DIVERSIONS.  J  more  populous  than  it  is  now, 
if,  as  travellers  fay,  its  cepital  contained  loo.ooo  houfes,  whereas  at 
prefent  it  is  thought  not  to  contain  above  25,000  inhabitants  ;  nor  caa 
we  think  that  the  other  parts  of  the  country  are  more  populous,  if  it  is 
true  that  their  king  or  emperor  has  80,000  horfe  and  foot,  of  foreign 
negroes,  in  his  armies. 

The  city  of  Algiers  is  faid  to  contain  loo.ooo  Mahometans,  15,000 
Jews,  and  2000  Chriftian  flaves  ;  but  no  eftimate  can  be  formed  as  to 
the  populoufnefs  of  its  territory.  Some  travellers  report,  that  it  is  in- 
habited by  a  friendly  hofpitable  people,  who  are  very  different  in  their 
manners  and  charafter  from  thofe  of  the  metropolis. 

Tunis  is  tVie  mod  polifhed  republic  of  all  the  Barbary  flatcs.  The 
capital  contains  10.000  families,  and  above  3000  tradefmen's  fhops, 
and  its  fuburbs  confiil  of  1000  houfes.  The  Tunifines  are  indeed  ex- 
ceptions to  the  other  ftates  of  Barbary  ;  for  even  the  mod  civilized  of 
the  European  government  might  improve  from  their  manners.  Their 
diftinftlons  are  well  kept  up,  and  proper  refpeft  is  paid  to  the  military, 
mercantile,  and  learned  profefIi.ons.  They  cultivate  friendfhip  with 
the  Buropean  ftates  ;  arts  and  manufaftures  have  been  lately  introdu- 
ced among  them  :  and  the  inhabitants  aie  faid  at  prefent  to  be  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  various  labours  of  the  loom.  The  Tunifine  women 
are  very  handfome  in  their  perfons  ;  and  though  the  men  are  fun- 
burnt,  the  complexion  of  the  ladies  is  very  delicate,  nor  are  they  lels 
neat  and  elegant  in  their  drefs  ;  but  they  improve  the  beauty  of  their 
eyes  by  art,  particularly  the  powder  of  lead-ore,  the  fame  pigment,  ac- 
cording to  the  opinion  of  the  learned  Dr.  Shaw,  that  Jezebel  made  ufc 
of  when  fhe  is  faid  (2  Kings,  chap.  ix.  verfe  30.)  to  have  painted  her 
face  ;  the  words  of  the  original  being,  that  fhe  fet  off  her  eyes  with  the 
powder  of  lead-ore.  The  gentlemen  in  general  are  fober,  oiderly,  and 
clean  in  their  perfons,  their  behaviour  genteel  and  coinplailant,  and 
great  regularity  appears  through  all    the  Itreets  and  city. 

Tripoli  was  once  ilie  richeft,  mofl  populous,  and  opulent  of  all  the 
(bates  on  the  coafb  ;  but  it  it  now  much  reduced,  and  lii«  inliabitanls, 

•XV  ho 


50O  The  States  of    B  A  R  B  A  R  Y. 

who  are  faid  to  apiount  to  between  4  and  500,000,  have  all  the  vices 
of  the  Algerines. 

Their  manners  are  much  of  a  peice  with  thofe  of  the  Egyptians. 
The  fubjefts  of  the  Barbary  ftates,  in  general  fubfifling  by  piracy,  are 
allowed  to  be  bold  intrepid  mariners,  and  will  fight  delpcrately  when 
they  meet  with  a  prize  at  fea.  They  are  notwithftanding  far  inferior 
to  the  Europeans,  both  in  the  conftruftion  and  management  of  their 
veflels.  They  are,  if  we  except  the  TunilineSj  void  of  all  arts  and 
literature.  The  miferv  and  poverty  of  the  inhabitants  of  Morocco, 
who  are  not  immediately,  in  the  emperor's  fervice,  are  beyond  all  de- 
fcription  ;  but  thofe  who  inhabit  the  inland  parts  of  the  country  are 
an  hofpitable,  inoffence  people  ;  and  indeed  it  is  a  general  obfervation, 
that  the  more  diftant  the  inhabitants  of  thofe  ftates  are  from  the  feats 
of  their  government,  the  more  pure  are  their  manners.  Notwithftand- 
ing their  poverty,  they  have  a  livennefs  about  them,  efpecially  thofe 
who  are  of  the  Arabic  defcent,  that  gives  them  an  air  of  contentment ; 
and  having  nothing  to  lofe,  they  are  peaceable  among  themfelves.  The 
Moors  are  fuppofed  to  be  the  original  inhabitants,  but  are  now  blend- 
ed with  the  Arabs,  and  both  are  cruelly  oppreffed  by  a  handful  of  in- 
folcnt  domineering  Turks,    the  refufe  of  the  ftreets  of  Conftantinople. 

Dress.]  The  drefs  of  thefe  people  is  a  linen  Ihirt,  over  which 
they  tie  a  fiik  or  cloth  veftment  with  a  fafh,  and  over  that  a  loofe  coat. 
Their  drawers  are  made  of  linen.  The  arms  and  legs  of  the  wearer  are 
bare,  but  they  have  flippers  on  their  feet  ;  and  perfons  of  condition 
fometimes  wear  bufkins.  They  never  move  their  turbans,  but  pull  off 
their  flippers  when  they  attend  religious  duties,  or  the  perfon  of  their 
fovereign.  They  are  fond  of  ftriped  and  fancied  filks.  The  drefs  of 
the  women  is  not  very  different  from  that  of  the  men,  but  their  draw- 
ers are  longer,  and  they  wear  a  fort  of  cawl  on  their  heads  inftead  of  a 
turban.  The  chief  furniture  of  their  houfes  confifts  of  Carpets  and 
mattraflcs,  on  which  they  fit  and  lie.  In  eating,  their  flovenlinefs  is 
fhocking.  They  are  prohibited  gold  and  filver  veflels  ;  and  their 
meat  is  boiled  or  roafted  to  rags. 

Religion.]  All  foreigners  are  here  allowed  the  open  profeffion  of 
their  religion,  but  the  inhabitants  of  thefe  ftates  are  Mahometans  ;  and 
many  fubjefts  of  Morocco  follow  the  tenets  of  one  Hamed.  a  modern 
feftarift,  and  an  enemy  to  the  ancient  doftrine  of  the  califs.  All  of 
them  are  very  fond  of  idiots  ;  and  in  fome  cafes  their  protection  fcreens 
offenders  from  punifhment,  for  the  moft  notorious  crimes.  In  the 
main,  however,  the  Moors  of  Barbary,  as  the  inhabitantsoftliefe  ftates 
are  now  promilcuoufly  called  (becaufe  the  Saracens  firft  entered  Eu- 
rope from  Mauritania,  the  country  of  the  Moors)  have  adopted  the 
very  worft  parts  of  the  Mahometan  religion,  and  feem  to  have  retained 
only  as  much  of  it  as  countenances  their  vices.  Adultery  in  the  wom- 
en is  punifhed  with  death  ;  but  though  the  men  are  indulged  with  a 
plurality  of  wives  and  concubines,  they  commit  the  moft  unnatural 
i    crimes  with  impunity. 

Language.]  As  the  ftates  of  Barbary  pofTefs  thofe  countries  that 
formerly  went 4>y  the  name  of  Mauritania  and  Numidia,  the  ancient 
African  language  is  ftill  fpoken  in  fome  of  the  inland  countries, and  ev- 
en by  fome  inhabrtants  of  the  city  of  Morocco.  In  the  fea-port  towns, 
and  maritime  countries,  a  baftard  kind  of  Arabic  is  fpoken  ;  and  fca- 

•    •  faring 


The  Stated  of    B  A  R  B  A  R  Y. 


50t 


faring  people  are  no  ftrangers  to  that  medly  of  living  and  dead  langua- 
ges, Italkin,  French,  Spanifh,  &c.  that  is  fo  well  known  in  all  the 
ports  of  the  Mediterranean,  by  the  name  of  Lingua  Franca. 

Antiquities  AND  curiosities,  "|^  This  article  is  well  worth  the 
NATURAL  AND  ARTIFICIAL.  j  ftudy  of  an  antiquary,  but  the 
fubjefts  of  it  are  difHcult  of  accefs.  The  reader  can  fcarcely  doubt 
that  the  countries  wliich  contained  Carthage,  and  the  Pride  of  the 
Phsenician,  Greek,  and  Roman  works,  are  replete  with  the  mod  curi- 
ous remains  of  antiquity  ;  but  tliey  lie  fcattered  amidft  ignorant,  bar- 
barous inhabitants  ;  and  but  few  curious  perfons,  except  Dr.  Shaw, 
have  vifited  the  country.  Some  remains  of  the  Mauritanian  and  Nu- 
midian  greatnefs  are  ftill  to  be  met  with,  and  many  ruins  which  bear 
evidences  of  their  ancient  grandeur  and  populoufnefs.  Thcfe  point 
out  the  old  Julia  Casfarea  of  the  Romans,  which  v/as  little  inferior  in 
maf.nificence  to  Carthage  itfelf.  A  few  of  the  aquedufts  of  Carthage 
are  faid  to  be  dill  remaining,  but  no  veltige  of  its  walls.  The  fame  is 
the  fate  of  Urica,  and  many  other  renowned  cities  of  antiquity  ;  and  fo 
over-run  is  the  country  with  barbarifm,  that  their  very  fites  are  not 
known,  even  by  their  ruins,  amphitheatres,  and  other  public  buildings 
which  remain  Hill  in  tolerable  prefervation.  Befides  thofe  of  claflical 
antiquity,  many  Saracen  monuments,  of  the  moft  ftupendous  magnifi- 
cence, are  likewife  found  in  this  vaft  traft  ;  thefewere  erefted  under 
the  califs  of  Bagdad,  and  the  ancient  kings  of  the  country,  before  it 
was  fubdued  by  the  Turks,  or  reduced  to  its  prefent  form  of  govern- 
ment. Their  walls  form  the  principal  fortifications  in  the  country, 
both  inland  and  maritime.  We  know  of  few  or  no  natural  curiofities 
belonging  to  this  country,  excepting  its  falt-pits,  which  in  feme  places 
take  up  an  area  of  fix  miles.  Dr.  Shaw  mentions  fprings  found  licrc 
that  are  fo  hot  as  to  boil  a  large  piece  of  mutton  very  tender  in  a  quar- 
ter of  an  hour. 

Cities  and  public  buildings.]  Mention  has  already  been  made 
of  Morocco,  the  capital  of  that  kingdom,  but  now  almoft  in  ruins,  the 
court  having  removed  to  Mequine/,  a  city  of  Fez,  30  miles  diflant, 
and  very  populous.  Incredible  things  are  recorded  of  the  magnificent 
palaces  in  both  cities  ;  but  by  the  beft  accounts  the  common  people 
live  in  a  dirty,  flovenly  manner. 

The  city  of  Algiers  is  not  above  a  mile  and  an  half  in  circuit,  though 
it  is  computed  to  contain  near  120,000  inhabitants,  15,000  houfes,  and 
107  mofques.  Their  public  baths  are  large,  and  handfomely  paved 
with  marble.  The  profpeft  of  the  country  and  fea  from  Algiers  is 
very  beautiful,  being  built  on  the  declivity  of  a  mountain  ;  but  the 
city,  though  for  feveral  ages  it  has  braved  fome  of  the  greatefl;  powers 
in  Chriflendom,  it  is  faid.  could  make  but  a  faint  defence  againft  a  re- 
gular fiege,  and  that  three  Englifh  fifty-gun  fhips  might  batter  it  about 
the  ears  of  its  inhabitants  from  the  harbour.  If  fo,  the  Spaniards  mufl 
have  been  very  deficient  either  in  courage  or  conduft.  Thev  attacked 
ic  in  the  year  177,5,  by  land  and  by  fea,  but  were  repulfcd  with  great 
lofs,  though  they  had  near  20,oco  foot  and  2000  horfc,  and  47  king's 
fhips  of  difierent  rates,  and  346  tranfports.  In  the  year  1  783  and  84, 
they  alfo  renewed  their  attacks  by  fea  to  dedroy  the  city  and  gallies, 
but  after  Ipending  a  quantity  of  amunition,  bombs,  &c.  were  forced 
to  retire  witliout  cither  its   capture  or  extinftion.     The  mole  of  the 

harbour 


50S  The  States  ok  B  A  R  B  A  R  'i\ 

harbour  Is  500  paces  in  length,  extending  from  the  continent  to  a  fm^li 
ifland  were  there  is  a  caftle  and    large  battery. 

The  kingdom  of  Tunis,  which  is  naturally  the  fineft  of  all  thefe 
Hates,  contains  the  remains  ol  many  noble  cities,  fome  of  them  dill  in 
good  condition.  The  capital,  about  30  miles  fouth  of  old  Carthage,  has 
fortifications,  and  is  about  three  miles  in  circumference.  The  houfes' 
are  not  magnificent,  but  neat  atid  commodious  ;  as  is  the  public  ex- 
change for  merchants  and  their  goods  ;  but,  like  Algiers,  it  is  diftrelT- 
ed  for  want  of  frclh  water. 

The  city  of  Tripoli  <  onfiRs  of  an  old  and  new  town,  the  latter  being 
the  moll  flourilhing  ;  but  never  can  make  any  confiderable  figure,  on 
account  of  the  inconveniences  attending  its  fituaiion,  particularly  the 
want  of  fweet  water.  The  city  of  Oran,  lying  upon  this  coaft,  is  about 
a  mile  in  circumference,  and  is  fortified  both  by  art  and  nature.  It 
was  a  place  of  confiderable  trade,  and  the  objeft  of  many  bloody  dif- 
putes  between  the  Spaniards  and  the  Moors,  Conflantina  was  the 
ancient  Cirta,  and  one  of  the  ftrongeft  cities  of  Num'idia,  being  inac- 
ceffible  on  all  fides,  excepting  the  fouth-weft. 

Befides  the  above  tov/ns  and  cities,  many  others,  formerly  of  great 
renown,  lie  fcattered  up  and  down  this  immenfe  traft  of  country.  The 
city  of  Fez,  at  prefent  the  capital  of  the  kingdom  fo  called,  is  faid  to 
contain   near  300,000   inhabitants,    befides  merchants  and  foreigners. 

Its  mofqes  amount  to  500  :  one  of  them  magnificent  beyond  defcrip- 
tion,  and  about  a  mile  and  a  half  in  circumference.  Mequinez  is 
efteemed  the  great  eporium  of  all  Barbary.  Sallee  was  formerly  fa- 
mous for  the  piracy  of  its  inhabitants.  Tangier,  fituatcd  about  two 
miles  within  the  ftraits  of  Gibraltar,  was  given  by  the  crown  of  Portu- 
gal as'p.'irt  of  the  dowry  of  queen  Catharine,  confovt  of  Charles  TI.  of 
England.  It  was  intended  to  be  to  the  Englifh  what  Gibralter  is 
.  now  ;  and  it  muft  have  been  a  mo'l  noble  acquiiition ,  had  not  the  mif- 
tmderftandings  between  the  king  and  his  parliament  occafioned  him 
to  blow  up  its  fortifications  and  demolifh  its  harbour  ;  fo  that  from 
being  one  of  the  fineft  cities  in  Africa,  it  is  now  little  better  than  a 
fifhing  town.  Ceuta,  upon  the  fame  ftrait,  almofloppofite  to  Gibral- 
tary  is  ftill  in  the  hands  of  the  Spaniards,  but  ofien,  if  not  always,  be- 
fieged  or  blocked  up  by  the  Moors.  Tetuan,  which  lies  within  twen- 
ty miles  of  Ceuta  is  now  but  an  ordinary  town,  containing  about  800 
houfes  ;  but  the  inhabitants  are  faid  to  be  rich,  and  tolerably  civilized 
in  their  manners. 

The  provinces  of  Suz,Taffilet,  and  Oefula,  form  no  part  of  the  dates 
of  Barbary,  though  the  king  of  Morocco  pretends  to  be  their  fove- 
reign  ;  nor  do  they  contain  any  thing  ihat  is  particularly  curious. 

Zaara,  is  a  defert  country,  thinly  peopled,  and  nearly  deftitute  of 
both  water  and  provifions. 

'Manufactures  and  Commerce.]  The  lower  fubjefts  of  thefe 
ftates  know  very  few  imaginary  wants,  and  depend  partly  upon  their 
piracies  to  be  fupplied  with  neceffary  utenfils  and  manufaftures  :  fo 
that  their  exports  confift  chiefly  of  leather,  fine  mats,  embroidered 
handkerchiefs,  fword-nots,  and  carpets,  which  are  cheaper  and  fofter 
than  tnofe  ot  I'urkcy,  though  not  fo  good  in  other  refpefts.  As  they 
leave  almofl:  all  their  commercial  affairs  to  the  Jews  and  chriflans  fett- 
ied  among  them,   the   latter   have  eftablifhed    filk  and  Ititen  works, 

'.vhich 


The  States  of  B  A  R  B  A  R.  Y.  fOg 

vhich  fupply  the  higher  ranks  of  their  own  fubjcfcls.  They  have  no 
(hips  that,  properly  fpeaking,  are  employed  in  commerce  ;  fo  that  the 
French  and  Englifli  carry  on  the  greatefl  part  of  their  trade.  Their 
exports,  befidcs  thofe  already  mentioned,  confifl  in  elephants  teeth, 
oftrich  feathers,  copper,  tin,  wool,  hides,  honey,  wax,  dates,  raifins, 
olives,  almonds,  gum  arabic,  and  fandrac.  The  inhabitants  of  Mo- 
rocco are  likcwife  faid  to  carry  on  a  confiderable  trade  by  caravans  to 
Mecca,  Medina,  and  fomc  inland  parts  of  Africa,  from  whence  they 
bfin^  back  vaft  numbers  of  negroes,  who  ferve  in  their  armies,  and 
are  flaves  in  their  houfcs  and  fields. 

In  return  for  their  exports,  the  Europeans  furnifh  them  with  timber, 
artillery  of  all  kinds,  gunpowder,  and  whatever  they  want,  eitl:icr  in 
their  public  or  private  capacities;  the  particulars  of  which  are  too 
many  to  fpecify.  The  duties  paid  by  the  Englifli  in  the  ports  of  Mo- 
jocco,  are  but  half  thofe  paid  by  other  Europeans.  It  is  a  general  ob- 
fervation,  that  no  nation  is  fond  of  trading  with  thefe  ftates,  not  only 
on  account  of  their  capricious  defpotifm,  but  the  villany  of  tlieii  indi- 
viduals, both  natives  and  Jews,  many  of  whom  take  all  opportunities 
of  cheating,  and  when  detefted  are  fcldom  punifhed. 

It  has  often  been  thought  furprifing,  that  the  Chriftian  powers  fhould 
fufFer  their  marine  to  be  infuhed  by  thofe  barbarians,  who  take  the 
(hips  of  all  nations  with  whom  they  are  at  peace,  or  rather  who  do  not 
pay  them  a  fubfidy  either  in  money  or  commodities.  W^  cannot  ac- 
count for  this  forbearance  other  wife  than  by  fuppofing,  firft,  that  a 
breach  with  them  might  provoke  the  Porte,  who  pretends  to  be  their 
lord  paramount ;  fecondly,  that  no  chriflian  power  would  be  fond  of 
feeing  Algiers,  and  the  reflof  that  coaft,  in  pcffeirion  of  another  ;  and, 
thirdly,  that  nothing  could  be  got  by  a  bombardment  of  any  of  their 
towns,  as  the  inhabitants  would  inflantly  carry  their  effecls  to  their 
deferts  and  mountains,  fo  that  the  benefit,  refulting  from  the  conquc{l:, 
muft  be  tedious  and  precarious.  Indeed  expeditions  againft  Algiers 
have  been  undertaken  by  the  Spaniards,  but  they  were  illcondu^Lcd 
and  unfuccefsful :  of  thefe  fome  account  hath  already  been  given. 

Constitution  and  government.]  In  Morocco,  government 
cannot  be  faid  to  exifl.  The  emperors  have  for  fome  ages  been  par- 
ties, judges,  and  even  executioners  with  their  own  hands,  in  all  crimi- 
nal matters  ;  nor  is  their  brutality  more  incredible  than  the  fubminion 
with  which  their  fubjcftsbear  it.  In  the  abfence  of  the  emperor,  every 
military  officer  has  the  power  of  life  and  death  in  his  hand,  and  it  is 
feldom  that  thev  mind  the  form  of  ^  judicial  proceeding.  Some  vel- 
tiges,  however  of  the  califate  governm.ent  ilill  continue  ;  for  in 
places  where  no  military  officer  refides,  the  mufti  or  high-pricfi:  is  the 
fountain  of  all  juftice,  and  under  him  the  cadis,  or  civil  officers,  who 
aft  as  our  juftices  of  the  peace.  Though  the  emperor  of  Morocco  is 
not  immediately  fuhjcft  to  the  Porte,  yet  he  acknowledges  the  Grand 
Signior  to  be  his  fupcrior,  and  he  pays  him  a  diftant  allegiance  as  the 
chief  reprefentative  of  Mahomet.  What  we  have  faid  of  Morocco  is 
applicable  to  Fez,  both  kingdoms  being  now  under  one  emperor. 

Though  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli,  have  each  of  them  a  Turkifli 
bafhaw  or  dey,  who  governs  in  the  name  of  the  Grand  Signior,  yet 
very  little  regard  is  paid  by  his  ferocious  fubjefts  to  his  authority. 
He  cannot  even  be   faid 'to  be  nominated    by   the  Poite,     When  a 

vacancy 


50-4  The  States  of   B  A  R  B  A  R  Y. 

vacancy  of  the  government  happens,  which  commonly  does  by  mur- 
der, every  foldier  in  the  army  has  a  vote  in  choofing  the  fucceeding 
dey  ;  and  though  the  eleftion  is  often  attended  with  bloodfhed,  yet 
it  is  no  fooner  fixed  than  he  is  cheerfully  recognized  and  obeyed.  It 
is  true,  he  mufk  be  confirmed  by  tlie  Porte  ;  but  that  is  feldom  refufed, 
as  the  divan  is  no  ftranger  to  the  difpofitions  of  the  people.  The 
power  of  the  dey  is  defpotic  ;  and  the  income  of  the  dey  of  Algiers 
amounts  to  about  150.000!.  a  year,  without  greatly  opprelting  the  fub- 
jefts,  who  are  very  tenacious  of  their  property.  A  detachment  of  the 
army  of  their  ftates  is  annually  fent  into  each  province  to  coUcft  the 
tribute  from  the  Moors  and  Arabs  ;  and  the  prizes  they  take  at  fea, 
fometimes  equal  the  taxes  laid  upon  the  natives.  Thefe  deys  pay 
flight  annual  tributes  to  the  Porte.  When  the  Grand  Signior  is  at 
war  with  a  Chriftian  power,  he  requires  their  affiilance,  as  he  does 
that  of  the  king  of  Morrocco  ;  but  he  is  obeyed  only  as  they  think 
proper.  Subordinate  to  the  deys  are  officers,  both  military  and  civil  ; 
and  in  all  matters  of  importance,  the  dey  isexpefted  to  take  the  advice 
of  a  common  council,  which  confifts  of  thirty  bafliaws.  Thefe  bafh- 
aws  feldom  fail  of  forming  parties,  among  the  foldiers,  againft  the  reign- 
ing dey.  whom  they  make  no  fcruple  of  affaflinating,  even  in  council  ; 
and  the  ftrongeft  candidate  then  fills  his  place.  Sometimes  he  is  de- 
pofcd  ;  fometimes,  though  but  very  feldom  he  refigns  his  authority  to 
fave  his  life  ;  and  it  is  feldom  he  dies  a  natural  death  upon  the  throne. 
The  authority  of  the  dey  is  unlimited  ;  but  an  unfuccefsful  expedition, 
or  too  pacific  a  conduft,  feldom  fails  to  put  an  end  to  his  life  and  gov- 
ernment. 

Rkvenues."]  We  have  already  mentioned  thofe  of  Algiers,  but 
they  are  now  faid  to  be  exceeded  by  Tunis.  They  confift  of  a  certain 
proportion  of  the  prizes  taken  from  chriflians,  a  fmall  capitation  tax, 
and  the  cuftoms  paid  by  the  Englifh,  French,  and  other  nations,  who 
arc  fuffcred  to  trade  with  thofe  flates.  As  to  the  king  of  Morocco, 
we  can  form  no  idea  of  his  revenues,  becaufe  none  of  his  fubjefts  can 
be  faid  to  poffefs  any  property.  From  the  manner  of  his  living,  his 
attendance,  and  appearance,  we  may  conclude  he  does  not  abound  in 
riches.  The  ranfoms  of  Chriftian  flaves  are  liis  perquifites.  He  fome- 
times fliares  in  llie  veflels  of  the  other  ftates,  which  entitles  him  to  a 
part  of  their  prizes.  He  claims  a  tenth  of  the  goods  of  his  Mohome- 
tan  (ubjefts,  and  fix  crowns  a  year  from  every  Jew  merchant.  He 
haslikewife  confiderable  profits  in  the  Negrolandandother  caravans,ef- 
pecially  the  flave-trade  towards  the  fouth.  It  is  thought  that  thewhole 
of  his  ordinary  revenue,  in  money,  does  not  exceed    i6.t.goo   a  year. 

Military  strength  at  sea  and  land.]  By  the  beft  accounts 
we  have  received,  the  king  of  Morocco  can  bring  to  the  field  100,000 
men  ;  but  the  ftrcngth  of  this  army  confifts  of  cavalry  mounted  by  his 
negro  flaves.  Thofe  wretches  are  brought  young  to  Morocco,  know- 
no  other  ftate  but  fervitude,  and  no  other  .mafter  but  that  king,  and 
prove  the  firmeft  fupport  of  his  tyranny.  About  the  year  1727,  all 
the  naval  force  of  Morocco  confifted  only  of  three  fmall  fhips,  which 
lay  at  Sallee,  and  being  full  of  men,  fometimes  brought  in  prizes.  The 
Algerlnes  maintain  aWit  6500  foot,  confifting  of  Turks,  and  cologlies, 
or  the  fons  of  foldiers.  Part  of  them  ferve  as  marines  on  board  their 
veftels.     About  icoo  of  them  do  garrifon  duty,  and  part  are  employed 

in 


The  States  of  B  A  R  B  A  R  Y. 


S05 


:n  fomenting  difTcrences  among  the  neighbouring  Arab  princes.  Bc- 
Tidesthefe,  the  dey  can  bring  2000  Moorifli  horfe  into  the  field  ;  but 
as  they  are  enemies  to  the  lurks,  they  are  little  trufted.  Thofe  troops 
are  under  excellent  difcipline,  and  the  deys  of  all  the  other  Barbary 
Hates  keep  up  a  force  in  proportion  to  their  abilities  ;  fo  that  a  few- 
years  ago  they  refufed  to  fend  any  Tribute  to  the  Turkifh  emperor, 
Who  feems  to  be  fatisfied  with  the  fliadow  of  obedience  which  they  pay 
him. 

It  is  very  remarkable,  that  though  the  Carthaginians,  who  inhabited 
this  very  country  of  Barbary,  had  greater  fleets  and  a  more  extenfive 
commerce  than  arty  other  nation,  or  than  all  the  people  upon  the  face 
of  the  earth,  when  that  ftate  flouriflied  ;  the  prelent  inhabitants  have 
fcarcely  any  merchant  fhips  belonging  to  them,  or  indeed  any  other 
fhan  what  Sallee,  Algiers,  Tunis,  and  Tripoli  fit  out  for  piracy  ;  which, 
though  increafed  fincc  the  laft  attack  of  the  Spaniards,  are  now  but 
few  and  fmall,  and  feme  years  ago  did  not  exceed  fix  fhips  from  thirty- 
fix  to  fifty  guns.  The  admiral's  fliip  belongs  to  the  government  ;  the 
other  captains  are  appointed  by  private  owners,  but  fubjeft  to  military 
law.  With  fuch  a  contemptible  fleet,  thefe  people  not  only  harrafs 
the  nations  of  Europe,  but  oblige  them  to  pay  a  kind  of  tribute  by  way 
of  prefents. 

History."]  There  perhaps  is  no  problem  in  hiftory  fo  unaccounta- 
ble as  the  decay  or  fall  of  the  fplendor,  power,  and  glory  of  the  (tales 
of  Barbary  ;  which,  when  Rome  was  miftrefsof  the  tvorld,  formed  the 
faireft  jewels  in  the  imperial  diadem.  It  was  not  till  the  feventh  cen- 
tury, thac,  after  thefe  ftates  had  been  by  turns  in  poflelhon  of  the  Van- 
dals and  the  Greek  empeiors,  the  califs  or  Satacens  of  Bagdad  con- 
quered them,  and  from  thence  became  mafters  of  almofl:  all  Spain,  from 
whence  their  pofterity  was  totally  driven  about  the  year  1495,  when 
the  exiles  fettled  among  their  friends  and  countrymen  on  the  Barbary 
toaft.  This  naturally  begot  a  perpetual  war  between  them  and  the 
Spaniards,  who  preiTed  them  fo  hard,  that  they  called  to  their  aflift- 
•ncc  the  two  famous  brothers  BarbarOfTa,  who  were  admirals  of  the 
Tiirkifh  fleet,  and  who,  after  breaking  the  Spanifli  yoke,  impofed  upon 
the  inhabitants  of  all  thofe  ftates  (excepting  Morocco)  their  own. 
Some  attempts  were  made  by  the  emperor  Charles  V.  to  reduce  Al- 
giers and  lunis,  but  they  were  unfuccefsful  ;  and,  as  already  obferv- 
ed,   the  inhabitants  have  in  faft  fhaken  off  the  Turkifli  yoke  likewife. 

The  emperors  or  kings  of  Morocco  are  the  fucceflbrs  of  thofe  fove- 
reigns  of  that  country  who  were  all  called  xeriffs,  and  whole 
powers  refembled  that  of  the  Califate  of  the  Saracens.  They  have 
been  in  general  a  fct  of  bloody  tyrants  ;  though  they  have  had  among 
them  fome  able  princes,  particularly  Muley  Moluc,  who  defeated  and 
killed  Don  Sebaftian,  king  of  Portugal.  They  have  lived  in  almofl  a 
contidiucd  fl:atc  of  warfare  with  the  kings  of  Spain  and  other  Chriftian 
princes  ever  iince  ;  nor  does  the  crown  of  Great-Britain  fometimes 
♦i-.fdain.  as  'n  the  year  17C9,  to  purchafe  their  friendfliip  with  prei'cnts. 

Of 

H 


So6  Of  THE  S  L  A  V  E     CO  A  S  T,  &c. 

Of  Africa,  from  the  Tropic  of  Cancer  to  the  Cape 
of  Good- Hope.    See  the  Table  and  Map. 

TH  I  S  immenfe  territory  is,  comparitively  fpeaking,  very  little 
known;  there  is  no  modern  traveller  that  hath  penerated  into 
the  interior  parts  ;  fo  that  we  are  ignorant  not  only  of  the  bounds,  but 
even  of  the  names  of  feveral  inland  countries.  In  many  material  cir- 
cumftances,  the  inhabitants  of  this  extenlive  continent  agree  with 
each  other.  If  we  except  the  people  of  Abyfiinia,  they  are  all  of  n 
black  complexion  :  In  their  religion,  except  on  the  fea-coafts,  which 
have  been  vifited  and  fettled  by  ftrang-rs,  they  are  pagans  ;  and  the 
form  of  government  is  every  where  monarchical,  or  defpotic.  Few 
princes,  however,  polTefs  a  very  extenfive  jurifdiftion  ;  for  as  the  na- 
tives of  this  part  of  Africa  are  faid  to  be  grofsly  ignorant  in  all  the  arts 
of  utility  or  refinement,  they  mufl  be  little  acquainted  with  one 
another  ;  and  generally  united  in  fmall  focieties,  each  governed  by 
its  own  prince.  In  Ctrngo,  Loango,  and  Angola,  we  are  told  of 
powerful  raonarehs  ;  but  on  examination,  it  is  found  that  the  author- 
ity of  thefe  princes  ffcands  on  a  precarious  footing,  each  tribe  or 
fcparate  body  of  their  fubjefts  being  under  the  influence  or  a  petty 
chieftain  of  their  own,  flyled  Negiis,  to  vfhofc  commands,  however 
contrary  to  thufe  of  the  Negafcka  Nn^afrhi:,  or  king  of  kings,  they  are 
always  ready  to  fubmit.  This  indeed  mull  always  be  the  cafe  among 
nide  nations,  where  the  art  of  governing,  like  all  others,  is  in  a  very 
fimple  and  imperfcft  (late.  In  the  fucceflion  to  the  throne,  force 
generally  prevails  over  right  ;  and  an  uncle,  a  brother,  or  other  col- 
lateral relation,  is  on  this  account  commonly  preferred  to  the  dcfcend- 
ants,  whether  male  or  female. 

We  are  but  imperfectly  acquainted  v.'iih  the  manners  and  cufloms 
of  the  people  of  this  extenfive  tounuy.  I'he  accounts  given  us  by 
Mr.  Bruce,  of  the  Ab}'ninians,  reprcfent  them  as  in  a  fiatc  of  very 
great  barharifm.  Their  manner  of  feeding  is  beyond  a  parrallel,  if 
we  may  believe  the  report  of  our  author.  lie  informs  us,  that  hav- 
ing fallen  in  with  fome  foldiers  driving  a  cow  before  them,  he  was 
furprifed  to  fee  them  throw  down  the  animal,  cut  off  pieces  of  her 
llefli,  and  then  flapping  the  Ikin  over  the  wound,  make  her  get  up  and 
walk  on  as  before.  This  he  at  firft  fuppoied  to  be  a  military  man ce- 
vurc,  and  an  expeditious  method  of  carrying  provifions  along  with 
them  ;  but  he  foon  found  that  it  was  the  common  pra£lice  of  the 
country,  and  that  the  fate  of  the  unfortunate  animals  ufed  by  Abyf- 
fmians  for  food,  was  much  worfe  than  if  they  were  devoured  by  tha 
mofl  cruel  wild  beads.  The  latter  would  kill  them  at  once,  or  at  leaft 
not  keep  them  long  in  torment  ;  but  thefe  wild  beafls  in  Iinnian  jhaps, 
protraft  their  agonies  as  much  as  polTible  ;  flefh  being  in  no  eflima- 
tion  among  them,  unlefs  it  be  warm  and  quivering  with  life.  In  their 
manners,  they  are  debauched  in  the  moft  incredible  degree  ;  the 
country  is  a  feat  of  continual  war  and  bloodfhed  ;  ignorance,  and  the 
mod  abominable  fuperflitions  univerfallv  prevail  ;  and,  when  to  all 
this  we  join  the  nominal  piofeflion  of  Chriftianity,  the  idea  is  too 
fliocking  to  be  born. 

Although 


Of     the    slave     COAST,  &c. 


507 


Although  we  read  from  tiic  Jefuits,  fays  Mr.  Bruce,  a  great  deal 
about  marriage  and  pol)g3my,  yet  there  is  nothing  which  may  be 
averred  more  truly,  than  that  there  is  no  fuch  thing  as  maniaoe  in 
AbyfTinia,  unlefsthat  which  is  contrafted  by  mutual  confcnt,  without 
other  forms,  fubfifting  only  till  diffolved  of  one  or  other,  and  to  be  re- 
newed or  repealed  as  often  as  it  is  agreeable  to  both  parties,  who 
when  they  pleafc,  cohabit  together  as  man  and  wife,  al'ier  having  been 
divorced,  had  children  by  others,  or  whether  they  have  been  married, 
or  had  children  with  others  or  not.  Upon  feparation  they  divide  the 
children.  If  the  numbers  are  unequal  they  are  divided  by  lot. 
There  is  no  fuch  diflindion  as  legitimate  or  illegitimate  children  from 
the  king  to  the  beggar. 

The  religion  of  the  Abyflinians  is  a  mixture  of  Chriftianity,  Juda- 
ifm  and  Paganifm,  the  two  latter  of  which  are  by  far  the  moR  predom- 
inant. There  are  here  move  Churches  than  in  any  other  country,  and 
though  it  is  very  mountainous,  and  confequently  the  view  much  ob- 
ftrufted,  it  is  very  I'cldom  you  fee  lefs  than  five  or  fi;j  churches,  liv- 
ery great  man  that  dies  thinks  he  has  atoned  for  all  his  wickcdnefs,  if 
he  leaves  a  fund  to  build  a  Church,  or  has  built  one  in  his  life  time. 
Wherever  a  viftory  is  obtained,  a  church  is  erected,  the  htuation  for 
them  is  always  chofen  near  lunning  watei,  for  the  convenience  of  their 
purifications  and  ablutions,  in  which  they  obferve  fl.ii£lly  the  Icviti- 
ca!  law.  The  churches  are  all  round,  with  tliatchcd  reefs  :  Their 
funimits  are  perfeft  cones  :  The  out  Tide  is  furrounded  by  a  number  of 
wooden  pillars,  which  are  nothing  elfe  than  the  trunks  of  the  cedar 
tree,  and  arc  placed  to  fupport  the  edifice,  about  eight  feet  of  the  roof 
projecting  beyond  the  wuli  of  the  church,  -which  forms  an  agreeable 
\valk  or  colonadc,  around  it  in  hot  weather,  or  in  rain.  The  infide 
of  the  church  is  in  fevcral  divilions,  according  as  is  prcfcribed  by 
the  law  of  Mofcs.  The  finl  is  a  circle  fomcwhat  wider  than  the  in- 
ner one  ;  here  the  congregation  (it  and  pray.  Within  this  is  a  fquare, 
and  that  fquare  is  divided  by  a  veil  or  curtain,  in  which  is  another 
very  fmall  divifion  anfwering  to  the  holy  of  holies. 

This  is  fo  narrow,  that  none  but  tlie  pricfts  can  go  in  to  it.  You 
muft  be  bare-footed  whenever  you  enter  the  church,  and  then  you 
may  go  through  every  part  of  it,  provided  you  arc  pure,  that  is,  have 
not  been  concerned  with  women  for  24  hours  before,  nor  touched 
dead  bodies  or  carrion  ;  (a  curious  alTemblageof  ideas,)  in  which  cafe 
you  muft  {land  at  an  awful  diftance  and  fay  your  prayers. 

The  churches  are  full  of  piftures  flovenly  painted  on  parchment, 
and  nailed  upon  the  walls.  Sometimes  for  a  particular  church  they 
get  a  number  of  piftures  of  faints,  on  fkins  of  parchment  ready  iini  Hi- 
ed from  Cairo,  in  a  flylc  very  little  fuperior  to  their  own  perform.m- 
ces.  There  is  no  choice  in  their  faints,  they  are  both  of  tlie  old  and 
new  Teftamcnt,  and  thofe  that  might  be  difpenfed  with  from  both. 
There  is  St.  Pontius  Pilate  and  his  wife  ;  there  is  St. Balaam  and  his  afs; 
Samfon  and  his  Jaw  Bone  ;  and  fo  of  the  reft. 

The  Abylfinians  receive  the  holy  facrament  in  both  kinds,  in  un- 
leavened bread,  and  in  the  grape  bruifed  with  tlie  hufk  together  as  it 
grows,  fo  that  it  is  a  kind  of  marmalade,  and  is  given  in  a  flat  Iponn. 
Large  pieces  of  bread  aic  given  to  the  communicants  in  proportion  to 
their  quality,  and  it  fomctimcs  is  the  cafe,  with  great  men,  who  tliough 

they 


50«  Of     THE     SLAVE     C  O  A  S  T,  Set. 

thev  open  their  mouths  as  wine  as  they  conveniently  can,  yet  from  tM- 
refpeft  the  prieft  pays  them,  inch  a  portion  of  the  loaf  is  put  into  theic 
mouths,  that  water  runs  fiom  their  eyes,  from  the  incapacity  of  chew- 
ing it,  which  however  they  do  as  indecently,  and  with  full  as  much 
noife  as  they  eat  at  tabic. 

The  AhyfTinians  are  not  all  agreed  about  the  (late  of  fouls  before 
the  refurreflion  of  the  body.  The  opinion  which  genevaUy  prevails, 
is  that  there  is  no  third  fbate,  but  that,  after  the  example  of  the  thief, 
the  fouls  of  good  meri  enjoy  beatific  vifion  immediately  upon  the  fcp- 
eration  from  the  body.  But  tlieir  pra6tice  and  bocks  both  contvaditl 
this  ;  for  when  any  perfou  dies,  alms  are  given,  and  prayers  arc  offer- 
ed for  the  fouls  of  thofe  departed,  which  would  be  vain  did  they  be- 
lieve they  were  in  the  prefence  of  God. 

The  fertility  of  a  country  fo  prodigioufly  extenfive,  might  be  fup- 
pofedmore  various  than  we  find  it  is  ;  in  faft,  there  is  no  medium  in 
this  part  of  Africa  with  regard  to  the  advantages  of  ioil  ;  it  is  either 
perfeclly  barren,  or  extremely  fertile  ;  this  arifes  from  the  mtcnfe  he4£ 
of  the  fun,  vvhich, where  it  meets  with  fufHcient  moifture,  produces  with. 
the  utmofl  luxuriancy  ;  and  in  thofc  countries  \yhere  theve  are  few  ri- 
vers, reduces  the  furface  pf  the  earth  to  a  barren  fand.  Of  this  fort 
are  the  countries  of  Anian  and  Zaara,  which,  for  want  of  water,  and 
confecjuently  of  all  other  neceffarieSj  are  reduced  to  perfcft  deferts,  as 
the  name  of  the  latter  denotes.  In  thole  countries,  on  the  other  hand, 
where  there  is  plenty  of  water,  and  particulra-ly  where  the  rivers  over- 
flow the  land,  part  of  the  year,  as  in  Abyffinia,  the  productions  of  na- 
ture, both  of  the  anlrnal  and  vegetable  kinds,  are  found  in  the  highefi: 
perfeftion  and  greatell;  abundance.  The  countries  of  Mandingo,  Ethi- 
opia, Congo,  Angola,  Batua,  Truticui,  Monomotapa,  Cafati,  and  Me- 
henemugi,  are  extremely  rich  in  gold  and  filver.  The  baler  metals 
•  likswiie  are  found  in  thefe  and  many  other  parts  of  Africa.  But  the 
perfons  of  the  natives,  deteflable  as  is  the  traffic,  make  the  moll  confi- 
derable  article  in  the  produce  ^nd  trade  of  this  mifcrable  quarter  of 
the  globe. 

The  principal  towns  in  this  part  of  Africa,  wliich  are  knovyn,  arc 
tlie  following, 

Gondar,  the  metropolis  of  Abyflinia,  is  fituatcd  upon  a  hill  of  confi- 
derablc  height,  the  top  of  it  nearly  plain,  on  which  the  towri  is  placed. 
It  coniills  of  about  ten  ihoufand  families  in  times  of  peace  :  The  hou- 
fes  are  chiefly  of  clay,  the  roofs  thached  in  the  form  of  cones,  which 
is  always  the  conftruflion  within  the  tropical  rains.  On  the  weft  end 
of  the  town  is  the  king's  houfe,  formerly  a  ftrufture  of  confiderablc 
confequence  ;  it  was  a  fquare  building,  flanked  wilh  fquare  tov/ers, 
was  formerly  four  flories  high,  and  from  the  top  of  it  had  a  magnificent 
view  of  all  the  country  fouthward  to  the  lake  Izana.  Great  part  of 
this  houfe  is  now  in  ruins,  having  been  burnt  at  different  times  ;  but 
there  is  ftill  ample  lodging  in  the  two  loweft  floors  of  it  ;  the  audi- 
ence chamber  being  above  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  long. 

Adowa,  the  capital  of  Tigre,  is  fituatcd  on  the  weft  fide  of  a  fmall 
plain,  lurrounded  every  way  by  mountains  :  it  contains  about  300  hou- 
ics  ;  it  was  not  formerly  the  capital,  but  has  accidentally  become  io 
upon  the  acceffion  of  the  governor,  whofe  property  lies  in  and  about 
"-1.     His  man fion  houfe  refembles  a  prifon  rather  than  a  palace,   for 

there 


Of    the     slave      COAST,  &c.  509 

tVre  are  in  and  about  it,  more  than  300  perfons  in  irons,  fome  of 
whom  have  been  there  for  20  yeiUSjmoflly  with  a  view  to  extort  money 
from  them,  AJowa  is  the  feat  of  a  confideveble  manufafture  of  coaif« 
cotton  cloth,  which  circulates  inftead  of  money  all  over  Abyflinia. 

Sire,  the  capital  of  the  province  of  the  fame  narne,  is  lituated  on  the 
brink  of  a  very  fleep,  narrow  valley.  In  the  ipidfl  of  this  valley  runs 
a  brook  bordered  with  palm  trees,  which  bear  no  fruit  :  Its  ho\ifes  are 
all  of  clay.  This  town  is  alfo  famous  for  the  manufaflure  of  coarl'c 
cotton  cloths,  which  pafs  for  current  money  through  all  the  Province 
of  Tigrc  ;  bciide  thefc,  beads,  needles,  cohol  and  incenle,  at  times  only, 
are  confidercd  as  money.  Sire  is  fituatcd  lat.  14°,  4/,  35'/  north,  and 
long.  38^  o'  16"  E.  from  Greenwich,  and  although  in  one  of  the  fineft 
count  1  ies  in  the  world,  fays  Mr.  Bruce,  puu  id  fevers  of  the  very  word 
kind,  are  almofl  conftant  here. 

The  nations  bounding  on  AbyfTinia,  are  but  little  or  not  at  all 
known.  They  are,  tiie  chief  of  them,  on  the  north,  fouth  and  Wed^ 
t'agan  blacks,  Scnnaar,  the  chief  town  of  the  kingdom  of  Sennaar,  ii 
in  lat.  13?  3'i'36''  north,  33^  30'  30'  cafl  from  Greenwich  ;  It  is  on 
the  weft  fide  of  the  Nile,  and  clofe  upon  the  banks  of  it.  The  ground 
whereon  it  (lands,  rifcs  jufl  enough  to  prevent  the  river  from  entering 
tlie  town.  The  country  aiound  Sennaar  is  exceedingly  plcalant  in 
the  months  of  Auguft  and  September.  The  corn  at  this  icilon  is  now 
fprung  up,  and  makes  the  whole  of  this  immenfc  plain  appear  a  level - 
green  land,  intcr'.pcrled  with  great  h-.kes  of  water,  and  ornamented  at 
certain  intervals  with  groups  of  villages,  the  conical  tops  of  the  houfes 
appearing  at  adiltance.  like  fmall  encampments.  Through  this  e^tcnfive 
plain,  winds  the  Nile,  a  delightful  river  there,  more  than  a  mile  broad, 
full  to  the  brim,  but  never  overrtowing.  Every  where  on  thefc  banks 
are  feen,  numerous  herds  of  the  moft  beautiful  cattle  of  various  kinds, 
the  tribute  recently  extorted  from  all  the  Arabs  ;  who.  freed  from  their 
Vexations,  return  home  with  the  remainder  of  their  flocks  in  peace,  at 
as  great  a  dillapcc  from  the  town,  couniry,  and  their  oppreffers  as  they 
poihbly  can. 

War  and  treafon  feem  to  be  the  only  employment  of  this  horild  peo- 
ple, whom  Heaven  has  icparated  by  almofl  nnpaffable  deferts  from  the 
jeft  of  mankind.  The  drefs  of  the  Scnnaar's  is  verv  fimple:  It  confifts 
of  a  long  {hirt  of  blue  furat  cloth,  called  marotuy.  which  covers  them 
from  the  lower  part  of  their  neck  down  to  their  feet,  but  does  not  con- 
ceal the  neck  ilfelf  ;  and  this  is  the  only  dilYerence  between  the  men's 
and  women's  drefs  ;  that  of  the  women  covering  theirs  altogej^her,  be- 
ing buttoned  like  ours.  Both  men  and  women  go  barefooted  in  the 
houfe.  Their  floors  are  covcied  with  Perfian  carpets,  efpecially  the 
women's  apartments.  In  fair  weather,  they  wear  fandals  ;  and  with- 
out doors  ihcy  ufe  a  kind  of  wooden  patten,  neatly  ornamented  with 
fhells.  In  the  greaieft  heat  at  noon,  they  order  buckets  of  water  to 
be  thrown  upon  them  inflead  of  bathing.  Both  men  and  women  an- 
noint  themfclves,  at  leaft  once  a  day,  with  camel's  oieafe,  mixed  with 
civet,  which  they  imagine  foftens  their  fl^in,  and  prcfervcs  them  from 
cutaneous  eruptions,  of  which  they  are  fo  fearful,  that  the  fmallefl 
pimple  in  any  vifible  part  of  their  body,  keeps  them  in  their  houle  till 
it  difappears.  They  lie  all  night,  in  a  fjiirt  dipt  in  grcafe,  upon  a 
bull's  We  tanned,  and  very  much  foficned  by  this  conllant  gveafing, 

and 


5IO  Or     THE     SLAV 

and  very  cool  at  the  fame  time,  though  it  occafions  a  fmell  that  no 
wafhing  can  free  them  from.  Their  horned  cattle  are  the  largeft  and 
fatteft  in  the  world,  and  are  exceedingly  fine  ;  but  the  common  meat 
fold  in  the  market,  is  camel's  flelli  :  The  liver  of  the  animal,  and  the 
fparerib  are  always  eaten  raw,  through  the  whole  country. 

All  the  nations  of  Africa,  within  the  tropics,  are  wonderfully  affefted 
at  the  fmalleft  eruption  or  roughnefs  of  the  Ikin  ;  nor  is  there  any 
remedy,  however  violent,  that  they  will  not  fly  to,  for  immediate  re- 
lief. A  very  fingular  complaint  mentioned  by  travellers  as  common 
to  thefe  countries,  is  the  Farcnteit.  a  corruption  of  an  Arabiac  word 
■which  fignlfies  the  worm  of  Pharaoh.  This  animal  afflicts  thofe  who 
are  in  a  habit  of  drinking  flagnant  water,  it  appears  indifcriminately 
in  every  part  of  the  bodv  :  It  comes  on  with  an  itching  in  the  fpot, 
and  on  obfervingjthe  fmall  black  head  of  this  worm  is  very  vifible.  Its 
body  is  feeniingly  of  a  white  hlky  texture,  very  fmall  like  a  tendon. 
After  its  appearance,  the  natives  of  thefe  countries,  who  are  ufed  to 
it,  feize  it  gently  by  the  head,  and  wrap  it  round  a  thin  piece  of  filk, 
or  fmall  bird's  feather.  Every  day,  or  feverai  times  a  day,  they  try  to 
wind  it  up  upon  the  qjill  as  far  as  it  comes  readily  ;  and  upon  the 
fmallefl  refiftancc,  they  give  over  lead  it  fliould  break.  They  are  of- 
ten as  much  as  five  feet  in  length. 

On  the  Guinea  or  weftern  coaft,  the  Englifh  trade  to  James  Fort, 
and  other  fettlements  near  and  up  the  river  Gambia,  wtiere  they  ex- 
change their  woollen  and  linen  manufaftures,  their  hard  ware  and 
i'pirituous  liquors,  for  the  perfons  of  the  natives.  By  the  treaty  of 
peace  in  1783,  the  river  of  Senegal,  with  its  dependencies  were  given 
up  to  France.  Among  the  Negroes,  a  man's  wealth  confills  in  the 
number  of  his  family,  whom  he  fells  like  fu  many  cattle,  and  often  at 
an  inferior  price.  Gold  and  ivory,  next  to  the  Have  trade,  form  t lie 
principal  branches  of  African  commerce.  Thefe  are  carried  on  from 
the  fame  coaft,  where  the  Dutch  and  French,  as  well  as  Englifli,  have 
their  fettlements  for  this  purpofe. 

According  to  a  late  fenfible  writer,  Mr.  Ramfay,  the  annual  Britifh 
exports  to  Africa  are  eftimated  at  5CO;Oool.  including  a  confiderable 
quantitv  that  is  annually  exchanged  with  American  and  other  foreign 
traders  on  the  coafl  ;  about  50,000!.  of  this  is  returned  in  ivory,  gold 
duft,  gum,  &c.  The  greateft  part  of  the  profits  of  the  flave  trade  is 
raifed  on  the  fugar  plantations.  If  by  eftablifliing  faftories,  and  en- 
couraging civilization  on  the  coafl;  of  Africa. and  returning  fome  of  the 
Weft- India  and  other  flives,  to  their  original  country,  fome  amends 
could  be  made  for  pafl  treachery,  to  the  natives,  and  the  inhabit- 
ants could  be  inftrufted  in  the  culture  of  tobacco,  indigo,  cotton,  rice, 
&c.  to  barter  with  us  for  our  manufaftures,  great  might  be  the  profits 
and  much  would  it  ferve  the  caufe  of  humanity.  An  undertaking  of 
this  kind  has  lately  been  fet  on  foot  by  the  Sierra  ZeoT/ccompany  which 
bids  fair  to  be  fuccefsful,  and  does  very  great  honor  to  the  humane  gen- 
tlemen, who  are   agents  in  this  bufinefs. 

The  Portuguefe  are  in  poffeflion  of  the  eaft:  and  weft  coaft  of  Afri- 
ca, from  the  Tropic  of  Capricorn  to  the  Equator  ;  which  immenfetratl 
they  became  mafters  of  by  their  fuccefTive  attempts,  and  happy  dilcov- 
cry  and  navigation  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope.  From  the  coaft  of  Zan- 
guebar,  on  the  eaftern  fide,  they  trade  not  only  foi  the  articles  above 

mentioned 


Of     the     slave     COAST,    &c,  511 

mentioned,  but  likevvifc  for  feveral  others,  as  fena,  aloes,  civet,  amber- 
preafe,  and  frankincenfe.  The  Dutch  have  fettlements  towards  the 
fouthern  part  of  the  continent,  in  the  country  called  Caffraria,  or  the 
land  of  the  IlottentolS,  particularly  Cape  Town,  which  is  well  fettled, 
and  fortified  ;  where  their  ihips,  bound  for  India,  ufuaHy  put  in,  and 
trade. with  the  natives  for  their  cattle,  in  exchange  for  which  they  give 
them  fpirituous  liquors. 

The  cftablifhment  which  the  Dutch  Eaft-India  company  have 
made  on  either  fide  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  extreme  fouthern 
point  of  that  great  Continent,  which  comprehends  Europe,  Afta  and 
Africa,  extends  according  to  compulation,  450  miles  Eaftward  and 
Weflward,  and  250  towards  the  North.  In  this  extenhve  domain, 
the  population  amounts  to  17,000  inhabitants  of  European  delcentjand 
about  30,000  flaves,  Africans  and  Afiatics, 

This  country  is  capable  of  being  made,  by  the  fimpleft  means,  a  pop- 
ulous commercial  Colony.  Its  pure  and  temperate  climate  is  favour- 
able to  health,  longevity  and  population.  Its  foil,  though  not  appa- 
rently rich,  is,  from  the  genial  temperature  of  the  air,  and  alternate 
dews  and  funfhine,  fo  kindly  vegetative,  that  it  nouriflies  with  little 
culture,  and  almoft  fpontaneoufly,  whatever  the  hulbandman,  thebot- 
anift,  the  florift  choofes  to  commit  to  its  bofom.  Thus  it  is  calculated 
to  produce  whatever  is  requifitc  to  the  increafe  of  flocks,  horfes,  and 
cattle  ;  and  at  the  fame  time  to  yield  whatever  is  neceflary  to  the 
comfortable  fubfiftance  of  the  human  fpecies. 

The  greateft  want  of  this  country,  is  that  of  timber  for  building, 
and  even  for  fuel.  The  navigable  rivers  are  feparated  from  each  oth- 
er by  great  diftances  :  But  canals  are  more  prafticable  here  than  in 
the  low  countries  of  Europe.  The  call  lide  of  the  promontory,  and 
the  inland  parts,  are  the  richeft,and  capable  of  the  higheft  cultivation. 
The  two  principal  parts  with  regard  to  aftual  commerce,  are  Table 
Bay  and  Falfe  Bay,  which  are  always  fafe  ;  fo  formed  and  fheltered, 
as  alternately  to  yield  fecurity  againft  the  two  prevailing  winds, 
which  are  peculiar  to  that  meridian.  There  are  other  bays  very  fit 
foi  navigation  ;  but  the  policy  of  the  chartered  fovereigns,  the  Eaft 
India  Company,  has  drawn  a  veil  over  the  true  knowledge  of  them. 
The  fame  jealoufy  which  hides  the  knowledge  of  the  ports  to  which 
Ave  allude,  prohibits  the  inhabitants  from  tranfporting,  on  any  pre- 
text, their  produce  and  effefts  to  the  principal  towns,  coaftwife  by 
water.  The  excellent  vines  of  the  Cape,  if  encouraged  and  improved, 
would  yield  to  none  in  tafle,  flavour  or  delicacy.  Its  grains  are  not 
inverior  to  thofe  of  Sicily.  Aloes,  myrtle  wax,  fait  and  paints,  it  is 
capable  of  furnifhing  in  profufion  ;  as  alfo  indigo,  cotton  and  tobac- 
co. It  contains  virgin  copper,  and  copper  ore,  and  the  appearance  01 
the  foil  in  many  places  indicates  the  poUefuonof  the  precious  metals. 
Families  in  this  place  generally  confift  of  from  7  to  17  children, 
and  fome  from  18  to  27.  From  the  want  of  intercourfe  with  ftrang- 
crs,  they  are  all  allied  together  with  interrrarriagcs  ;  without  feeling, 
however,  for  each  other  any  kindred  affeftion,  and  even  without  that 
fympathy  andfellowlhip  which  prevail  in  other  countries  among 
neighbours.  The  hmalcs  aptjear  to  be  more  numerous  than  the  other 
iex.  It  iscom.puted,thatat  the  leafl  five  fixthparts  of  the  whole  number 
of  European  dcfcent  (17.000)   are  females  and  male   children  under 

manhood. 


512  Or  THZ  S  L  A  V  E     C  O  A  S  T,  &c. 

manhood.  About  onefouithpart  of  thofewhoal-edefcendedfromEurC'• 
pean5,    refide  at    Cape-Town,   and  about  two-fifths  of  all  the  flaves. 

The  people  of  this  place  are  lefs  the  defceudants  of  the  Dutch  thart 
of  emigrant";  from  Fiance  (after  the  revocation  of  the  Edift  of  Mantz) 
frOm  all  the  proteftant  cftates  in  Germany,  and  from  the  Aufliian  Ne- 
therlands. 

As  there  is  no  exportation  but  from  Table  and  Falfe  Bays,  wines, 
grain,  and  fome  other  articles  pay  duties  upon  entering  the  towns.— ^ 
There  is  a  confiderable  quantity  of  wheat  Ihipped  annually  by  the 
company  to  Batavia,  Ceylon  and  Holland.  Cattle  and  fheep  for  the 
ufe  of  fhipping,  are  provided  by  contfa£ling  fanners,  who  pay  a  duty 
for   this  excluiivc  privilege. 

The  chief  juftice,  or  fifcal,  unites  in  his  own  perfon  the  three  dif- 
tinft  branches  of  government;  the  leg  illative,  the  judicial  and  the 
executive.  This  legiflatof,  judge  and  executioner,  with  high  powers, 
ptiffeffes  great  privileges  and  emoluments  :  He  can  impole  and  levy 
taxes  for  his  own  nfe  ;  diipenfe  with  laws  :  create  new  crimes; 
compound  for  crimes  of  all  denominations  and  complexions,  and  in 
general,  dilpofeas  he  pleafcs,  of  the  lives  and  fortunes  of  the  whole 
people,  it  is  true  there  is  a  kind  of  controlling  power,  paramount  to 
this  highly  privileged  perfon  ;  but  woe  to  him  who  dares  appeal  to 
that  tribunal. 

Moft  families  manufafturc  their  Ov.^n  articles  of  wearing  apparel  and 
houfehold  furniture  :  So  that  they  are  only  obliged  to  import  from 
Europe  and  Aha  the  grofs  materials,  and  a  few  of  the  fimpleft  arti- 
cles of  conveniency,  and  flill  fewer  of  lukury.  Their  ftreets  are  fpa- 
cious,  airy  and  regularly  laid  out  at  right  angles  ;  and  they  feem  to 
have  inherited  a»d  preferved  the  cleanlinefs  of  Haerlem  and  Delft. 
But  there  is  one  inconveniency  which  they  cannot  remedy  with  all 
their  induft;ry.  The  fliong  fqualls  of  wind  which  often  force  them- 
felves  through  narrow  palfcs  between  the  furrounding  mountains, 
raile  duft  in  the  ftreets,  in  troublefome  quantities,  in  fpitc  of  the 
frfequent  application  of  water  from  canals  and  occafional  gutters. 
Every  houle  keeper  has  good  accommodations  for  boarders  :  but  ftran- 
gers  are  difcouraged  from  fettling  there  by  political  finelVe.  As  the 
Cape  of  Good-Hope  has,  for  many  years,  been  a  half-way  houfe  for 
refrefiiment,  out  and  home,  travellers  of  quick  Conceptions  and  fome 
genius,  have  had  frequent  opportunities  of  drawing  the  ftrangeft  med- 
leys of  charaders,  and  of  remarking  the  various  eftcdb  of  wealth,  and 
climate  on  the  manners  and  paflions  of  men.  The  various  degrees  of 
rank,  and  the  different  flations  and  circumftances  of  perfons  travelling 
to  and  from  India,  have  furnilhed  ample  fcope  for  obfervations  of  this 
kind. 

The  Aborigines  of  the  country,  who  are  called  Hottentots,  and  who 
arc  of  a  mild  and  trattabic  difpolition,  have  been  eafily  reduced  to  the 
condition  of  obedient  fubjecls.  They  are  a  quiet,  inoffenlive  people, 
ufetul  to  the  Dutch  in  many  refpefts,.  particularly  in  the  management 
of  flocks  and  herds  of  cattle.  They  have  been  very  much  mifreprefent- 
ed  in  Europe  :  And  it  is  furprifing  that  the  falfehoods  which  have  beert 
propagated  concerning  them,  fhould  lo  long  have  gained  credit  in  the. 
world.  1|  is  not  true,  that  they  are  in  the  practice  of  eating  raw  flefh, 
ov  that  they  ontwine  their  bodies  with  the  entrails  of  cattle.  They  pre- 
pare 


Ok  THE  S  L  A  V  E    COAST,  &c.  513 

pare  their  food  with  fire  ;  and  their  cloathing  confifts  of  a  drefied 
hide,  which  is  lied  like  a  collar  round  the  neck,  hangs  down  over  the 
fhouldeis  near  to  the  ground,  and  is  broad,  and  it  may  be  wrapt  round 
the  fore  part  of  the  body  :  befides  this,  they  wear  another  covering  of 
fkin  round  the  loins,  which  reaches  half  way  down  the  thighs.  Some- 
times they  have  a  cap  for  the  head,  and  fhoes  for  the  feet  of  the  fame 
materials.  Their  fhoes  arc  formed  of  a  piece  of  hide,  drawn  clofely 
about  the  feet  with  thongs  of  the  fame.  The  Hottentots  having  few 
conveniences  for  bathing,  and  living  in  a  climate  where  they  are  very 
frequently  involved  in  clouds  of  duft,  have  acquired  habits  of  dirti- 
neU  ;  but  their  ikins,  when  wafhed,  are  clear,  though  fallow.  There 
is  a  ftraggling  nation  of  Hottentots,  in  very  inland  partt  of  the  coun- 
try, who  are  mere  favages,  having  neither  flocks  nor  herds,  houfes, 
huts  nor  fettled  refidence.  Thcfe  favages  live  by  prey,  and  their  abodes 
are  caves,  rocks  and  trees.  They  ufe  very  little  cloathing  ;  It  has  been 
faid,  that  ihey  are  cannibals  ;  but  this  has  not  been  afcertained.  They 
are  untameablc  and  unmanageable  by  any  means  that  have  been  yet  tried. 
They  refufe  toconverfe  as  other  uncivilized  nations  readily  do,  by  nat- 
ural hgns  ;  and  fcarce  deferve  to  be  ranked  among  the  human  fpecies. 
They  are  happily,  very  few  in  number,  and  are  feldom  to  be  fecn  in 
day-light.  They  make  their  depredations  in  the  night,  like  fo  many 
wolves  and  tigers. 

We  are  informed  by  a  latt  learned  traveller,  that  the  Hottentots 
live  much  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  ancient  Gauls,  mentioned  in 
Caefar's  Commentaries  ;  reCiding  in  different  herds  or  tribes,  on  the 
banks  of  rivers,  and  near  the  forefls  ;  where  tliey  form  fo  many  dif- 
tinft  villages  and  independent  republics.  By  means  of  the  rivers,  the 
country  about  them  is  fertile  in  the  produftion  of  thofe  roots  and 
wild  fruits  on  which  the  Hottentots  in  a  great  meafure  fubfifl  ;  and  the 
forefls  yield  them  the  like  advantages.  The  Hottentot  villages  are  all 
circular  ;  the  cabbins  of  which  they  are  compofed  being  covered  with 
fkins,  and  fo  very  low,  that  a  man  muft  either  floop  very  mvich,  or 
crawl  on  his  knees,  to  get  into  them.  They  ferve,  indeed,  chiefly  to 
contain  provifions,  and  their  implements  of  hufbandry  ;  the  owner 
himfelf  never  occupying  them  unlefs  when  it  rains  ;  At  other  times, 
he  paffes  his  leifure  hours  in  fleeping  at  the  door  of  his  hut ;  where 
he  lies  on  his  belly,  and  expofes  his  back  to  the  fun  and  the  vreather  ; 
waking  now  and  then  toamufe  himfelf  with  fmoking  a  certain  flrong- 
fccnted  herb,  which  hath  much  the  fame  efFe6l  as  our  tobacco. 

The  employment  of  the  Hottentots  is  purely  pafloral  ;  their  prin- 
cipal and  almoft  only  occupation  being  the  care  of  their  herds  of 
fhcep  andkine.  Of  thefe  each  village  hath  one  common  herd  ;  eve- 
ry inhabitant  taking  it  in  his  turn  to  be  herdfman.  This  charge  re- 
quires many  precautions,  very  different  from  thofe  which  are  taken 
by  our  herdl'men,  hcalls  of  prey  being  numerous  and  fierce  in  the 
fouthern  parts  of  Africa.  Lions,  indeed,  are  not  very  common  there  ; 
but  there  are  elephants,  the  rhinoceros,  leopards,  tigers,  and  feveral 
kinds  of  wolves,  moredcftruftive  than  ours,  together  wi  h  many  oth- 
er furioas  animals  that  abound  in  the  forcfts,  and  occafionally  make 
excnrfions  towards  the  Cape,  and  deflroy  the  tame  cattle.  To  pre- 
vent thefe  misfortunes,  it  is  the  buhnels  of  the  iierdfmen  to  go,  or 
fend,  every  day  round  his  diflrift,  in  order  to  dilcovcr  if  any  beafl  of 
M  m  prey 


514  Of     the     slave     C  O  A  S  T,  &c. 

.prey  be  lurking  in  that  quarter.  In  which  cafe,  he  affembles  the 
whole  village  together,  and  makes  his  report  ;  when  a  party  of  the 
floute/t  among  them  arm  themfelves  with  javelins  and  poifoned  ar- 
rows, and  follow  the  perfon  who  may  have  difcovered  the  bead,  to 
the  cave  or  covert  where  he  is  lodged.  Here  they  iarange  thetn- 
felves  in  two  lines  ;  the  herdfman  entering  the  cave,  and  endeavour- 
ing to  provoke  the  beaft  to  follow  him  out,  where  he  is  inevitably  de- 
ftroyed.  United  among  themfelves  by  the  bonds  of  fiateinal  con- 
cord, the  inhabitants  of  the  fame  village  live  in  conftant  peace.  But 
they  take  cruel  vengeance  on  the  neighbouring  tribes,  on  the  firfk  in- 
fult  that  is  offered  them.  The  fubjeft  of  their  mutual  complaints  is 
generally  the  dealing  of  a  fheep  or  cow,  and  foraetimes  only  a  luf- 
picion  of  it  ;  the  confequences,  however,  are  ufually  very  terrible, 
w^hen  they  determine  on  revenge  ;  as  they  take  all  polfiblc  means,  af- 
ter having  made  this  determination,  to  make  the  aggreliors  fuppofe 
the  injury  forgotten  ;  but  no  fooner  do  ihey  find  their  diffimulation 
hath  taken  effe6i;,  in  the  fecurity  of  the  enemy,  than  they  fall  i'uddcn- 
ly  upon  them  with  poifoned  weapons,  fparing  neither  age  nor  fex, 
but  rooting  out  at  once  the  whole  community  ;  fuch  is  the  method  of 
going  to  war  in  this  country. 

The  care  of  houfehold  affairs  among  the  Hottentots  belongs  to  the 
department  of  the  females.  The  men,  indeed,  are  the  butchers,  and 
prepare  the  meat  for  drefiing  ;  but  the  care  of  providing  the  vegeta- 
bles concerns  onlv  the  women.  Thus  the  mother  of  a  family  fets  out 
in  a  morning,  attended  by  fuch  of  her  children  as  are  able  lo  follow 
her,  and  carrying  the  reft  in  her  arms  or  on  her  back.  In  this  man- 
ixpr  {he  fearchesthe  woods  and  river  fides,  for  roots,  pulfe,  or  fruit  ; 
of  which  having  gotten  a  fufficient  quantity,  fhe  returns,  lights  a  fire 
on  a  large  ftone  before  the  cabbin,  and  when  the  food  is  dreffed, 
wakes  her  hufband,  who  fits  down  to  his  meal  with  the  refl  of  the  fam- 
ily. The  women  are  clothed  with  iheepfkins,  as  well  as  the  men  ; 
•wearing  the  wool  outwards  hi  lummer,  and  inwards  during  the  win- 
ter. 

History.]  The  AbyflTinians,  from  a  very  ancient  tradition,  accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Bruce,  attribute  the  foundation  of  their  monarchy  to  Men. 
ilck,  fon  of  Solomon,  by  the  Queen  of  Sal^a,  (Sheba)  or  Arab,  rendered 
in  the  Vulgate,  the  Queen  of  the  South.  The  annals  of  the  Aby  ffinians 
fay,  (he  was  a  Pagan,  when  fhe  left  Arab,  but  being  full  of  admiration 
at  the  fight  of  Solomon's  works,  fine  was  converted  to  Judaifm  in  Je- 
rufalem,  and  bore  him  a  fon  whom  fhe  called  Menilek,  and  he  became 
their  firfb  King.  She  returned  with  her  fon  to  Saba,  or  Arab,  v/hom, 
after  keeping  him  iome  years,  i"he  fent  back  to  his  father  to  be  in- 
ihufted.  Solomon  did  not  neglefl  his  charge,  and  he  was  anointed 
and  crowned  King  of  Ethiopia,  in  the  temple  of  Jerufalem,  and  at  his 
inauguration,  took  the  name  of  David  :  After  this  he  returned  to  A- 
rab,  and  brought  with  him  a  colony  of  jew$,  among  whom  were  many 
doftors  of  the  Law  of  Mofes,  particularly  one  of  each  Tribe,  to  make 
]udges  in  his  kingdom,  from  whom  the  prefent  Umbra  (or  Supreme 
fudges,  three  of  whom  always  attend  tlie  kir.g)  are  laid  and  believed 
to  be  defcended.  With  thefe  came  alio  Azarias,  the  fon  of  Zadok  the 
prieft,  and  brought  with  him  a  Hebrew  tranfcripl  of  the  lav/,  which 
was  delivered  into  his  cuftody,  as  he  bore  the  title  of  Nebrit,  or  High 

Prieft  ; 


Of    TriE     SLAVE      COAST,  &.c.  51;^ 

t'ried  ;  and  this  charge  though  the  book  itfelf  was  burnt  with  the 
church  at  Axum  in  the  Mcorifh  war  of  Adel,  is  ftiU  continued,  as  it 
iaid,  in  the  lineage  of  Azarias,  who  are  keepers  of  the  church  of  Axum 
at  this  day.  All  Abyflinia  was  thereupon  converted,  and  the  Govern- 
ment of  the  church  and  ftate  modelled  according  to  what  was  then  in 
ulc  at  Jerufalem. 

Mr.  Bruce  has  collefted  a  chronological  lift  of  the  Princes  who  have 
reigned  in  that  country,  from  the  reftoration  of  the  line  of  Solomon,  to 
the  time  he  was  there,  in  the  year  1769.  The  kings  of  AbyfTinia.  are 
fibovesU  laws.  Thev  are  lupreme  in  all  caufes,  ccclcfiaftical  and  civil. 
The  land  and  perfons  of  their  fubjefts  are  equally  their  property,  and 
cverv  inhabitsnt  ot  their  kingdom  is  born  their  flave  :  If  he  hears  a 
higher  rank,  it  is  by  the  king's  gift  ;  for  his  nearcft  relations  are  ac- 
counted nothing  better.  Punifhments  inflifted  on  criminals  are  the 
crols  or  crvxciHxion,  flaying  alive,  lapidation,  plucking  out  the 
eyes  :  This  lafh  is  inflitlcd  ulually  on  rebels.  It  is  confidered  as  a  fun- 
damental law  of  the  land,  that  none  of  ihe  royal  family,  who  have  any 
bodily  defctt  or  deformity  fnall  be  allowed  to  fucceed  to  the  crown  ; 
and  for  this  purpofe  any  of  the  princes  who  may  have  efcaped  from 
the  mountain  of  Wcchne,  and  who  are  afterward:,  taken,  are  mutilated 
in  fome  of  their  members,  that  thus  they  may  be  difqualified  from  fuc- 
ceeding.  The  crown  being  hereditary  in  one  family,  but  cleftive  in 
the  perfon,  and  polygamy  being  permitted,  muft  have  multiplied  thefe 
heirs  very  much,  and  produced  conftant  difputes,  fo  that  it  was  found 
neceffary  to  provide  a  remedy  for  the  anarchy  and  efFufion  of  royal 
blood,  which  was  otherwife  inevitably  to  follow.  The  remedy  was  a 
humane  and  gentle  one  ;  they  were  confined  in  a  good  climate,  upon 
a  high  mountain,  and  maintained  thereat  the  public  expenfe  :  They 
five  taught  to  read  and  write,  but  nothing  elfe  .  750  Clotlis  for  wrap- 
ping round  them,  3000  ounces  of  Gold,  which  is  30,000  dollars  are 
allowed  by  the  ilate  for  their  maintainance.  Thefe  princes  are  hardly 
ufed,  and  in  troublefome  times,  often  put  to  death  upon  the  fmalleft 
pretenfions.  It  is  faid,  that  their  revenue  is  fometimes  fo  grofsly  mif*- 
applied,  that  fome  of  them  die  with  hunger  and  cold.  The  fituation 
however  is  not  fo  diflrelTing  as  that  of  the  princes  of  the  neighbouring 
kingdom  of  Sennaar  or  Nubia.  There,  no  mountain  is  truftsd  with  the 
confinement  of  their  princes  ;  but  as  foon  as  the  father  dies,  the  throats 
ofall  the  collaterals,  and  all  their  dcfcendanls  that  can  be  laid  hold  of,  are 
cut;  and  this  is  the  cafe  with  all  the  Rates  in  the  defert,  weft  of  Sennaar. 

The  Portuguefe  are  fovereigns  of  the  greateft  part  of  the  coaft,  and 
have  a  number  of  black  princes  their  tributaries.  There  are  fome  in- 
dependent princes  who  have  extenfive  dominions,  particularly  the 
kings  of  Dahome  and  Widah,  the  moft  noted  of  any  for  the  infamous 
ftavc  trade.  Upwards  of  200  years  have  the  European  nations  traded 
with  Africa  in  human  flcfh,  and  encouraged  in  the  Negroe  countries, 
wars,  rapine,  defolation,  and  murder,  that  the  Weft  India  iflands 
might  be  fupplied  with  that  commodity.  The  annual  exportation  of 
thole  poor  unhappv  creatures  from  Africa  for  flaves  has  exceeded 
100,000,  numbers  of  whom  are  driven  down  like  flieep,  perhaps  1 000 
mdes  from  the  fea  ccaft,  who  are  generally  inhabitant.!  of  villages, 
that  have  been  furrounded  in  the  night  bv  armed  force,  and  carried 
ofi  fr;r  fale. 

A 


5»< 


AFRICAN        ISLANDS. 


A  fea  officer  lately  vinted  all  the  chiefs  of  the  Negroes  i«  the  En- 
glifh  fettlements,  from  Santa  Apollonia  to  Athera,  -which  is  upwards 
of  250  miles,  and  found  the  police  and  punifliment  of  all  crimes  fup- 
ported  by  the  {lave  trade.  Thofe  who  commit  crimes  or  trefpafies 
againfl.  their  laws,  are,  aC  the  decifion  of  twelve  elders,  fold  for  flaves 
for  the  ufe  of  their  government,  and  the  fupport  of  their  chiefs. 
Theft,  adultery,  and  murder,  are  the  higheft  crimes,  and,  whenever 
they  are  deiefted.  fubjeft  the  whole  family  to  flavery.  But  any  indi- 
vidual condemned  to  flavery  for  the  crime  of  his  relation,  may  redeem 
his  own  perfon,  by  furnifhing  two  flaves  in  his  room.  Or  when  a 
man  commits  one  of  the  above  cardinal  crimes,  all  the  male  part  of 
his  family  are  foifeited  to  fTavery  ;  if  a  woman,  the  female  partis 
fold.  "  While  on  the  coaft"  fays  he,  "  I  fav;'  inflances  of  this  fort  fo 
truly  cruel,  as  made  my  very  hofom  bleed.  This  traiTic  in  crimes 
makes  the  chiefs  vigilant.  Nor  do  our  planters,  who  purchafe  them, 
life  any  pains  to  inflruft  them  in  religion,  to  make  them  amends  for 
the  opprelFion  thus  exercifed  on  them.  I  am  forry  to  fay  they  are  un- 
naturally averfe  to  every  thiijg  that  tends  to  it  ;  yet  the  Portuguefe, 
French,  and  Spaniards,  in  their  fettlements,  fucceed  in  their  attempts 
to  inftruft  them,  as  much  to  the  advantage  of  the  cominerce,  as  of  re- 
ligion. It  is  for  the  f^ike  of  Chriftianity,  and  the  advantages  accom- 
panying it,  that  Englifli  flaves  embrace  every  occafioa  of  delerting  to 
the  fettlements  ofthefe  nations." 

It  is  high  time  for  the  legiflature  to  enforce  and  put  an  end  to  this 
moft  infamous  of  all  trades,  and  fo  difgraceful  to  the  Chriftian  name, 
and  fo  repugnant  to  the  principles  of  a  free  government. 


o 


AFRICAN     ISLANDS. 

F  the  African  iflands,  fom.e  lie  in  the  Eaftern  or  Indian  Ocean, 
and  feme  in  the  Weftern  or  Atlantic.  We  fhall  begin  with 
thofe  in  the  Indian  Ocean  ;  the  chief  of  which  are  Zocotra,  Babel- 
mandeb,  Madagafcar,  the  Comora  Iflands,  Bourbon,  and  Mauritius. 

ZocoTRA.  This  ifland  is  fituated  in  eaft  Ion.  53,  north  lat.  12, 
thirty  leagues  eaft  of  Cape  Gardefoi,  on  the  continent  of  Africa  :  It 
is  eighty  miles  long,  and  fifty-four  broad,  and  has  two  good  harbours, 
where  tlie  European  fl=iips  ufed  formerly  to  put  in  when  they  loft 
their  palTage  to  India,  It  is  a  popalous,  plentiful  country,  yielding 
moft  of  the  fruits  and  plants  that  are  ufually  found  within  the  tropics, 
together  with  frankincenfe,  gum-tragacanth,  and  aloes.  The  inhabii- 
ants  are  Mahometans,  of  Arab  extraftion,  and  are  under  the  govern- 
ment of  a  prince  or  Sheik  v/ho  is  probably  tributary  to  the  Porte. 

BftBELMANnEB.  The  ifiand  oi  Babelmandeb  gives  name  to  the 
flraight  at  the  entrance  of  the  Red  Sea,  where  it  is  fituated  in  eafl  Ion. 
44  30,  north  lat.  12,  about  four  miles  both  from  the  Arabian  and 
AbylTinian  fhoies.  The  Abyflfmians  or  Ethiopians,  and  the  Arabians, 
formerly  contended  with  groat  fury  for  the  pofTeflion  of  this  ifland,  as 
it  commands  the  entrance  into  the  Red  Sea,  and  preferves  a  commu- 
nication with  the  ocean.     This   ftrait  was  formerly   the  only   paffage 

through 


AFRICAN       ISLANDS. 


517 


through  which  the  commodities  of  India  found  their  way  to  Europe  ; 
but  fince  the  difcovery  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  the  trade  by  the 
Red  Sea  is  of  little  importance.  The  ifland  is  of  little  value,  being  a 
barren,  fandy  fpot  of  earth,  not  five  miles  round. 

CoMORA.'  Thefe  Iflands  are,  Joanna,  Mayotta,  Mohilla,  Ajigezcia, 
and  Comora  ;  fituated  between  41  and  46  eafl  Ion.  and  between  10 
and  14  fouth  lat.  at  an  equal  diftance  from  Madagafcar  and  the  conti- 
nent of  Africa.  Joannri,  the  chief,  and  which  claims  fovereignty  ov- 
er, and  exafts  tribute  from  the  others  ;  is  about  30  miles  long  and  15 
broad,  and  affords  plenty  of  provifions.  and  fuch  fruits  as  are  produ- 
ced between  the  tropics.  Eaft-lndia  fhips,  bound  to  Bombay,  ufual- 
ly  touch  here  for  refrefbmcnts.  The  inhabitants  are  negroes  of  the 
Mahometan  perfuafion,  and  entertain  our  feamen  with  great   human- 

Madagascar.  This  is  the  largeft  of  the  African  iflands,  and  is 
fituated  between  43  and  51  deg.  eafl  Ion.  and  between  10  and  26  fouth 
lat.  3eo  miles  foulh-eafl  of  the  continent  of  Africa  ;  it  being  near 
1000  miles  in  length  from  north  to  fouth  ;  and  generally  between  2 
and  300  miles  broad.  The  fca  rolls  with  great  rapidity,  and  is  exceed- 
ing rough  between  this  ifland  and  the  continent  of  the  Cape  of  Good 
Hope,  forming  a  channel,  or  paffage,  throucrh  which  all  European  fhips, 
in  their  voyage  to  and  from  India,  generally  fall,  unlefs  prevented  by 
florms. 

Madagafcar  is  a  pleafant,  defirable,  and  fertile  country,  abounding 
in  fugar,  honey,  vines,  fruit-trees,  vegetables,  valuable  gums,  corn,  cat- 
tle, fowls,  precious  ftones,  iron,  fomc  filver,  copper,  ftecl,  and  tin.  It 
affords  an  agreeable  variety  of  hills,  vallies,  woods,  and  champaign  ; 
watered  with  numerous  rivers,  and  well  flored  with  fifh.  The  air  is 
generally  temperate,  and  faid  to  be  very  healthy,  though  in  a  hot  cli- 
mate, ihe  inhabitants  are  of  different  complexions  and  religions  : 
fome  white,  fome  negroes,  fbme  Mahometans,  fome  pagans.  The 
whites,  and  thofc  of  a  tawny  complexion  who  inhabit  the  coafls,  ate 
defcended  from  the  Arabs,  as  is  evident  from  their  language,  and  their 
religious  rites  ;  but  here  are  no  mofques,  temples,  nor  any  flated  wor- 
fhip,  except  that  they  offer  facrifices  of  beafls  on  particular  occafions  ; 
as  when  fick,  when  they  plant  yams,  or  rice,  when  they  hold  their  Af- 
femblies,  circumcife  their  children,  declare  war,  enter  into  new-built 
houfes,  or  bury  their  dead.  Many  of  them  obferve  the  Jewifh  fab- 
bath,  and  give  fome  account  of  the  facred  hiffory,  the  cieation  and 
-fall  of  man,  as  alfo  of  Noah,  Abraham,  Mofcs,  and  David  ;  from 
whence  it  is  conjeftured  that  they  are  defcended  of  Jews  who  formerly 
fettled  here  ;  though  none  knows  how  or  when.  This  ifland  was  dif- 
covered  by  the  Portuguefe,  and  the  French  took  pofTcfTion  of  it  in 
1642  ;  but  the  people  ditliking  their  government,  were  driven 
out  in  1651  ;  fince  which  the  natives  have  had  the  fole  pofTefTion  of 
the  ifland,  under  a  number  of  petty  princes,  who  make  war  upon  one 
another  for  flaves  and  plunder, 

Mai;ritius,  or  Maurice,  was  fo  called  by  the  Dutch,  who  firft 
touched  here  in  1598.  in  honour  of  prince  Maurice  their  ffadtholder  ; 
but  the  French  have  given  it  the  name  of  the  isle  of  Frakce.  It  is 
fituated  in  eafl  Ion.  56,  fouth  lat.  20.  fouth  about  400  miles  eafl  of  Mad- 
agafcar.    It   is   of  an  oval    form,   about   150  miles  in  circumference, 

with 


5i{J  AFRICAN       ISLANDS. 

with  a  Hue  Iiarbour,  capable  of  holding  fifty  large  fhips,  fecure  again  1?. 
any  wind  that  blows,  and  loo  fathoms  deep  at  the  entrance.  The  cli- 
mate-is extremely  healthy  and  pleafant.  The  mountains,  of  which 
there  are  many,  and  fome  lo  high  that  their  tops  are  covered  with 
fnow,  produce  the.  beft  ebony  in  the  world,  befides  various  other 
kinds  of  valuable  wood,  two  of  which  greatly  refemble  ebony  in  qual- 
ity :  one  red,  the  other  y^How  as  wax.  The  illand  is  watered  with 
fevcral  pleafant  rivers  well  {locked  with  fiTa  ;  and  though  the  foil  is 
none  of  the  mofl;  fruitful,  yields  plenty  of  tobacco,  rice,  fruit,  and 
feeds  a  great  number  of  cattle,  deer  goats,  and  fheep.  It  was  former- 
ly fubj  eft  to  the  Dutch,  but  is  noxv  in  poileflion  of  the  French. 
■Bourbon.  The  Ifle  of  Bcnirbon  is  lituated  in  eaft  Ion.  54,  fouth 
lat.  211,  about  300  miles  eaft  of  JNIadagafcar,  and  is  about  90  miles 
round.  There  are  many  good  ro^ds  fo;-  fhipping  round  Bourbon, 
particularly  on  the  north  and  foulh  lides  ;  but  hardly  a  fingle  harbour 
where  fliios  can  ride  fecure  acTa'nft  thofe  hurricanes  which  blow  du- 
ring the  monfoons.  Indeed  the  coaft  is  fo  furrounded  with  blind 
rocks,  funk  a  few  feet  below  the  water,  that  coafting  along  fhore  is  at 
all  times  dangerous.  On  the  fouthern  extremity  is  a  volcano,  which 
continually  throws  out  flames,  fmoke,  and  fuTphur,  with  a  hideous 
roaring  noife,  terrible  in  the  night  lo  mariners.  The  climate  here, 
though  extremely  hot,  is  healthy,  being  refrefhed  with  cooling  gales, 
that  blow  morning  and  evening  from  the  fea  and  land  ;  Sometimes, 
however,  terrible  hurricanes  fhake  the  whole  ifland  almoft  to  its  foun- 
dation ;  but  generally  without  any  other  bad  confequence  than  fright- 
ening, the  inhabitants.  The  ifland  abounds  in  brooks  and  fprings, 
sand  in  fruits,  grafs,  and  cattle,  with  excellent  tobacco  (which  the 
French  have  planted  there,)  aloes,  white  pepper,  ebony,  palm,  and 
«ther  kinds  ot  wood,  and  fruit-trees.  Many  of  the  trees  yield  odorif- 
erous gums  and  refins,  particularly  benzoin  of  an  excellent  fort  in 
great  plenty.  The  rivers  are  well  flocked  with  fifh,  the  coaft  witli 
land  and  fea  tortoifes,  and  every  part  of  the  country  v/ith  horned  cat- 
tle, as  well  as  hogs  and  goats.  Ambergris,  coral,  and  the  moft  beauti- 
ful fhells,  are  found  upon  the  Ihore.  The  woods  are  full  of  turtles 
doves,  paroquets,  pigeons,  and  a  great  variety  of  other  birds,  beauti- 
ful to  the  eye  and  pleafant  to  the  palate.  The  French  firft  fettled 
here  in  the  year  1672,  after  they  were  driven  from  the  ifland  of  Mad- 
agafcar.  They  have  now  fome  confiderable  towns  in  the  ifland,  with 
a  governor  ;  and  here  their  Eaft-  India  (liips  touch  and  take  in  refrefh- 
ments. 

There  are  a  great  many  more  fmall  iflands  about  Madagafcar,  and 
on  the  eaflern  cOaft  of  Africa,  laid  down  in  maps,  but  no  where  de- 
fcribed. 

Leaving  therefore  the  eaflern  world  and  the  Indies,  we  now  turn 
round  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  which  opens  to  our  view  the  Atlantic, 
an  immenfe  ocean,  lying  between  the  two  grand  divihons  of  the  globe, 
having  Europe,  Afia,  and  Africa,  or  the  Old  World,  on  the  eaft  ;  and 
America,  or  the  New  World,  on  the  weft.  In  this  Ocean  on  the  Af- 
rican coaft  are  the  following  iflands  that  have  not  yet  been  defcribed, 
viz.  St.  Helena,  Afcenflon,  St.  Matthew,  St  Thomas,  &c.  Goree, 
Capc-Verd,  the  Canary  and  Madeira  iflands, 

St. 


AFRICAN       ISLANDS.  519 

St.  Heiena.  The  firft  idand  on  this  fide  the  Cape  is  St.  Helena, 
fituated  in  weft  Ion.  6-4,  Ibuth  lat.  16,  being  i  noo  miles  weft  of  tbe 
continent  of  Africa,  and  1800  eaft  ol  foulh  America.  The  ifland  is  a 
rock  about  21  miles  in  ciicuniftrence,  very  high,  and  very  flcep,  and 
only  acceffible  at  the  landing-place,  in  a  fmall  valley  at  the  eaft  (Ide  of 
it,  which  is  defendtd  by  batteries  0/  gums  planted  level  with  the  wat- 
er ;  and  as  the  waves  are  perpetually  dal"hing  on  the  Ihorc,  it  is  gen- 
erally difficult  landing  even  here.  There  is  no  other  anchoiage  about 
the  ifland  but  at  Chappcl  Valley  Bay  ;  and  as  the  wind  always  blows 
from  the  fouth-eaft,  if  a  Ihip  over-flioots  the  ifland  ever  fo  little,  fhe 
cannot  recover  it  again.  The  Englifli  plantations  here  afford  pota- 
toes and  yams,  with  figs,  plantains,  bananas,  grapes,  kidney-beans, 
and  Indian  corn  ;  of  the  laft,  however,  moft  part  is  dcltioyed  by  the 
rats,  which  harbour  in  the  rocks,  and  cannot  be  deftioycd  :  lo  that 
the  flour  they  ufe  is  almoft  wholly  imported  from  England  ;  and  in 
times  of  fcarcity  they  generally  eat  yams  and  potatoes  in  (lead  of  bread. 
Though  the  ifland  appears  on  every  iide  a  hard  barren  rock,  vet  it  is 
egreeably  diverfified  with  hills  and  plains,  adorned  with  plantations 
of  fruit-trees  and  garden-flulf.  They  have  great  plenty  of  hogs,  bul- 
locks, poultry,  ducks,  geefe,  and  turkeys,  with  which  they  fupply  the 
Tailors,  taking  in  exchange  fliirts,  drawers,  or  any  light  cloths,  pieces 
of  callico,  filks,  muflins,  arrack,  fugar,  &c. 

St.  Helena  is  laid  to  have  been  firft  difcovercd  by  the  Portuguefe  on 
the  feftival  of  the  Emprefs  Helena,  mother  of  the  Emperor  Conftan- 
line  the  Great,  whofe  name  it  ftill  bears.  It  does  not  appear  tliat  the 
Portuguefe  ever  planted  a  colony  here  :  And  the  Englifh  Eaft-Iudia 
company  took  polfelfion  of  it  in  1600,  and  held  it  without  interrup- 
tion till  the  year  1673,  when  the  Dutch  took  it  by  furprife.  However, 
the  Englifh,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Munden,  recovered  it  again 
within  the  fpace  of  a  year,  and  at  the  lame  time  took  three  Dutch 
Eaft-India  fhips  that  lay  in  the  road.  There  are  about  200  families  in 
the  ifiaud,  moft  of  them  defcended  from  Englifh  parents.  'I  he  Eaft- 
India  ftiips  take  in  water  and  frefti  provifions  here,  in  their  way  home  ; 
but  the  ifland  is  fo  fmall,  and  the  wind  fo  much  againft  them  outward 
bound,  that  they  then  very  feldom  fee  it. 

The  company's  aflairs  are  here  managed  by  a  governor,  deputy-gov- 
ernor, and  ftore-keeper,  who  have  ftanding  falaries  allowed  by  the 
company,  bcfides  a  public  table  well  furniflied,  to  which  all  comman- 
ders, mafters  of  fliips,  ard  principal  paffengers  are  welcome. 

Ascension.  This  ifland  is  fituated  in  7  deg.  40  min.  fouth  lat.  600 
miles  north  weft  of  St.  Helena  :  It  received  its  name  from  its  being 
difcovered  by  the  Portuguefe  on  Afcenfion-day  ;  and  is  a  mountain- 
ous, barren  ifland,  about  20  miles  round,  and  uninhabited  ;  but  has  a 
fafe,  convenient  harbour,  where  tJie  Eaft-India  ftiips  generally  touch 
to  furnifh  themfelves  with  turtles  or  tortoifes,  which  are  very  pleiuiful 
here,  and  vaftly  large,  fome  of  them  weighing  above  an  hundred  pounds 
each.  The  failors  going  afliore  in  the  night-time,  frequently  turn  two 
or  three  hundred  of  them  on  their  backs  before  morning  ;  and  arc  fome- 
t'mes  fo  cruel,  as  to  turn  many  more  than  they  u(e  leaving  them  to  die 
on  the  Ihore. 

Sr.  Matthew.  This  is  a  fmall  ifland  lying  in  6-1  weft  Ion.  and  1-30 
fouth  lat.  300  miles  to  the  nurll;euft  of  Afcenfion,  and  was  alio  difcov- 
ered 


520  A  F  R  i  C  A  N    I  S  L  A  N  D  S. 

ered  by  the  Portuguefe,  who  planted  and  kept  poiTeffion  of  it  for  Ibme 
time  ;  but  afterwards  deferted  it,  this  ifland  now  remains  uninhabited, 
having  httle  to  invite  other  nations  to  fettle  there,  except  a  fmall  lake 
of  frefh  vvater. 

The  four  following  iflands,  viz.  St.  Thomas,  Princes  Island,  An- 
NABOA,  and  Fernandopo,  are  fiiuated  in  the  guiph  of  Guinea,  be- 
tween Congo  and  Benin  ;  all  of  them  were  firll  difcovered  by  the  Por- 
tuguefe, and  belong  ftill  to  them  ;  they  furnifli  fhipping  with  frefh  wa- 
ter and  provifions  as  they  pafs  by.  And  to  the  honor  of  the  Portu- 
gucle  government,  and  difgrace  of  the  Weft-India  legiflatures,  there 
are  15.000  Negro  Chriftians  in  St.  Thomas',  inftruded  to  read  and 
write,  who  daily  attend  divine  worfhip,  clean  and  well  clothed. 

Cape  Verd  Islanhs.  Thefe  iflands  are  fo  called  from  a  cape  of 
that  name  on  the  African  coall,  near  the  river  Gambia,  over  againft 
which  they  lie,  at  the  diftance  of  300  miles,  between  23  and  26  deg. 
weft  long,  and  14  and  18  deg.  north  lat.  They  were  difcovered  in  the 
year  1460,  by  the  Portuguefe,  and  are  about  20  in  number  ;  but  lome 
of  them  being  only  barren,  uninhabited  rocks,  are  not  worth  notice, 
^^' ]^Efi,  Bia.vo,  Fogo,  Mayo,  Bonavifta,  Sal,  St.  Nicholas,  St.  Vin- 
cent, Santa  Cru?,  and  St.  Antonio,  are  the  moll  confiderable,  and  are 
lubjeft  to  the  Portuguefe.  The  air,  generally  Ipeakmg,  is  veiy  hot,  and 
in  fome  of  them  very  unv/holefome.  They  are  inhabited  by  Europeans, 
or  the  defcendants  of  Europeans  and  negroes. 

St.  Jago,  where  the  Portuguefe  viceroy  refides,  is  the  moft  fruitful, 
beft  inhabited,  andlaigefl  of  them  all,  being  150  miles  in  circumfe- 
rence, yet  it  is  mountamous,  and  has  much  barren  land  in  it.  Its  prod- 
uce is  fugar,  cotton,  fome  wine,  Indian  corn,  cocod-nuis,  orangCo  and 
other  tropical  fruits  ;  but  the  plant  of  moft  co.dequence  is  m<iader, 
which  grows  in  abundance  among  the  cliffs.  Here  is  plenty  of  roots, 
garden-ftuffs,  hogs,  and  poultry,  and  fome  of  the  pieltieft  green  mon- 
kies,  with  black  faces,  that  are  to  be  met  with  any  where.  Baya,  or 
Praya  (famous  for  an  aftion  between  an  Englifli  and  French  fqaaaron 
the  laft  war)  fituated  on  the  eaft  fide,  has  a  good  port,  and  is  leluom 
without  fhips,  thofe  outward  bound  to  Guinea  or  the  Eaft-indiej.,  from 
England,  Holland  and  France,  often  touching  here  for  water  and  re- 
frefhments. 

In  the  Ifland  of  Mayo,  or  May,  immcnfe  quantities  of  fait  are  made 
by  the  heat  of  the  fun  from  the  fea  water,  winch  at  fpring  tides,  is  re- 
ceived into  a  fort  of  pan,  formed  by  a  fand  bank,  which  runs  along  the 
coaft  for  two  or  three  miles.  Here  the  Englilh  drive  a  confiderable 
trade  for  fait,  and  have  commonly  a  man  of  war  to  guard  the  veflels 
that  come  to  load  with  it,  which  in  fome  years  amount  to  a  hundred 
or  more.  The  fait  cofts  nothing,  except  for  raking  it  together,  wheel- 
ing it  out  of  the  pond,  and  carrying  it  on  affes  to  the  boats,  which  is 
done  at  a  very  cheap  rate.  Several  Englilh  (hips  come  hither  for  a 
freight  of  affes,  which  they  cany  to  Barbadoes  and  other  Britilh  plan- 
tations. The  inhabitants  of  this  Ifland,  even  the  governor  and  priefts, 
are  all  negroes,  and  fpeak  the  Portuguefe  language.  The  negro  gover- 
nor expefts  a  fmall  prefcnt  from  every  commander  tha*  loads  fait,  and 
is  pleafed  to  be  invited  aboard  their  Ihips.  Tlie  lea  water  is  fo  clear 
on  this  coaft,  that  an  Englifti  failor,  who  dropped  his  watch,  perceiv- 
ed it  at  the  bottom,  though  many  fathoms  deep,  and  had  it  brought  up 
by  one  of  the  natives,  who  are  in  general  expert  at  divmg.  The 


AFRICAN    ISLANDS.  [521J 

The  ifland  of  Fogo  is  remarkable  for  being  a  volcano,  continually 
i'ending  up  fulphurcous  exhalations  ;  and  rometiraes  the  flame  breaks 
forth  like  y£tna,  in  a  terrible  manner,  throwing  out  pumice  ftones 
that  annoy  all  the  adjacent  parts. 

GoREE  is  fitualed  witiiin  cannon  fhot  of  Cape  Verd,  N.  lat, 
H'43»  ^*  ^^"*  ^7'*°'  *"^  ^'^^  ^^  called  by  the  Dutch,  from  an  illand 
and  town  of  the  lame  name  in  Holland.  It  is  a  fmall  Ipot  not  ex- 
ceeding two  miles  in  circumference,  but  its  importance  arilcs  from  its 
Situation  for  trade  lo  near  Cape  Verd,  and  it  has  been  therefore  a 
bone  of  contention  between  European  nations.  It  was  firlt  poirdfed 
by  the  Dutch,  from  whom,  in  1663,  it  was  taken  by  the  Engliih  ;  but 
in  1665  it  was  retaken  by  the  Dutch,  and  in  1677  (ubdued  by  the 
French,  in  whofe  pofleiUon  it  remained  till  the  year  1759,  when  it 
was  reduced  by  commodore  Keppcl,  but  reftored  to  the  French  at 
the  treaty  of  peace  in  1763.  It  was  retaken  by  the  En^lifb  in  the 
lad  war,   but  again  rertored  at  the  peace  of  1783. 

Canar-es.J  The  Canaries,  anciently  called  the  Fortunate  Iflands, 
arc  feven  in  number,  and  fitualed  between  12  and  19  degrees  welt 
Ion.  and  between  27  and  ^9  degrees  north  lat.  about  150  miles  fouth- 
\vell  of  Morocco.  /Fheir  particular  names  are,  Palma,  Hiero,  Go- 
inera,  Xenerilfe,  Grand  Canaria,  Fuertuventura,  and  Langarote. 
'iherc  illands  enjoy  a  pure,  temperate  air,  and  abourtd  in  the  mofl  de- 
licious fruits,  elpecially  grapes,  which  produce  thofe  rich  vvines  that 
obtain  the  name  of  the  Canary,  whereof  the  greatell  part  is  exported 
to  England,  which,  in  time  of  peace,  is  computed  at  ten  thoufand 
hogiheads  annually.  The  Canaries  abound  with  thofe  beautiful  lit- 
tle birds  that  bear  their  name,  and  are  now  fo  common  and  fo  much 
^dmircd  in  Europe  ;  but  their  wild  notes  in  their  native  land  fir  ex* 
eel  thoic  in  a  cage  or  foreign  clime. 

Grand  Canary,  which  communicates  its  narrie  to  the  whole,  is  about 
J50  miles  in  circumferente,  and  fo  extremely  fertile  as  to  produce 
i^O  harvefts  in  the  year,  TenerifTe,  the  largeft  of  thefe  iflands  ne^t 
to  that  of  C'rand  Canary,  is  about  1120  miles  round  ;  a  fertile  coun- 
try, abounding  in  corn,  wine,  and  oil  ;  though  it  is  pretty  much  en- 
pumbered  with  mountains,  particularly  the  feak.  Captain  Glafs  ob- 
ferves,  that  in  coming  in  with  this  iHand,  in  clear  weaiher.  the  Peak 
inay  be  eahly  difcernea  at  120  miles  diftance,  and  in  failing  from  it 
it  i^p  miles.  The  Peak  1^  an  alcent  in  the  form  of  a  fugar  loaf;  a- 
tiout  fitteen  mile^  in  circumference,  and  according  to  the  account  of 
Sprat,  bilhop  of  R-ochelter,  publillied  in  the  Piiiiofophcal  Prarif- 
oilions,  near  tliree  miles  perpendicular  ;  but  lately  alceitained  to  be 
only  '3,265  feet.  This  mountain  is  a  \'olcano,  and  lomecimes  throws 
out  fuch  quantities  of  fulphur  and  melted  ore,  as  to  convert  the  rich- 
efl  lands  into  barren  delcns.  Thefe  iflands  were  firft  dilcovcred  and 
planted  by  the  Carthaginians  ;  but  the  Romans  deffroying  that  ftate, 
put  a  Hop  to  the  navigation  on  the  wfelt  coalt  of  Africa,  and  the  Ca- 
naries by  concealed  from  the  red  of  tlie  world,  until  they  were  again 
dilcovcred  by  the  tipaniard.-  in  the  year  1405,  to  whom  they  ft'll  be- 
long. It  is  remarkable,  that  th»)ugh  the  natives  reiembled  the  Afri- 
caris  in  their  (Uturc  and  complexion,  when  the  Spaniards  firll  came 
among  them,  their  languap;^  was  different  from  that  (poken  on  the 
continent  ;  iHev  retained  none  of  their  cultoms,  were  maders  of  no 
fcirtice,  and  did  not  hnov/  there  was  any  ccmntiy  in  the  world  befidei 
their  owri.  [  N  n    ]  Madf.jras.] 


[^22]  AFRICAN      ISLANt)S. 

Madeiras.]  The  three  iflands  called  the  Madeiras,  are  Tituated, 
according  to  the  author  of  Anfon's  voyage,  in  a  fine  climate  in  32-27 
north  lat.  and  from  18-30  to  19-30  weit  Ion.  about  100  miles  north 
of  the  CanariOfi,  and  as  many  weft  of  Sallee  in  Morocco.  The  largell^ 
from  \Vhich  the  relt  derive  the  general  name  of  Madeiras,  or  rather 
Mattera,  on  account  of  its  being  formerly  almofl  covered  with  wood, 
is  about  75  miles  long,  60  broad,  and  180  in  circumference.  It  is 
compofed  of  one  continued  hill,  of  a  coniiderable  height,  extending 
from  call  to  well  ;  the  declivity  of  which,  on  the  fouth  fide,  is  culti- 
vated and  interlperfed  with  vineyards  ;  and  in  the  rnidfl  of  this  flope 
the  merchants  have  fixed  their  country  feats,  which  form  a  very 
agreeable  profpefl.  There  is  but  one  coniiderable  town  in  the  whole 
illand,  which  is  named  Fonchiai,  feated  On  the  fouth  part  of  the  ifland, 
at  the  bottom  of  a  large  bay  ;  towards  the  lea,  it  is  defended  by  a 
high  wall,  with  a  battery  of  cannon,  and  is  the  only  place  where  it  is 
polFible  for  a  boat  to  land  ;  and  even  here  the  beach  is  covered  with 
large  flones,  and  a  violent  furf  continually  beats  upon  it. 

Though  this  ifland  feems  to  have  been  known  lo  the  ancients,  yet 
it  lay  concealed  for  many  generations,  a.nd  was  at  length  dUcovered 
bv  the  Portuguefe  in  1519  ;  but  others  allert  that  it  was  firfl  difcover- 
cci  by  an  Englifhman,  in  the  year  1344.  Be  that  as  it  may,  the  Por- 
tuguefe took  poUcffion  of  it,  and  are  Hill  almoft  the  only  people  who 
inhabit  it.  The  Portuguefe,  at  their  fuft  landing,  finding  it  hitle 
better  than  a  thick  foreli,  rendered  the  ground  capable  of  cultivation 
by  fetting  fire  to  this  wood  ;  and  it  is  now  very  fertile,  producing  in 
great  abundance  the  richeft  wine,  fugar,  the  rnofi  delicate  fruits,  cf- 
pecially  oranges,  lemons,  and  pomgranatcs  ;  together  with  corn, 
noney,  and  wax  ;  it  abounds  alio  with  boars  and  other  v/ild  beaftsj 
and  with  all  forts  of  fowls,  befides  numerous  groves  of  cedar  trees, 
and  thole  that  yield  dragon's  blood,  mallic,  and  other  gums.  The  in- 
habitants of  this  ifle  make  the  beft  fweetmeats  in  the  world,  and  luc- 
ceed  wonderfully  in  preferving  citrons  and  oranges,  and  in  making 
marmalade  and  perfumed  pafles,  which  exceed  thoieof  Genoa.  The 
fugar  they  make  is  extremely  beautiful,  and  fmeils  tiaturally  of  violets. 
This  indeed  is  faid  to  be  the  firlt  place  in  the  Weft  where  that  man- 
tifadlure  v/as  let  on  foot,  and  from  thence  it  was  cariied  to  the  Bra- 
iils  in  America.  The  Poriuguele  not  finding  it  fo  piolitable  as  at 
firfl,  have  pulled  up  the  greateft  part  of  their  fugar  canes,  and  planted 
vineyards  in  their  Head,  which  produce  fevcral  forts  of  excellent 
Vvine,  particularly  that  which  bears  ilie  name  of  the  ifland,  malmley, 
and  tent  ;  of  all  which  the  inhabitants  make  and  fell  prodigious  quan- 
tities. No  lefs  than  20.000  hogflieads  of  Madeira,  it  is  laid,  are  )car- 
ly  exported,  the  greatelt  part  to  the  Welt  Indies,  elpccially  to  Barba- 
docs,  the  Madeira  wine  not  only  enduring  a  hot  climate  better  than 
any  other,  but  even  being  improved  when  cxpofed  to  the  fun  in  bar- 
refs  after  the  bung  is  taken  out.  It  is  faid  no  venomous  animal  can 
live  here;  Of  the  two  other  iflands,  one  is  called  Port  Santo,  which 
lies  at  a  fmall  dillancefiom  Madeira,  is  about  eight  miles  in  compaf>. 
and  exucmely  fertile.  It  has  very  good  harbouis,  wiieie  fhips  may 
ride  with  fafety  againft  all  winds,  except  the  fbuthwcfl  ;  and  is  fre- 
quented by  Indiamen  outward  and  homeward  bound.  The  other 
ifland  16  an  inconiideiable  barren  rock. 

Azores."! 


AFRICAN       ISLANDS.  [523J 

Azores.")  Leaving  the  Madeiras,  with  which  we  tlofc  the  ac- 
count of  Africa,  wc  continue  our  courfe  wellward  through  this  im« 
menle  ccean,  which  brings  us  to  the  Azores,  or,  as  they  are  called,  the 
\Ve(tcrn  lilands,  that  are  fituated  between  25  and  32  degrees  weft 
Ion.  and  between  37  and  40  degrees  north  lat.  900  miles  well  of  Por- 
tugal, and  as  many  call  of  Newfoundland,  lying  almoft  in  the  midway 
between  Europe  and  America.  I'hey  are  nine  in  number,  and  aro 
named  Santa  Maria,  St.  Miguel  or  St.  Michael,  Tercera,  St.  (ieorge, 
Graciofa,  Fayal,  Pico,  Flores,  and  Corvo.  They  were  dilcovered  in 
the  middle  of  the  15th  century,  by  Jofhua  \'ander  Berg,  a  merchant 
of  Bruges  in  Flanders,  who  in  a  voyage  to  Lifbon,  was  by  ftrefs  cf 
weather  driven  to  thefe  iflands,  which  he  found  deftitute  of  inhabi- 
tants, and  called  them  the  Flemifh  Ulands.  On  his  arrival  at  Lifbon, 
he  boafled  of  this  difcoveiy,  on  which  the  Portuguefe  fet  (ail  immedi- 
ately, and  took  poirclhon  of  them,  to  whom  they  (fill  belong,  and 
were  called  in  general  the  Azores,  from  the  great  number  of  hawks 
and  falcons  found  among  them.  All  thefc  iilands  enjoy  a  very  clear 
and  lerene  Iky,  v/ith  a  falubrious  air  ;  but  are  expofcd  to  violent  earth- 
quakes, from  which  they  have  frequently  fuffered  ;  and  alfo  the  in- 
undations of  furrounding  waves.  They  arc,  however,  extremely  fer- 
tile in  corn,  wine,  and  a  variety  of  fruits  ;  alfo  in  cattle,  fowl,  and 
fifli.  It  is  faid  that  no  poifonous  or  noxious  animals  breed  on 
the  Azores,  and  that  if  carried  thither  they  will  expire  in  a  few 
hours. 

St.  Michael,  which  is  the  largeft,  being  near  100  miles  in  circum- 
ference, and  containing  50,000  inhabitants,  was  twiee  invaded  and 
plundered  by  the  Engliih  in  tne  reign  of  queen  Elizabeth.  Tercera 
is  the  mod  important  of  thefe  iflands,  on  account  of  its  harbour, 
which  is  Ipacious,  and  has  good  anchorage,  but  is  expofcd  to  the 
loutheafk  winds.  It  is  generally  vifited  by  their  homeward  bound 
fleets  from  Brazil,  Africa,  and  the  Eaft  Indies.  Its  capital  town, 
Angra,  contains  a  cathedral  and  five  churches,  and  is  the  rcfidcnc? 
.of  the  governor  of  thefe  iflands,  as  well  as  the  bifhop. 


[SC4]  NEW      DISCOVERIES. 


NEW     DISCOVERIES. 

IN  this  place,  I  fhall  mention  tliofs  only  which  have  been  made  i'k 
the  eaftern  hcmifphefT,  having  given  ah  acrcbnl  of  the  others  at  thb 
dole  of  our  defcription  of  Amcrrca.  The  parts  difcovered  in  this 
hemifpheie  that  merit  particular  notice,  are  New  Holland,  New 
Guinea,  New  Britain,  and  New  Ireland.  We  fhall  aH<i  here  add ^ 
more  particular  account  of  the  Sandwich  Iflands. 

CONTINENT  or   NEW  HOL^^AND. 

Situation  ^nei  Extent, 

Length      1   2400  /between    J  ''®°  ^"'^  '53'  E-  ton. 
Breadih    }   2300  \ ''^  {     ]1°and     43°S.  Lat. 

IT  lies  S.  E.  of  the  illand  of  Java,  and  South  of  New  Guinea,  in 
the  Great  South  Sea.  For  more  than  a  century  after  iis  firft  difcov- 
ery  by  the  Dutch,  in  1616,  it  was  thought  to  be  a  part  of  a  vaft  fouth- 
ern  Continent,  the  exiflence  of  which  had  been  a  favourite  idea  with 
many  experienced  navigators.  Thfe  great  extent  of  New  Holland, 
givts  it  an  unqueft;onabic  claim  to  the  rtame  of  Contineijt. 

The  principal  Capes  are  Cape  York,  and  South  Cape,  which  form 
the  extreme  N,  and  S.  points  of  the  Continent.  Between  thele  Capes, 
along  ih(i  Eallern  (here,  are  Cape  Flattery,  Cape  Gloucefter,  Cape 
Townfend,  Sandy  Cape,  Smokely  Cape,  and  Cape  Howe.  The  moll 
noted  Bays  are  Botany  Bay  on  the  Eali  fide  of  the  Continent,  Bate- 
man  Bay.  fouih  ofit,  and  Giafs  hou^e  Bay,  Harvey's,  Keppel,  Hali- 
fax, and  Trinity  Bays,  all  between  Botany  Bay,  and  York  Cape,  on 
the  Eaftern  fliore.  Shark  Bay  lies  on  the  wefl  fide  of  the  Continent, 
about  fouth  lat.  25'.  The  capacious  gulf  of  Carpentaria,  difcovered 
in  J  618,  lies  on  the  North;  Yoik  Cape,  and  Arneiip's  land,  make  the 
two  points  of  it.  ■  ' 

•  The  whole  Edftern  coaft  of  this  Continent,  except  the  very  South- 
ern point,  was-  difcovered  and  explored  by  Capt.  Cook,  in  lyjo,  and 
is  called  New  South  Wales.  U  is  claimed  by  England  on  the  oI4 
principle  of  prior  difcovcry.    " 

From  want  of  opportunity  to  examine,  no  conftdrrable  rivers  have 
yet  been  difcovered  ;  but  from  the  appeaiance  oF  the  country,  it  is 
conjeftured  that  it  is  well  watered.  Two  kinds  of  Gum  are  produc- 
ed here,  called  red  and  yellow  Gums  ;  the' former  relembie;.  Sanguis 
fJya<orns.  but  is  perfcdly  foluhle:  in  water.  It  is  drawn  from  the  tree 
by  tapping,  or  taken  out  of  the  veins  of  the  wood,  when  dry, 
in  which  it  is  copioufly  diflrib'.ited.  it  is.  a  very  powerful  rem- 
edy in  the  diflentary. 

•  The  yellow  Gum,  as  it  is  called,  is  llridly  refir,  not  being  at  all 
foluble  in'water;  It  has  the  lefeitiblarice  of  Gamboge,  but  has  not 
the  property  of  ftaining.  The  plant  that  protiiices  it  is  low  and  fmall, 
With  long  grafly  leaves  ;  but  thp  fruclihcation  of  it  flioots  out  in  a 
finguhr  manner  from  the  centre  of  the  leaves,  on  a  Angle  ftraight 
flem,  to  the  height  of  twelve  or  fourteen  feet.  Of  this  ftem,  which 
is  like  fome  cf  the  Reed  Claf?,  the  natives  ufually  make  their  i^pears. 
The  refin  is  generally  dug  up  out  of  the  foil,  under  the  tree,  not  col- 
le£led  from  it,  and  may  perhaps  be  that  which  Talifman  calls  "  Gum 
Lac  of  the  Grouna."  Thcrs 


NEW      DISCOVERIES.  [525] 

There  are  a  great  variety  of  birds  and  animals  found  l-.ere,  fevcral 
cf  which,  before  the  difcovery  of  this  place,  were  non  delcripts.* 
'  The  Natives  go  always  uncovered,  although  it  is  oblerved  they 
fuffer  Ibmctimcs  from  the  cold.  Thole  on  the  bonders  of  the  feij 
coall  fuhfiH;  principally  on  fifh.  On  that  part  of  the  coall  which 
the  Englfh  have  invaded,  the  natives  have  retired,  and  from  ac* 
counts,  arc  much  dillreiled  for  provifion.  A  kind  of  twine  is  man- 
iifai:tured  among  fhcm,  which,  with  their  fifhing  nets,  is  very  neatly 
made  from  the  flax  plant.  This  plant  promifes  to  be  very  valuable 
for  the  purpofe  of  making'  cordage,  and  the  fined  manufaftures.  It 
grows  in  Norfolk  ifland  (a  fmall  ifland  N.  W.  of  New  Holland,  on 
Which  the  Englifh  arelikewife  making  a  fettlement)  in  great  plenty 
and  with  fuch  luxuriance  as  to  resch  the  height  pf  eight  teet.    ; 

Their  cutting  implements  are  made  of  flonc.  Several  figures  of 
animals,  of  fhields  and  weapons,  and  even  of  men,  have  been  feen 
carved  upon  the  rocks  roughly,  indeed,  but  fufficiently  well  executed 
to  indicate  the  obje^l  intended  by  them.  On  the  top  of  the  hills,  ii 
the  figure  of  a  man  in  the  attitude  afTumed  by  them,  when  they  be- 
gin to  dance,  executed  in  a  lliU  lupcriour  ftilc.  That  the  arts  of  im- 
itation fhouid  thus  precede  in  any  degree  thole  of  neccffity,  fecms  to 
be  an  exception  to  the  rules  laid  down  in  theory  for  the  progrefs  of 
invention.  Though  they  have  made  no  attempts  towards  clothing 
ihemfelvcs,  they  arc  by  no  means  inrcnfiblc  of  the  cold,  and  appear 
very  much  to  diflike  the  rain.  During  a  fliower,  they  have  been  ob- 
ferved  to  cover  their  heads  with  pieces  of  bark,  and  to  fhiver  ex- 
ceedingly. The'r  method  of  kindling  fiie  is  piobably  very  labori- 
ous, as  thev  aie  rarely  feen  without  a  fjre  aftually  made,  or  apiece  of 
burning  wood  which  they  carry  with  them  from  place  to  place,  and 
even  in  their  canoes.  The  perpetual  fires  which  in  fome  countries 
formed  a  part  of  the  national  religion,  had  perhaps  no  other  origin 
than  a  fimilar  inability  to  produce  it  at  pleafure,  and  if  we  fuppole 
the  original  tTame  to  have  been  made  from  lightning,  the  fiftion  of  its 
coming  down  from  heaven,  will  be  found  to  deviate  very  little  from 
the  truth.  ■ 

In  Mav,  1787,  the  Britifh  government-fitted  out  a  fquadron  of 
eleven  vefTcls,  with  8,^0  convi6ls,  under  the  the  command  of  Arthur 
Phillip,  Elq.  in  order  to  form  a  fettlement  on  this  Continent.  The 
fituation  determined  upon  has  been  named  Port  Jackfon  ;  fouth  latJ 
32^  52',  edfl  Ion.  from  Grenwich,  159°  '9'  30".  1  his  place  is  about 
9  mrles  from  Botany  Bay,  and  has  a  harbour  capable  of  containing 
1000  fail  of  the  line  in  pcrfeft  fecurity.  A  plan  of  a  town  has  been 
regularly  laid  out,  and  from  the  latefl  accounts,  the  profpetb  was  flat- 
tering  to  t!ie  new  fettlers. 

On  the  firft  arrival  of  the  Englifh,  the  natives  were  found  amica- 
ble, hofpitable,  unaccultomed  to  aft  with  treachery,  or  to  take  the 
leaft  advantage,  and  every  precaution  was  taken  to  prevent  this  harv 
mony  from  being  interrupted  ;  but  Irotri  it  mc  di'agreemcnt  with  in- 
dividuals, or  what  is  more  piobable,  a  diflike  of  the  encroachments  on 
their  tfrritories,  they  appear  to  avoid  any  intocourie  with  their  new 
neighbours.  -- 

The 
•  The  reader  <vill  find  cut?,  and  a  defcrij-ticn  c'a  numbfrof  ihcfc  anmials 
and  birds,  in  •'  1  he  Voyage  of  Govcrnour  Philip  lo  Botany  bay,"  juiblillurd 
by  John  Stuckdale,  London,  m  tjq<s. 


[526j  :^J  E  W      DISCOVERIES. 

The  natives,  like  all  other  barbarous  nations,  have  fome  cuilcT^s 
peculiar  to  themfelves.  Governour  Phillip,  in  the  interviews  he  had 
with  the  natives,  obferved  that  the  women  in  general  had  loft  two 
joints  from  the  little  finger  of  their  left  hands.  He  was  not  able  to 
find  out  the  occafion  of  this  mutilation,  but,  noticed  that  it  was  con- 
fined to  the  females.* 

The  men  are  diflingnifhed  in  a  different  manner  :  Their  fingers 
are  not  mutilated,  but  molt  of  thein  want  the  right  front  tooth  in  the 
upper  jaw.  They  alfo  have  a  cultom  of  perforating  the  cartilage 
that  divides  tlie  nofltils,  and  thruihing  through  it  a  long  bonecr  IV.ck. 

The  v^omen  are  not  tieated  with  much  Icndernels  ;  and  are  kept 
in  great  fubordination  by  their  bufbands.  They  appear  to  be  em- 
ployed chiefly  in  the  canoe?,  in  which  women  have  frequently  been 
leen  with  young  children  at  the  breaft. 

The  inhabitants  are  not  numerous,  and  are  of  a  chocolate  colour, 
piiddle  ftaturc,  and  very  aftive  and  courageous.  Their  food  is  chief- 
ly fifh,  birds  of  various  kinds,  yams,  fruit,  and  the  fledi  of  the  Kan- 
garoo, an  animal  refembling  the  OpolTum,  and  peculiar  to  this  Con- 
tinent. Their  weapons  are  Ipears  and  lances  of  different  kinds,  which 
ihey  throw  with  great  dexterity.  They  alfo  ufe  fkiclds  of  an  oblong 
form,  made  of  bark. 

THE   NEW   HEBRIDES. 

THIS  name  was  given  by  Captain  Cook,  to  a  cluRer  of  iflands,  the 
rood  northerly  of  which  was  feen  by  Quiros,  the  Spanifh  navigator, 
in  1606,  and  by  him  named  Tierra  del  Efpiritu  Santo.  From  that 
time,  till  Bougainville's  voyage  in  1768,  and  Capt,  Cook's  voyage  in 
the  Endeavour,  in  1769,  this  land  v/as  fuppofed  to  be  part  of  a  great 
fouthern  Continent,  called  Terra  .-hiftralis  HKoonita.  But  when  Capt. 
Cock  had  failed  round  New  Zealand,  and  along  the  caftern  coaft  of 
New  Holland,  this  opinion  was  fully  confuted.  On  his  next  voyage, 
in  the  Refolution,  he  refolved  to  explore  thole  parts  accurately  ;  and 
accordingly,  in  1774,  befides  afcertaining  the  extent  and  fituation  of 
thefe  iflands,  he  difeovered  feveral  in  the  group,  which  weie  before 
unknown.  The  New  Plebrides  aie  fituated  between  the  latitudes  of 
J 4'^  29',  and  .20°  4'  fouth  ;  and  between  169'^  41',  and  170''  z\'  eafl  lon- 
gitude. They  confifl  of  the  following  iflands,  fome  of  which  have  re- 
ceived names  from  the  different  Eutopean  navigators,  and  others  re- 
tain the  names  which  they  bear  among  the  natives,  viz.  Tierra  del 
Eipiritu  Santo,  MallicoUa,  St.  Bartholomew,  Ifle  of  Lepers,  Aurora, 
"VVhitfuntidc,  Ambrym,  Immer,  Apece,  Three  Hills,  Sandwich,  Mon- 
tagu, Hinchmbrook,  Shepherd,  Eorromanga,  Irronan,  Annatom,  and 
'i'anna. 

Not  far  diilant  from  tbe  New  Hebrides,  and  fouthweflward  of 
them,  lies  New  Caledonia,  a  very  large  ifland,  firfl:  difeovered  by 
Capt.  Cook,  in  1774.  it  is  about  87  leagues  long,  but  its  breadth  is 
r.ot  confiderable,  nor  any  where  exceeds  ten  leagues.  It  is  inhabited 
by  a  race  of  flout,  tall,  well  proportioned  Indians,  of  a  fwarthy  or 
daik  chefnut  brown.  A  few  leagues  diilant  are  two  fmall  iflands, 
called  the  Iflands  of  Pines,  and  Botany  Ifland. 

NEW 

*  Falferfon,  in  his  Travels  in  Africa,  tells  us  that  he  met  with  a  tribe  of 
Huiteiitots  iie;ir  Oraiu;e  River,  all  or  whom  liad  loft  the  Hrft  joint  of  their 
little  finger  :  Tfie  reafon  lliey  <;ave  for  cutting  ii  ofi'  was,  that  it  was  a  cure 
for  a  partitular  ficknefs  to  winch  they  were  iiibjedl  ulien  young.  It  would 
be  a  curious  coincidence  (hoiild  itbe  Oiicovered  that  the  natives  of  New  Hul- 
liiiid  do  it  fur  any  (imiiar  reafuii. 


NEW      DISCOVERIES.  [527] 

N  E  W  G  U  I  N  E  A, 
Till  the  late  difcoverics,  was  thought  to  be  the  north  coaft  of 
^n  cxtenl'.ve  continent,  and  to  be  joined  to  New  Holland  ;  but  Capt. 
Cook  difcovcred  a  (trait  between  them  which  runs  northeafl,  througli 
which  he  (ailed.  Thus  it  was  found  to  be  a  long  narrow  ifiand,  ex- 
tending north  ead,  from  the  (econd  degree  of  luutli  latitude  to  the 
twelfth,  and  from  one  hundred  and  thirty  one,  to  one  hundred  and 
fifty  degrees  cait  longitude  ;  but  in  one  part  it  docs  not  appear  to  be 
above  fifty  rniles  broad.  The  country  conlids  of  a  mixture  of  very 
high  hills  and  vallies,  interfperfed  with  groves  of  cocoa  nut  trees, 
plantains,  bread  fruit,  and  mofk  of  the  trees,  flirubs,  and  plants,  that 
are  found  in  the  other  South  Sea  idands.  It  aft^^ords  from  the  lea  a 
Variety  of  delightful  profpeils.  The  inhabitants  m.ikc  nearly  the 
lame  appearance  as  the  New  Hollanders  on  the  other  lide  the  (Iraits, 

North  of  New  Guinea,  is  New  Britain,  which  is  fituated  in  the 
4th  degree  of  fouth  latitude,  and  152°  19',  cad  longitude  from  Green- 
wich. !t  was  fuppofed  to  be  part  of  an  imaginary  Continent,  liU 
Capt.  Dampier  found  it  to  be  an  illand,  and  tailed  through  a  (bait 
which  divides  it  from  New  Guinea.  Capt.  Carteret,  in  his  voyage 
round  the  world,  1767,  found  that  it  was  of  much  Icfs  extent  than  it 
was  till  then  imagined  to  be,  by  failing  through  another  (trail  to  the 
horth,  which  feparatcs  it  from  a  long  ifiand,  to  which  he  gav>^c  the 
name  of  New  Ireland.  There  arc  many  high  hills  in  New  Britain 
and  it  abounds  with  large  and  (lately  trees.  To  the  cadward  of  New 
Britain,  and  in  both  the  above  ftraits,  are  many  iQands,  mofl  of  which 
are  (aid  to  be  extremely  fertile,  and  to  abound  with  pUnta'us  and  co- 
coa nut  trees. 

N  EW    I  R  EL  A  N  D  •         . 

Extends  in  length,  from  the  north  ca(l  to  the  fouth  call,  aoo'uHwo 
hundred  and  fcventy  miles,  but  is  in  general  very  narrow.  It  abounds 
with  a  variety  of  trees  and  planis,  and  with  many  >)igeons,  parrots, 
rooks,  and  oth.cr  birds.  The  inhabitants  are  black,  and  w«»<)lly  head- 
ed, like  the  negroes  of  Guinea,  but  have  not  like  them,  flat  nofcs  and 
thick  lips.  Northweflward  of  New  Iicland,  a  clufler  of  idands  was 
Teen  by  Capt.  Carteret,  lying  very  near  each  other,  and  (uppoled  to 
confift  of  twenty  or  thirty  in  number.  Ore  of  thefe,  which  is  of  a 
very  confidcrable  extent,  was  named  Ntw  IlANOVFn;  but  the  reft 
of   the    duller  received   the   name    of  the  Admirai.tv    Islands. 

SANDWICH  ISLANDS. 
BESIDES  the  voyages  already  mentioned,  another  voyage  was 
perfoimed  by  Capt.  Cook  and  Capt.  Gierke,  in  the  Refolution  and 
Difcovery,  during  the  years  1776,  1777,  1778,  and  1779,  '"  dearth  of 
H  north  wc(t  paliage  b'ctv.-cen  the  continents  of  Afia  and  America. 
After  they  had  arrived  at  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  they  proceeded 
from  thence  to  New  Holland  :  in  this  ccutfc  they  dilcovered  tv\-o 
iHands,  which  Capt.  Cook  called  Prince  Edward's  illes.  The  !arpe(t 
about  15  leagues  in  circuit,  is  in  lat.  /]b'' ,V3Mou'h,  Ion.  37° 4G':  TIjc 
other  about  9  leagues  in  circuit,  laf.  46"  ^o'  and  long.  38'""  8',  E.  both 
barren  and  ainioit  covered  with  fnow.  From  tlience  ihey  prnrecded 
fo  New  Zealand,  and  afterwards  ihcy  vifited  the  Friendly  and  the  So- 
ciety Klcs.  In  January  1777,  they  arrived  at  the  Sandwich  ifles,  which, 
are  tvvelvc  in  number,  and  are  fituated  between  22**  15'  and  i2''53'.\'. 
lat.     The  airof  thc(e  illands  is  in   general  (alubrioLis,    and  m^uy    ot 

~    the 


[gaS]  NEW    DISCOVERIES. 

the  vegetable  produftions  are  the  fame  with  thofe  of  the  Society  and 
Friendly  Ifles.  The  inhabitants  are  of  a  middle  fize,  ftout  and  well 
made,  and  their  complexion  in  general  &  brown  olive.  Owhyhee  is 
in  circumference  about  300  Englifh  miles,  and  the  number  of  inhabi- 
tants is  computed  at  150,000-  The  others  are  lj»rge  and  well  peo- 
pled. The  natives  are  defcribed  as  of  a  mild  and  fiiendly  ternper 
and  carriage,  and  in  hofpitality  to  flrangers  not  exceeded  by  the  in- 
habitants ot  the  Friendly  Ifles.  On  the  7Lh  of  February,  being  nearly 
in  lat.  44°  33'  north,  and  Ion.  235^36'  ealt,  they  faw  part  of  the  Amer- 
ican continent  bearing  north  ealt. 

Capt.  Cook  afterwards  difcovered  King  Georec's  Sound,  which  is 
fituated  on  the  north  weft  coaft  of  America,  and  is  extenfive  ;  that 
part  of  it  where  the  fhips  under  his  command  anchored,  Is  ini  lat, 
49°  3^'  north,  and  Ion,  233"^  28'  eall.  The  whole  found  is  furrounded 
by  high  land,  which  in  lome  places  appears  very  broken  and  ruggedj 
knd  is  in  general  covered  with  wood  to  the  very  top.  They  found 
the  inhabitants  here  rather  below  the  middle  fize,  and  their  complexr 
ions  approaching  to  a  copper  colour.  On  the  12th  of  May,  they 
difcovered  Sandwich  Sound,  in  lat.  59°  54^  north.  The  har- 
bour in  which  the  fhips  anchored,  appeared  to  be  almoll  fur- 
lounded  with  high  land,  which  was  covered  with  fnow  ;  and  here 
they  were  vifjted  by  fome  of  the  Americans  in  their  canoes.  The): 
afterwards  proceeded  to  the  i^and  of  Unalafchka,  and  after  their  de- 
parture from  thence  fiill  continued  to  trace  the  coaft.  They  arrivcci 
on  the  2oih  of  Auguft  1778,  in  lat.  70  deg.  54  iriin.  Ion.  194  deg.  t^^ 
min.  where  they  found  ihemfelves  almoft  furrounded  with  ice,  and 
the  farther  they  proceeded  to  the  eaftward,  the  cloferthe  ice  became 
compared.  They  continued  labouring  among  the  ice  till  the  25th, 
when  a  ftorm  came  on,  which  made  it  dangerous  for  ihem  to  proceed  i 
and  a  conlultation  was  therefore  held  on  board  the  Kefolution,  as 
foon  as  the  violence  of  the  gale  abated,  when  it  was  refolved,  that  as 
this  paflTage  was  impiafticahle  for  any  ufeful  purpofe  of  navigation, 
which  was  th«  great  objeft  of  the  voyage,  it  fhould  be  profccuted  nq 
farther  ;  and  efpecially  on  account  of  the  condition  the  fhips  were 
in,  the  approach  of  winter,  and  their  great  diftance  from  any  known 
place  of  refrefhment.  The  voyage,  indeed,  afforded  fufficient  evt- 
dencc,  that  no  pratlicable  palfage  exifts  between  the  Atlantic  and 
Pacific  Oceans  towards  the  North  ;  and  this  voyage  alfo  afceriained 
the  weftern  boundaries  of  the  great  continent  of  America.  On  their 
return  it  unfortunately  happened,  that  the  celebrated  and  able  naviga- 
tor, Capt.  Cook,  was  killed  in  an  affray  with  the  natives,  by  an  &£k 
bi  ludden  relcntment  and  fear,  rather  tlian  from  a  bad  difpofition,  on 
the  illand  of  Owh-yhee,  the  largeft  of  the  Sandwich  ifles,  on  the  i4_th 
t)f  February  1779  ;  and  his  death  was  univerfally  regretted,  not  only 
in  Great  Britain,  but  alfo  in  other  parts  of  Europe,  by  thole  to  whom 
his  merits  and  public  fervices  were  known.  In  his  iail  voyage  he 
had  explored  the  coaft  of  America,  from  42  deg.  27  min,  to  70  degj 
40  min.  57  lee.  north.  After  the  death  of  Capt.  Cook,  the  command 
devolved  on  Capt.  Gierke,  who  died  at  fea  on  his  return  to  the  fouth- 
Ivard  on  the  22d  day  of  Auguft  1779.  The  two  fhips  returned  home 
by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  on  the  5th  of  Oftober  1780,  anchor- 
ed at  the  .Nore. 

A   NEW 


52i 


ANEW 

GEOGRAPHICAL     TABLE. 


Containing  the  Names  and  Situations  of  the  chief  Cities,  Towns,  Seae,  Gulfs, 
Bays,  Straits,  Capes,  and  other  remarkable  Places,  in  the  known  Wgrld. 
Colleded  from  the  moft  authentic  Charts,  Maps,  and  Obfervations, 


►**»-»^>»ccc@oa>^^-®««>*^-=— 


kames  of  Placi-f^        Provinces. 


ABbeville 
Aberdeen 
Abo 

Acapulco 
Achem 
Adrianople 
Adriatick  fea,or 
GuU'  ot  Venice 
Adventure  (Ifle) 
Agde 
Agen 

St.Agnes  (lights) 
Agra 
Air 
Aix 
Albany 
Alby 
Aleppo 
Alexandr^tta 
Alexandria 
Alexandria 
Algiers 
Amboyna 
Ambrym  Ifle 
Amiens 
Amsterdam 
Amllcrdara 
Ancona 
Angra 

Annapolis 
Antigu*   (Saint 
John's  town) 
Antioch 
Antwerp 
Ap«  (Ifle) 
Archangel 
Archipelago 
Afcenfion  Ifle 
Aftrscan 
Athens 
Augafla 
St.  Aiiguflin 
Augulbne 

AVA 

Avignon 
Aurora  Ifle 


Picardy 

Aberdeenfliire 

Finland 

Mexico 

Samaira 

Romania 

Between 

Pacific 

Languedoc 

Guienne 

Scillics 

Agra 

Airfliire 

Provence 

New  York 

Languedoc 

Syria 

Syria 

Lower  Egypt 

Virginia 

Algiers 

Amboyna  Ifle 

South 

Picardy 

Holland 

Ifle 

March  of  Ancona 

Tcrcera  Ifle 

Maryland 

Antigua  Ifle 

Syria 

Brabant 

Pacific 

Dwina 

Ifknds  of  Greece 

Aftracan 

Achaia 

Georgia 

Madagafcac 

L.  Florida 

Ava 

Provence 

Seutb 


Countries^ 

trance 
Scotland 
Sweden 
North 
Eafl;  Indies 
lurkey 
Italy    and 
Turkey 
Ocean 
France 
France 

Atlantic  ocean 
Fall  India 
Scotland 
France 
United  States 
France 
Turkey 
Turkey 
Turkey 
United  States 
Barbarv 
Eaft  India 
Pacific  ocean 
France 
Netherlands 
Pacific  ocean 
Italy 

Atlantic  ocean 
U.  States 
Canb.  lea 

Turkey 

Netherland* 

Ocean 

Ruflia 

Europe 

South  Atlantic 

Ruflia 

Turkey 

United  States 

South  indiao  fea 

North 

Eaft  In^ia 

France 

Faci.&c  oc^ 


QiiarttYs 


Lat.  Long. 

D.  M.  D.  M. 


Europe 

300/M. 

i°54'E. 

Europe 

57-22  N. 

1-40W. 

Europe 

60-27  N. 

:i2-i8  E. 

America 

17.10  N. 

101-20W. 

Afia 

5-22  N. 

95-29  E» 

Europe 

42-oD  N. 

26-30  E. 

Europe 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Afia 

17-05  S. 

144-12  W» 

Europe 

43->8N. 

3-33  E. 

Europe 

44-12  N. 

0-40  E. 

Europe 

49-56  N. 

6-41  W. 

Afia 

26-43 N. 

76-49  E; 

Europe 

55-30  N. 

4-35W. 

Europe 

43-3»  ?^- 

5-3'   E» 

America 

42-48  N. 

73-30W. 

Europe 

43-55  N. 

2-13  E. 

Afia 

35-45  N. 

37-25  E, 

Afia 

36-35  N. 

36-25  E. 

Africa 

31-11  N. 

30-21   E, 

America 

38-45 N. 

77-ioW, 

Africa 

36-49  ^f. 

2-,  7  E. 

Afia 

4-25  S. 

127-25  E, 

Alia 

16-09  s. 

168-17  E. 

Europe 

49-53  N. 

2-22  E. 

Europe 

52-22  N, 

4-49  E. 

Afia 

21-09  s. 

174-51 W. 

Europe 

43-37  ^'. 

13-35   E. 

Europe 

38-39  N. 

27-07W. 

America 

09-02  N. 

76-4oU% 

N.  America 

17.04N. 

62-04W. 

Afia 

36-30  N. 

36-40  E. 

Europe 

51-13  N- 

04-27  E, 

Afia 

16.46  s. 

168-32  E. 

Europe 

64-34  N. 

38-59  E. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

Ocean 

7-56  N. 

14-27  W. 

Afi^ 

46-00  N. 

51-00  E. 

Europe 

38^5  N. 

23-57  E. 

America 

33-39  N- 

82    9W. 

Africa 

23-35  s. 

43- » 3  E. 
ii.4oW. 

America 

»9-5»  N. 

Aiia 

20-20  N. 

95.30  K. 

Europe 

43-57  N. 

04-53  E. 

Af«' 

Ji-»8  §. 

i68.a>  Ji. 

524 

A  NEW  G 

EOGRAPHI 

.  Numts  of  Places. 

Provinces. 

Countries  t 

TlAgdad 
H)  Balafore 

Eyraca  Arabia 

Turkey 

Orixa 

Eaft  India 

Bilbec 

Syria 

Turkey 

Baldivia 

Chili 

South 

Baltic  fca 

between 

Germ.  8c  Swcd 

BAItlMORE 

Maryland 

Tnited  States 

Barbuda  Ifle 

Atlantic  ocean 

Barcelona 

Catilonia 

Spain 

-BaGl 

Baiil 

Switzerland 

Baffeterre 

Guadaloupe 

Carib,  fea 

Baffoia 

Eyraca  Arabia 

Turkey 

Battia 

Corlica 

Italy 

Ba'.ivia 

Java 

Eaft  India 

Bath 

Soinerfetfhire 

England 

Bay  of    BIfcay 

Coaa  of 

France 

Bay  of  Bengal 

Coaft  of 

India 

Bayeiix 

Normaiidy 

Fiance 

Bayonne 

Gafcony 

France 

Beifall 

Ullter 

Ireland 

Belgrade 

Servia 

Turkey 

-  Bencoolen 

Sumatra 

Eaft  India 

-  Bender 

Baffarabia 

Turkey 

Bcnningtoa 

Vermont 

United  States 

BtKLIN 

Brandenburg 

Germany 

Bermudas 

Bermuda  Ifles 

Atlantic  ocean 

Bf-rn 

Bern 

Switzerland 

Berwick 

Berwicklhire 

Scotland 

Bethlehem 

Pcnnfylvania 

United  States 

•    Buboa 

Bifcay 

Spain 

Birmingham 

Warwickfliire 

England 

•   Black.ZM-v/w.fea 

Turkey  ia 

Europe  and 

•    Bokhana 

Uibeck 

Tartary 

-    Eolabola 

We 

Pacific  ocean 

"    Bologna 

Bolognefe 

Italy 

•    Bologne 

Picardy 

France 

-    Bolfcheri/koi 

Siberia 

Ruilia 

■    Bombay 

Bombay  Ifle 

Eail  India 

Borroughfton- 

Linlithgowihirt 

Scotland 

Botton       [nefs 

Liucolnfhire 

England 

'    Boston 

Mafiachufetts 

United  .States 

•    Bourbon  Iflc 

South 

Indian  ocean 

•    Bouideaux 

Guienne 

France 

Breda 

Biabaot 

Netherlands 

■    Bremen 

Lower  Saxony 

Germany 

•    Ereslau 

Silefia 

Bohemia 

■    Breft 

Brttany 

France 

Bridgetown 

Barbadoes  . 

Atlantic  ocean 

•    Briftol 

Somerfetlhirc 

England 

Britlfii  fea 

Between 

Brit,  and  Germ, 

liruges 

Flanders 

Netherlands 

Brunfwicfc 

Low  Saxony 

Germany 

BruJlels 

Brabant 

Netherlands 

•    £uda 

Lower 

Hungary 

Buenos  Ayrcs 

La  Plata 

Brafil 

Bukaraft 

Walachia 

Turkey 

Burlington 

Jerfey 

North 

•     /^Abelloport 
V^  Ca«hao 

Terra  Iirma 

South 

Tonquin 

Eaft  India 

Cadiz 

Andalufia 

Spain 

Caen 

Normandy 

France 

Cagliari 

Sardinia 

Italy 

Cahors 

Guienne 

France 

■Cairo 

Lower 

Egypt 

Qiiarkr. 

Afia 

Afia 

Afja 

America 

Europe 

America 

N.   America 

Europe 

Europe 

N.    America 

Alia 

Europe 

Alia 

Ei'rope 

Europe 

Alia 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

Europe 

N.  America 

Europe 

N.  America 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Alia 

Alia 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

Alia 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

Africa 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

N.  America 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

S,  America 

Europe 

America 

America 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Africa 


Lai. 
D.M. 

33-20  N. 

21-20  N. 

33-30  N. 
39-35  S. 

Atlantic 
39-21  N. 

»7-49>>'- 

41-26  N. 

47-35 N. 

'5-59N. 

30-45  N, 

42-20  N. 

06-10  S. 

51-22  N. 
Atlantic 
Indian 

49-16  N. 

43-29  N. 

54-3^  ^^ 
45-00  N. 

C3-49  s. 
46-40  N. 
42-42  N. 
52-32  N. 
32-25 N. 
4--00  N. 
55-48  N. 
40-37  N. 
43-26  N. 
55-30  N. 

39-15  N. 
16-32  S. 
44-29  N. 
5C-43N. 
5^-54  N. 
1S-56N. 
53-48  N. 
53-10  N. 
42-23  N. 
20-51  S. 
44-50  N. 
51-40  N. 

53-25  ^^• 
51-03 N. 
48-22  N. 
13-05N. 

51-35  N-. 

Atlantic 
51-16  N. 

52-30  N. 

50-5=  N- 
47-40  N. 
34-35  S. 
44-26  N. 
40-08  N. 
10-03  ^* 
21-30  N. 
36-31  N. 
49-11  N. 
39-25  N. 
44-26  N. 
30-02  N. 


Uf:g. 
D.  M. 
43-5  r  t. 
86-05  K- 
31-co  E. 
'Si-ioW. 
Ocean. 
77-48  w. 
61-55W. 
02-18  E. 
C7-34  E. 
61-54  w. 

47-00  E- 

09-40  E. 
106-56  E. 

02-16W. 
Ocean. 
Ocean, 

00-47  E. 

01-25W. 

06-30W, 

21-20   £, 

1.02-05  E. 
29-00  E. 
74-1  oW. 

13-31  E- 
63-23  W, 
07-20  K. 
01-45  W. 
75-14W. 
03.18W. 
01-50W. 

67-00  E. 

151-47  w. 

11-26  E. 

1-31    E. 

156-42  E. 

72-43  E. 
C3-44W. 
00-25  E. 

:i  4W. 

55-25  £. 
00-29  w. 
04-40  E. 
c8-2o  £. 

17-13  E- 
04-25  E. 
58-03  W. 
02-40  W, 
Ocean 

ic-30 
04-26 
19-20 
58-26 
26-13 
7  5-00  W. 
67-27  W. 
105-00  E, 

6-06  W. 

0-1 6  W. 

9-38  E. 

1-31   E. 
31-23  E. 


A  NEW  GJ 

SOGKAfHi 

CAL  TAB 

iLE. 

&»3 

Provinces, 

Csuntrits. 

Quarter. 

Lat. 
D.  M, 

Long. 
D.  M. 

Picardy 

France 

Europe 

5'^-57  N. 

1-55  1^- 

Bengal 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

22-34 N. 

88-34  E- 

Peru 

South 

America 

I2-C1  NT. 

76.53  W. 

Smaland 

Sweden 

Europe 

56-40  N. 

16-26  E. 

Cambvefis 

Netherlands 

Europe 

50-toN. 

3-18  E. 

Argyleftiire 

Scotland 

Europe 

5S-l^  N. 

5-40  w. 

Cambodia 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

13-30  N- 

105-00  E. 

CambiidgefKire 

England 

Europe 

52-12  N, 

0-09  E. 

Maffachufetts 

United  States 

America 

42-23  N. 

71-07  w. 

Canary  IRes 

Atlantic  ocean 

Africa 

28-1 3  N. 

15-33W. 

Caodia  Iflands ' 

Mediterr.  Sea 

Europe 

35-18  N. 

25-23  E. 

Ceylon 

Indian  ocean 

Af.a 

7-54  N. 

79-00  E, 

Nova  Scotia 

North 

America 

45-20  N. 

60-50  W. 

Kent 

England 

Europe 

51-16  N. 

1-5  E- 

Canton 

Cliina 

Afia 

83.07  N. 

113.07  E. 

Iritti  Sea 

Ireland 

Europe 

51.18N. 

ii.ioW. 

On  this  (idc  the 

Eaft  India 

Afta 

7-56  N. 

78-10  E, 

Ganges 

Galicia 

Spain 

Etirope 

4=-5i N. 

9-12W. 

Eaft  Florida 

North 

America 

24-57  N. 

80-30  W* 

Hottentots 

Caffraria 

Africa 

34-29  S. 

J  8-28  E. 

Terra  del  Fuegi^ 

South 

America 

55-5*5  S, 

67-21  W. 

Iild-nd 

Algarve 

Portugal 

Europe 

37-02  N. 

8-57  w. 

Negroland 

Africa 

14-45  N. 

X7.28W. 

Cardiganfhirc 

Wales 

Europe 

52.10  N. 

4-38  w. 

Schonen 

Sweden 

Europe 

56-20  N. 

i5-3«   E- 

Cumberland 

England 

Europe 

54-47  N. 

2-35W. 

Tunis 

Barbary 

Africa 

36-30  N, 

g-oo  E. 

Terra  Firma 

South 

America 

10-26N. 

75-^' W. 

Murcia 

Spain 

Europe 

37-37  N. 

1-03  W. 

Calan 

Siberia 

Afia 

5S-43N. 

49-' 3  E. 

Ruffia 

Tartary 

Alia 

HclFe  Caffel 

Germany 

Europe 

5'-'9N^ 

9-34  E. 

Languedoc 

France 

Europe 

43-37  N. 

2-1 9  E- 

Atlantic 

Ocean 

S.  America 

27-35  s- 

49-12W. 

Between 

Swed.  and  Den 

,  Europe 

Atlantic  Ocean. 

Ulfter 

Ireland 

Europe 

54-5»  N- 

7-18W. 

Cayenne  Ifle 

South 

America 

4-56  N. 

52-1  oW. 

Languedoc 

France 

Europe 

43-23  N. 

3-47  E. 

Fez 

Morocco 

Africa 

35-04  N, 

6-30  W. 

Burgundy 

France 

Europe 

46-46  N. 

4-56  E. 

Bengal 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

22-51  N. 

88-34  E. 

South  Carolina 

United  States 

America 

32-35  N- 

79-12  W. 

Maffachufetts 

United  States 

America 

42-24  N. 

70-32  W. 

Ifle 

Hudfon's  Bay 

N.  America 

52-03  N. 

79-00  w. 

Orlcannois 

France 

Europe 

48-26  N. 

1-31  E. 

Normandy 

France 

Europe 

49.38  N. 

1-33  W. 

Chefhiic 

England 

Europe 

53-i5N. 

3-00  W. 

Terra  del  Fuego 

South 

America 

55-21  N. 

69-37  v\'. 

Caribbean 

Sea 

N.  America 

1 7-1 5  N, 

62.38W. 

PatroDiS.Pctro 

Italy 

Europe 

42-05  y. 

ir-5.  E. 

Atlantic 

Ocean 

S.  Amelia 

55-05  s. 

34-37  W. 

Auvergne 

France 

Europe 

45-46  N. 

3-.0  E. 

Alface 

France 

Europe 

48-04  N. 

7-27  E. 

Elec.  of  Cologne 

Germany 

Europe 

50-55  N. 

7-10  E. 

Suabia 

Germany 

Europe 

47-37  N. 

VI  I' 

Romania 

Turkey 

Europe 

4.. 01 N. 

28.58  E. 

Zealand  Iflc 

Denmark 

Europe 

55-40  X. 

12.40  E. 

Morea 

Turkey 

Europe 

37-30  N. 

23-co  E» 

Muuflei 

Irelaiicl 

Jvuiopc 

5'-53^'- 

8.83  V/. 

ff«4 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


Names  of  Places,      Provinces. 


Countries, 


Quarter. 


Coventry 
Cowes 
Cracow 
Cremfmunfter 

Cummin 
Curaffou 
Cufco 

DAcca 
Damafciis 
Dantzic 
Dnx 
Dctft 
Delhi 
Derbent 
Derby 
Derry 
Dieppe 
Dieu 
Dijon 
Diibengen 
Dol 

Dominique 
Dover 
Dover 
Dresden 
Dreux 
Dublin 
Dumbarton 
Dumfries 
Dunbar 
Dundee 
Dung^aiefs 
J)unkirk. 
Durham 

EAoowe  Ifle 
Eafter  Ifle 
Eaflern  Ocean 
Jidenton 
Edinburgh 
Edyftone 
Elbing 
Embden 
Enatum  Ifle 
Enebrun 
Englifh  Channel 
Ephefus 
Erramanga  Ifle 
Lrzerum 
Ethiopian  Sea 
Evreux 

Euftatia  Town 
Exeter 

FAlkirk 
Falmouth 
Eayal  Town 
Feidinand     Na- 

ronka 
Terrara 
Terro  (Town) 
FcrroJ 
Fez 
3ii  lore  nee 


ICs. 


Warwickfhire 
Ifle  of  Wight 
Little  Poland 
Archduchy  of 

Auftria 
Ifle 

Curaffou  Ifle 
Peru 
Bengal 
Syria 

Polifh  Pruffia 
Gafcony 
Holland 
Delhi 
Daghillan 
Derbyfhire 

vnitr 

Normandy 

Guzerat 

Burgundy 

Suabia 

Bretagne 

Windward 

Kent 

Delaware 

Saxony 

Orleannois 

Leinfler 

Dumbnrtonlhire 

Dumtriesfhire 

Haddington 

FpVfar 

Kent 

Flanders 

Durham 

Pacific 

Pacific 

betw.thcN.w.of 

N.  Carolina 

Edinburghfhire 

Eng.  Channel 

Pruffia 

Wcftphalia 

Pacific 

Dauphine 

between 

Natolia 

Pacific 

Turcomania 

Coaft  of 

Normandy 

Carib.  fea 

Devonfhire 

Sterling 

Cornwall 

Azores 


Lai. 
DM, 


Long. 
D.  M. 


England 

Europe 

52-25  N. 

1-25  W, 

England 

Europe 

50-46  N. 

1-14  W. 

Poland 

Europe 

50-10  N. 

J9-55  E. 

Germany 

Europe 

48-03  N. 

14-1.  E. 

N.Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

31-40  N. 

121-09  E. 

Weft  India 

America 

11-56  N. 

6S-20W. 

South 

America 

12-^5  S. 

70-00  W. 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

23-30  N. 

89-20  E. 

Tut  key 

Afia 

33-15 N, 

37-20  E. 

Poland 

Europe 

54-22  N. 

18-38  E- 

France 

Europe 

43-42  N. 

0-58W. 

Netherlands 

Europe 

52-06  N. 

4-05  E. 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

29-00  N, 

76-30  E. 

Perfia 

Afia 

41-41 N. 

50-30  E. 

England 

Europe 

52-58  N. 

1-30W. 

Ireland 

Europe 

54-52  N. 

7-40  W. 

France 

Europe 

49-55  ^'• 

0-59  E. 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

21-37  N. 

69-30  E- 

France 

Europe 

47-^9  N. 

4-57  E. 

Germany 

Euiope 

48-30  N. 

10-19  E. 

Fiance 

Europe 

48-33  N. 

1-41  W, 

Weft  India 

America 

15-18  N. 

6i-2zW, 

England 

Europe 

51-07  N. 

1-13  E- 

United  States 

America 

39-10  N. 

75-34  W. 

Germany 

Europe 

51-00  N. 

13-36  E. 

France 

Europe 

48-44  N. 

1-16  E. 

Ireland 

Euiope 

53-21  N. 

6-81  W, 

Scotland 

Europe 

55-44  N. 

4-20  W. 

Scotland 

Europe 

55-08  N. 

3-25  w. 

Scotland 

Europe 

55-58  N. 

2-25  W. 

Scotland 

Europe 

56-26 N. 

2-48  w. 

England 

Europe 

50-52  N. 

1-04   E. 

Netherlands 

Europe 

51-02  N. 

2-27  E. 

England 

Euiope 

54-48  N. 

1-25W. 

Ocean 

Afia 

21-24  s. 

174-25W. 

Ocean 

America 

27-06  s. 

109.4.  W. 

N.  America  and 

N.E.  of  Afi; 

1       N.  Pacific  oceair. 

United  States 

America 

36-04 N. 

77-ooV/. 

Scotland 

Europe 

55-57  N. 

3-07  w. 

England 

Europe 

50-08  N. 

4-19W. 

Poland 

Europe 

54-15  N. 

20-00  E. 

Germany 

Europe 

53-25  N. 

7-10  E. 

Ocean 

Afia 

2D-10    S, 

169-59  E. 

France 

Europe 

44-34  N. 

6-34  E. 

Eng.  and  France 

Europe 

Atlantic 

;  Ocean. 

Turkey 

Afia 

38-01  N. 

27-30  E. 

Ocean 

Afia 

18-46  S. 

169-23  E. 

Turkey 

Afia 

39-56  N. 

42.05  E. 

Guinea 

Africa 

Atlantic  Ocean. 

France 

Europe 

"49-01  N. 

1-13  E. 

W'eft  India 

N.   America 

,  17-29  N. 

63-05  W. 

England 

Europe 

50-44  N. 

3-29  W. 

Scotland 

Europe 

55-58  N. 

3-48  W. 

England 

Europe 

50-08  N. 

4-57  W. 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Europe 

38-32  N. 

2  8-36  W. 

Brafil 

S.  America 

3-56  s. 

32-43  w. 

Ferrarefe 
Canaries 
Galicia 
Fez 

Tulcany 


Italy 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Spain 

Morocco 

Italy 


Europe 
Africa 
Europe 

Africa 
Europe 


44-54  N. 
27-47  N. 
43-30  N. 
33-30  N. 
43-46 N. 


11-41  E, 

17-40W. 
8-40  W» 
6-00  W. 

li'H  E, 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE, 


Ifamts  of  Pkus*         Provintes, 


Rores 
St.  Flour 
Fort  St.  David 
France  (Hie  of) 
Franciort  on  the 

Main 
Frawcnburg 
Fuego  Ifle 
Fanchal 
Fiirneaux  Ifle 

GAp 
Geneva 
Geno.\ 
Genes 

St.  George's  Ifle 
St.  George's  Fort 
St.  Georgeftown 
Ghent 
Gibraltar 
Glafgow 
Gloucefter 
Goa 

Coat  Ifle 
Gombroon 
Gomera  Ifle 
Good     Hope 

ToVn 
Goree 
Gottenburg 
Gottengen 
Granville 
Gratiofa 
Grata 
Gravelines 
Greenock 
Gryphifwald 
Gaudaloupc 
Guam 

Gulf  of  Bothnia 
— of  California 

•r-of  Finland 
■r-ofSt. Laurence 
—of  Mexico 
•:— of  Ormus 
— of  Perfia 
— of  Venice 

HAerlem 
Hague 
Hamburg 
Halifax 

H.-VLIFAX 

Hanover 

Hartford 

Haftings 

Havannah 

Havre  de  Grace 

La  Heefe 

St.  Helena  (J*. 

Town) 
Hellefpont 


CountriK, 


Azores 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Auvergne 

France 

Coromandel 

Eaft  India 

Indian 

Ocean 

Franconia 

Germany 

PolWK 

Pruflia 

Cape  Verd 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Madeira 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Pacific 

Ocean 

Dauphine 

France 

Geneva 

Switzerland 

Genoa 

Italy 

Savoy 

Italy 

Azores 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Coromandel 

Eaft  India 

Bermudas 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Flanders 

Netherlands 

Andalulia 

Spain 

Lanerkfliire 

Scotland 

GloucefterQiirc 

England 

Malabar 

Eait  India 

Indian 

Ocean 

Farfittan 

Perfia 

Canaries 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Hottentot* 

Caffres 

Atlantic 

Ocean 

Gothland 

Sweden 

Hanover 

Germany 

Normandy 

France 

Azores 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Stiria 

Germany 

Fr.  Flanders 

Netherlands 

Renfrewfhire 

Scotland 

PomerAiia 

Germany 

Caribbean 

Sea 

Ladrone  Ides 

Eaft  India 

Coaft  of 

Sweden 

between 

California  and 

between 

Coaft  of 

Coaft  of 

between 

betwecQ 

between 

Holland 

Holland 

Holllein 

Yorkthire 

Nova  Scotia 

Saxony 

Connefticut 

SulTex 

Cuba 

Normandy 

Dutch  Flanders 

South 


Mexico 
Sweden  &  Ruffia 
New  Scotland 
Mexico 

Perfia  &  Arabia 
Perfia  &  Arabia 
Italy  &  Turkey 
Netherlands 
Netherlands 
Germany 
England 
North 
Germany 
United   States 
England 
Ifland 
France 
Netherlands 
Atlantic  Ocean 


Europe  and 


HernoXani 


Mediterranean 
and  Black  Sea 
W.  Bothnia         Sweden 


Quarter. 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

Africa 

Europe 

Europe 

Africa 

Africa 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

N.  America 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Alia 

Afia 

Afia 

Africa 

Africa 

Africa 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

N.  America 

Afia 

Europe 

N.  America 

Europe 

N.  America 

N.  America 

Afia 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

Europe 

America 

Europe 

N.    America 

Europe 

Europe 

Africa 

Afia 


Lat. 
D.  M. 

■  39-34  ^^• 
45-01  N. 
12-05  ^• 
20-09  ^* 
49-55  N. 

54-22  N, 
14-56  N. 
32-37  N. 
17-11   S. 

44-33  N- 
46-12  N. 
44-25  N. 
44-25  N. 
38-39  N. 
13-04N. 
32-45 N. 
51-03  N, 
36-05  N. 
55-5^  N. 
51-05 N. 
15-31  N. 
13-55 N. 
27-30 N. 
28-05  N. 
33-55  S. 


Long. 
D.  M. 
30.51  W. 

3-10  E. 
80-55  E. 
57-33  E. 

8-40  E. 

20-12  E. 

24-23  W. 

17-01  W. 

143-01  W. 

6-09  E. 

6-05  E. 

8-30  E. 

8-40  E. 
27-55W. 
80-33  E. 
63-30  W. 

3.48  E. 

5-17W. 

4-1  oW. 

2-16  W. 
73-5°  E. 
120-07  E. 
74-20  E. 
17-03W. 
18-28  E. 


14-40N. 
57-42 N. 
5»-3iN. 
48-50N. 
39-02  N, 
47-04  N. 
50.59 N. 
55-52  N. 
54-04  N. 
15-59 N. 
14-ooN. 
Baltic  Sea 
Pacific  Ocean 


.20W. 

-43  E. 
.58  E. 
32  W. 

53  W. 
29  E, 
13  E. 
22W. 
43  E- 

54  W. 
.30  E. 


Baltic  Sea. 

Atlantic  Ocean. 
Atlantic  Ocean. 
Indian  Ocean. 
Indian  Ocean. 
Mediterranean  Sea. 
52.20  N.         4-10  E. 
52-04  N.         4-22  E. 
53-34  N-         9-55  E. 
53.45  N.         1-5JW. 
44-40  N.       63-1 5  W 
52-32  N.         9-35  1 
41-50  N.       7?-50^V. 
50.52  N.       04-06  } . 
23-11  N.       82-1 3  W. 
49-29  N.         o-io  L. 
51-25  N.         4.50  E, 
»5-55  S.        5-44 W. 


Europe  62-38 N.      17-58  E. 


5.2Q 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


Names  of  Places.      Provinces. 


Hereford 
Hervey's  I  He 
Hoai  Nagham 
La  Hotjue   Cape 
Hood's  Ifle 
HoogRraten 
Howe's  Ifle 
Huabine  Ifle 
Hudfoir's  Bay 
Hull 

JAkutfkoi 
Janeiro(Rio) 
.JafTay 
Java  Head 
Jeddo 
Jerufalem 
Immer  Ifle 
Indian  Ocean 
Ingoldftadt 
Jnvernefs 


Herefordfliire 

South 

Kian  Nart 

Normandy 

South 

Brabant 

South 

South 

Coalt  of 

Yoikfliire 

Siberia 

Moldavia 
Java  Ifle 
Japan  Ifle 
Paleftine 
South 


Cowntries. 

England 

Pacific  Ocean 

China 

France 

Pacific  Ocean 

Netherlands 

Pacific  Ocean 

Pacific  Ocean 

Labrador 

England 

Ruffia 

Brafil 

Turkey 

Eaft  India 

Eaft  India 

Turkey 

Pacific  Ocean 

Coaft  of  India 

Germany 

Scotland 

Leeward  Ifles 

North 

Mexico 


Quarter. 

Lat. 

Lun^* 

D.  M, 

D.  M. 

Etrrope 

5-h6  N. 

•2-38  W. 

Alia 

19-17  s. 

158-43  w. 

Afia 

30-34N. 

118-54  E. 

Europe 

49-44N. 

1-51  w. 

Afia 

g-'.'.6  S. 

1 38-47  w. 

Europe 

51-24 N. 

4-5^  ^^ 

Afia 

16-46  S. 

154-01  W. 

Afia 

16-44  s. 

151-01  w. 

N.    America 

.     N.  Atlan 

tic  Ocean. 

Bavaria 

Invernefsfliire 
St,  John's  Tov/n    Antigua 
St.  John's  Town    Newfoundland 
St.  Jofeph's  California 

Irifh  Sea  between  Great  Britain  and   Ireland,  Europe 
Irranamc  Ifle         South  Pacific  Ocean 

Iflamabad  Bengal  Eaft  Ind'a 

Jfle  of  Pines  South  Pacific  Ocean 

Isfahan  Irac  Agem  Perfia 

Ifthmus  of  Sue?,  joins  Africa  to  Afia, 
— — —  of  Corinth,  joins  the  Morea  to  Greece, 
•  of  Panama,  joins  North  and  South  America. 

• of  Malacca,  joins  Malacca  to  Farther  India, 

Ivica  Ifle  Mediterr.  Sea       Italy 

Judda  Arabia  ^tW^        A.rabia 

Juthia  Slam  Eaft  ludia 

KAmtfchatka    Siberia 
Kedffere         Bengal 

Rc.boro'fli 

Airlhire 

Munfter 

Jamaica 

Ukraine 

Lapland 

Pruflia 

Tenerifi"? 


53-45  N. 
62-Qi  N. 
22-54  S. 
47-08 N. 
6.49  S. 
36-20  N. 
3'-55N. 
19-16  S. 

48.45 N. 

57-33  N. 
1 7-04  N,. 

47-3"'  n; 


Kedgere 
Kelfo 

Kilmarnock 
Kingfaie 
Kingston 
Kiow 
Kola 

Koningfberg 
T    Agiina 

Labor 

Lancaller 

Lancarter 

Laodaii 

Landfcroon 

Laufanne 

Leeds 

Leiccfter 

Leipfic 

Leith 

Leper's  Ifland 

Lefkard 

Lcfparre 

Levant  Sea 

Lexiwcton 

Leyden 

Liege 


Ruffia 

Eaft  India 

Scotland 

Scotland 

Ireland 

Weft  India 

Riiflia 

Ruffia 

Poland 

Canaries 


Labor  Eaft  India 

Lancafliire  England 

Pcnnfylvania  United  States 

Alf^re  France 

Schonen  Sweden 

Canton  of  Vaud  Switzerland 

Yoikfliire  England 

Leicefterfiiire  England 

Saxony  Germany 

Edinburghlhire  Scotland 

S.  Pacific  Ocean 

Cornwall  Entrland 

Guienne  France 

Coaft  of  Syria 

j;en!Mrky  United  States 

Holla.id  Netherlands 

Bi;hop.  of  Liege  Netherlands 


Europe 

Afia 

S.   America 

Europe 

Afia 

Afia 

Afia 

Afia 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

N.  America 

America 

N.America    23-03  N. 

Atlantic  Ocean. 

Afia  19-31    S. 

Afia  2  2-^'.oN. 

Afia  22-38  S. 

Afia  32-25  N, 

Europe, 


Afi%, 
Europe 
Afia 
Afia 
Afia 
Afia 
Europe 
Europe 
Europe 
America 
Europe 
Europe 
Europe 
Atlantic 
Ocean 
Afia 
Europe 
America 
Europe 
Europe 
Europe 
Europe 
Europe 
Europe 
pAirope 
Alia 
Europe 
Europe 
Afia 

America 
Europe 
Europe 


0-12  W- 
129-52  E. 
42-38  W. 

27-34  E. 
106-55  E- 
139-co  E. 

35-25  E. 
169-51  E, 

11-27  E. 

4-Q2W. 

62-04  E. 
52V21 W. 
1 09-37  W. 

170-26  E. 

91-50  E. 
167-43  E. 

52-55  E« 


38-50  N. 

J -40  E. 

21-29  N. 

49-27  E. 

14-18N, 

100-55  E. 

57-ioN. 

163-00  E. 

21-48N. 

8<i.55  E. 

55-38  N, 

02-1  2  W. 

55-38 N. 

oi-3oW. 

51-32 N. 

08-?  oW. 

18-15N. 

76-38  W. 

50-30  N. 

31-12  E. 

68-52  N. 

33-' 3  E. 

54-43 N. 

21-35  E. 

28-28  N. 

i6-i3W. 

32-40 N. 

75-3^  E. 

54-05  N. 

02-55  E, 

4C-02  N. 

76-20W. 

49-1 1  N. 

c8-02    E. 

55-5^- N. 

12-51  E, 

46-31  N. 

06-^0  E. 

53-18  N. 

01-29  w. 

52-38 N. 

01.03W. 

51-19N. 

12-2  5    E. 

55-58  N- 

03-00  W. 

15-23  s. 

i68-c3  E. 

50-26  N. 

04-36V/. 

45-1 8  N. 

00-52  W. 

Mediterranean  Sea. 

38-25  N. 

85    9W. 

52-1  oN. 

04-32  E. 

50-37>J- 

05-40  E, 

A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


m 


Names  oj  Places. 

Piovincef, 

Countries, 

■Qjuirtir, 

Lai. 
D.  M. 

Long. 
D.    M. 

Lima 

Peru 

South 

America 

12-01    S. 

76-44W. 

Limerick 

Munfter 

Ireland 

Europe 

5'-35N. 

08-48  W. 

Liinoj^ts 

Limoges 

France 

Europa 

45-49  N. 

01-20  E. 

LiiKX)iu 

Lincolnfliire 

England 

Europe 

53-' 5  N. 

00-27  W. 

Linlidigow 

Liulithgowfliire 

Scotlpnd 

Europe 

5,5-56  E. 

03-30  w. 

I.ur.z 

Auftria 

Germany 

Eur,>pe 

48-16  N- 

*  3-57  J' 

Lilbon 

Ellrcniadura 

Portugal 

Europe 

38-42  N. 

09-04  W. 

Line 

French  Flanders 

Netherlands 

Europe 

50-37  N. 

03-09  E, 

Luchfieia 

StalYordfliire 

England 

Europe 

52-43 N. 

01-04W. 

Lizard  Point 

Cornwall 

England 

Europe 

49-57  N. 

05-ioW. 

LOKDON 

Middlelex 

England 

Europe 

5-3^  N.i 

ft  Meridian 

Londonderry 

Ulller 

Ireland 

Europe 

50-00  N. 

0  7-4oW», 

Loietto 

Pope's  Territory  Italy 

Europe 

43-' 5  N. 

14-15  E. 

Louilbourgh 

Cape  Breton  Ifle 

North 

Aineiica 

45-53 N- 

59-48  w. 

Louvain 

AuftrianBrabant  Netlierlands 

Europe 

50-53  N. 

04-49  ^• 

Louveau 

Siam 

Eaft  India 

AUa 

12.42  R 

iQo-56  B,. 

Lubec 

Hoiaein 

Germany 

Europe 

54-00  N. 

11-40  E. 

St.  I.iicia  Iflc 

Windward  Ifles  Weft  Indi^ 

N.  America 

13-24 N.' 

•  60-46  w. 

Lundcn' 

GotWand 

Sweden 

Europe 

55-4' N. 

13-26  E. 

Luncvilk 

Lorrain 

France 

Europe 

48-35  N. 

C6-35  E. 

Luxemburg 

Luxemburg 

Netherlands 

Europe 

49-37 N. 

06-16  E. 

L>"uns 

Lyons 

France 

Europe 

45-45  N. 

0.4-54  E- 

JVL  Macaffar 

Canton 

China 

AGa 

22-1  2  N. 

ii3-5>  E. 

Celebes  Ifle 

Eaft  India 

Alia 

05-09  S. 

119-53  E. 

Madeira  iunchal 

Atlantic 

Ocean 

Africa 

3-37  N. 

17-oiW. 

Madras 

Coromandcl 

Ealt  India 

Afia 

T.-C4N. 

80-33  E. 

Madrid 

New  Caitile 

Spain 

Europe 

40-.5N. 

03.20  E. 

Magdalena  Iflc 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

10-25  s. 

1 38-44  w. 

Mahoa  Port 

Minorca 

Mediterr.  Sea 

Europe 

39-50  N. 

03-53  e- 

Majorca 

Ifle 

Mediterr.  Sea 

Europe 

39-35  N. 

02-34  E- 

Malacca 

Malacca 

Eaft  India 

Alia- 

02-,2N. 

102-10    E. 

MnlliKS 

Brabant 

Netherlands 

Europe 

5T-01N. 

04-33  E. 

Malicola  (Ifie) 

South 

Pacilic  Ocean 

Afia 

16-15N. 

167-44  E- 

St.  Malocs 

Bietagne 

France 

Europe 

48-38  N. 

01-53W. 

Malta  Hk 

Mediterranean 

Sea 

Africa 

35-54  N. 

14-33  E. 

Manilla 

Luconla  Philip. 

Ifles 
Mantua 

.  Eaft  India 

Afia 

14-36  N. 

120-58  E. 

M.VNTUA 

Italy 

Europe 

45-20  N. 

10-47  E. 

Margcalante 

Atlantic 

Ocean 

S.  America 

15-55N. 

61-C6W. 

Mariet  r.\ 

N.W.  Territory 

'  United  States 

America 

39-34  N- 

81-40W. 

Marfeilles 

Provence 

France 

Europe 

43-^  7  N. 

05-27  E. 

St.  Man  ha 

St.  Martha 

Terra  Finrva 

America 

11-26N. 

7  3-59  W- 

St.  Martin's  Ifle 

Carribbean  Iflcs  Well  India 

America 

18-04N. 

62-57  W. 

Martinico  Ifle 

Carribbeaii  Ifles  Weft  India 

America 

14-44 N. 

6.-16W, 

St,  Ma!  y-s  Iflc 

SciUy  Iflea 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Europe 

49-57  N. 

06-38  W. 

St.  Mary's  Town 

Azores 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Europe 

36-56  N. 

25-04W. 

Maflcclyne  Iflcs 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Alia 

16-32  s. 

168-04  E, 

Mauritius 

Indian 

Ocean 

Africa 

20-og  S. 

57-34  E, 

Maurua  Iflc 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

16-25  s. 

152-37  E. 

Mavcnce 

Lower  Rhine  | 

Germany 

Europe 

49-54  N. 

08-25  E. 

Mayo  Iflc 

Cape  Vcrd 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Africa 

15-10  N. 

-.3-00  W. 

McauK 

Champagne 

France 

Europe 

48-57  N. 

ca-57  E. 

Mecca 

Arabia  FcliJt 

Arabia 

Afia 

21-45N. 

41-00  E. 

Medina 

Arabia  Felix 

Arabia 

Afia 

25-00  N. 

39-53  E. 

Mcditerr.  Sea 

Between 

Europe  and 

Africa 

Atlanti 

ic  Ocean. 

Mequincz 

Fez 

Barbary 

Africa 

34-30  N. 

c6-co  E, 

Messina 

Scilly  Ifland 

Italy 

Europe 

38-aoN. 

15-40  E. 

Mcr,-^ui 

Siam 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

1Z.12N. 

98  13  E, 

Mexico 

Mexico 

North 

America 

19-54 N. 

1 00-00  W. 

Miatca  Ifie 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

17-52  S. 

148.01  w. 

St.  Michael's 

Azores 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Europe 

37-47 N- 

25-37  w. 

Middlcburg  Ifle 

South 

Pacific  Oceau 

Afia 

21-20  s. 

174-29W, 

MiLA.N 

Milanefe 

Italy 

Europe 

45-2fiN. 

«9-3a  fi* 

528 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


Names  of  Places.        Proviiues.  Countries, 


Milford  Haven 
Mocha 

MoDENA 

Montreal 

Montpelier 

Muniagiie  Ifk 

MontioCe 

Monferrat  Ifle 

Morocco 

Moscow 

Munich 

Munfter 

NAmur 
Nancy 
Nan^!;afachi 
Nanking 
Nantes 
Naples 
Narva 

New    Haven 
New  York 
Nevvcaftle 
Newport 
Ni^e 

St.NicholasMole 
Nieuport 
Nineveh 
Ningpo 
Norfolk  Ifle 
Norfolk 
Noriton 
North   Cape 
Northampton 
Norwich 
Nuremberg 
Nottingham 

OChotfl^oi 
Ohevahoa 

Ifle 
Ohitahoo  Ifle 
Oleron 
Olinde 
Olmutz 
Olympia 
St.  Omer's 
Onateayo  Ifle 
Oporto 
Oran 
Orenburg 
L'Orient    (Port) 
Orleans 
Orleans  (New) 
Ormus 
Orotava 
Orflc 

Ofnaburg  Ifle 
Oftend 
Otahelte 
Owhyee 
Oxford    Obfer- 

vatory 

T>Acific  or  O-     Between 
JTrientiil  Ocean 


Quarter, 


Pembrokefhire 

Wales 

Europe 

Arabia  Felix 

Arabia 

Afia 

Modena 

Italy 

Europe 

Canada 

North 

America 

Languejdoc 

France 

Europe 

Syuth 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Forfar 

Scotland 

Europe 

Caribbean  IQes 

Weft  India 

America 

Morocco 

Barbary 

Africa 

Mofcow 

Ruflia 

Europe 

Bavaria 

Germany 

Europe 

Weftphalia 

Germany 

Europe 

Namur 

Netherlands 

Europe 

Lorrain 

France 

Europe 

Japan 

N«Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Kiangan 

China 

Afia 

Bretagne 

France 

Europe 

Naples 

Italy 

Europe 

Livonia 

Ruffia 

Europe 

Connefticut 

United  States 

America 

New  York 

United  States 

America 

Northumberlanc 

1  England 

Europe 

Rhode  Ifland 

United  States 

America 

Piedmont 

Italy 

Europe 

Hifpaniola 

Weft  India 

America 

Flanders 

Netherlands 

Europe 

Curdiftan 

Turkey 

Afia 

Chekiang 

China 

Afia 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Virginia 

United  States 

America 

Pennfylvania 

North 

America 

Wardhus 

Lapland 

Europe 

Northamptonfh, 

,  England 

Europe 

Norfolk 

England 

Europe 

Franconia 

Germany 

Europe 

Nottinghamfli. 

England 

Europe 

Siberia 

Ruffia 

Afia 

South 

Pacific    Ocean 

Afia 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Saintonge 

France 

Europe 

Brafil 

South 

America 

Moravia 

Bohemia 

Europe 

Greece 

Turkey 

Europe 

Flanders 

Netherlands 

Europe 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Duoro 

Pertugal 

Europe 

Algiers 

Barbary 

Africa 

Tartary 

Ruffia 

Afia 

Bretagne 

France 

Europe 

Orleannois 

France 

Europe 

Louifiana 

North 

America 

Ormicos  Ifle 

Perfia 

Afia 

TenerifFe 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Africa 

Tartary 

Ruffia 

Afia 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Flanders 

Netherlands 

Europe 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

Oxfordfliire 

England 

Europe 

Lat. 
D.  M. 

51-45  N. 
13-40  N. 
44-34  N- 
45-35  N. 
43-36  N. 
17-26  S. 
56-34  N. 
16.47 N. 
30-32  N. 
55-45  N. 
48-09  N. 
52-00  N. 
50-28  N. 
48-41  N. 
32-32  N. 
32-00  N. 
47-1 3  N. 
40-50  N. 
59-00  N. 
41-19N. 
40-40  N. 
55-03  N. 
4»-35N. 
43-41  N. 
19-49 N- 
51-07 N. 
36-00  N. 
29-57 N. 
29-01  S. 
36-55  N. 
40-09  N. 
71-ioN. 
52-15  N. 
52-40  N. 
49-27  N. 
53-00  N, 
59-20  N. 
09-40  S. 

09-55  s. 
46-02  N. 
08-13  s. 
49-30 N. 
37-30  N. 
50-44  N. 
09-58  S. 
41-ioN. 
36-30 N. 
51-46  N. 
47-45  N. 
47-54  N. 
29-57  N. 
26-50  N, 
28-23  N. 
5.-12  N. 
17-52  S. 
51-13N. 
17-29  s. 

22-10    S. 

51-45  N. 


D.  M. 

05-15W* 
43-50  E. 
11-17  E. 
73-1  iW. 
03-37  E' 
168-36  E. 
02-  20W, 
62-1 2  W. 
06-ioW". 
37-50  E. 
11-35 
07-10 


04.49 
06-16 


12JS-51 

118-30 
OI-28W. 

14-18  E, 

27-35  E. 

73-ooWi 

7  4-00  W. 

01-24W. 

71-06W. 

07-22  E. 

73-24W» 

02-50  E. 

45-00  E. 
120-23  E« 
168-15  E. 

01-20  W. 

75-18W- 

26-02  E. 

00.55W. 

01-25  E. 

11-12  E. 

01.06W, 
143-17  E. 
1 38-56  W. 

139-01  w, 

01-20  w. 

35-00  W. 

16-45  E. 

22-00  E. 

02-19  E. 
J  38-46  W. 

08-22  W. 

00-05  E. 

55-.4F 

03-20  W . 

01-59  E. 

89-53  W. 

57-00  E. 

1(5-1 9  W. 

58-37  E, 
148-01  E, 

03.00  E- 
1 49-35  W. 
199-eo  E. 

oi-ioW. 


Afia  and 


America 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


A'ames  of  Peaces.     Provinces. 

Padua 
Paifley 


Palermo 

Pallifer's  Ifles 

Palma  Ulc 

Palmerfton's  Ifle 

Palmyra 

Panama 

Paoom  Ifle 

Paris  (Obferv.) 

Parma 

Patna 

Patiixfioid 

Pau 

St.  Paul's  Ifle 

Pegu 

Peking 

Pclew  I  Hands 

Pembroke 

Pen'sacola 

Penzance 

Peiigueux 

Perinaldi 

Perth 

Perth   Amboy 

Perfepolis 

St.  Peter's  Fort 

St.  Peter's  Ifle 

Petersbw  rg 

Petropawlofkoi 

PtUi  ADEI.PHIA 

St.  Philip's   Fort 

Pickerfgill  Ifle 

Pico 

Pines,  Ifle  of 

Pifa 

PlaccRtia 

I'lvmnuth 

Plymouth 

Pulliiiofcn 

Pondicherry 

Ponoi 

Porto  Bello 

Port  Santlo   Ifle 

Port  Royal 

Port  Royal 

Portland  Ifle 

Portland  Ifle 

Portfnio.  Town 

Academy 

Porifmouih 

Potofi 

Prague 

Prelburg 

Prefton 

Prince  of  Wales 

Fort 
Providence 
Pulo Candor Ifle 
PuK)  Timor  Ifle 
Pvlcllr.jrt  Ifle 

^^  Queen 
tharlotie'i  Ifles 


Paduano 

Renfrewfliire 

Sicily  Ifle 

South 

Canaries 

South 

Syria 

Darien 

South 

Ifle  of  France 

Parmafart 

Bengal 

Iceland 

Beam 

South 

Pegu 

Petchlli 

North 

Pembrokefliire 

Weil  Florida 

Cornwall 

Guiennc 

Genoa 

Perthfliire 

New  Jerfey 

Irac  Agem 

Martinico 

North 

Ingria 

Kamtfchatka 

PcnnfyKania 

Minorca 

South 

Azores 

N.  Caledonia 

Tufcany 

Newfoandl.  Ifle 

Dcvonlhire 

Maflachufetts 

Swabia 

Ctiromandel 

Lapland 

Terra  Firms 

Madeira 

Jamaica 

Martinico 

South 

North 

Hampfl^ire 

Hamprtiire 

New  Hampflure 

Peru 

Upper 
l.ancafliire 
New  N.  Wales 

Rhode  Ifland 

Indian  Ocean 

Gulf  of  Siani 

South 

Lower  Canada 

SoUlli 


Countries. 

Italy 

Scotland 

Italy 

Pacific  Ocein 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Pacific  Ocean 

Turkey 

Terra  Firma 

Pacific  Ocean 

Franee 

Italy 

Eaft  India 

N.  Atlan.  Ocean 

France 

Indian  Ocean 

Eaft  India 

China 

Pacific  Ocean 

Wales 

North 

F.ngland 

France 

Italy 

Scotland 

United  States 

Perfia 

W.  India 

Ailauiii.  Ocean 

Rufiia 

Ruflia 

United  States 

Mediterr.  Sea 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Pacific  Ocean 

Italy 

North 

England 

United  .States 

Germany 
Eaft  India 
Ruffia 
South 

Atlantic  Ocean 
Weft  India 
Weft  India 
Pacific  Ocean 
Atlantic  Ocean 
England 
England 
United  States 
South 
Bohemia 
Hungary 
England 
North 

United  States 
Eaft  India 
Eaft  India 
Pacific  Ocean 
North 

Pacific  Occaa 
Oo 


Quarter. 


Lot. 
D.  M. 


Long. 
D.  M. 


5^9 


Europe 

45-22  N. 

12-00    E. 

Europe 

55-48  N. 

04-08  W. 

Europe 

38-30 N. 

13-43  E- 

Afia 

15-38  S- 

146-25  W. 

Africa 

28-36 N. 

17-45W. 

Afia 

18  00  S. 

162-52  W. 

Afia 

33-00  N. 

39-00  E. 

S.  America 

08-47  N. 

8o.i6W. 

Afia 

16-30  S. 

158-33  E. 

Europe 

48^50  N. 

a-25  E. 

Europe 

44-45  N. 

10-51  E. 

Afia 

25-45  N. 

83-00  E. 

Europe 

^5-35^. 

14-05  W. 

Eurcpe 

43-X5N- 

0.04  W. 

Africa 

37-51  s. 

77-53  E- 

Afia 

17-00 N. 

97-90  E. 

Afia 

39-54 N. 

116-29  E. 

Afia 

7-00  N. 

135-00  E. 

Europe 

5'-45N. 

.4-50W. 

America 

30.22  N. 

,'87-2oW. 

Europe 

50-C8  N, 

'     6-00  W. 

Europe 

45-11  N. 

,    0.48  E. 

Europe 

43-53  N. 

7-45  E- 

Europe    " 

56-22  N. 

3-1 2  w. 

Amerijja 

40-30  N. 

7  4-20  w. 

Afia 

30.30 N. 

54-00  E. 

N.    America  14-44  N. 

61-16  w. 

America 

46-46  N. 

56-1 2  w. 

Europe 

59-56 N. 

30.24  E. 

Afia 

53-01  N. 

158-40  E. 

America 

39-56  N. 

75-09W. 

Europe 

39-50 N. 

3-53  E. 

America 

54-42  S. 

36-53  w. 

Europe 

38-2?  N. 

2  3-21  W. 

Afia 

22-38   .S. 

167-43  £• 

Europe 

43-43  N. 

10-17  E. 

America 

47.26  N. 

55-00  W. 

Europe 

50-22  N. 

4-1  oW. 

America 

41-48 N. 

70-25  W. 

Europe 

47.48  N. 

10.48  E. 

Afia 

11.41  N. 

79-57  £-• 

Europe 

67-06  N. 

36.28  E. 

America 

09-33 N- 

79-45  W. 

Africa 

32-58  N. 

i6-2oW« 

America 

18.00N. 

76-40  w. 

America 

M-35N. 

61-04W. 

Afia 

39-25  S. 

178-17  E. 

Europe 

63.22  N, 

18-49W. 

Europe 

50-47  N- 

01-01  W. 

Europe 

50-48  N. 

1.C1W. 

America 

43-05  N. 

70.43  w. 

America 

21.00  S, 

7  7-00  W, 

Europe 

59.04  N. 

14-50  E. 

Europe 

48.20 N, 

17-30W. 

Europe 

53-45  N. 

a-50W, 

America 

58-47  N- 

g.i-02W. 

America 

41.50  N. 

71.21  W. 

Afia 

8-40  N. 

107.25  E. 

Afia 

3-00  N. 

104-30  E, 

Afia 

22.25  S. 

1 75-36  w. 

America 

46.55  N. 

69-48  w. 

AlJa 

10-11  S. 

164-35  B, 

S30 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


mmcsof  Pkces, 

Frovmcs. 

Countries. 

CHiartcr, 

Lut. 
D.  M. 

Leng. 
D.  M. 

§t.  Qointin 

Picardy 

France 

Europe 

49.50 N. 

3-22  E. 

Quito 

Peru 

South 

America 

0-13  S. 

7  7-50  W. 

-p  Agufa 
Xv  Ramhead 

Dalmatia 

Venice 

Europe 

42-45  N. 

18-25  K. 

Cornwall 

England 

Europe 

50-1 8  N. 

4-1 5  W. 

Ratifbon 

Bavaria 

Germany 

Europe 

48-56  N. 

12-05  E- 

Re  Ifle 

Aunis 

France 

Europe 

46-14  N. 

1.29  W. 

Recif 

Brafll 

South 

America 

8-10  S. 

35-30  W. 

Rcfolution  Iflc 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

17-23  S. 

14.-40W. 

Rheims 

Champagne 

France 

Europe 

49-14  N. 

4-07  E. 

Rhodes 

Rhode  Ifland 

Levant  fea 

Afia    _ 

36-20  N. 

28-co  E. 

Richmond 

Virginia 

United  States 

America 

37-40 N. 

77-50  W. 

5is^  . 

Livonia 

Ruflia 

Europe 

56-55  N. 

24-00  E. 

Rimini 

Romagna 

Italy 

Europe 

44-03  N. 

12-39  E. 

Rennes 

Bretagne 

France 

Europe 

48-06  N. 

1-36W. 

Rochelle 

Aunis 

France 

Europe 

46-og  N. 

3-04W. 

Kochfort 

Saintongc 

France 

Europe 

46-02  N. 

C-53W. 

Rock  of  Lifbon 

Mouth  of  Tagus  Portugal 

Europe 

38-45  N. 

9.30  W. 

River 

Rodez 

Guienne 

France 

Europe 

44-21  N. 

2-39  E. 

Rodngues  Ifle 

South 

Indian  Ocean 

Africa 

10-40  N. 

63-15  E. 

Rome,  St.  Peter's 

Pope's  Territory  Italy 

Europe 

4'-53N. 

12-34  E. 

Rotterdam 

Holland 

Netherlands 

Europe 

5,-56  N. 

4-33  E. 

Rotterdam  Ifle 

South 

Pacihc  Ocean 

Afia 

2C-16N. 

1 7  4-2  5  W. 

Rouen 

Normandy 

France 

Europe 

49-26  N. 

1-00  W. 

C  Aba  Ifle 
O  Sagan 

Carib.  fea 

Weft  India 

America 

17-39  ^'• 

63-1 2  W. 

Silefla 

Germany 

Europe 

51-42  N. 

15-27  E. 

St.  Auguftine 

Ealt  Florida 

North 

America 

29.45  N. 

81.12W. 

St.  Domingo 

Carib.  lea 

Weft  India 

America 

18-20  N. 

7  0-00  W. 

St.  George's 

Between 

England  and 

Europe 

Atlaiitic  Ocean, 

Channel 

Ireland 

St,  Jago 

Chili 

South 

America 

34-00  S, 

77-coV.'. 

St.  Juan 

California 

North 

America 

26-25  N. 

11 4-09  w. 

St.  Salvador 

Brafil 

South 

America 

11-58  S. 

38.COW. 

Sakm 

Man"ychufetts 

United  .States 

America 

42-35 N. 

70.52  w. 

Salifbury 

Wiltlbire 

England 

Europe 

51-00  N. 

1-45W. 

Sail  Ifle 

North 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Africa 

16-38  N. 

2..51W. 

Salonichi 

Macedonia 

Turkey 

Europe 

40-41  N. 

^-3-13  E. 

Salvage  Ifles 

,  North 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Africa 

30-00  N. 

15-49W. 

Samana 

Hifpanioja 

Weft  India 

America 

19-15 '^'• 

6g-i  1  W. 

Samarcand 

LToec 

Tartary 

Afia 

40-40  N. 

69-00  E. 

Samaria  Ruins 

Holy  Land 

Turkey 

Afia 

32-4C  N. 

38-00  E. 

Sandwich  Ifle 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

17-41   S. 

168-38  E. 

.Santa  Cruz 

Tenerifl"c 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Africa 

28-27  N. 

16.11W. 

Santa  Fee 

New  Mexico 

North 

America 

36-00  N. 

1 04-00  W. 

Savage  Ifle 

S(mth 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

19-02   S. 

169-25W. 

S/VVAN  a'AII 

'  (Jcorgla 

United  States 

America 

3>-.'i5  J^'- 

80-20  W. 

.Saander's  Ifle 

South  Georgia 

S.Atlantic  Ocean 

I    S.  America 

58-co  S. 

26.53W. 

Kayd,  or  Thebes 

Upper  _ 

J'sypt 

Africa 

27-00  N. 

32-20  E. 

Scarborough 

Yorkfliire 

England 

Europe 

54-1 8  N. 

o-ioW. 

.Schwezingeii 

Lower  Rhine 

Germany 

Europe 

49.23  N. 

8-J.5  E. 

Scone 

Perthfliire 

.Scotland 

Europe 

56-24  N. 

3-1*0  W. 

Sea  of  Afoph 

Little  Tartary 

Europe  and 

Afia 

. Marmora 

Turkey  in 

I'^urope  and 

Afia 

Black  fea. 

Ochotfl; 

Between 

Sibcria.and  Kamtfchatka,  Afia,      N.  Pacific  Ocean. 

— —  Yellow 

Between  Eaflcrn  Tartary,  China 

and  Corea 

N.  Pacific  Ocean. 

Sedan 

Champagne 

France 

Europe 

49-42  N. 

5-02  E. 

Senegal 

Negroland 

A.*"rica 

15-53  N. 

16-26W. 

Seville 

Andalufla 

Spain 

Europe 

37-15  N- 

6-05  W. 

Sheeinefs 

Kent 

England 

Europe 

51-25  >>^ 

o-co  E, 

Shepherd's  Ifles 

i     South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

16-58  S. 

168-47  E. 

Shields  (South) 

Durham 

England 

Europe 

55-02  N. 

1-15  E. 

Shrewibury 

Shrop.'hire 

England 

Europe 

52.43  N. 

2.46  W. 

Si  am 

Siam 

Ealt  Indi* 

Afla 

14-18  N. 

100.55  E. 

A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


Names  of  PIj:cs.       Provinces . 


Sidon 

tJigham^ii 

Siiteron 

.Smyrna 

Sombavera 

Soolo  Ifle 

Southampton 

Spaw 

Stafford 

Stockholm 

Sterling; 


iHos 


Holy  Land 
Chenfi 

Dauphinc 

Natolia 

Carib.  fca 

Philip.  Illes 

Hamplhire 

Lcige 

.Staftorddiirc 

Upland 

Sierlinjrfhirc 


Countries, 

Turkey 

China 

France 

Turkey 

Weft  India 

Eaft  India 

England 

Germany 

tngland 

Sweden 

Scotland 


Qjidrtcr^ 

Afia 

Afia 

Europe 

Afia 

N.  America 

Afia 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 


Lai. 
D.  M. 

33-33  N- 
34-16  N. 
44-11  N. 
38-28  N. 
18-38  N. 
5-57  N. 
.50-55  N. 
5C-30N. 
5^-50  N. 
59-^0  N. 
36-10 N. 


Straits  of  Babclmandel,    between  Africa  and  Afia,  Red  S=a. 

-  of  Dover,  between  England  and  France,  Englilh  Channel. 

of  Gibraltar,  between  Europe  and  Africa,  Mediterranean  Sea. 

of  Malacca,  between  Malacca  and  Sumatra,  Afia,  Indian  Ocean. 

of  Magellan,  between  Terra  del  Fuego,  and  Patagonia,  South  America. 

of  La  Mairc,  in  Patagonia,  South  Amt:rica,  Atlantic  and  Pacilic  Ocean. 

of  Ormus,  between  Perfia  and  Arabia,  Pcrlian  Gulf. 

of  Scuida,  between  Sumatra  and  Java,  Indian  Ocean,  Afia. 

ot  Waigats,  between  Nova  Zembla  and  Rufiia,  Afia. 


Stralfund 

Pomerania 

Germany 

Europe 

54-23  N. 

Strafburgh 

Alface 

France 

Europe 

48-34 N. 

Straumnefs 

Iceland 

N..\tlant:.  Ocean 

Europe 

65-39  N. 

Suez 

Suez 

Egypt 

Africa 

29-50  N. 

Sultz 

Lorraiii 

Frjnce 

Europe 

47-53  N" 

Sunderland 

Durham 

England 

Europe 

54-55  ^'• 

Surat 

Guzurat 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

21-ioN. 

Surinam 

Surinam 

South 

America 

6-00  N. 

S^racule 

Sicily  Ifle 

Italy 

Europe 

36-58  N. 

'V'Able  I  Hand 
A     Tanjour 

New  Hebrides 

South  Pacific 

Afia 

15-38  S. 

Tanjour 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

11-27  N. 

Tanna 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

19-32  S. 

Taoukaa  Ifle 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

14-30  s. 

Tauris 

Aderbeitzan 

Perfia 

Afia 

38-20  N. 

Teflis        I 

Georgia 

Perfia 

Afia 

43-30  N- 

Temontengis 

Soloo 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

5-57  N. 

Tencriffe  Peak 

Canaries 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Africa 

28-12 N. 

Tercera 

Azores 

Atlantic  Ocean 

Europe 

38-45  ^^ 

Teruan 

Fez 

Barbary 

Africa 

35-40  ^' 

St.  Thomas's  Ifle 

Virgin  Iflcs 

Weft  India 

America 

18.21  N, 

Thorn 

Regal  Prufiia 

Poland 

Europe 

52-56 N. 

Timor,S.W.PoA 

Eaft  India 

Afia 

10-23  s. 

TimorlandS.Po. 

Eaft  India 

Alia 

8-15  S. 

Tobolfki 

Siberia 

Rulfia 

Afia 

58-12  N. 

Toledo 

New  Caftile 

Spain 

Europe 

39-50  N. 

Tomlk 

Siberia 

Ruifia 

Afia 

56-29  N. 

Tonga  Tabu  Ifle 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

21.09  s. 

Tornea 

Bothnia 

Sweden 

Europe 

65-50  N. 

Toulon 

Provence 

France 

Europe 

43-07  N- 

Trapelond 

Natolia 

Turkey 

Afu, 

41-50 N. 

Trent 

Trent 

Germany 

Europe 

46-05  N. 

Trenton 

New  Jerfey 

United  States 

America 

40-15  N. 

Tripoli 

Tripoli 

Barbary 

Africa 

3=-53  N. 

Tripoli 

Syria 

Turkey 

Afia 

34-3=  N- 

Troy  Ruins 

Natolia 

Turkey 

Afia 

39-30  '^^• 

Tunis 

Tunis 

Barbary 

Africa 

36-47  N. 

Turin 

Piedmont 

Italy 

Europe 

45-05  N, 

Turtle  Ifle 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

19-48  S. 

Tyre 

Paleftinc 

Turkey 

Afia 

3-32  N. 

Tyrnaw 

TrcnUchin 

Hungary 

Europe 

48-23  N. 

T  TLiatea 
VJ    Upfal 

South 

Pacific  Ocean 

Afia 

16-45  S- 

Upland 

Sweden 

Europe 

59-51  ^f• 

53* 

L(f>ig. 
D.  M, 

36-15  1^* 
1 08-48  .E, 
6-01  E, 
27-24  £, 
63-32  W» 

121-20    E. 
I-25W. 

S-40  E. 

2-00  W< 

18.08  E. 

3-50  W. 


i3-»e  E. 
7-46  E. 

24-24  W, 

33-27  E, 
7.09  W, 
i-ioW. 

72-27  E. 

55-30  W. 

15-05  B»" 
167-12  E; 

79.07  E. 
169-46  £. 
1 45-04  W, 

46-30  E. 

47.00  E, 
120-58  E, 

16-24W, 

27.01  W, 
5-1 8  W. 

64-46  W. 

19-ooW. 

124.04  E. 

131-59  E- 

68-17  E. 
3-25  E. 

85.04  E. 
174-41 W. 

24-17  E. 
6.01  E. 

40-30  E. 

11-02  E» 

74-1 5  W. 

13-12  E» 

36-15  E. 

26-30  E. 

10-00  E. 

7-45  K. 

178-02W. 

36-00  q^ 

17-38  E. 
151-26  W. 

»7-47  £• 


53* 

frames  of  Places. 

Uraniberg 
Ufliant  Iflc 
Utrecht 
Venice 
Vera  Cruz 
VERNON,Mount 
Verona 
VerfaiUes 
ViENNAjObfer. 
Vigo 

Vintimiglia 
Virgin  Gorda 
•\X7Akefield 
VV    Prince  of 

Wales' Fort 
Wardhus 

War  raw 

Warwick 

Washington 

Wat  crford 

Wells 

Wcftman  Ifles 

Whitehaven 

Wh-tfuntide  Ifle 

Williamlburg 

Willis's  Ides 

Winchefter 

W.lna 

Wittenburg 

Wologda 

Worccfter 

Worcefter 

Worms 

Woflak 

Wurtzburg 

YArmouth 
York 
Yorkminfter 


A  NEW  GEOGRAPHICAL  TABLE. 


Provinces. 

Huen  Ifle 

Bretagne 

Holland 

Venice 

Mexico 

Virginia 

Veronefe 

Ifle  of  France 

Auftria 

Galicia 

Genoa 

Virgin  Ifles 

Yorkflure 

New  N.Wales 

Norwegian 
Lapland 
MaflTovia 
Warwickfbire 

Columb.  Diftrift  United  States 
Munfter 
Somerfetfhirc 
North 

Cumberland 
South 
Virginia 
South  Georgia 
Hampfhire 
Lithuania 
Upper  Saxony 
Wologda 
Worceflerfhire 
Maffachufetts 
Lower  Rhine 


Countries, 

Pmmark 

France 

Netherlands 

Italy 

North 

United  States 

Italy 

France 

Germany 

Spain 

Italy 

Weft  India 

F.ngland 

North 

Lapland 

Poland 
England 


Quarter. 


Lat. 
D.  M. 


Franconia 

Norfolk 

Yorklhire 

Terra  del  Fuego  South 
Greenwich  Obfetv.  Kent,  England,  Europe,  51°  28'  40"  N.  0° ^ 
don. 


Ireland 

England 

Atlantic  Ocean 

England 

Pacific  Ocean 

United  States 

Atlantic  Ocean 

England 

Poland 

Germany 

Ruflia 

England 

United  States 

Germany 

RulTia 

Germany 

England 

England 


Europe 

5.5-54  N. 

Europe 

48-28  N. 

Europe 

52-07  N. 

Europe 

45-26  N. 

America 

19-12  N. 

America 

38.40  N. 

Europe 

45-26  N, 

Europe 

48-48  N. 

Europe 

48-12  N. 

Europe 

42-14N. 

Europe 

43-53  N. 

America 

18-18  N. 

Europe 

5V4'  N. 

America 

58-47  N. 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Afia 

America 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

America 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

Europe 

America 


Lovg. 
D.  M, 

12-57  E. 

4-59  W. 

5-00  E. 
11-59  E. 
97-25  W. 
77-20  W. 
11-23  E, 

2-12  L. 
16-22  E. 

8-23  W. 

7-42  F. 
63-59  W. 

1-28W. 
94-01 W^ 


70-22  N.       31 


52-1 4  N. 
52-18  N. 

3»-54  N. 
52-12  N. 
51-12  N. 
63-20  N. 
54-38  N. 

15-44  s. 

37-1  iN. 
54-00  S. 
51.06  N. 
54-41  N. 
5 1-49  N. 
59-19  N. 

52-09  ^^ 
42-23  N. 
49-38  N. 
61-15  N. 
49-46  N. 
52-45  N. 
53-59  N. 
55.26 N. 
37"  £.  of  St. 


E. 


21-05  E- 
1-32  W. 

77-09  w, 

7-16W. 

2-40  w, 
20-22W. 

3-36  w. 
168-25  E. 
76-48  w. 
38-24  w. 

1.I5W. 

25-32  E. 
12-46  E. 
4IT50  E. 
1-55W. 
71-44  W. 
8.05  E, 

10-18  E. 

1.48  E. 

i-oiW. 

70.03  W, 

Paul's,  Lon» 


AN 


533 


AN       IMPROVED 

CHRONOLOGICAL    TABLE, 

O  F 
Remarkable  EVENTS,  DISCOVERIES,  akd  INVENTIONS 

Comprehending,  in  one  view,  the  Analysis  or  Outlines  of  General 
History,  from  the  Creation  to  the  prefent  Time. 


Bcf.Chrift. 

4004  '"l~'HE  crci-tion  of  tlie  world,  and  of  Adam  niid  Eve. 

4003     A    The  biiih  of  Cain,  the  lirftwho  was  born  of  a  woman. 

3017  l£noch  traiilldted  into  heaven. 

2348  The  old  world  deftroyed  by  a  deluge  whioh  continued  377  days. 

1247  The  tower  of  Babel  is  built  about  this  time  by  Noah's  pofteiity  ;  upon  which  God 
mivaculoufly  confounds  their  language,  and  thus  difperfes  them  into  different 
nations. 

2234  Cclellial  obfervations  are  begun  at  Babylon,  the  city  which  firft  gave  birth  to 
learning  and  the  fciences. 

2188  Mifraim,  the  fon  of  Ham,  foundi  the  kingdom  of  Egypt,  which  lafted  1663  years, 
to  the  conquelt  of  Canibyfes. 

2059  Ninus,  the  fon  of  Belus,  founds  the  kingdom  of  AfTyria,  which  lafted  above  locO 
years. 

1921  The  covenant  of  God  made  with  Abraham,  when  he  leaves  Haran  to  go  into  Ca- 
naan, which  begins  the  430  years  of  fojourning, 

1897  The  cities  of  Sodom  and  Gomorrah  are  dellioyed  for  their  wickednefs  by  fire 
from  heaven. 

1856  The  kingdom  of  Argos  in  Greece  begins  under  Inachus 

1822  Memnon  the  Egyptian  invents  the  letters. 

1715  Prometheus  firft  iiriick  fire  from  flints. 

1635  Jofeph  dies  in  Egypt,  which  concludes  the  book  of  Genefis,  containing  a  period 
of  i'369  years. 

1574  Aaron  born  in  Egypt  ;   1490,  appointed  by  God  firft  high  prieft  of  the  Ifrsclites. 

1571   Mofcs,  brother  to  Am  on,  bom  in  Egypt,  and  adopted  by  Pharaoii's  daughter. 

15^6  Cecrops  brings  a  colony  of  Saites  from  Egypt,  into  Attica,  and  begins  the  king- 
dom of  Athens  in  Greece. 

1546  Scamander  comes  from  Crete  into  Phrygia,  and  begins  the  kingdom  of  Troy. 

1503  Deluge  of  Deucalion  in  Theffaly. 

1493  Cadmus  carried  the  Phoenician  letters  into  Greece,  and  built  the  citadel  of  Thebes. 

i49i  Mofes  performs  a  number  of  m.iracles  in  Egypt,  and  departs  from  that  kingdom, 
together  with  60c, 000  Ifraelites,  befides  children,  which  completed  the  430 
ycats  of  fojourning. 

1485  The  firft  (hip  that  appeared  in  Greece  brought  from  Egypt  by  Danaiis,  v/ho  ar- 
rived at  Rhod'^s,  and  brought  with  him  his  fifty  daughters. 

1453  The  fiift  Olympic  games  ctlebratcd  at  Olynipia,  in  Greece. 

1452  The  Pentateuch,  or  fue  firft  books  of  Moits,  are  written  in  the  land  of  Moab, 
where  he  died  the  year  following,  aged  1 10  years. 

1451  The  Ifraelites,  after  lojourning  in  the  wildernefs  forty  years,  are  led  under  Jothua 
into  the  land  of  Canaan,  where  ihey  fix  themfelves,  after  havmg  fubdued  the 
natives  ;  and  the  period  of  the  fabbaiical  year  commences. 

1263  Argonautic  expedition. 

1HJ&  The  rape  of  Helen  by  Paris,  which,  in  1193,  give  rife  to  the  Trojan  war,  and 
fiegc  of  Troy  by  the  Greeks,  whi.-h  coniiu'jed  ten  yeuvs,  when  that  city  was 
liken  ajid  buir.cd, 

IC48  David 


534       AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE, 

»ef.  Chrift. 

1048  David  is  fole  King  of  IfracI, 

IC04  The  Temple  is  folemnly  dedicated  by  Solomon. 
896  Elijah,  the  prophet,  is  tranflated  to  heaven. 
894  Mcmey  firft  made  of  gold  and  fUver  at  Argos.' 
869  The  city  of  Carthage,  in  Africa,  founded  by  Queen  Dido. 

814  The  kingdom' of  Macedou  begins. 
776  The  firft  Olympiad  begins. 

753  ■^'^•^  of  the  building  of  Rome  in  Italy  by  Romulus,  firll  Kinj  of  the  Romans. 
720  Samaria  taken,  after  three  years  fiege,  and  the  kingdom  of  Ifrael  overthrown   by 
Salmanafer  King  of  Affyria,  who  carried  the  ten  tribes  into  captivity. 
The  firft  cclipfe  of  the  moon  on  record. 

658   Byzantium  (now  Coni^antinople)  built  by  a  colony  of  Athenians. 

604  By  order  of  Neclio,  King  of  Egypt,  fome  Phoenicians  failed  from  the  Red  Sea 
round  Africa,  and  returned  by  the  Mediterranean.  ' 

Coo  Thales  of  Miletus  travels  into  Egypt,  acquires  the  knowledge  of  .geometry,  af- 
tronomy,  and  philofaphy  ;  returns  to  Greece,  calculates  eclipfes,  and  gives 
general  notions  of  the  univerfe,  and  maintains  that  one  Supreme  Intelligence  reg- 
elates all  its  motions. 
Maps,  globes,  and  figns  of  the  Zodiac,  invented  by  Anaximander,  the  fcholar  of 
Thales. 

597  Jehoiakin,  King  of  Judah,  is  carried  away  captive  by  Nebuchadnezzar  to  Babylon, 

587    The  city  of  Jerufalem  taken,  after  a  fiege'of  18  months. 

562  The  firft  comedy  at  Athens  afted  upon  a  moveable  fcaffold. 

559   Cyrus  the  firft  King  of  Pcrfia, 

538  The  kingdom  of  iiabyloa  deilroyed  ;  that  city  being  taken  by  Cyrus,  who,  in  556, 
ilTucd  an  editl  for  the  return  of  the  Jews. 

534  Tlie  firft  tragedy  aftea  at  Athens,  on  a  waggon,  by  tbefpls. 

526  Learning  is  great.'y  encouraged  at  Athens,  and  a  publjck  library  firft  founded. 

51 S  '^'lie  fecond  temple  at  Jerufalem  is  finilhed  under  Darius. 

509  'I'arquin  the  feventh  and  laft  King  of  the  Romans,  is  expelled,  and  Rome  is  gov- 
erned by  two  confuls,  and  other  republican  magiftrates,  until  the  battle  of  Phar- 
falia,  461  years. 

5C4  Sardis  taken  and  burned  by  the  Athenians,  which  gave  occafion  to  the  Pcrfian  in- 
vafion  of  Greece. 

486  yElliirlus,  the  Greek  Poet,  firft  gains  the  prize  of  tragedy. 

481   Xerxes,  King  of  Perfia.  begins  his  expedition  againft  Greece. 

458  Ezra  is  fent  from  Babylon  to  Jerufalem,  with  the  captive  Jews,  and  the  vefiels  of 
gold  and  filver,  &c.  being  feventy  weeks  of  years,  or  490  years  before  the  cru- 
cifixion of  our  Saviour. 

454  The  Romans  fend  to  Athens  for  Solon's  laws. 

451  The  decemvirs  created  at  Rome,  and  tl>e  laws  of  :he  twelve  tables  compiled  and 
ratified. 

443  Cenibrs  created  at  Rome. 

432  Nineteen  years  cycle  invented  by  Meton. 

430  The  hiifory  of  the  Old  Teftament  finilhes  about  this  time, 
Malachi,  the  laft  of  the  prophets, 

40t    Retreat  of  10,000  Greeks  under  Xenophon. 

400  Socrates,  the  founder  of  moral  philofophy  among  the  Greeks,  put  to  death  by  the 
Athenians,  who  foon  after  repent,  and  ercft  to  his  memory  a  ftatue  of  brafs, 

379  BcEotiaa  war  commences  in  Greece,  finilhed  in  366,  after  the  death  of  Epami- 
noiidas,  the  laft  of  the  Grecian  heroes.  After  his  death,  Philip,  brother  to  the 
King  of  Macedon,  who  had  been  educated  under  him,  privately  fet  out  for  that 
country,  feized  the  kingdom,  and  after  a  continual  courfe  of  war,  treachery,  and 
diflimulatioa,  put  an  end  to  the  liberty  of  the  Greeks  by  the  battle  of  Cheronea. 

336  Philip  King  of  Macedon  murdered,  and  fucceeded  by  his  foa  Alexander  the  Great. 

(332  Alexandria  in  Egypt  built. 

331  Alexander,  King  of  Macedon,  conquers  Darius  King  of  Perfia,  and  other  nations 
of  Afia, 

323  Dies  at  Babylon,  and  his  empire  is  divided  by  his  generals  into  four  kingdoms,  af- 
ter deftroying  his  wives,  children,  brother,  mother,  and  fiftcrs. 

sgi   Daiknefs  at  Rome  at  noon  day. 

290  Solar  quadrants  introduced  at  Rome. 

285  Dionyfius,  of  Alexandria,  began  his  aftronomical  aera  on  Monday  June  26,  being  the 
firlt  who  found  the  folar  year  to  confift  exaftiy  of  365  days  five  hours  and  49 
minutes, 

284  Ptolemy 


AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL   TABLE.       535 

Bff.  Chrln. 

»84  Ptolemy  Pliiladelphus,  King  of  Egypt,  employs  feventy  two  interpreters  to  tranflalc 
the  Old  TeftamciU  into  the  Greek,  language,  which  is  called  the  Septuagint. 

269  The  fiift  coinage  of  fiivcr  at  Rome.  i 

164  The  hrft  Punic  war  begins,  and  continus  24  years.  The  chronology  of  the  Arim- 
dclian  marbles  compofcd. 

250  Eratollhenes  firft  attempted  to  meafure  the  earth. 

242  Conic  fcitions  invented  by  ApoUonius. 

ai8  The  fecond  Punic  war  begins,  ajid  continues  17  years.  Hannibal  paffes  the  Atp«, 
jnd  defeats  the  Romans  in  fevcral  battles  ;  but  being  abandoned  and  refufed  fup* 
port  by  his  countrymen,  fails  in  the  accomplilhment  of  his  purpofe. 

130  The  firft  Roman  army  enters  Afia,  and  from  the  ipoUs  of  Antiochiis  brings  the  Afi- 
atic  luxury  to  Rome. 

170  Eighty  thoufand  jews  malTacred  by  Antioch^s  Epiphanes. 

168  Pcrfeus  defeated  by  the  Romans,  which  ends  the  Macedonian  kingdom. 

367  The  firft  library  eretled  at  Rome,  of  books  brought  from  Macedonia. 

16-5  The  government  of  Judea  under  the  Maccabees  begins,  and  continues  126  years. 

J  46  Carthage  and  Corinth  rafed  to  the  ground  by  the  Romans. 

145  An  hundred  tWoufand  inhabitants  of  Antioch  malfacred  in  one  day  by  the  Jews. 

135  The  hiftory  of  the  Apocrypha  ends. 

63  Catiline's  confpiracy  againft  the  liberties  of  his  country  detefted. 
52  Julius  Cu;far  makes  his  firft  expedition  into  Britain. 

47  The  battle  of  Pharfalia  between  Cacfar  and  Pompey,  in  which  the  latter  is  defeated. 
The  Alexandrian  librar)',   confifting  of  400,000  valuable    books,  buint  by  accijsnt. 

45  The  war  of  Africa,  in  which  Cato  kills  himfelf. 
The  lolar  year  introduced  by  Cx'far. 

44  Ciefar  killed  in  the  fenate  houfe,  after  having  fought  50  pitched  battles,  and  over- 
turned the  liberties  of  his  country. 

43  Brutus,  one  of  the  conlpirators  againft  Casfar,  and  chief  of  the  republicans,  being 
vanquilbcd  in  the  battle  of  Philippi,  kills  himfelf. 

35  The  battle  of  Aftium  fought,  in  winch  Mark  Antony  and  Cleopatra  arc  totally  de- 

feated by  Oilavius,  nephew  to  Julius  Casfar. 
30  Alexandria  taken  by  Oftavius,  and  Egypt  reduced  to  a  Roman  province. 
ay   Oflavius,  by  a  decree  of  the  ienate,  obtains  the  title  of  Auguftus  Caefar,  and  an  ab- 
folutc  exemption  from  the  laws,  and  is  properly  the  firll  Roman  tmperor. 
8  The  temple  of  Janus  is  fliut   by  Auguftus,  as  an  emblem  of  univeilal  peace  ;  and 
JESUS  CHRIST  is  fuppofed  to  have  been   born  in  Septanbcr,  or  on  Monday, 
December  25. 
After  Chrift. 
12  Chkist  difputes  with  the  Dotlors  in  the  temple. 

29  is  baptized  in  the  wildernefs  by  John. 

33  is  crucified  on  Friday,  April  3,  at  three  o'clock,  P.  M. 

His  Rcfuiretlion  on  Lprd's  day,  April  5  :  His  Afcei^fion,  Thurfday,  May  14. 

36  St.  Paul  converted, 

j9  St.  Matthew  writes  his  Gofpel. 

Pontius  Pilate  kills  himfelf. 
40  1  he  name  of  Chritliar.s  firft  given  at  Antioch  to  tlic  followers  of  Chrift. 

43  Claudius  Ca-far's  expedition  into  Britain, 

44  St.  Mark  writes  his  Gofpel. 

46  Chrillianity  cairied  into  Spain. 

43  Loudon  is  founded  bv  the  Romans;  and  in  363  furrounded  with  a  wall,  fomc  part» 
of  which  are  ftill  obfervable. 

51  Carailacus,  the  Britilh  King,  is  carried  in  chains  to  Rome;. 

52  The  council  of  the  Apoftles  at  Jerufalcin. 
55  St.  Luke  writes  his  Gofpel. 

60  Cluiftianity  preachc4  in  Britain. 

61  Boadicea,  the  Britilh  Queen,  defeats  the  Romans  ;  but  is  conquered  foon  after  by 

Suetonius,  governor  of  Britain, 

62  St.  Paul  is  lent  in  bonds  to  Rome — wiites  his  cpiftlcs  between  51  and  66. 

63  The  ^4ts  of  the  Apoftles  written.  , 

Chtifiianiiy  is  fuppofed  to  be  introduced  into  Britain  by  St,  Paul,  or  fome  of  his 
difciples,  about  this  titrie. 

64  Rome  fet  on  fiie,  and  burned  for  fix  days  ;  upon  which  begin,  under  Nero,  the  firft 

perfccution  againft  the  Chriftians. 
67  St.  Peter  and  St.  Paul  put  to  death. 

JO  Tilus 


536       AN  IMPROyED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 

Aft.Chiift.  '^. 

•70  Titus  takes  Jerufalcm,  ^hich  is  rafed  to  the  ground,  and  the  plough  made  to  pafl 
over  it. 

'  79  Herculaneum  overwhelmed  by  an  eruption  of  Mount  Vefuvius. 
85  Julius  Agricola,  governor  of  South  BHtain,  to  prottft  the  civilized  Britons  from  the 
incurfions  of  the  Caledonians,  builds  a  line  of  forts  between  the  rivers  Fortk  and 
Clyde  ;  defeats  the  Caledonians  under  Galgacus  on  the  Grampian  hills  ;  and  firll 
fails  ror.nd  Britain. 
96  St.  John  the  Evangelift  wrote  his  revelation — his  Gofpel  in  97. 

121  The  Caledonians  reconquer  from  the  Romans  all  the  fouthern  parts  of  Scotland  ;  up- 
on which  the  Emperor  Adrian  builds  a  wall  between  NewcalUe  and  Carlifle  ;  but 
this  alio  y)roving  ineffeftual,  PoUius  Urbicus,  the  Roman  general,  about  the  year 
1  44,  repairs  Ag:  icola's  forts,  which  he  joins  by  a  wall  four  yards  thick,  fmce  call- 
ed Antoninus's  wall. 

136  The  fecond  Jewilh  war  ends,  when  they  were  all  banifhed  Judea. 

139  Juftin  writes  his  firll  apology  for  the  ChriiHans. 

J  40  Dublin  buik. 

152    The  Emperor  Antoninus  Pius  flops  the  perfecution  againfl:  the  Chrillians. 

21 1  The  Emperor  Severus,  after  having  conquered  the  Scots,  and  pent  them  up  by  a  new 
wall  between  the  Forth  and  Clyde  (fmce  called  Graham's  Dyke)  having  alto  con- 
quered the  Pdrthians  in  the  Eaft,  and  extended  the  Roman  empire  to  its  utmoit 
bounds,  dies  at  York. 

217  The  Septuagint  faid  to  be  found  in  a  cafk.     Church  yards  begin  to  be  confecrated. 

274  Silk  firll  brought  from  India,  and  the  manufaftory  of  it  introduced  into  Europe  551, 

303  The  tenth  general  perfecution  begins  under  Dioclelian  and  Galerius, 

^,  6   Conltantine  the  Great  begins  his  reign. 

."■cS  Cardinals  firft  mftituted. 

313  The  tenth  perfecution  ends  by  an  edlft  of  Conftantine,  who  favours  the  Chrillians, 
and  gives  full  liberty  to  their  religion, 

3!5  The  firll  general  council  at  Nice,  when  318  fathers  attended  againfl:  Arius,  where 
was  compofed  the  famous  Nicene  Creed. 

328  Conftantine  removes  the  feat  of  empire  from  Rome  to  Byzantium,  which  is  thence- 
forward called  Conftantinople. 

33t   Conftantine  orders  all  the  heathen  temples  to  be  deftroyed. 

363  The  Emperor  Julian,  furnamed  the  Apoftate,  endeavours  in  vain  to  rebuild  the  tem. 

pie  of  Jerufalcm. 

364  The  Roman  empire  is  divided  into  the  eaftern  (Conftantinople  the  capital)  and  weft- 

em  (of  whicli  Rome  continued  to  be  the  capital ;)  each  being  now  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  different  Emperors. 

The  Scots  utterly  defeated  and  driven  out  of  their  country  by  the  Pi£ls  and 
Riminns. 

Marriage  in  Lent  forbidden, 

400  Bells  iavei'ted  by  bifhop  Paulinus  of  Nola  in  Campagna- 

401  The  kingdom  of  Scotland  revives  under  Persons  II. 

410   Rome  taken  and  plundered  by  A.anc,  King  of  the  Goths. 

412   The  Vandals  begm  their  kingdom  in  Spain. 

i<20  The  kingdom  of  France  begins  upon  the  lower  Rhine,  under  Pharamond. 

Saliqtte  law  confirmed  by  this  monarch. 
426  The  Romans    withdraw  their  troops   from  Britain,  and  never  return,  advifing  the 

Britons  to  arm  in  their  own  defence,  and  truft  to  their  own  valour. 
432  Sr.  Patrick  hc^ati  to  preach  in  Ireland  :   he  died  17th  March,  493,  aged  I2Z  years. 

446  The  Bntoiis,  now  left  to  themfelves,  are  greatly    harralfed  by  the  Scots  and  Pifts  ; 

upon  whicl^  they  once  more  make  their  complaint  to  the  Romans,  but  receive  no 
alhUance  from  that  quarter. 

447  Attila  (iurnamed  the  Scourge  of  God)  with  his  Hims,  ravages  theRom^n  empire, 
4<j9  Vortigein,  King  of  the   Britons,  invites  the   Saxons  into    Britain  againft   the    Scots 

and  Pifts. 

455  The  Saxons  having  repulfed  the  Scots  and  Pifls,  invite  over  more  of  their  country- 
men, and  begin  to  eftabhlh  tneni'elvcs  in  Kent  under  Hcngift. 

476  The  weftcn  trnpne  entirely  deftroyed  ;  "pon  the  ruins  of  which  feveral  new  ftates 
arife  in  Italy  and  other  parts,  confifting  of  Goths,  Vandals,  Huns,  and  other  Bar- 
barians ;  under  whom  literature  is  extinguiftied,  and  the  works  of  the  learned  are 
dcflrftytd, 

406  Clovis  King  of  France  baptized,  and  Chiiftianity  begins  in  that  kingdom, 

.-IcB  Prinre  Arthur  hegms  his  reign  over  the  BritoHs, 

^1  J  Paris  hscomri  the  caoitai  oi  France, 

{II  The 


AN    IMPROVED    CHRONOLOGICAL   TABLEi      537 

«i6  '1  he  computing  of  time  by  the  Chriftian  .era  is  introduced  by  Dionyfius  the  monk. 

529  The  code  of  JuUinianj  the  callein  Emperor,  is  publilhed. 

r^T  A  terrible  plague  all  over  Europe,  Aiia,  and  Africa,  which  continues  near  50  years. 

581   Latin  tcafed  to  be  fpoken  about  this  time  in  Italy. 

600  Bells  liril  ufed  in  churches, 

606  '1  he  power  of  the  Popes  begins  by  the  concefTions  of  Phocas,  Emperor  of  the  Eaft. 

6'22  Mahomet  flies  from  Mecca  to  Medina  in  Arabia.  His  followers  compute  their  tinu: 

from  this  icra,  which  in  Arabic  is  called  Hegira,  i.  e.  the  Flight. 
637  Jerufalem  taken  by  the  Saracens,  or  followers  of  Mahomet. 
040  Alexandria  in  Egypt  is  taken  by  the  .Saracens,  and  the  grand   library  there   burned 

byord^rof  Omar  their  caliph,  or  piiuce. 
664  Glais  invented  in  England  by  Benalt  a  monk. 
670  Building  withftonc  introduced  into  England  by  Bennet  a  monk. 
685  The  Britons  totally  expelled  by  the  Saxons,  and  driven  into  Wales  and  CornwaH. 
696  Churches  firft  begun  to  be  built  in  England. 
713  The  Saracens  conquer  Spain.    Their  progrefs  ftopped  in  France  by  Charles  Mar- 

tel,  in  732. 
726  The  controverfy  about  images  begins,  and  occafions  many  infurreftions  in  the  EaU 

tern  empire, 

748  The  computing  of  years  from  the  birth  of  Chrift  begun  to  be  ufed  in  hiftory. 

749  The  race  of  Abbas  become  caliphs  of  the  Saracens,  and  encourage  learning. 

761  Thirty  thouiand  books  burnt  by  order  of  the  Emperor  Leo.  ; 

762  The  city  of  Bagdad  upon  the  Tigris  is  made  the  capital  of  the  Saracen  Empire, 
786  The  furplice,  a  veftment  of  the  Pagan  prielts,  introduced  into  churches. 

800  Charlemagne,  King  of  France,  begins   the  empire  of  Germany,  afterwards  called 

the  weltern  empire,  and  endeavours  in  vain  to  reftore  learning  in  Euiope. 
828  Egbert  King  of  Weffex  unites  the  Heptarchy  by  the  name  of  England, 
?38  The  Scots  and  Fids  have  a  decifive  battle,  in  which  the  former  prevail,  and  both 
kingdoms  are  united  by  Kennet,  which  begins  the  fecond  period  of  the  Scotiiih 
iiiitory. 
The  Danes  with  60  fhips  arrived  at,  and  took  Dablm. 
867  The  Danes  begin  their  ravages  in  England. 
871   Bath  Springs  iirit  difcovered. 
«86  Juries  iirft  iriftituted. 

896  Alfred  the  Great,  after  fubduing  the  Danifli  invaders,  compofes  his  body  of  laws  ; 
divides  England  into  counties,  hundreds,  and  tythings  ;  erefts  county  courts, and 
founds  the  Univerlity  of  Oxford  about  this  time, 
pi  5  The  Univerfity  of  Cambridge  founded. 

936  The  Saracen  Empire  divided  into  feven  kingdoms,  by  ufurpation, 
940  Chnltianity  eftablifhed  in  Denmark.  *■ 

989  Chriltianity  eftablifhed  in  RuCia. 
991  The  figures  in  arithmetic  are  brought  into  Europe  by  the  S.^raccns,  from  Arabia. 

Letters  of  the  Alphabet  were  hitherto  ufed. 
996  Otho  III,  makes  the  Empiie  of  Germany  eletlive. 
999  Boleflaus  the  firft  King  of  Poland. 

looo  Paper  made  of  cotton  rags  comes  into  ufe,  that  of  linen  do.  1170, 
1005  All  the  old  churches  are  rebuilt  about  this  time  in  a  new  ftyle. 
I0J4  On  Good  Friday,  April  23d,  the  famous  battle  of  Ciontarf  was  fought,   wheteia 
the  Danes  were  completely  defeated  with  a  lofs  of  11,000  men,  and  drivea  out 
of  Ireland — but  the  Irifh  King,  Brian  Boroiny,  was  killed,  aged  88. 
1015  Children  forbidden  by  law  to  be  fold  by  their  parents  inEnglaad. 

Priefts  forbidden  to  marry. 
1017  Canute,  King  of  Denmark,  gets  poirelTion  of  England . 
1025  Mufical  gamut  invented. 

1040  The  Danes  driven  out  of  Scotland. 

1041  The  Saxon  line  reftored  under  Edward  the  Confeflbr, 

1043  The  Turks  become  formidable,  and  take  poffcflion  of  Perfia, 

1065  The  Turks  take  Jerufalem  from  the  Saracens. 

io66  The  battle  of  Haftings  fought,  between  Harol.d  and  William  duke  of  Normandy, 

in  which  Harold  15  conquered  and  flain  ;  After  which  William  becomes  King  of 

England, 
1070  William  introduces  the  feudal  law, 
1075  Henry  IV,  Emperor  of  Germany,  and  the  Pope,  quarrel  about  the  nomination  of 

the  German  bilbops,     Hcury,  in  penaucc,   walks  barefgotcd  to  Rome,  towards 

(be  end  of  January, 

P  p  io76  Juftic«l 


538       AN  IMPROVED   CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 

Alt  Chrift. 

1C76  Juftices  of  the  peace  firfl  appointed  in  England. 

xc8o  Docmiday  book  began  to  be  compiled  by  order  of  William,  from  a  furvey  of  aM 

the  eilates  in  England,  and  finifhed  in  1086, 
The  Tower  of  London   built  by  the  lame   prince,    to   curb  his  Englifli  fubjefts  ; 

numbers  of  -whom  fly  to  Scotland,  where  they  introduce    the  Saxon  or  Englifh 

language  ;  are  proietted  by  Malcolm,  and  have  lands  given  them. 
»e86  Kingdom  of  Bohemia  begun-. 
»a>yi   The  Saracens  in  Spam,  being  hard  preffed  by  the  Spaniards,   call  to  their  afTifiance 

joieph  King  of  Morocco  ;  by  which  the  Moors  get  poffclTion  of  all  the  Saracen 

dominions  in  Spain. 
1096  The  firil  ciulade  to  the  Holy  Land  begun,  to  drive  the  infidels  from  Jerufalem. 
ii07  King's  fpeech  firft  delivered  by  Henry  I. 
1110  Edgar  Athelin^,  the  laff  of  the  Saxon  princes,  dies  in  England,  where  he  had  been 

permitted  to  relide  as  a  fubjeft. 
Learning  revived  in  Cambridge. 
ixi8  The  order  of  the  Knights  Templars  inftituted  to  defend  the  Sepulchre  at  Jerufalem, 

Ifid  to  proteft  Chriftian  ftrangcrs. 
IT40  King  Stephen  grants  liberty  to  his  nobles  to  build  caftlcs  ;  in  confcquence  of  which 

1 10c  are  ertfted  in  14  years. 
1 151   The  canon  law  collefted  by  Gratian,  a  monk  of  Bologha. 
a  163  London  bridge,  conlittmg  of  19  fmall  arches,  frrft  built  of  ftbnc. 
1IB4  The  Teutoric  order  of  religious  knights  begins  in  Germany. 
1  j;i   Dcrmot  MacMurrogh,  prince  of  Lcinfter,   being  beaten  and  put  to  flight  by  other 

princes,  induces  lome  Englifh  adventurers  to  land  in  Ireland,    and  aflift  hira  in 

recovering  his  dominions  :  Dublin  is  befiegcd  and  taken  by  Raymond  le  Gvofs. 

1172  Henry  II,  lands  at  Waterford,  and  foon  after  obtains  from  Richard  E.  Strongbow 

(who  had  married  the  daughter  of  MacMurrogh,  and  according  to  compaft,  fuc- 
cecded  to  his  dominions)  a  furrender  of  Dublin  ;  where  he  erefts  a  pavilion  of 
vricker  work,  and  entertains  feveral  Iriih  princes,  who,  voluntarily,  fubmit  to 
him,  ©n  condition  of  being  governed  by  the  lame  laws>  civil  and  ecclefiaftical, 
and  enjoying  the  fame  liberties  and  immunities,  as  the  people  bf  England. 
Henry  II,  landed  in  Ireland,  with  400  knights  and  5000  men. 

1173  The  fame  King  grants  its  firll  charter  to  Dublin  ;  and,  by  divers   privileges,  en- 

courages a  colony  from  Briftol  to  fettle  in  it. 

1174  Henry  II,  creates  his  younger  fon,  in   years  old.  King  or  lord  of  Ireland,    who 

grants  charters  to  the  city  of  Dublin,  and  other  corporations. 

J  J  80  Glafs  windows  began  to  be  ufed  in  private  houfes  in  England. 

11 8z  Pope  Alexander  III,  compelled  the  Kings  of  England  and  Fiance  to  hold  the  ftir- 
rups  of  his  faddle  when  he  mounted  his  horfe. 

n86  The  great  o  njun6lion  of  the  fun  and  moon  and  all  the  planets  in  Libra,  happened 
in  Sepiember. 

1192  The  battle  of  Afcalon,  in  Judea,  in  which  Richard,  King  of  England,  defeats  Sal- 
adinc's  army,  con  I  Ring  of  300,000  combatants. 
Richard  treacheroufly  imprifoned  in  his  way  home  by  the  Emperor  of  Germany. 

1 194  Dieu  et  mon  Droit,  firll  ufed  as  a  motto  by  Richard,  on  a  viftory  over  the  French. 

1200  Chimnies  were  not  known  in  England. 

Surnames  now  began  to  be  ufed  ;  firlt  among  the  nobility. 

i2o8  London  incorporated,  and  obtained  its  firft  charter  from  King  John, 

J2I0  King  John  met  in  Dublin  upwards  of  -20  Irifh  princes,  who  fwore  allegiance    to 
him,  and  there  caul'ed  them  to  eflablifh  the  Englilh  laws  and  cuftoms. 
Courts  of  judicature  firft  erefted  in  Ireland. 

1215  Magna  Charta  is  figncd  by  King  John  and  the  barons  of  England  ;  and  the  follow- 
ing year  it  is  granted  to  the  Irifh  by  Henry  III. 

1217  The  lame  prince  giants  the  city  of  Dublin  to  the  citizens,  in  fee  farm,  at  200  marks 
per  annum. 

1227  The  Tartars,  a  ncrv  race  of  barbarians,  under  Gingis  Khan,  emerge  from  the  north- 
ern parts  of  Alia,  con'jwcr  the  greateft  part  of  that  continent,  and  in  22  years 
deftroy  upwards  of  14  millions  of  people. 

J233  The  inquifition,  begun  in  i2©4,  is  now  trufted  to  the  Dominicans. 

The  houfes  of  London,  and  other  cities  in  England,  Fiance,  and  Germany,  fliil 
thatched  with  ftraw, 

1252  Magnifying  glaffcs  invented  by  Roger  Bacon. 

1253  The  famous  aftronomical  tables  are  compofed  by  Alonr.o  King  of  Caftile. 
12^8  The  Tartars  take  Bagdad,  which  puts  an  end  l«  the  empire  ol  the  Saracens, 

1263  Ach»> 


AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE.        r.<^ 

Aft-Chrift,  ^^^' 

a263  Acho,  King  of  Norway,  invades  Scotland  wth  160  fail,  and  lands  20,000  men  at 
the  mouth  ot  the  Clyde,  but  moft  of  them  are  cut  to  pieces  by  Alexander  lil 
who  recovers  the  weftern  illes.  * 

1264  The  commons  of  England  have  a  place  in  parliament, 

1269  nic  Hamburgh  company  incorporated  in  £ngland. 

1273  The  empire  of  the  preleiu  Aultrian  family  begins  in  Germany. 

I  alio  Pulvis  fulminans  and  gun  powder  invcnied  by  Roger  Bacon. 

1282  Lcwellyn,  prince  of  Wales,  defeated  and  killed  by  Edward  I,  who  unites  thiC 
principality  to  England. 

1284  Edward  11,  born  at  Carnarvon,  is  the  firft  prince  of  Walfs. 

1285  Alexander  111,  King  of  Scotland  dics> and  that  kingdom  is  difputed  by  twelvp  can. 

didates,  who  lubmit  their  claims  to  the  arbitration  of  Edward  King  of  England  : 
Which  lays  the  foundation  of  a  long  and  delolating  war  between  the  two  nations, 
Spctlacles  invented  by  Alexander  Spina,  a  Spanifh  monk. 
isg3  There  is  a  regular  fuccelUon  of  Englifh  parliaments  from  this  year,  being  the  zad 
of  Edward.  I. 

1298  The  piefent  Turkilh  empire  begins  in  Blthynia  under  Ottoman. 

Silver  haftcd  knives,  fpoons,  and  cups,  a  great  luxury.     Splinter*  of  wood  gen- 
erally uled  tor  lights. 
Wine  iold  by  apothecaries  as  a  cordial. 

1299  Windmilli  invented. 

»300  About  this  time  the  mariner's  compafs  was  invented,  or  improved,  by  John  Gioia, 
or  Goya,  a  Neapolitan,  The  flower  de  luce,  the  arms  ot  the  duke  of  Anjou, 
then  King  of  Naples,  was  placed  by  hiiti  at  the  poiot  of  the  needle,  in  compli. 
mcnt  to  that  prWice. 

1307  The  beginning  of  the  Swifs  cantons. 
Interell  of  money  in  England  at  45  per  cent. 

1308  The  Popes  remove  to  Avignon  in  J-'rance  for  70  years. 

1314  The  baule  of  Bannockburu  between  Edward  II,  and  Robert  Bruce,  in  which  tb* 

Englilh  are  overthrown  with  prodigious  flaughter,  and  all  their  boafted  preten- 

iions  of  fovereignty  are  utterly  diflipated. 
1320  Gold  tirlt  coined  in  Chrillendom. 
1336  Two  Brabant  weavers  fettle  at  York,  which,  fays  Edward  III,  may  prove  of  great 

benefit  to  us  and  our  fubjedts. 
2337  The  fiill  comet  whole  courle  is  defcribed  with  iflronomical  exaftnefs. 
2340  Gunpowder  firft  fuggefted  as  ufeful  for  warlike   purpoles   by  Swartz,    a  monk   of 

Cologne;   1346,  Edward  J II,  had  four  pieces  of  cannon,   which  contributed  to 

gain  him  the  battle  of  CrefTy. 
Oil  painting  firfl  made  ufc  of  by  John  Vancck. 
1344  The  firft  creation  to  titles  by  patent  ufed  by  Edward  III. 
1349  The  order  of  the  Garter  inltituted  in  England  by  Edward  III. 
13J2  The  Turks  lirll  eater  Europe. 

1356  The  battle  of   Poidiers,   in  which  King  John  ofi  France,   and  hi«  fons,  are  take* 

prifoners  by  Edward  the  Black  Prince. 

1357  Coals  firft  brought  to  London. 

1358  Arms  of  England  and  France  firft  quartered  by  Edward  III. 

1362  The  law  pleadings  in  England  changed  from  French  to  Englifh,    as  a  favour  of 

Edward  HI,  to  his  people. 
1386  A  company  of  linen  weavers  from  the  Netherlands  ellablifhed  in  London. 
1388  I'hc  battle  of  Otterburn  between  Hotfpur  and  the  earl   of  Douglas ;  on    this^  12, 

founded  the  ballad  of  Chevy  Chace. 
Title  of  Baron  firft  given  by  Richard  II. 

1390  Coarfe  cloth  firft  made  in  England  at  Kendal. 

1391  Cards  invented  in  France  for  the  King's  amufemcnt. 
1399  Weftmlnfter  Abbey  rebuilt  and  enlarged. 

Order  of  the  Bath  inftituted  at  the  coronation  of  Henry  IV. 
1402  Bajazet  defeated  by  Tamerlane,  and  the  power  of  theTurksalmoft  entirely  deftroyed» 
1404  Hats  for  men  invented  at  Paris  by  a  Swils. 
1412  Dcnmaik  united  with  the  crown  of  Norway. 

1415  The  battle  of  Agincourt,  gained  over  the  French  by  Henry  V,  of  England. 
J41O  The  art  of  curing  herrings  invented  by  William  Boekel,  a  Dutchman  :  By  which 

he  rendered  an  efiential  fervicc  to  his  country. 
1428  The  fiege  of  Orleans.     The  celebrated  Maid  of  Orleans  appears,  and  gives  the  firfT 

blow  to  the  Englifh  power  ia  Fidoce.     Shs  is. altci wards  taken  pnloncr,   aud 

bailely  put  to  dewh, 

I  '^3J  Laiirenliua. 


54d       AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE, 

Xft.  Cbrift. 

1430  Laufentius  of  Haerlem  invents  the  Art  of  Printing,  which  he  praftifed  with  fepa^. 
rate  wooden  types.  Guttenburgh  afterwards  invented  cut  melal  types,  Pete^' 
SchoefFer  invented  the  mode  of  calling  types  in  matrices.  But  the  molV  authentic 
accounts  afcribe  the  invention  of  Printing  to  Dr.  Fauft,  or  Fauflus,  in  1444. 

J446  The  Vatican  library  founded  at  Rome. 

The  fea  broke  in  at  Dort,  and  drowned  loojooo  people. 

1453  Conftantinople  taken  by  the  Turks,  which  utterly  overthrows  the  Roman  empire, 

1454  Otto  Guerick,  a  German,  invents  the  air  pump. 
Cape  Verd  Ifles  firfl  feen. 

Duelling  appointed  in  certain  cafes  in  France,  in  order  to  have  the  judgment  of  God. 
1460  tngravings  and  etchings  in  copper  invented. 
5471  Decimal  arithmetic  invented,  and  the  ufe  of  tangents  in  trigonometry  introduced, 

by  Regiomontanus. 
1473  Greek  language  brought  into  France. 
»483  Richard  111,  King  of  England,  and  Jaft  of  the  P'lantagenets,  is  defeated  and  killed 

at  the  battle  of  Bofworth,  by  Henry  (Tudor)  VII,  which  puts  an  end  to  the  civil 

wars  between  the  houfes  of  York  and  Lancafter. 

3485  Great  numbers  carried  oif  by  the  fweatiiig  ficknefs. 

3486  Henry  eltablilhes  fifty  yeomen  of  the  guards,  the  lirii  Handing  army. 
^489  Maps  and  fea  charts  tirll  brought  to  England  by  Baith.  Columbus. 

3491  William  Grocyn  publickly  teaches  the  Greek  language  at  Oxford. 

The  Moors,  hitherto  a  formidable  enemy  to  the  native  Jipaniards,  are  entirely  fub- 
dued  by  Ferdinand,  and  become  fubjetts  of  that  prince  on  certain  conditioas  5 
but  are  cruelly  perfecuted  by  the  inquilitora. 

3492  AMERICA  difcovered  by  Columbus. 
3494  Algebra  firfi  known  in  Europe. 

3497  The  Portuguele  iiril  fail  to  the  Eaft  Indies  by  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope. 

South  America  difcoveftd  by  Americus  Vefpufius,  from  whom  the  continent  unjuftly 

takes  its  name. 
North  America  difcovered  by  Cabot. 
1 500  Maximilian  divides  the  empire  of  Germany  into  fix  circles. 

Brafil  difcovered  by  Cabraj, 
1503  Mines  iifed  in  the  attack  and  defence  of  places,  invented. 
3509  Gardening  introduced  into  England  from  the  Netherlands,  from  whence  vegetables 

were  iuiporied  hitherto.      * 
■75IZ  Florida  difcovered. 
:X5I3  The'batt'ie  of  Flowden,  in  which  James  IV,  of  Scotland,  is  killed,  with  the  flower 

of  his  nobihty. 
1517  Martin  Luther  began  the  Reformation. 

Egypt  conquered  by  the  Tuiks. 
let  8  Magellan,  in  the  fervice  of  Spain,  difcovers  the  ftraits  which  bear  his  name,  makes 
the  firft  voyage  round  the  world,  but  is  killed  by  favages  in  the  Marianne  iflandi. 
Republick  of  Geneva  founded.- 
8  5^0  Henry  VIII,  for  his  writings  m  favour  of  Popery,  receives  the  title  of  "  Defender  of 
the  Faith"  from  the  Pope. 
Chocolate  firft  brought  from  Mexico  by  the  Spaniards. 
J  529  The  name  of   Proteltant  takes  its  rife  from  the  Reformed   protefting  againft  the 

church  of  Rome,  at  the  diet  of  Spires  in  Germany. 
3530  Copernicus  revives  the  Pythagorean  fyftem  of  aftronomy. 
3  533  Currant  trees  brought  into  England  from  Zante. 
3537   Religious  houfes  (^ilTolved  by  Henry  VIII. 
»i39  The  lirrtEnglifh  edition  of  the  Bible  authorifed,  the  prefenttranflationfinKhed  1611, 

About  this  time  cannon  began  to  be  ufed  in  Ihips. 
1543  Silk  flockings  firft  worn  by  the  French  king. 

Pins  firft  ulcd  in  England  ;  before  wliich  time  the  ladies  ufed  Ikewers. 
3544  Good  lands  -let  in  England  at  one  Ihiiling  per  acre. 
1545  The  famous  council  ot  Trent  begins,  and  continues  18  years. 
4546  Intercft  of  money  firft  eftabhftied  in  England  by  law  at  ten  per  cent. 

Ann  Afcue,  a  Proteftant,  cruelly  tortured  by  order  of  Henry  VI il,  who,  to  the  ut- 
ter difgrace  of  royalty,  put  his  own  hands  to  the  rack,  as  not  thinking  the  ex- 
ecutioner fufficiently  expert.     She  endured  every  thing  with  patience,  and  was 
afterwards  burnt. 
3549  Lords  lieutenants  of  counties  inftituted  in  England. 
J ,550  Cherries,  pears,  &c.  introduced  into  England.   ' 

4553  Circulation  of  the  blood  through  the  lungs  hiftpublifbfd  by  Michael  Servetus. 

1557  Gioat5 


AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE.       541 

J  557  Groats  and  half  groats  tlie  greateft  filver  coin  in  England. 

J  560  Siberia  was  about  this  time  difcovered,  under  the  reign  of  the  Czar  Ivan  Bafilidcs. 

1563  Knives  firft  made  in  England. 

The  39  articles  of  the  EnglilK  faith  eftablifhed, 
1565  Botany  revived  at  Thuringe  in  Germany. 

Potatoes  fipft  brought  to  Ireland  from  New^  Spain. 

Henry  Lord  Darnly,  hufband  to  Queen  Mary  of  Scotland,  blovm  up  with  gunpow^. 
der  in  the  Provoft's  houfc  at  Edinburgh,  about  two  in  the  morning  of  Feb.  ii. 
1^69  Royal  Exchange,  of  London,  iirft  built. 

Circulation  of  the  blood  publilhed  by  Cifalpinus. 

Mary  Oueen  of  Scotland,  driven  from  her  kingdom  by  the  rebellion  of  her  fub- 
jeft»7flies  to  Queen  Elizabeth  for  proteftion,  by  whom  fhe  is  treacheroufly  im- 
prifoned. 

1571  Prmting  in  Irlfli  charafters  firtl  inftituted. 

1572  The  great  maflfacre  of  Proteftants  at  Paris. 
J  57 3  Marby  hill  in  Hereford  removed  of  itfelf. 

1578  Apricots  and  artichokes  introduced  into  England. 

1579  Tlic  Dutch  Ihake  off  the  Spanifh  yoke,  and  the  republic  of  Holland  begins. 
Englifli  Eaft  India  company  incorporated — ellabhihed  1600. 

Englilh  Turkey  company  incorporated. 

1580  Sir  Francis  Drake  returns  from  his  voyage  round  the  world,  being  the  firft  Englllh 

circumnavigator. 

1581  J.  Ufher,  Archbilhopof  Armagh,  born  in  Dublin,  drew  up  104  articles  of  religion 

for  Ireland,  1615;  which  were  cltablilhcd,  1635. — Died,  1656. 

1582  Pope  Gregory  introduces  the  New  Style  in  Italy  ;  the  5th  Oftober  being  counted  15. 
J 583  Tobacco  tirft  brought  from  Virginia  into  England. 

3587  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  is  beheaded  by  order  of  Elizabeth,  after  18  years  imprifonraent. 

Duelling  introduced  into  England. 
J  588  The  Spanilh  Armada  deftroyed  by  Drake  and  other  Englifti  Admirals, 

Henry  IV,  palTes  the  cdift  of  Nantz,  tolerating  the  Proteftants. 

The  manufactory  of  paper  introduced  into  England  at  Dartford. 
1589  Coaches  Hrft  introduced  into  England. 

Bombs  invented  at  Venlo. 
J591  Trinity  college,  Dublin,  founded, 
J  597   Watches  firft  brought  into  England  from  Germany. 
1600  Building  with  brick  introduced  into  England  by  the  earl  of  Arundel,  moft  of  the 

houfes  in  London  being  hitherto  built   with  wood. 
1602  Decimal  arithmetic  invented  at  Bruges, 

j6c3  Queen  Elizabeth  (the  laft  of  the  Tudors)  dies,  and  nominates  James  VI,  of  Scot- 
land (and  fiirft  of  the  Stuarts)  as  her  fucceffor  ;  which  unites  both  kingdoms  un- 
der the  name  of  Great  Britain. 

1605  The  Gunpowder  Plot  difcovered  at  Weftminfter. 

Kepler  lays  the  foundation  of  the  Newtonian  iyltem  of  attra£lion. 

1606  Oaths  of  allegiance  Iirft  adminiftered  in  England. 

j6c8  Galileo,  of  Florence,  firft  difcovers  the  fatellites  about  the  planet  Jupiter  by  the 
telefcope,  then  juft  invented  in  Holland. — Quebec  fettled  by  the  French. 

1610  Henry  IV,  is  murdered  at  Paris  by  Ravilliac,  a  prieft. 
Virginia  and  Newfoundland  fettled  by  the  Englifh. 

Hudlbn's  Bay  difcovered  by  a  Captain  of  that  name,  who  is  left  by  his  men  to 
perilh  on  tliat  defoiate  coaft. 

1611  Baronets  firft  created  in  England  by  James  I. 

1614  Napier,  of  Marchefton,  in  Scotland,  invents  the  logarithms. 

Sir  Hugh  Middleton  brings  the  New  River  to  London  from  Ware. 

The  cullom  of  powdering  the   hair  took  its  rife  from    fome  balud  fingers  at  St, 

German's  fair,  who  powdered    themfelves  to    look  the  more  ridiculoui. 
New  York  and  New  Jerfey  fettled  by  the  Dutch. 

1618  New  Holland  difcovered  by  the  Dutch. 

1619  Dr.  W.  Harvey,  an  Englilhman,  fully  confirms  the  doftrinc  of  the  circulation  of 

the  blood. 

1620  The  broad  filk  manufaftory  from  raw  filk  introduced  into  England. 
J623  New  Hampfhirc  fettled  by  an  Englifh  colony. 

Plymouth  in  New  England  planted  by  a  part  of  Mr.  Robinfon's  congregation. 
1625  The  ittand  of  Barbadocs,  thJ  firft  Englifti  IcLtlement  ia  the  Weft  Indies,  is  planted. 
f6i6  The  barometer  iavcnccd  by  TorhccUi, 

1627  The 


542       AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 

Aft.  Chrift. 

1627  The  thermometer  invented  by   DrebeUius. 

A  colony  of  Swedes  fettled  on  Delaware  river,  Pennfylvania. 
1630  Peruvian  bark,  firft  brought  to  France. 
J  631   Newfpapers  firft  publifbed  at  Paris. 

1632  The  battle  of  Lutzen,  in  which  Guftavus  Adolphus,  Kingof  Sweden,  and  head  of  the 

Proteftants  in  Germany,  is  killed. 

1633  Maryland  fettled  by  Lord  Baltimore,  with  a  colony  of  Roman  Catholics, 
J  635  Connefticut  and  Rhode  Ifland  fettled. 

1638  Harvard  College  in  Cambridge,  Maffachufetts,eftablifhed, 

1640  King  Charles  difobliges  his  Scottifh  fubje6ls  ;  on  which  their  army  under  General 

Lefley,  enters  England,  and  takes  Newcaftle,  being  encouraged  by  the  malccon- 

t^nts  in  England. 
The  maffacre  m  Ireland,  when  40,000  Englifii  Proteftants  were  killed, 
1642  Civil  war  begins  in  England. 

1646  Epifcopacy  abolifhed  in  England. 

Sympathetick  powder  made  known  by  Sir  Kcnelra  Digby. 

1647  Ihe  firft  Selenographick  maps  made  by  Hevelius. 
1649  Charlesl,  beheaded  at  Whitehall,  January  30,  aged 49. 
1652  The  firft  coffee  hoiife  in  London. 

The  fpeaking  trumpet  invented  by  Kirchcr,  a  Jefuit. 
1*654  Cromwell  affumci  the  Proteftorftiip. 

1655  The  Englifh,  under  Admiral  Penn,  take  Jamaica  from  the  Spaniards. 
t^^&  Cromwell  dies,  and  is  fiicceeded  in  the  Proteftorfhip  by  his  fon  Richard. 
1659  Transfufion  of  the  blood  firft  fuggefted  at  Oxlord. 

>66o  King  Charles  II,  is  reftoied   by  Monk,  commander  of  the  army,  after  an  exile  of 
twelve  years  in  France  and  Holland. 

Epifcopacy  reftored  in  England  and  Scotland. 

The  people  of  Denmark  being  opprefTed  by  the  Nobles,  furrender  their  privileges, 
to  Fred.  Ill,  who  becomes  abfolute. 
i66z  The  Royal  Society  cftablilbed  in  London  by  Charles  U. 

Pendulum  Clocks  invented  by  John  Froroentel,  a  Dutchman. 

Fire  engines  invented. 
1665  The  plague  rages  in  London. 

J 666  The  great  fire  of  London  began,  Sept.  2,  and  continued  three  days,  in  which  were 
deftroyed  13,000  houfes  and  400  ftreets. 

Tea  firft  ufed  in  England. 

Academy  of  fciences  eftablifhcd  in  France. 
1667  The  peace  of  Breda,  which    confirms  to  the  Englifh  the  New  Netherlands,   now 
known  by  the  names  of  Pennfylvnnia,  New  York,  and  New  Jerfey. 

1669  South  Carolina  planted  by  an  Erglilh  colony  under  Governor  Sayle. 

1670  The  Englifii  Hudfon's  Bay  Company  incorporated. 

1671  Academy  of  Architefture  eftabliflied  in  France. 

1672  Lewis  XIV,   overruns  great  part  of  Holland,  when  the  Dutch  open  their  fluices, 

being  determined  to  drown  their  country,  and  retire  to,  theii  fettlements  in  the 
Eaft  Indies. 
African  company  eftablifhcd. 

1673  St.  Helena  taken  by  the  Englifh. 

1675  Coffee  houfes  fliut  up  by  proclamation,  ns  cncouragcrs  of  fedltion. 

1676  Repeating  clocks  and  watches  invented  by  Barlow. 

1678  The  peace  of  Nimeguen. 
The  habeas  corpus  att  paffed. 

1679  Darkncfs  at  London,  that  one  could  not  read  at  noon  day,  January  12.. 

1680  A  great  comet  appeared,  and  continued  vifible  from  Nov.  3,  to  March  9. 
i68i  William  Penn,  a  Quaker,  receives  a  charter  for  planting  Pennfylvania. 

Pennfylvania  fettled. 
i682  Collegeof  phylicians,  at  Edinburgh,  incorporated. 

Royal  academy  eftablifhcd  at  Nifmes. 
1683  India  flock  iold  fmni  360  to  500  per  cen*. 

1685  Thf-  duke   of  Monmouth,  natural  fon  to  Charles  II,   raifes  a   rebellion,  but  is  de- 
feated at  the  battle  of  Sedgemoor,  and  beheaded. 
The  edift  of  Nantz  iafamoufly  revoked  by  Lewis  XIV,  and  the  Proteftants  cruelly 
perfecuted. 
3687  The  palace  of  Verfailles,  near  Paris,  finifhed  by  Lewis  XIV. 
j68S  The  Revolution  in  Great  Britain  begins,  Nov.  5,     King  Jaracs  retires  to  France, 
December  3. 

J687  King 


AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE.        543 

Art.  Chrift.  ,         ,  ,  .       . 

1689  King  William  and  Qacen  Mary,  daughter  and  ion  in  law  to  James  II,  are  proclaim- 
ed February  16. 
Vilcount  Dundee  ftands  out  for  James  in  Scotland,   but  is  killed   after  gaining  the 

battle  of  Killyeiankie,  upon  whicli  ihc  Highlanders  difpcife. 
The  land  tax  paifes  in  England. 
The  toleration  aft  paifes  in  ditto- 
1890    The  battle  of  the  Boyne,  gained  by  William  againft  James,  in  Ireland. 
i6q  I    The  war  in  Ireland  finilhcd,  by  the  furrender  of  Limerick  to  William. 

1692  The  Englilh  and  Dutch  fleets,  commanded  by  Admiral  Ruffel,  defeated  the  Ficsali 

fleet  oft  La  Hoguc. 

1693  Bayonets  at  the  end  of  loaded  mwfltets  firft  ufed  by  the  French. 
The  duchy  of  Hanover  made  the  ninth  eleclorate. 

Bank  of  England  eftablilhcd  by  King  William, 
The  firll  public  lotttry  was  drawn  this  year. 
Stamp  duties  inftitutcd  in  England. 

1695  Bank  of  Scotland  eflabUrtied. 

1696  The  peace  ot  Ryfwick. 

1697  Malt  tax  eftabhlhed. 

1699  The  Scots  fciilcd  a  colony   at  the  ifthmus  of  Darien,  in  America,  and  called  it 

Caledoitia, 

1700  Charles  XI  J,  of  Sweden,  begins  his  reign. 

Yale  College  eftablilfied  at  Saybrook,Conneaicut— removed  to  New  Haven  1716. 

1701  PrufTia  erecled  into  a  kingdom. 
Cottonian  library  fettled  for  public  benefit. 

Society  for  the  propagation  of  the  Gofpel  in  foreign  parts  eftabliflied. 

1702  King  William  dies,  aged  50,  and  is  fuccceded  by  Queen  Ann,  daughter  to  James 

II,  who,  with  the  Emperor  and  States  General,  renews  the  war  againft  Franfia 

and  Spain. 
X704  Gibraltar  taken  from  the  Spaniards  by  Admiral  Roofce. 

The  battle  of  Blenheim,  won  by  the  Duke  of  Marlborough  and  allies   againft  the-' 

French. 
The  Court  of  Exchequer  inftituted  in  England. 
Pruflian  blue  difcovered  at  Berlin. 

1 706  The  Treaty  of  Union  betwixt  England  and  Scotland,  figncd  June  22. 

1707  The  firft  Britilh  parliament, 

1708  Minorca  taken  from  the  Spaniards  by  General  Stanhope. 
The  battle  of  Oudenarde  won  by  Marlborough  and  the  allies, 
Sardinia  erefted  into  a  kingdom,  and  given  to  the  Duke  of  Savoy. 

1709  Peter  the  Great,  Czar  of  Mufcovy,  defeats  Charles  XII,  at  Pultowa,    who  flies  to 

Turkey. 

1710  Queen  Anne  changes  the  Whig  Miniftry  for  others  more  favourable  to  the  intercft' 

of  her  brother,  the  late  Pretender. 
The  cathedral  church  of  St.  Paul,  London,  rebuilt  by  Sir  Chriftopher  Wren,  in  37 

years,  at  one  million  expenfe,  by  a  duty  on  coals.  - 
The  Englifh  South  Sea  Company  began. 

1713  The  peace    of  Utrecht,  whereby    Newfoundland,   Nova  Scotia,    New  Britain,  and 

Hudfon's  Bay,  in  North  America,  were  yielded  to  Great  Britain  ;  Gibraltar  and 
Minorca,  in  Europe,  were  alfo  confirmed  to  the  faid  crown  by  this  treaty. 

1714  Queen  Anne  dies,  at  the  age  of  50,  and  is  fucceeded  by  George  I. 
Intereft  reduced  to  five  per  cent,  in  England. 

1715  Lewis  XIV.  dies,  and  is  fucceeded  by  his  great  grandfon  Lewis  XV. 

The  rebellion  in  Scotland  begins  in  September,  under  the  Earl  of  Mar,  in  favour  of 
the  Pretender.  The  adion  of  SherifFmuir,  and  the  furrender  of  Prefton,  both 
in  November,  when  the  rebels  difperfe. 

1716  Aurora  Borealis  firft  taken  notice  of  in  England — 1719  in  New  England. 

The  Pretender  married  to  the  Princefs  Sobiefki ,  grand  daughter   to  John  SobleflUy 

late  Kinerof  Poland. 
Art  aft  pafTed  for  feptcnaial  parliaments. 
1719  The  MifTilTippi  fcheme  at  its  height  in  France. 

Lombe's  filk  throwing  machine,  containing  26,586  wheels,  ereftcd  at  Derby;  takes 

up  one  eighth  of  a  mile  ;  one  water  wheel  moves  the  reft  ;  and   in  24  hour*  it 

works  318,504,960  yards  of  organzine  filk  thread. 
The  South  Sea  fcheme  m  England  begun  April  7,  was  at  its  height  at  the  end  of 

June,  and  quite  funk  about  September  29. 

1747  Kiag 


544       AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 

Aft.  Chrift. 

1727  King  George  dies,  in  the  68lh  year  of  his  age  ;  and  is  fuccecded  by  his  only  fon< 

George  II. 
Inoculation  firft  tried  on  criminals  with  fuccefs. 
Ruffia,  formerly  a  dukedom,  is  now  eflablifhcd  as  an  empire. 

1728  North  Carohna  fettled  about  this  time, 

1729  Parliament  fat  at  the  Blue  coat  hofpital,  Dublin,  where  an   attempt  was  made  to 

obtain  the  {applies  for  21  years  ;  but  rejefled  by  a  majority  of  One. 

1731  The  lirft  peifon  executed  in  Britain  for  forgery. 

1732  Kouli  Khan  ulurps  the  Perfian  throne,  conquers  the  Mogul  empire,  and  returns  with 

two  hundred  and  thirty  one  millions  fterling. 
Several  public  fpu  ued  gentlernen  begin  the  fettlemcnt  of  Georgia,  one  of  the  United 
States  of  America. 

1736  Captain  Porteous,  having  ordered  his  foldlers  to  fire  upon  the  populace,  at  the  ex- 

ecution of  a  fmuggler,  is  himfelf  hanged  by  the  mob  at  Edinburgh. 

1737  The  earth  proved  to  be  flatted  towards  the  poles. 

1738  Weftminfter  bridge,  confifting  of  fifteen  arches,  begun  ;  finifhed  in  1750,  at  the  ex* 

penfe  of  389,000!.  defrayed  by  parliament. 

1739  Letters  of  marque  ilTued  out  in  Britain  againft  Spain,  July  31,  and  war  declared 

Oftober  23. 

1742  The  firft  (hip  with  Irifh  coals  arrived  at  Dublin  from  Newry. 

1 743  The  battle  of  Dettingen  won  by  the  Englilh  and  allies,  in  favour  of  the  Queen  of 

Hungary. 

1744  War  declared  againft  France. 

Commodore  Anfon  returns  from  his  voyage  round  the  world. 
J  745  The  rebellion  breaks  out  in  Scotland,  and  the  Pretender's  army  defeated  by   the 

Duke  of  Cumberland,  at  Culloden,  April  16,  1746. 
1746  Britifli  Linen  Company  ercfted. 

Eleftric  fhock  difcovered. 

Lima  and  Callao  fwallowed  up  by  an  earthquake, 

1748  The  peace  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  by  which  a  reftitution  of  all  places  taken  during  the 

war  was  to  be  made  on  all  fides. 
Halifax,  in  Nova  Scotia,  built. 

1749  The  intereft,  of  the  Britifh  funds  reduced  to  three  per  cent. 
Britiflr  herring  fiftiery  incorporatedi 

Dublin  Society  incorporated  by  charter. 

1751  Antiquarian  Society  at  London  incorporated. 

1752  The  new  ftyle  introduced  into  Great  Britain  ;  the  third  of  September  being  count- 

ed the  fourteenth. 
Identity  of  eleftric  fire  and  lightning  difcovered  by  Dr.  Franklin,   who  thereupon 
invented  a  method  of  fecuring  buildings  from  thunder  ftorms. 
»753  The  Britiih  Mufcuni  erefted  at  Montague  houfe. 

Society  of  Arts,  Manufaftures,  and  Commerce,  inftituted  in  London. 

1 755  Lifbon  deftroyed  by  an  earthquake. 

1756  One  hundred  and  forty  fix   Englifhmen  are  confined  in  the  black  hole  at  Calcutta, 

in  the  Eaft  Indies,  by  order  of  the  Nabob,  and  123  found  dead  next  morning. 
Marine  Society  eftablifhed  at  London. 

1759  General  Wolfe  is  killed  in  the  battle  of  Quebec,  which  is  gained  by  the  Englilh. 

1760  Black  Friars  bridge,  confifting  of  nine  arches,  begun  ;  finiftied  1770,  at  the  expenfe 

of  152,8401,  to  be  difcharged  by  a  toll.  George  II  dies,  and  is  fuccecded  by 
George  III. 

1762  War  declared  againft  Spain. 

Peter  III,  Emperor  of  Rufiia,  is  depofed,  Imprifoned,  and  murdered. 
American  philofophical  fociety  eftablifhed  in  Philadelphia, 

1763  The  definitive  treaty  of  peace  between   Great  Britain,  France,  Spain,  and  Portugal, 

concluded  at  Paris,  February  10,  which  confirmed  to  Great  Britain  the  extenfive 
provinces  of  Canada,  Eaft  and  Weft  Florida,  and  part  of  Louiiiana,  in  North 
America  ;  alfo  the  Iflands  of  Grenada,  St.  Vincent,  Dominica,  and  Tobago,  ia 
the  Weft  Indies. 

1764  The  parliament  granted  io,oocl.  to  Mr.  Harrifon,  for  his  difcovery  of  the  Iongi« 

tude  by  his  time  piece. 

1765  George  Ill's  royal  charter  palled  for  incorporating  the  fociety  of  artifts. 

The  famous    ftamp    aft   paffed  in    the  Britiflx    Parliament   March  22,    Repealed 

March  18,   1766, 
Grand  canal  adjoining  the  city  bafon,  Dublin,  begun  ;  completed  to  Monafterevea 

in  ;796> 

J 766  A  great 


AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE.        545 

<ft.  Chrift. 

J  766  A  great  fpot  padcd  the  fun's  centre. 

Gibraltar  almoll  deftroycd  by  a  ftorm. 

1768  Academy  of  painting  eftablifhed  in  Londort. 

The  Turks  imprifon  the  Ruflian  AmbalTador,  and  declare  war  igainft  that  empire. 
Duration  of  Irifh  parliaments  limited  to  eight  years. 

1769  hleftricity  of  tbe  aurora  borealis  difcoveted  by  Wideburg  at  Jena. 

1770  Mallacre  at  BoftoM,  March  5, 

1771  Dr.  Solandcr  and  Mr.  Banks,  in  his  Miijefly's  (hip  the  Endeavour,  Lieutenant  Cook, 

return  from  a  voyage  round  the  world,  having  made  fevcral   mportamdifcovenet. 

1772  The  King  of  Sweden  changes  the  conllitution  of  that  kingdom. 
A  dreadful  fire  at  Antigua. 

Twelve  hundred  and  forty  people  killed  in  the  ifland  of  Java  by  an  eleftrified  cloud. 

A  revolution  in  Denmark. 

The  Emperor  of  Germany,  Emprcfs  nf   Rultia,  and  the  Kin^  of  Pruflia,  ftrip  the 
King  of  Poland  of  great  part  of  his  dominions,  which  they  divide  among  them- 
felves,  in  violation  of  the  mod  folemn  treaties. 
i;73  Capt.   Phipps  is  fent  to  explore  the  Morth  Pole  ;  but  having  made  eighty  one  de- 
grees, is  in  danger  of  being  l(Kked  up  by  the  ice,  returns. 

The  Jcfuits  expelled  from  the  Pope's  dominions,   and  fupprcfTcd  by  his  bull. 

The  Englifli  taft  India  Company  having,  by  conqueft  or  treaty,  acquired  the  ex- 
tenfive  provinces  of  Bengal,  Orixa,  and  Bahar,  containing  fifteen  millions  of  in- 
habitantS)  great  irregularities  are  committed  by  their  fcrvHnts  abroad,  upon  which 
the  Britifh  government  interferes,  and  fends  out  judges,  &c. 

The  war  between  the  R[ufiians  and  Turks  proves  difgraceful  to  the  latter,  who  lofe 
the  iflands  in  the  Archipelago,  and  by  fea  are  every  where  unfuccefsful. 

"Tci,  340  chefts,  dellroyed  at  Bofton. 

1774  I'eatc  proclaimed  belweeu  the  Ruffians  and  Turks. 

The  Britifli  parliament  having  paffed  an  aft,  laying  a  duty  of  three  pence  per 
pound  upon  all  teas  imported  into  America  ;  the  colonies,  confidering  this  as  a 
grievance,  deny  the  right  of  the  Britifh  parliament  to  tax  them. 

Bofton  Port  Bill  patted  March  25. 

Deputies  from  the  feveral  American  colonics  meet  at  Philadelphia,  as  the  firll  geil- 
eral  congrefs,  Oftober  26. 

Firft  petition  of  Congrefs  to  the  King,  Kovcmber, 

1775  April  ig.     The  firft  aftion  happens  in  America  between  the  Britifh  troops  and  the 

Americans  at  Lexington. 
Ticondrroga  and  Crown  Point  taken  by  Colonels  Allen  and  Eafton, 
A  dreadful  fire  in  Grenada  ;  lofs  computed  at  500,000!. 
Paper  money  IfTued  by  Congrefs. 
June  17,  A  bloody  aftion  at  Bunker's  Hill  between  the  Britifh  troopj  and  the  A- 

mericans,  in  which  the  brave  General  Warren  was  (lain. 
Charleftown  burnt. 
Battle  of  Quebec,  where  fell  the  brave  Montgotrtery,  December  31ft. 

1776  March  17,  The  town  of  Bofton  evacuated  by  the  King's  troops. 

An  unfuccefsful  attempt  in  July,  made  by  Commodore  Sir  Peter  Parker  and  Lieu* 
tenant  General  Clinton,  upon  Chailefton  in  South  Carolina. 

Order  for  calling  in  all  the  light  gold,  and  ordering  it  for  the  fature  to  pafs  only 
by  weighti 

Congrefs  declare  the  American  colonies  free  and  independent  States,  July  4. 

The  Americans  retreat  from  Long  Ifland,  in  Auguft,  after  a  bloody  battle,  and  the 
city  of  New  York  is  afterwards  taken  poffeltion  of  by  the  King's  troops. 

December  25,  General  Wafhingion  takes  900  of  the  HefTians  pnfoners  at  Trenton. 

Torture  aboliftied  in  Poland. 

Battle  of  Brandywine. 

1777  General  Howe  takes  poffefTion  of  Philadelphia,  September. 

Lieutenant  General  Burgoyne  is  obliged  to  furrcnder  his  army,  confifting  of  575a 
men  to  the  American  Generals  Gates  and  Arnold,  Oftober  17. 

1778  A  treaty  of   alliance  concluded  at  Paris  between  the  French   King  and  the  thirteen 

United  American  States,  in  which  their  independence  is  acknowledged  by  the 

Court  of  France,  February  6. 
The  lemains  of  the  Earl  of  Chatham  interred  at  the  publick  expenfe  in  Weftmin- 

fter  Abbey,   June  9,  in  confequence  of  a  vote  of  parliament. 
The  Earl  of  Carlifle,  William  Eden,  Efq;   and  George  Johnftone,  Efq;  arrived  at 

Philadelphia  the  beginning  of  June,  ascointwiflioncii  tor  rcftoring  peace  between 

Great  Britain  and  America. 

S9  »-8 


546      AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE. 

Aft.  Cl.rift. 

1778  Philadelphia  evacuated  by  the  King's  troops,  June  18, 
Battle  at  Monmouth. 

The  Congiefs  refufe  to  treat  with  the  Britifh  commiflioners. 
(  Dominica  taken  by  the  French,  September  7. 

Pondicherry  furrenders  to  the  arms  of  Great  Britain,  Oftobci  17. 
St.  Lucia  taken  by  the  French,  December  28. 

1779  St.  Vincent  taken  by  the  French. 
Grenada  taken  bv  the  Frencli,  July  3, 
Battle  at  Stony  Point,  July  15. 

0£lober  1 2.   Both  Houfes  of  the  Irifh  Parliament  addrefs  the   King  for  a  free  trade, 

1780  Torture  in  courts  of  juftice  abolifhed  in  France. 

The  inquilition  abolilhed  in  the  Duke  of  Modena's  dominions. 
Admiral  Rodney  takes  twenty  two  fail  of  Spanifh  fliips,  Jan.  8. 

The  Admiral  aUo  engages  a  Spanifh  fleet  under  the  command  of  Don  Juan  de  Lan- 
gara,  near  Cape  St.  Vincent,  and  takes  five  fliips  of  the  line,  one  more  driven  on 
Ihore,  and  another  blown  up,  Jan.  16. 

Three  afticns  between  Admiral  Rodney  and  the  Count  de  Guichen,  in  the  Weft 
Indies,  in  the  months  of  April  and  May  ;  but  none  of  them  decifive, 

Charlefton,  South  Carolina,  furrenders  to  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  May  4, 

Penfacola,  and  the  whole  province  of  W^eft  Florida,  furrender  to  the  arms  of  the 
King  of  Spain,  May  g. 

The  Proteflant  AfTociaiion,  to  the  number  of  50,000,  go  up  to  the  Houfe  of  Com- 
mons with  their  petition  for  the  repeal  of  an  aft  paffed  in  favour  of  the  Catholics. 

That  event  followed  by  the  moft  daring  riots  in  the  cities  of  London  and  Southwark, 
for  feveral  fucceffive  days,  in  which  forae  Popifh  chapels  are  deftroyed,  together 
■with  the  prilons  of  Newgate,  the  King's  Bench,  the  Fleet,  feveral  private  houfes, 
&c.  Theie  alarming  "riots  are  at  length  fuppreffed  by  the  interpofition  of  the 
military,  and  many  of  the  rioters  tried  and  executed  for  felony. 

Five  Englifh  Eaft  Indiamen,  and  fifty  Englifh  merchant  Ihips  bound  for  the  Wefl 
Indies,  taken  by  the  combined  fleets  of  France  and  Spain,  Auguft  8. 

Earl  Cornwallis  obtains  a  viftory  over  General  GateSi  near  Camden,  in  South  Car- 
olina, Augufl  i6. 

Arnold,  the  infamous  traitor,  deferts  the  fervice  of  his  country,  efcapes  to  New 
York,  and  is  made  a  Brigadier  General  in  the  Britifh  Service,  September  24. — 
Bums  New  London. 

M^jjor  Andre,  Adjutant  General  to  the  Britifh  army,  hanged  as  a  fpy  at  Tappan,  in 
the  State  of  New  York,  Oftober  a. 

The  Hon.  Henry  Laurens  is  committed  prifoner  to  the  Tower  on  a  charge  of  high 
treafon,  (pftober  4. 

Dreadful  hurricanes  in  the  Well  Indies,  by  which  great  devaflation  is  made  in 
Jamaica,  Barbadoes,  St.  Lucia,  Dominica,  and  other  iflands,  Oftober3,  and  10. 

A  declaration  of  hoflilities  publifhcd  againft  Holland,  December  20. 

Firfl  Irifh  State  Lottery  drawn. 

American  Academy  of  Arts  and  Sciences  inftituted  in  MafTachufetts. 

1781  The  Dutch  ifland  of  St.   Euftatia  taken  by  Admiral  Rodney  and  General  Vaughan, 

February  3.      Retaken  by  the  French,   November  27. 

The  ifland  of  Tobago  taken  by  the  French,  June  2. 

A  bloody  engagement  fought  between  an  Englifh  Squadron  under  the  command  of 
Admiral  Parker,  and  a  Dutch  Squadron  under  the  command  of  Admiral  Zout- 
*  man,  off  the  Dogger  Bank,  Augult  5. 

The  Marquis  La  Fayette,  at  the  head  of  2000  light  infantry,  performs  important 
fervices  in  Virginia, 

Earl  Cornwallis,  with  the  Britifli  army  under  his  command,  furrendered  prifoners 
of  war  to  the  American  and  French  troops,  under  the  command  of  General  Wafh- 
ington  and  Count  Rochambeau,  at  Yorktown,  iu  Virginia,  Otl.  19,  which  de- 
cided the  conteft  in  favour  of  America. 

Continental  paper  money  ccafed  to  circulate. 

1782  Trincomale,  on  the  ifland  of  Ceylon,  taken  by  Admiral  Hughes,  Jan.  ii. 
Minorca  furrendered  to  the  arms  of  the  King  of  Spain,  Feb.  5. 

The  Ifland  of  St.  Chriftopher  taken  by  the  French,  Feb.  12. 

The  ifland  of  Nevis,  in  the  Weil  Indies,  taken  by  the  French,  Feb.  14. 

Montferrat  taken  by  the  French,  Feb.  22. 

The  Britifh  Houfe  of  Commons  addrefs  the  King  againft  any  farther  profecution  of 
oftcnfive  war  on  the  continent  of  North  America,  March  4  ',  and  refolve,  that  the 
Houfo  would  conftdcr  all  thyfe  as  enemies  to  his  Majefty  and  this  country,  wh« 

ftkould 


AN  IMPROVED  CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE.        54, 

Aft.  Chrift. 

fhould  advife,  oi-  by  any  means  attempt,  the  further  profecution  of  offenfive  war 

on  the  continent  of   North  America,  for  the  purpofe  of  reducing  the  revolted 

colonies  to  obedience  by  force. 

Admiral  Rodney  obtains  a  viftory  over  the  French  fleet  under  the  command  of 

Count  de  Grafte,  whom  he  takes  prifoncr,  near  Dominica,    in  the  Weft  Indies. 

April  16.  The  Parliament  of  Ireland  alTerted  Its  independence  and  conftitutional  rights. 

The  bill  to  repeal  the  declaratory  afl  of   George  I,  relative  to   the  legiflation  of 

Ireland,  received  the  royal  affcnt,  June  90. 
The  firft  great  Dungannon  meeting  of  Delegates  from  the  Irifh  Ulfter  Volunteers,  helc^ 

February  15. 
The  French  took  and  deftroycd  the  forts  and  fettlements  in  Hudfon's  Bay,  Auguft  2^. 
The  Spaniards  defeated  in  their  grand  attack  on  Gibraltar,  September  13. 
Treaty  concluded  between  the  republic  of  Holland  and  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica, Oaober  8. 
Provifional  articles  of   peace  figned  at    Paris   between  the   Britifh  and  American 
commiflioners,    by  which  the  United   American  colonies  are  acknowledged  by 
his  Britannic  Majefty  to  be  free,  fovereign  and  independent  ftates,  November  30. 

1783  Preliminaiy  articles  of   peace   between   his   Britannic  Majefty    and   the   Kings  of 

France  and  Spain,  figncd  at  Verfailles,  Jan.  20. 
Three  earthquakes  at  Calabria  Ulterior  and  Sicily^   deftroying  a  great  number  of 

towns  and  inhabitants,  Feb.  5,  7,  and  28th. 
Armiftice  between  Great  Britain  and  Holland,  Feb.  10. 
Ratification  of  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  between  Great  Britain,  France,  Spain, 

and  the  United  States  of  America,  Sept.  3. 
The  fire  balloon  invented  by  M.    Montgollier  of  Lyons  ;  from  which   difcovery 

MelTrs.  Charles  and  Robert  of  Paris  taking  the  hint,  conftruft  inflammable- gas,  or 

the  air  balloon. 
Courts  of  jufticc  in  England  and  Ireland  feparated  by  a  Britifli  aft  of  Parliament. 
The  bank  of  Ireland,  ellablilhed  by  aft  of  Parliament,  opened  25th  June. 
A  convention  of  rcprefentatives  from  all  the   VoluTlieer  Corps  of  Ireland  held  m 

the  Rotunda,  Dublin,  for  promoting  a  Parliamentary  Reform,  loth  Nov. 

1 784  The  city  of  London  wait  on  the  King  with  an  addrefs  of  thanks  for  difmifTing  th« 

coalition  mtniftry,  Jan.  16. 
The  Great  Seal  ftolen  from  the   Lord  Chancellor's  houfe  in  Great  Ormond  ftrcct, 

March  24. 
The  definitive  treaty  of  peace  between  Great  Britain  and  Holland,  May  24. 
Mr.  Luuardi   afcended  in  an  air  balloon  from  the  Artillery  ground,    Moorfields  ; 

the  firlt  attempt  of  the  kind  in  England,  September  15. 

1785  A  Congrefs  of  Reprefentatives  from   the  Counties  of  Ireland  held  in  Dublin,   for 

promoting  a  Parliamentary  Reform,  January  20. 

1786  Commiflioners  from  feveral  of  the  United   States  aflismbled  at  Annapolis,   Mary- 

land, to  confult  what  meafures  fhould  be  taken  to  unite  the  Slates  in  fomc  gener- 
al and  efficient  fyfteni. 

Infurreftion  in  MafTachufetts. 

Charles  River  Bridge  completed,  connefting  Bofton  and  Charleftown,  at  the  ex^n 
penfe  of  15,0001. 

The  King  of  Sweden  prohibited  the  ufcof  torture  in  his  kingdom. 
X787  The  articles  of  Confederation,  originally  entered  into  by  the  United  States,  being 
found  effentially  defeftive,  a  general  Convention  of  Delegates  from  all  the  States, 
except  Rhode  Ifland,  was  held  at  Philadelphia,  this  fummer,  with  General 
Wafhington  at  their  head,  for  the  purpofe  of  framing  a  general  plan  of  govern- 
ment for  the  United  States.  And  after  four  months  deliberation,  fixed  on  our 
prefent  excellent  confUtution,  which  has  fince  been  ratified  by  all  the  States. 
J 788  George  Wafhington  was  unanimoufly  elcfted  Prefident  of  the  United  States,  and 
John  Adams,  Vice  Prefident. 

1 789  Congrefs  met  at  New  York  for  the  firft  time  under  the  new  Conflitution,  March  4. 
April  30.   George  Wafhington  was,  in  due  form,  publickly  invcftcd  with  the  of- 
fice of  Prefident  of  the  United  States  of  America. 

July  J  4.   Revolution  in  France — capture  of  the  Baftile. 

1790  Grand  French  Confederation  ip  the  Champ  de  Mars. 

1791  Seven  iflands  difcovercd  in  the  South  Pacific   Ocean,    between  the   Marquefas  and 

the  Equai'T,  by  Capt.  ]ofeph  Ingraham,  of  Boilon. 
Firft  Folio  and  royal  Quarto  Bibles   printed  in  America,  at  Worccfler,  Maflachu- 
fctts — Small  Quarto,  at  Trenton,  Newjerfcy. 
1791  A  bridge  was  bmlt  over  Merrimack  River  between  Newbury  and  Saliftury. 

Aujiifk. 


54*  MEN  or  LEARNING  akd  GENIUS. 

Aft.  Chrift. 

1792  Auguft.  The  Marquis  la  Fayette,  General  of  the  armies  of  France,  who  was  the 
friend,  and  had  ferved  in  the  army  of  the  United  States  ;  was  a  promoter  of  the 
French  revolution,  and  firmly  attached  to  the  new  Conftitution  of  his  country, 
accufcd  of  treafon,  and  a  price  being  fet  on  his  head,  he  quitted  the  army,  and 
kingdom  of  France,  with  12  officers  of  rank  ;  who  were  all  taken  prifoners  by 
the  PrulTians,  and  the  Marquis  is  now  in  clofe  confinement  in  the  caUle  of  Mag- 
deburg, once  the  refidencc  of  the  celebrated  Trenck. 

*793  January.  Trial  of  Louis  16th,  King  of  France,  commenced  ;  the  National  AlTem- 
bly,  confifting  of  745  members,  of  whom,  25  being  abfent,  and  the  opinions  of 
thofe  prefent,  taken,  it  was  decreed  by  480  (forming  a  majority)  that  the  execu- 
tion fhould  take  place,  without  an  appeal  nominal  to  the  people — the  remaining 

number   voted   for   punifhment  under  various   reftriflions Agreeably  to  the 

voice  of  the  majority,  he  was  beheaded  the  21ft  January. 
February  5.  Declaration  of  War,  againft  the  Combined  Powers  of  Great  Britain, 

Holland,  &c.  iffued  by  the  National  AlTenibly  of  France. 
April.  The  Prefident  of  the  United  States,   iffued  his    Proclamation,    for  the  pnr- 
pofes  of  enjoining  an  impartial  conduft  on  the  part  of  the  United  State*  toward* 
the  belligerent  powers,  and  of  obierving  a  ftrift  neutrality. 


MEN   OF    LEARNING 


D   GENIUS. 


HOM 
an 


N.  B.    By  the  Dates  is  implied  the  Time  when  the  Writers  died ;  but  when  that  Period  happens 
not  to  be  knoun,  the  Age  in  which  they  Jtourijlud  isjignijied  by  ft. 

itef.  Cl.iid.  Bef.Chrill. 

gc7   T  TOMER,  the   firft   profane  writer     270  Epicurus,  founder  of  the   Epicurean 

philofophy  in  Greece. 
268  Berofus,   the  Chaldean  hiftorian. 
264  Zcno,  founder  of  the  ftoic  philofophy 

in  Greece. 
244  Callimachus,  the  Greek  elegiac  poet. 
208  Archimedes,  the  Greek  geometrician. 
184  Plautus,  the  Roman  comic  poet. 
179  Ennius,  the  Roman  poet. 
1  59  Terence, of  Carthage, Latin  comic  poet. 
155  Diogenes,    of  Babylon,   ftoic  philofo. 
124  Polybius,  of  Greece,  the  Greek  and 
Roman  hiftorian. 
54  Lucretius,  the  Roman  poet. 
44  Julius  Ca;far,  the  Roman  hiftorian  and 
commentator,  killed. 
Diodorus  Siculus,  of  Greece,  the  uni- 

verfal  hiftorian,  fl. 
Vitruvius,  the  Roman  architeft,  fl. 
43  Cicero,  the  Roman  orator  and  philof- 
opher,  put  to  death. 
Cornelius  Nepos,Roman  biographer,  ft. 
34  Salluft,  the  Roman  hiftorian. 
30  Dionyhus  of  Halicarnaffus,  the  Roman 

hiftorian,  fl. 
J 9  Virgil,  the  Roman  epic  poet. 
1  X   Catullus,  Tibullus,  and  Properlius,  Ro- 
man poets. 
8  Horace,  Roman  lyric  and  faliiic  poet. 
Aft.  Chrift. 
17  Livy,  the  Roman  hiftorian. 

19  Ovid,  the  Roman  elegiac  poet, 

20  Cellbs,  the  Rom.  philofo.  and  phyfi.  fl, 
25  Strabo,  the  Greek  geographer. 
33   Ph<t:drus,  the  Roman  labuUlt. 
45  Paterculus,  the  Ron :»n  hiftorian,  fl. 
62   Perfius,  the  Roman  latiric  poet. 
64  (^iiintus  Curtius,  a  Roman,  hiftorian  o£ 

Alexander  the  Gicat,  tl. 

Seneca, 


and  Greek  poet,  flourifhed, 
llefiod,   the  Greek  poet,  fuppoled    to 
have  lived  near  the  time  of  Homer, 
884  Lycurgus,  the  Spartan  lawgiver. 
600  Sappho,  the  Greek  Lyric  poetefs,  fl, 
^58  Solon,  lawgiver  of  Athens. 
556  .(9I.fop,  the  firft  Greek  fabulift. 
548  Thales,  the  firft  Greek  aftronomer  and 

geographer. 
497  Pythagoras,  founderof  the  Pythagore- 
an philofophy  in  Greece. 
478  Confucius,   the  Chinefe  Philofopher, 
474  Anucreon,  the  Greek  lyric  poet. 
456  j^'.fchylus,  the  firft  Greek  tragic  poet. 
435  Pindar,  the  Greek  lyric  poet. 
453  Herodotu.s,  of  Greece,  the  firft  writer 

of  profane  hiftory, 
i^07  Ariftophanes,  the  Greek  comic  poet,  fl. 

Euripides,  the  Greek  tragic  poet. 
406  Sophocles,  ditto. 
400  Socrates,    the  founder  of  moral  Philo- 

fopliy  in  Greece. 
391   Thucydides,  the  Greek  hiftorian. 
361   Hippocrates,  the  Greek  phyfician. 

Democritus,  the  Greek  philofopher. 
3,^9   Xcnophon,  ditto,  and  hiftorian. 
348  Plato,  the  Greek  philofopher,  and  dif- 
ciple  of  Socrates, 
Ifocrates,  the  Greek  orator. 
Ariftotle,  the  (ireek  philofopher,  and 

difciple  of  Plato. 
Demofthenes,     the    Athenian    orator 
poifoned  himfclf, 
?.88  Thcophraftus,  the  Greek  philofopher, 

and  Icholar  of  Ariftotle. 
»85  Theocritus,  firft  Greek  paftoral  poet,  fl. 
277   Euclid,  of  Alexandria,  in  Egypt,   the 
iriudtLniatician.  il. 


336 


3'3 


MEN  OF  LEARNING  and  GENIUS. 

Aft.  Chrift. 


549 


64  Seneca,  of  Spain,  the  philofopher  and 

tragic  poet,  put  to  dcalrfj. 

65  Lucan,  the  Roman  epic  poet,  ditto, 
.79  Pliny   the  elder,  the  Roman  natural 

hiftorian. 

93  Jofephus,  the  Jewlfh  hiftoriaa. 

94  Epiftetus.the  Greek.  floicphilofopher,fl. 
g5  Quintilian,Romanoratorand  advocate. 
g6  Statius,  the  Roman  epic  poet. 

g8  Lucius  Florus,  of  Spain,   the  Roman 

hiftorian,  fl. 
99  Tacitus,  the  Roman  hiftorian. 
104  Martial  of  Spain,  epigrammatic  poet. 
Valerius  Flaccus,  the  Roman  epic  poet. 

1 16  Pliny  the  younger,  hiftorical  letters. 

117  Suetonius,  the  Roman  hiftorian, 
119  Plutarch  of  Greece,  the  biographer. 
128  Juvenal,  the  Roman  fatiric  poet. 
140  Ptolemy,  the    Egyptian  geographer, 

mathematician,  and  aftronomcr,  fl, 
150  Juftin,  the  Roman  hiftorian,  fl. 
161  Arrian,  the  Roman  hiftorian  and  phi- 
lofopher, fl. 
167  Juftin,  of  Samaria,  the  oldeft  Chrift- 

ian  author  after  the  Apoftlcs. 
180  Lucian,  the  Roman  philologer. 

Marcus  Aur,  Antoninus,  Roman  Em- 
peror and  philofopher. 
193  Galen,    the  Greek  philofopher  and 

phyfician. 
£00  Diogenes  Laertius,  Greek  biograph.  fl. 
229  Dion  CafTius,  of  Greece,  the  Roman 

hiftoria-.i,  fl. 

$54  Origcn,  Chriftianfatherof  Alexandria. 

Herodian,  of  Alexandria,  the  Roman 

hiftorian,  fl. 

258  Cyprian, of Carthage,fufreredmartyrd. 

373  Longinus   the  Greek  orator,    put  to 

death  by  Aurelian. 
320  Laftantius,  a  father  of  the  church,  fl. 
336  Arius,  a  prieft  of  Alexandria,  found- 
er of  the  feft  of  Arians. 
342  Eufebius,  the  ecclefiaftical   hiftorian 

and  chronologer. 
379  Bali),  biftiop  of  Ca:farea. 
389  Gregory  Nazienzen,  bifh.  of  Conflan. 
395  Claudian,the  Roman  poet,  fl. 

Heliodorus,Phacnicia,/Ethiopicks,&c. 
397  Ambrofe,  bifhop  of  Milan. 
415  Macrobius,  the  Roman  grammarian. 
428  Eutropius,  the  Roman  hiftorian. 
5^14  Boethius,  tlie  Roman  poet  and  pla- 

tonic  philofopher. 
529  Procopius,  of  Ciefarea,   tlie  Roman 
hiftorian. 
MODERN     AUTHORS. 
735  Bcde,  a  prieft  of  Norlhumbcrtand ; 

hiftory  of  the  Saxons,  >  ots,  &c. 
goi    King  Alfred  ;     hiftory,    philofophy. 
y8o  Avicenna,   tlic    Mahometan   philofo- 
pher and  phylician. 
1118  Anna  Comnciia;  Ale\iaJ,orIifeofher 
father  Emperor  Alexius  Comnenus. 
X2c6  Averrocs,  Coidula,  the  Ai-b;an  phi- 
lofopher. 


12^  Matthew  Paris,  monk  of  St.  Alban's; 

hiftory  of  England. 
1291  Roger  Bacon,  Somerfctftiirc;   natur- 
al philofophy. 
1321   Dante,  Florence;  poetry. 
1374  Petrarch,  Arezzo  in  Italy  ;    poetry. 
J376  Boccace,  Tufcany ;  the  Decameron, 

poems,  &c. 
1400  Chaucer,  London;  the  father  of  Eng- 

lifh  poetry. 
1481   Platina,  Italy  ;  Lives  of  the  Popes,  &c. 
1502  Montaigne,Perigord  in  France  ;  cffays, 
J509  Philip  de  Comines,  Flanders ;  hiftori- 
cal memoirs. 
1517  Martin  Luther,  the  Great  Reformer, fl. 

John  Calvin,  do.  do.  fl. 

1530  Machiavcl,  Florence;   pohtics,  com- 
edies, &c. 

1534  Ariofto,  Lombardy  ;  Orlando  Furio- 
fo,  and  five  comedies. 

1535  Sir  Thomas  Moore,  London  ;  hiftory, 
politics,  &c. 

1536  Erafmus,  Rotterdam  ;  Colloquies, 
Praifc  of  Folly,  &c. 

1540  Guicciardiai,    Florence  ;    hiftory  of 

Italy. 
1543  Copernicus,  Thorn  in  PrufTia ;  aftroB- 

omy. 
J  549  Michael  de  Cervantes  Saavedra,  Alca« 

la  in  Spain ;  Don  Quixote,  &c. 
1552  John  Leland,  London  ;  lives  and  an* 

tiquities. 
1566  Hannibal  Caro,  Civita  Nuova  ;poein» 

and  tranflationj. 
Vida,  Cremona ;    art  of  poetry,  aad 

other  didaftic  poems. 
1 568  Roger  Afcham,  Yorkftiire ;  philology. 

1578  Rev.  John  Knox,  the  Scots  reformer  j 
hiftory  of  the  church  of  Scotland. 

1579  Camoens,  Lifbon  ;  theLufiad,  an  epic 
poem. 

1582  George  Buchanan,  Dumbartonfhire; 
hiftory  ofScotland,pfalms  of  David, 
politics,  &c. 

1590  Davila,  ifle  of  Cyprus  ;  hiftory  of  the 
civil  wars  of  France. 

1595  Torquato  TafTo,  Italy  ;  Jerufalem  de- 
livered, an  epic  poem,  Aminta,  &c. 

1598  Edmund  Spencer,  London  ;  Fairy 
Queen,  and  other  poems. 

1600  Rev.  Richard  Hooker,  Exeter  ;  Ec 
clefiaftical  Polity. 

1605  Ulyffes  Aldrovandus,  Bologna  ;  nat- 
ural hiftory. 

i6c8  Mendez,  Callile  ;  hiftory  of  China,  fl. 

1610  Richard  Knollcs,  Northamptonihirc  ; 
hiftory  of  the  Tuiks. 

1612  Battifta  Guarini,  Fcrrara  ;  the  Faith- 
ful Shepherd,  a  paftoral  poem. 

161J-25  Btaumom  and  Fletcher;  35  dra- 
matic pierps. 
1616  Wni.  Shakefpf  are,  Stratford  ;  [2  trag- 
edies and  comedies. 

i622  John  Napier,  Maichtdon,  Scotland; 
kvcnt',1  of  lo^aiithnu. 

1623 


MEN  OF  LEARNING  and  GENIUS. 

Aft.  Chrifl. 


S5», 

AU,  Chtift, 

1623  William  Camden,  London  ;   hiftory 

and  antiquities. 
Father  Paul  Sarpi,  Venice;  hiftory  of 
the   Council  of  Trent,  Rights    of 
Sovereigns  andSubjefts,  letters,  &c. 

1 624  JohnMariana,Caftile;  hiftory  ofSpain. 

1625  John  Baptift  Marino, Naples  ;  poetry. 
J 626  Lord    Chancellor    Bacon,    London; 

philofophy  and  literature  in  general. 
1627  Lewis  dc  Congora,  Cordoua;  poetry 

and  plays. 
J628  Francis    de    Malherbe,    Normandy  ; 

poetry. 
1630  John  Kepler,   Wittemberg  ;  allrono- 

my. 

1634  Lord  Chief  Juftice  Coke,    Norfolk  ; 

laws  of  England. 

1635  Trajan    Boccalini,  Rome   ;    fatyrical 

pieces,  fl. 

1638  Ben.  Johnfon,  Lond.  dramatic  pieces. 

1639  Philip  MafTinger,  Salifbury  ;   14  dra- 

matic pieces. 
1641  Sir  Henry  Spelman,    Norfolk  ;  laws 
and  antiquities. 
Jeremiah  Horrox,  Lancafhire;  aftron- 
omer,   died  at   the  age  of  22. 
1646  Lewis  Veliz  dc  Guevai-a,  Andalufia; 

Comedies. 
1650  Des   Cartes,   Touraine ;    philofophy 

and  mathematics. 
1^54  John  Selden,  SufTex  ;  antiquities  and 
laws. 
John  Lewis   de  Balzac,  Angouleme ; 
letters,  &c. 
j6_55  Peter  Gaffendi,  Provence  ;  aftronomy. 

1656  Ar^hbidiop  Ufher,  Dublin  ;    divinity 

and  chronology. 

1657  Dr.  William  Harvey,  Kent  1   difcov- 

ered  the  circulation  of  the  blood. 
1662  Pafcal,    Auvergne;   Thoughts    upon 

Religion,  &:c. 
1667  Abraham  Cowley,  London;   mifcel- 

laneous  poetry. 
1669  Sir  John  Denham,  Dublin  ;  Cooper's 

Hill  and  other  poems. 

1673  Moliere,  Paris  ;  comedies, 

1674  John  Milton,  London  ;  Paradife  Loft, 

Regained,  and  various  other  pieces 
in  verfe  and  profe. 
Hyde,  Earl  of  Clarendon,  Wiltfhire  ; 
hiftory  of  the  civil  wars  in  England. 

1675  James  Gregory,    Aberdeen  ;  mathe- 

matics, geometry  and  optics. 
James  Rohault,  Amiens  ;  phyfics. 
J677  Rev.    Dr.    Ifaac    Barrow,    London; 
natural    philofophy,  mathematics. 
Rev.  Richard  Baxter,  Divinity,  fl. 
j68o  Samuel  Butler,  Worccfterlhire ;   Hu- 
dibras,  a  burlefque  poem. 
Francis,     Duke    of    Rochefoucault, 
'•'  France;  maxims. 

Dr.  Lewis  Moreri,  Provence;  Hiftor- 
ical  Ditlionary. 
1683   Mczeray,      Lower    Normandy  ;    A- 
bi  idgmcziL  of  the  hiftory  of  France, 


1684  Wentworth  Dillon,  Earl  oP'-Rofcom- 

mon,    Ireland  ;  effay  on  tranflared 
verfe,  Horace's  art  of  poetry. 
Peter  Corneille,  Rouen  ;  30  dramatic 
pieces. 

1685  Thomas    Otwa^y,    London;   10  trag- 

edies and  comedies,  &c. 
16S7  Edmund  Waller,    Bucks;  poems. 

1688  Dr.  Ralph  Cud  worth,  Somerletihirc; 

Intellcaual  Syftem. 

1689  Dr,  Thomas  Sydenham,  Dorfctlhlre  ; 

hiftory  of  phyfic. 
Dr.  Bonet,  Geneva  ;  medicine. 

1690  Nathaniel  Lee,  London;  n  tragedies. 
Barclay,    Edinburgh ;    Apology    for 

the  Quakers. 

1691  Honourable  Robert  Boyle,  natural  and 

experimental    philofophy,  &c. 
Sir  George  M'Kenzie,  Dundee;    An- 
tiquities and  laws  of  Scotland. 

1692  Giles  Menage  Angers  ;  philology,mif- 

ccllanies  in  verfe  and  profe. 
St.  Real,  Savoy  ;  confpiracy   of  the 
Spaniards  againft  the  Republic  of 
Venice. 

1694  John  Tillotfon,  Archbifhop  of  Can- 

terbury, Halifax  ;  s.^/\r  fermons. 
Antonietta  de  la  Gaide  Des  Houiieres, 

Paris  ;  poetry. 
Marcellus    Malpighi,   Bologna;  dif- 

covered  the  circalation  of  the  fap 

in  plants. 
PufiFendorf,  Upper  Saxony  ;  jurifpru- 

dence  and  hiftory. 

1695  D'Heibelot,  Paris;  Bibliotheque  ori- 

entale, 
Huygens,    Hague ;  mathematics   and 
aftronomy. 

1696  Jolm  de  La  Bruyere,  France;  charac- 

ters. 
Marchionefs    De     Sevigne,    France; 
letters. 

1697  Sir  W.    Temple,    London ;   politics 

and  polite  literature. 

1698  W.  Molyneux,  Dublin  ;  the   cafe  of 

Ireland  ftated. 

1699  John  Racine,  France  ;  tragedies. 
Rev.  Dr.  William  Bates  ;  Divinity. 

1701  John  Dryden,  Northamptonftiire  ; 
27  tragedies  and  comedies,  fatiric 
poems,  Virgil,  ode  on  Saint  Cecil- 
ia's day,  &c. 
Thomas  Creech,  Dorfetfhire  ;  tranfla- 
tions. 

1703  Mafcaron,Marfeilles  ;  funeral  orations. 

1704  John  Locke,  Somerfetftiire  ;  philofo- 

phy, government  and  theology. 
Bocconi,  Palermo;   natural  hiftory. 
Bofl'uet,  Dijon  ;    difcourfe  upon  Uni- 
verfal  Hiftory,  Funeral  Orations,&c. 
Bourdalouc,  France  ;  fermons. 
J705  John   P«.ay,    Effex ;    botany,   natural 

philofophy,  and  divinity. 

1706  Bailet,    Picardy  ;  Judgments  of  the 

learned,  biography,  &c. 

1707    ■ 


MEN  OF  LEARNING  and  GENIUS. 

Aft.Chria.  Aft.  Chrift. 

1707   George    Farquhar,    Londonderry;  8 
comedies. 


55^ 


1709 
1710 


geome- 
funeral 


1714 


»7'5 
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Rev.  James  Saurin,  Sermons,  trafts.  fl. 
708  John  Philips,  Oxtordlhire  ;  Splendid 

Shilling,  and  other  poems. 
Thomas  Corueille,  brother  to  Peter  ; 

tragedies. 
David  Gregory,   Aberdeen; 

try,  optics. 
Flechier,  Avignon  ;  fermons 

orations,  &c. 
Edmund  Smiih,  Worcefterfhire;  Phe- 

dra,  tragedy,  tranflation  of  Longi- 

nus. 

1712  Boileau,  Paris  ;  fatircs,  epiftles,  art  of 

poetry,  the  Luirin,  Sec. 
Callini,    luly  ;  aftronomy. 

1713  Ant.  Alh.  Cooper,  E.  of  Shaftfbury ; 

charatlerillics. 
Dr.    Aichibald  Pitcairn,   Edinburgh, 

medicine. 
Gilbert  Burnet,  Edinburgh,  Bifhop  of 

Salilbury  ;  hiftoiy,  biography,  &c. 
TVIalcbianche,  Paris  ;  pliilofophy. 
I'lancis    De    Salignac    De    la    Mothe 

Feneloii,  Archbilliop  of  Camhray, 

Pcrigoid;    Tclemachus,  Dialogues 

of  ttie  Dead,  Dcmonftration  of  the 

Being  of  God,  &c. 
Leibnitz,  Leipfic  ;  philofophy,  &c. 

1718  Nicholas  Rov\e,  Dcvonfhire;  7  trage- 

dies, tranflat.  of  Lucan's  Pharfalia. 

1719  Rev.    John    Flamftead,    Deibyftiue; 

mathematics  and  allionomy. 
Jofeph  Addifon,  Wiltfliire  ;    Speda- 
tor.  Guardian,  tragedy  ot  Cato,  &Cj 
Dr.  John  Keill,    Edinburgh,   mathe- 
matics and  aftronomy, 

J719  Sir  Samuel  Garth,  Yorklhire  ;  poetry. 

J 720  Anne  Dacier,  France  ;  tranflation  of 
Homer,  Terence,  &c. 

1721  Matthew  Prior,  London  ;  poems  and 
politics. 

1723  Fleury,  Paris  ;  hiftory. 

Bayle,    Foix  ;    hiftorical  and  critical 
dittionary. 

J 725  Rapin  de  Thoyras,  Languedoc  ;  hif- 
tory of  England. 

J  727  Sir  Ifaac  Newton,  Lincolnfhirc  ; 
mathematics,  geometry,  aftrono- 
my, &c. 

1728  Father    Daniel,    Rouen  ;  hiftory   of 

France. 

1729  Rev.  Dr.  Samuel   Clarke,  Norwich; 

mathematics,  divinity,  &c. 
Sir    Richard   Steele,     Dublin  ;    four 

comedies,  papers  in  Tatler,  &c, 
William    Congreve,    StafFordlhire  ; 

feven  dramatic  pieces, 
1732  John  Gay,    Exeter;    poems,   fables, 

and  eleven  dramatic  pieces. 
1734  Dr.  John    Arbuthnot,    Mcarnlhire  ; 

medicine,  coins,  politics, 
'735  Vcrtot,     France    ;     Revolutions     of 

Rome,  Portugal,  Sweden,  &c, 


1738  Dr.  Boerhaave,  Leaden  ;  botany, &c. 

1740  Ephraim   Chambers,    England  ;  Cy- 

clopaedia. 

1741  Rollin,  Paris;  hiftory,  Belles  Lettres. 
John   Baptift  RouiTeau,  Paris  ;  odes, 

epiftles, epigram:, comedies,  letters, 
Le  Sage,  Bretany  ;  Gil  Bias,  &c. 
174a  Dr.  Edmund  Halley,  London;  natural 
pliilofophy,  aftronomy,  navigation. 

1743  Malillon,  France  ;  fermons. 
Richard  Savage, London ;  tragedy,  &c. 

1744  Alexander  Pope,  London  ;    poems, 

letters,  tranflation  of  Homer. 

1745  Reverend  Dr.  Jonathan  Swift,  Dub- 

lin ;  poems,  politics,  and  letters. 

1746  Colin  M'Laurin,  Argylelhirc  ;   alge- 

bra, view  of  Newton's  philofophy. 

1747  Rev,  Jonathan  Dickinfon,  Prcfidcnt, 

Princeton  College  ;  Divinity. 
'1 748   James     Thomfon,    Roxburghlhire  ; 
Scafons,    and   other    pieces,    five 
tragedies. 

Reverend  Dr.  Ifaac  Watts,  Southamp- 
ton ;  logic,  philofophy,  pfalms,  &c. 

Dr.  Francis  Hutclicfon,  Ireland  ; 
fyftem  of  moral  philofophy. 

1750  Rev.  Dr,  Conyers  .Middleton,  York- 

(hire  ;  life  of  Cicero,  &c, 
Andrew  Baxter,  Old  Aberdeen  ;  met- 
aphyfics  and  natural  philofophy, 

1751  Lord    Bolingbrokc,   Surry  ;  philofo- 

phy, metaphyiics,  and  politics. 

1752  Reverend  Dr. Doddridge;  Family Ex- 

pofitor,  Leftures,  Sermons,  <ic. 
1734  Dr,    Richard     Mead,   London;    on 
poilons,  plague,  fmall  pox,  medi- 
cine, 
Henry  Fielding,  Somerfetlliire  ;  Tom 
Jones,  Jofeph  Andrews,  &c. 

1755  Montefquieu,    Bordeaux;     fpirit  of 

laws,  grandeur  and  declenfion  of 
the  Romans,  Perfian  .letters,   &C, 

1756  W,  Collins,  Chichefter  ;  poetry. 
Weft,  England  ;  tranflation  of  Pindar, 

poems. 

1757  Reaumur,  Rochellc  ;   natural  hiftory 

of  infefts. 

Reverend  Aaron  Burr,  Prcfidcnt  of 
Princeton  College  ;  Anfwer  to  Em- 
lyn's  Humble  Inquiry,  Sermons, 

ColleyCibber,  London  ;  plays. 

1758  Reverend  Jonathan   Edwards,  Prefi- 

dent  of  Princeton  College  ;  Divin- 
ity, Metaphyhcs. 

1760  RevercHd    Samuel   Davies,  Prcfidcnt 

of  Princeton  College  ;  Sermons. 

1761  Sherlock,  Bilhop  London  ;  fermons. 
Hoadlcy,BiniopWinchefter;fermons. 
Richardfon,     Londun  ;    Grandifon, 

ClariiTa,   Pamela. 
Rev.  Dr.  John  Lcland,  Lancafliire; 
anfwer  to  Deiftical  Writers. 

1763  W.  Shcnftone,  Shropftiire  ;  poems.    I 

1764  Reverend    Charles    Churchill,  Eng- 

land i  Rofciad,  fa'.itct, 

J76S 


Aft.  ChrSft. 


MEN  or  LEARNING  anb  GENIUS, 

Aft.  Chrift. 


1765  Reverend  Dr.  Edward  Young ;  Night 

Thoughts,  and  other  poems,  &c. 
Robert     Simfon,     Glafgow  ;    Conic 
Seftions,  Euclid,  ApoUonius. 

1766  Reverend  Dr.  Ssmuel    Finley,  Prefi- 

dent  Princeton  College  ;  Sermons, 
Traits. 
Reverend  Thoraas  Clap,  Prefident  of 
Yale  College  ;  Sermons,  Trafts. 

1767  t)r.  Alexander    Monro,   Edinburgh  ; 

Anatomy  of  the  bones,  anatomical 

and  medical  effays. 
Muratori,  Italy  ;  hillory,  antiquities. 
Metaftafio,  Italy  ;  dramatick  pieces,  fl. 

1768  Reverend  Lawrence  Sterne,  Dublin  ; 

45  fermons,  Sentimental  Journey, 
Triftram  Shandy. 
William  Cunningham,  Ireland  ;  Paf- 
torals,  &c. 
J  769  Robert   Smith,    Lincolnfliire  ;    har- 
monics and  optics, 

1770  Dr.  Mark  Akenfide,  Newcaftlc  upon 

Tync  ;  poems. 
Dr.  Tobias  Smollet,  Dumbartonfliire  ; 
Hiftory  of  England,  novels,  &c. 

1771  Thomas  Gray,  London  ;  poems. 

1773  Earl  of  Chefterfield  ;  letters. 
George    Lord   Lyttleton,  Worcefter- 

(bire  ;  Hiftory  of  England. 

1774  Oliver   Goldfmith,   Rofcommon,  in 

Ireland  ;  Hiftory  of  the  Earth  and 

animated    Nature,  Citizen   of  the 

World,  edays,  &c. 
Hon.   Peyton  Randolph,  firft   Prefi- 

dent  of  the  American  Congrefs. 
7775  Dr.  John  Hawkefworth  ;  eflays. 
J 776  David    Hume,    Merfe  ;    Hiftory    of 

England,  effays. 
James  Fergufon,  Aberdeenfbire  ;  af- 

tronomy. 

1777  Samuel  Foote,  Cornwall  ;  plays. 

1778  Voltaire,     Paris  ;    the    Henriad,  an 

epic  poem,  dramatic  pieces,  poe- 
try, hiftory,  literature  in  general. 
Rev,    Dr.  Eliot,   Bofton  ;  Sermons. 

1779  David  Garrick,  Hereford  ;  plays, 
William      Warburton,      Bifhop     of 

Gloucefter  ;     Divine    Legation    of 
Mofes,  and  various  other  works. 

1780  Sir  William   Blackftone,   Judge  of 


the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  Lon- 
don ;  Commentaries  on  the  Law* 
of  England. 

Dt.  John  Fothergill,  Yorkshire  ; 
philofophy  and  medicine. 

James  Harris  ;  Hermes,  Philological 
Inquiries,  Philofo.   ArrangemenU. 

Gov.  Hutchinfon,  Bofton,  Maffachu- 
fetts  ;  Hiftory. 

1782  Thomas  Newton,  Biftiop  of  Briftol, 

Litchfield  ;  difcourfej  on  the' 
prophecies,  and  other  works. 

Sir  John  Pringle,  Bart.  Roxbor- 
oughftiire  ;  Difeafes  of  the  Army„ 

Henry  Home,  Lord  Kaimes,Scotland ; 
Elements  of  Criticifm,  Sketches  of 
the  Hiftory  of  Man,  Principles  of 
Equity,  of  Morality,  Art  of  Think- 
ing, Hints  on  Eduotion,  Gentle- 
man Farmer,  &c. 

1783  Dr.  William  Hunter,   Lanerkfiure  ; 

anatomy. 
John  James  Rouffeau,  Geneva  ;  Emi!- 
ius,atreatife  on  Education,  Diftion- 
aryof  Mufic,  New  Heloifa,  &c. 
J  784  Dr.  Samuel  Johnfon,  Litchfield  ;  Eng- 
lifti  Diftionary,  biography,  &c. . 

1 785  William    Whitehead,    Poet  Lauicat ; 

poems  and  plays. 
Dr.  Thomas  Leland,  Ireland  ;  Hiftory 
of  Ireland,  &c.  &c. 

1 786  Dr.  Gilbert  Stuart,Edinburgb ;  Hiftory 

of  Mary,  Queen  of  Scots,  Hiftory 
of  the  Reformatior,  &c. 

1 787  Rev.  Dr.  Chauncey,  Bofton;  compleat 

view  of  Epifcopacy  from  the  Fa- 
thers, Salvation  for  all  men,  Ser- 
mons, Trafts,  Sec. 

1788  The  Count  De  BufFon,  Paris ;  Natur- 

al Hiftory. 

1 790  James  Bowdoin,  Gov.  MafTachufetti, 

Philofophy,  politics. 
William  Livingfton,   Gov.  New  Jer- 

fey  ;  eflays,  poetry,  politics. 
Dr.  Benjamin  Franklin,    Bofton  ;   e- 

leftricity,  natural  philofophy,  &c, 

1791  Rev.  John  Wefley,  Divinity,  mifccl- 

lames. 

1792  Henry  Laurens,  South  Carolina,  Pret 

ident  of  Congrefs, 


'THE     END.